Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Consumer contract law'
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1
Phillips, Andelka M. "Protecting the rights of consumers : clickwrap contracts and direct-to-consumer genetic testing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a16ae984-10ca-4107-8db8-f8a8d7c45322.
Abstract:
This thesis examines the regulation of the direct-to-consumer genetic testing industry through analysis of the industry's use of wrap contracts (clickwrap and browsewrap), A significant portion of the thesis consists of a comparative document review of the publicly available wrap contracts of DTCGT companies provided tests for health purposes. It also considers other regulatory responses to date. Due to the lack of industry specific regulation it argues that the use of wrap contracts can be viewed as a means of industry self-regulation and a form of private legislation. This means that governance is skewed heavily in favour of companies and it creates an imbalance in the respective rights and obligations of the parties - company and consumer - which is likely to result in consumer detriment. It is argued that certain types of terms commonly include in DTCGT contracts, including: unilateral variation clauses; some exclusion clauses; choice of law clauses; indemnity; and consent clauses are likely to be deemed unfair and unenforceable under UK law. It recommends that in the short-term the Competition and Markets Authority should undertake a compliance review of DTCGT contracts in order to improving contracts for consumers. In the long term, companies should also be complying with data protection law, as well as legislation on medical devices and the provisions of the Human Tissue Act and there may be a need for industry specific legislation.
2
Garrido, Huidobro Mattias. "Unfair Contract Terms in European Contract Law : Legal consequences for and beyond Swedish Contract Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229817.
Abstract:
Recent case law from the ECJ on one of the most important EU contract law legislation has left questions open about the compatibility of Swedish contract law with the Unfair Contracts Term Directive. The case law on Article 6 (1) in the directive seem to have changed the view on how to deal with the legal consequence of an unfair term in consumer contracts; namely that unfair terms cannot be adjusted but need to be declared invalid. This essay examines how the effects from the ECJ case law provide new light upon Swedish contract law. The effect creates a clash of ideas and rationalities between Union law and Swedish contract law. Unfair terms cannot be adjusted as the relevant Swedish legislation provides. An unfair term needs to be invalid, and if necessary, such an unfair term can in certain circumstances be complemented with default rules from national contract law. This does not only seem to change the interpretation and application of the Swedish law, but it also form an underlying tension between the instrumental market-functional Union law and the more justice oriented Swedish private law. Furthermore, as we move towards a new European civil code, perhaps these tensions and clashes may say something about where the discipline of European Private Law is headed.
3
Rodríguez, García Gustavo Manuel. "The desorientaded aerialist: Evolutionary dynamics of contract clauses in predisposed contracts and the poor quality myth of consumer contracts." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116512.
Abstract:
The standard-form agreements, pejoratively labeled as “adhesion contracts”, have bad reputation. A significant number of academics and most of consumer protection authorities often believe that the absence of negotiation and the preponderance of rights and benefits assigned to suppliers (versus costs, obligations or limitations imposed to consumers) show a kind/ sort of abuse against an alleged weak party of the consumption relationship. In this article, Professor Rodríguez García states that the skeptic and hostile vision regarding the standard-form agreements is wrong and is based on a poor understanding of the incentives and purposes that this type of contractingfulfills. On the contrary, the author intends to state that the control of clauses included in consumption contracts is prejudicial to consumers. Therefore,this is a control type that should be removed from the legal system.Los contratos predispuestos - peyorativamente conocidos como «contratos de adhesión»— tienen mala fama. Una buena porción de académicos y un mayoritario sector de las autoridades de protección al consumidor suelen creer que la ausencia de negociación y la preponderancia de derechos o beneficios asignados al proveedor (versus los costos, obligaciones o limitaciones impuestos al consumidor) revelan una suerte de abuso en contra de una presunta parte débil de la relación de consumo. En este artículo, el profesor Rodríguez García sostiene que la visión hostil o escéptica respecto de los contratos predispuestos es equívoca y se funda en una comprensión pobre de los incentivos y fines que este tipo de contratación desempeña. Por el contrario, el autor pretende poner de manifiesto que el control de las cláusulas contenidas en contratos de consumo perjudica al consumidor y que, por tanto, es una forma de control que debería ser eliminada del sistema legal.
4
Alabdulqader, Latifah Abdulmohshen. "Contractual justice under English and Shariah law of contract : the case of consumer protection." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15941.
Abstract:
The modern role of the law of contract imposes a duty on the state to regulate the way individuals treat each other in the marketplace as part of fulfilling its social role. This thesis investigates the situation of contractual justice under Shariah and English law. It tests the extent to which contractual justice is protected under Shariah and English laws of contract. It indicates that the English law of contract is focused on the absolute sanctity of contract (in its classical form) and economic efficiency (in its modern form). On the other hand, the Shariah law of contract is governed by the general principle that gain comes only from labour and stresses the importance of the equivalence of counter-values. It reveals that while contractual justice under the English law of contract is procedurally oriented, it is substantively oriented under the Shariah law of contract. Additionally, the thesis also discusses the role of the law of consumer protection in pursuing contractual justice. While the consumer is protected under the English law by legislative control, the Shariah law of contract, which was the product of the seventh and eighth centuries, does not recognise the concept of the consumer. One would accordingly question the legitimacy of the action of protecting consumers in those states (take for example Saudi Arabia) that adopt Shariah as the law of the state. Most of the states, which adopt Shariah either alongside other normative systems or as the entire code, grant some kind of consumer protection measures within the law of contract. The thesis attempts to fill this gap by testing the viability of consumer protection derived from the Shariah law of contract. In doing so, attention is paid to the theoretical and practical aspects of the law. It is revealed that the Shariah law of contract is fit both from a theoretical and a practical perspective to serve the aims of consumer protection. The outcomes of the research should guide and enhance the legitimacy of consumer protection measures in Shariah-ruled countries.
5
Ballard, Martha Alicia Castenada. "The reform of insurance contract law for the protection of the consumer." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275941.
6
Raobelina, Fanjamalala. "L'harmonisation du droit de la vente aux consommateurs dans l'Union européenne : Réflexion à la lumière de la directive (UE) 2019/771 relative à certains aspects concernant les contrats de vente de biens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023CYUN1267.
Abstract:
Le contrat de vente de biens constituant un levier du commerce transfrontière dans l'Union, le législateur européen en régit par conséquent certains aspects. La directive 1999/44/CE réformée par la directive (UE) 2019/771 et la directive 2011/83/UE comportent ainsi des règles communes aux Etats membres, propres à la vente. Le choix de l'étude spécifique de ces règles tient d'une part, à ce que, économiquement, il s'agisse du contrat le plus courant sur le marché intérieur et d'autre part, à ce que, juridiquement, la vente reste l'archétype du contrat en droit de l'UE, servant ainsi de prémices et de modèles à la législation européenne sur les contrats de consommationThe contract for the sale of goods constitutes a lever for cross-border trade in the Union, the European legislator therefore governs certain aspects. Directive 1999/44/EC reformed by Directive (EU) 2019/771 and Directive 2011/83/EU thus include rules common to Member States, specific to sales. The choice of the specific study of these rules is due on the one hand to the fact that, economically, it is the most common contract on the internal market and on the other hand, to the fact that, legally, the sale remains the archetype of the contract in EU law, thus serving as premises and models for European legislation on consumer contracts
7
Kissick, W. Peter. "How to sign a computer screen, an assessment of current contract law principles in the Internet consumer context." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0002/MQ36042.pdf.
8
Goldacre, Lisa A. "Consumers of Higher Education in Australia : do the unfair contract term provisions in the Australian Consumer Law provide effective protection for students as consumers of educational services?" Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1018.
Abstract:
Extensive consumer protection legislation has existed in Australia for nearly four decades. The new Australian Consumer Law (‘ACL’) in schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) (‘CCA’)1 is the most significant change to consumer rights since the introduction of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (‘TPA’). Over a corresponding period of time, the landscape of the higher education sector has been transformed into a culture of consumerism with the student at the centre as the consumer. However, students have seldom sought redress in relation to infringement of their rights as consumers under consumer protection legislation and more rarely successfully. It is recognised that some rights do accrue to students as consumers of educational services under the ACL, principally with regard to promotional activities of higher education institutions (‘HEI’).2 It is not certain that the ACL can provide effective protection for students as consumers of educational services beyond this known application to address issues regarding the nature of the service provided. This research is specifically concerned with whether the introduction of an Unfair Contract Terms (‘UCT’)3 regime in the ACL overcomes identifiable barriers faced by students using consumer protection as a means to ensure they receive services as promised and advances their rights as consumers.The ACL saw the introduction of an UCT regime, which previously had only existed in limited jurisdictions in Australia, notably Victoria, as a means of protection in consumer contracts. Now any term in a consumer contract that is an unfair term as defined under the ACL is void. The application of these provisions in the context of the student as a consumer of educational services will require first an assessment of whether there exists in Australia a contract between the student and HEI. Further, for the UCT to apply, the student–HEI contract must be a ‘standard form’ ‘consumer contract’4, for ‘services’ occurring in ‘trade or commerce’5. Importantly the analysis will identify any connection between the UCT provisions regarding substantive unfairness and the protection this affords students in the context of the provision of educational services, such as the design and delivery of courses, as distinct from promotional activities.Ordinarily, claims concerned with the nature of the educational service provided are considered matters that involve questions of academic judgement. Courts have been consistent in their reluctance to examine matters relating to the exercise of academic judgement and accordingly such matters are considered non-justiciable. The significance of the UCT provisions is that rather than just focusing on procedural unfairness, they attempt to deal with substantive unfairness.6 In the context of the student–HEI contract and provision of educational services, the UCT provisions have the potential to ensure that the student–HEI contract does not contain terms that are substantively unfair. Consequently, HEIs may now be obliged to provide educational services in a manner students might reasonably expect upon entering the student– HEI contract. Thus the new UCT regime may deal with claims concerning the provision of educational services more effectively than other actionable rights that require the court to examine matters of academic judgement in relation to the nature of educational services provided. The analysis will evaluate the implications for the higher education sector and make recommendations for change in the current practice.
9
AlGhafri, Abdulla M. A. "The inadequacy of consumer protection in the UAE : the need for reform." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7691.
Abstract:
This thesis addresses the consumer protection regime in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) against damages posed by defective industrial products, unfair business practices and misleading advertising. Nowadays, unfair and deceptive practices such as the selling of defective or sub-standard goods, the charging of exorbitant prices, misrepresentation of the efficacy or usefulness of goods, and negligence as to safety standards have become rampant. Accordingly, it has become necessary to promote the development and refinement of statutory measures, even in developed countries, to make producers/traders more accountable to consumers. This thesis examines the legal grounds on which consumer protection stands within the newly enacted legal framework for consumer protection in the UAE. In addition, this thesis elaborates upon relevant regulations provided by UAE legislators as well as related laws in selected Arab countries. It further investigates the adequacy of administrative authorities’ measures in the UAE, and explains whether respective administrative rules are capable of compensating consumers for material and physical damages incurred. It also explores the inadequacies of the administration’s measures and rules, and highlights the importance of integration between administrative bodies in achieving a sufficient level of protection for consumers. The findings of this thesis are based on a detailed review of specific issues in consumer protection models in the Shari’a law and the United Kingdom (UK) model. Thus, it will refer to solutions devised by Islamic Shari’a law and the UK legal system to provide more comprehensive protection to consumers and strengthen their position in relation to that of traders. The study suggests that there is a need to amend the consumer protection in the UAE. It indicates a need for the unified, effective and meaningful implementation of consumer protection legal and administrative procedures in the UAE, and emphasizes that the non-governmental consumer protection association must be given a wider and legal role in supporting the governmental bodies. These findings may help in improving the current consumer protection regime in the UAE as well as reducing infringements committed by traders. This thesis concludes by making recommendations for drafting a comprehensive set of rules in the UAE in the hopes that such recommendations will contribute effectively toward the development of a consumer protection regime in the UAE.
10
Ežerskytė, Ramunė. "Oferta ir akceptas vartojimo sutartyse." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110207_111806-40887.
Abstract:
Sutarčiai sudaryti paprastai reikia, kad viena šalis pasiūlytų sudaryti sutartį (oferta), o kita šalis sutiktų su pasiūlymu (akceptas). Sutarčių įvairovėje išskiriamos vartojimo sutartys, kurios dėl silpnesnės šalies apsaugos principo įgyvendinimo pasižymi tam tikrais ypatumais. Vartojimo sutarčių sudarymas pateikiant ofertą ir akceptą yra šio magistro baigiamojo darbo objektas. Magistro baigiamąjį darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje analizuojama vartojimo sutarties sąvoka ir specifika, nagrinėjamos vartotojo ir verslininko sąvokos tiek nacionaliniu, tiek tarptautiniu lygmeniu. Antroje darbo dalyje tiriamos ofertos ir akcepto sąvokos, išskiriami jų požymiai ir ypatumai vartojimo sutartyse. Atskirai analizuojama viešosios ofertos problematika, išskiriami ofertos ir kvietimo pareikšti ofertą skirtumai. Trečioje dalyje analizuojami ofertos ir akcepto ypatumai elektroninėse sutartyse (click-wrap sutartyse, browse-wrap sutartyse). Siekiant visapusiškos nagrinėjamų klausimų analizės, darbe nagrinėjami tiek Lietuvos, tiek užsienio teisės aktai, teisės mokslininkų darbai bei teismų praktika. Šio darbo pradžioje kelta hipotezė, kad oferta ir akceptas vartojimo sutartyse turi ypatumų, lyginant su kitomis sutartimis, darbo eigoje pasitvirtina. Magistro baigiamojo darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados. Darbo apimtis- 57 lapai.For a contract to exist, usually one party must have made an offer, and the other party must have accepted it. Object of this master’s work is an offer and acceptance in the consumer contracts. Consumer contract means an agreement for goods or services concluded by a natural person with the seller not affiliated with the consumer‘s business. This master‘s work consists of 3 chapters. In the first chapter author analyses a concept of consumer contract and a concept of consumer and businessman (seller, supplier) in the national and in the international law. In the second chapter author reviews a concept of an offer and acceptance, their features and specificity in the consumer contracts. Author also examines the difference between an offer and invitation to treat (an invitation to negotiate). In the third chapter author research an offer and acceptance in the e-contracts (click-wrap contracts, browse-wrap contracts). For the best research, there was analyzed literature in Lithuanian and English, also, rules formulated by the courts and law scholars. In the end of this master’s work author draws the conclusions. This master’s work contents 57 pages.
11
Waiyamuk, Awnrumpa. "La protection du consommateur en droit international privé européen." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020009.
Abstract:
La protection du consommateur en droit international privé européen passe par les règles protectrices de conflit de lois et de conflit de juridictions spécialement conçues pour les contrats transfrontières de consommation. Ces règles contribuent au rééquilibrage du rapport contractuel de consommation transfrontière et font peser sur le professionnel la charge des coûts de l’internationalisation du contrat de consommation. Sous réserve de certaines améliorations qui pourraient être apportées, la méthode choisie par le droit international privé européen est globalement satisfaisante. En revanche, son champ d’application est trop restrictif. Avec le critère d’ « activité dirigée », le modèle européen est actuellement fondé sur la distinction entre les consommateurs passifs et actifs. Le bénéfice des règles protectrices est réservé aux premiers. Cette distinction ne doit pas conduire à l’absence de protection pour les seconds. Dans cette thèse, il est proposé d’introduire des règles protectrices au bénéfice des consommateurs actuellement exclus du régime protecteur. Cette protection ne doit pas passer par l’extension du champ d’application des règles protectrices existantes aux consommateurs actifs mais par l’établissement d’un second régime protecteur parallèle pour ces consommateurs, inspiré par l’idée de mieux encadrer l’autonomie de la volonté et d’atteindre un bon compromis entre la protection du consommateur et le respect des intérêts du professionnelConsumer protection in European private international law is carried out through protective choice-of-law and jurisdiction rules which are specially designed for cross-border consumer contracts. These rules help balancing the bargaining power and make the professional bear the internationalization cost of consumer contract. With some improvements which should be brought to the existing rules, the method used in European private international law in matters relating to consumer contracts is generally satisfactory. On the other hand, its scope is too narrow. With the criterion of "directed activity", the European model is based on the distinction between passive and active consumers. Only passive consumers are covered by the protective rules. This distinction must not lead to the lack of protection for active consumers. In this thesis, it suggests that European private international law provide protective rules for consumers currently not covered. However, the protection must not be carried out by extending the scope of existing protective rules to active consumers but by establishing a second set of protective rules inspired by a better regulation of freedom of contract and a good compromise between professional’s interests and consumer protection
12
Douche-Doyette, Nathalie. "La sanction de la violation du droit de la consommation dans les contrats de consommation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0226/document.
Abstract:
La seconde moitié du XXème siècle a été marquée par l'avènement de la sociétéde consommation et, corrélativement, par l'apparition d'un droit nouveau dont l'objectif est de protéger les consommateurs : le droit de la consommation. Il se définit par sa finalité comme l'ensemble des règles dont l'objet est de protéger les intérêts des consommateurs et s'applique essentiellement dans les contrats de consommation. Aucun régime général de la sanction de la violation des dispositions consuméristes n'a été organisé par le législateur. Les sanctions prévues sont majoritairement des sanctions pénales, les sanctions civiles sont alors celles du droit commun des contrats.A partir du droit positif, l'étude cherche à construire un régime spécial de la sanction, commun à tous les contrats de consommation. L'étude est orientée vers la recherche de sanctions efficaces, qui permettent de renforcer l'effectivité de la règle de droit et la protection des consommateurs. Elle distingue nécessairement l' analyse de l'efficacité de la fonction réparatrice de la sanction, qui est conditionnée par la prise en compte de la situation de la victime du comportement sanctionné, et l'analyse de l'efficacité de la fonction dissuasive de la sanction qui est conditionnée par la prise en compte de la situation de l'auteur du comportement sanctionnéThe second half of the 20th century has been marked by the emergence ofconsumer society and correspondingly by the evolution of a new area of law: consumer law. This field of law can be defined as a body of rules aiming at protecting the interests of consumers and which is essentially applied in the context of consumer contracts. The legislator has not established a general system of sanctions for the violation of consumer law provisions. The sanctions are mostly criminal in nature, while the civil sanctions are those provided for by general contract law.On the basis of the existing rules this thesis aims to establish a specific system ofsanctions common to all consumer contracts. The thesis is governed by the search for adequate sanctions which would increase the effectiveness of the legal rules as well as the effectiveness of the protection of consumers. The effectiveness of the reparative function of the sanctions is analysed separately from the effectiveness of their deterrent function. This distinction is necessary, since the reparative function of sanctions is determined by the situation of the victim of the violation of the rules, whereas the deterrent function of sanctions takes into account the situation of the person responsible for the violation
13
Peglion-Zika, Claire-Marie. "La notion de clause abusive : au sens de l’article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020071/document.
Abstract:
La législation sur les clauses abusives, issue de l’article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation, est d’application quotidienne. La notion de clause abusive n’en demeure pas moins confuse. Il est vrai que trente-cinq années d’applications erratiques ont contribué à la rendre peu accessible et peu prévisible, ce qui nuit à la sécurité juridique. Pour restaurer cette notion, une double démarche s’impose. Il faut, d’abord, la délimiter afin de réserver son application uniquement aux personnes qui méritent d’être protégées contre les clauses abusives et aux seules stipulations qui créent véritablement un déséquilibre significatif entre les droits et obligations des parties au contrat. La notion de clause abusive apparaît alors comme un mécanisme destiné à sanctionner les abus de la liberté contractuelle dans les contrats de consommation. Il faut, ensuite, procéder à l’identification de la notion de clause abusive en cherchant à définir et à caractériser le standard du déséquilibre significatif, notamment à l’aune des critères dégagés de la pratique. Chemin faisant, la notion de clause abusive s’impose comme une notion incontournable du droit de la consommation et, plus largement du droit des contrats, notamment en ce qu’elle participe au renouveau de la théorie générale du contratThe legislation on unfair terms set out by Article L. 132-1 of the French Consumer Code is applied on a daily basis. The notion of unfair terms nevertheless remains unclear. Thirty-five years of inconsistent and erratic application have indeed contributed to making this legislation inaccessible and difficult to predict, thereby damaging legal security. The reinforcement of this notion necessitates a two-pronged approach. First of all, the concept must be delimited in order to restrict application solely to those individuals requiring protection against unfair terms and only to those terms that genuinely do generate a material imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. The notion of unfair terms then becomes a mechanism aimed at sanctioning abuses of contractual freedom in consumer agreements. The concept must then be identified, by seeking to define and characterize the standard of material imbalance, in particular against the yardstick of criteria generated by practical application. In doing so, the notion of unfair terms becomes a central notion of consumer law and, more widely, of contract law, in particular with regard to its participation in the renewal of general contract theory
14
Munnik, Mariska. "The impact of Section 22 of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 on drafting principles in the South African law of contract." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53166.
Abstract:
In this dissertation, the impact of section 22 of the Consumer Protection Act, 68 of
2008 on the drafting of contracts in South Africa is investigated.
It was shown that there has been a great shift internationally to the drafting of
consumer documents in plain language. Some jurisdictions even have statutory
guidelines for drafting in plain language. The benefits of drafting in plain language
were also mentioned.
The South African plain language drafting situation is quite unique, with the question
of what the characteristics of an ordinary consumer are, posing to be the most
important question in determining specific plain language guidelines for South African
consumers. It was found that there are potentially more than one type of ordinary
consumer , depending on the type of commercial transaction being entered into.
Although no statutory plain language drafting guidelines have been published in South
Africa, it was suggested that our common law rules of interpretation are a valuable
starting point when looking for guidelines for better drafting.
This dissertation concludes that two sets of guidelines be developed for at least two
levels of commercial transactions. Firstly, the international guidelines of Kimble should
be incorporated into our law for consumer contracts relating to more complex
consumer transactions. Secondly, another set of guidelines relating to the use of
illustrations, examples, headings or other aids to reading and understanding, as
envisioned by the CPA, should be developed for use in everyday consumer contracts
where the typical consumer is illiterate or falls into the so called vulnerable consumer
category.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Private Law
LLM
Unrestricted
15
Fořtová, Zuzana. "Právní úkony na internetu v českém a německém právu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-5320.
Abstract:
This thesis compares Czech and German law concerning contract of purchase on the internet, where one of the contractual partner is consumer. It compares and evaluate constract of purchase in general, then the implementation of European directives concerning consumer rights.
16
Higgs, Robin JED Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Implantable surgical devices issues of product liability." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24292.
Abstract:
Patients who have undergone treatment that has included the surgical implantation of a prosthetic device can become dissatisfied for many reasons. One cause for dissatisfaction is any adverse event where there is a demonstrable causal nexus with the failure of a device that is defective or at risk of being so. The magnitude of therapeutic product failure is considerable and therapeutic goods such as Vioxx, Thalidomide, silicon-gel-filled breast implants, contaminated blood products, cardiac pacemakers and valves, and orthopaedic devices are testimony to this. Many of these events have exposed a greyish area of Australian law that balances medical negligence with consumer protection and contract law. Australian product liability legislation that regulates the use of therapeutic goods is a complex amalgam of law that has at its foundations the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) and the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth). When a surgical device fails there can be exposure to liability. This thesis explores those important issues that can impact on individuals or on organisations and it is evident that where issues of product liability concern implanted surgical devices the current regulations for consumer protection may not always be the most appropriate. It is evident that there is a culture of under-reporting of adverse events to a Therapeutic Good Administration that does not have the resources to investigate the cause for failure of a surgical device. Furthermore, there is a potential for bias and conflict of interest in an environment where the regulator depends on the regulated for the funding of its existence. Other issues include the complex and often undesirable consequences of those partnerships that can evolve with the development of an implantable device and with the undertaking of clinical trials, the role of the learned intermediary, that interface between manufacturer and consumer, and the role of the expert witness, that interface between justice and injustice. These and other matters that can significantly influence any debate of implantable surgical device product liability are explored and recommendations are made that might form the basis of a Therapeutic Goods (Safe Medical Devices) Amendment Act.
17
Seigle-Ferrand, Orianne. "Droit de la construction et droit de la consommation : Essai sur les critères de qualification des contractants." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD045/document.
Abstract:
Lors d’une opération immobilière de construction, deux ensembles de règles, qui sont le droit de la construction et le droit de la consommation, viennent se superposer pour apporter un certain niveau de protection lorsque l’acquéreur ou le maître de l’ouvrage est un consommateur ou un non-professionnel. Corrélativement, ils génèrent de nombreuses obligations mises à la charge des professionnels. Ce projet de recherche a donc pour finalité de réaliser, d’une part, un état des lieux des différentes problématiques de protection nées de l’application cumulative de ces deux branches du droit et, d’autre part, de proposer des solutions de règlement en cas de « conflit ». En effet, si les conséquences positives d’une telle combinaison sont indéniables, cette étude ne serait pas complète si l’on n’envisageait également les effets pervers que cette double protection peuvent engendrer dans la pratique au regard de l’économie du contrat, du secteur du bâtiment et de l’esprit qui anime le droit de la construction de manière plus générale. L’objectif poursuivi étant de rendre le droit plus efficace pour sécuriser, autant que possible, l’opération de construction, pour l’ensemble des acteurs du secteur : tant professionnels, pour qu’ils prennent la mesure de leurs responsabilités et obligations (entrepreneurs, promoteurs, architectes, banquiers, notaires…) que pour le « consommateur immobilier » : accédant ou maître d’ouvrage, qui doit pouvoir avoir une vision, la plus claire possible, des contrats qui lui sont soumis afin que sonconsentement soit réellement éclairéIn a building construction operation, two sets of rules, which are construction law and consumer law,are superimposed to bring a level of protection to the consumer purchaser of real estate. Correlatively,they generate many obligations for the professionals. The objective of this research project is thereforeon the one hand to provide an inventory of the various protection issues arising from the cumulativeapplication of these two branches of law and, on the other hand, to propose settlement solutions in caseof "conflict". Although the positive consequences of such a combination are undeniable, this studywould not be complete if one did not also take into account the perverse effects which this dualprotection may entail in practice with regard to the economy of the contract, the building sector and thespirit of construction law in a more general way. The aim is to make law more effective in order tosecure, as far as possible, the construction operation for all the players in the sector: for professionals totake stock of their responsibilities and obligations (entrepreneurs, promoters, architects, bankers,solicitors …), than for the "real estate consumer", who must be able to have a clearer view of thecontracts submitted to him so that his consent might be truly informed
18
Khalifa, Milad. "La protection du consommateur en droit libyen à la lumière du droit français." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1G006.
Abstract:
C’est à la faveur de l’émergence d’une économie de marché, puis récemment de la révolution technologique que le droit de la consommation a connu un développement considérable. Dès lors, la protection du consommateur s’est imposée comme le moyen de rééquilibrer les rapports inégalitaires entre le consommateur, considéré comme partie faible dans une relation contractuelle devenue complexe et le professionnel à qui le rapport de force est favorable. Dans un tel contexte, l’intérêt d’une étude de la protection du consommateur en droit libyen à la lumière du droit français se précise et peut se décliner sous deux axes : d’une part, il est stimulant scientifiquement de comprendre comment un Etat comme la Libye, dont l’ouverture au monde et le développement du secteur privé sont très récents, intègre la protection du consommateur dans son système juridique. D’autre part, le rapprochement avec le droit français présente une plus-value dans la mesure où il s’agit, à travers le droit de la consommation français plus développé, de mesurer le niveau de protection du consommateur en droit libyen. La pertinence de l’usage de l’approche comparative dans le cadre de cette recherche réside dans l’une des fonctions même du droit comparé, à savoir qu’il est un moyen de perfectionnement du droit positif national. Ici, l’hypothèse de départ était que le droit de la consommation en Libye est sous-développé par rapport au droit de la consommation en France. La méthode comparative a donc pour objectif d’aider à une amélioration de la protection du consommateur en droit libyen si éventuellement l’hypothèse de départ était confirmée. Dès lors, nous avons étudié, dans les deux ordres juridiques, la protection du consommateur de la période pré-contractuelle à la période d’après contrat en passant par le moment d’échange des volontés (conclusion proprement dite). Il ressort de cette recherche que le consommateur libyen est moins protégé que le consommateur français. Cela est dû, entre autres, à des facteurs sociopolitiques et économiques, en l’occurrence le faible développement du secteur privé et une faible culture de la justice qui ne permet pas de développer la jurisprudence à l’égard du droit de la consommation. Cette étude a aussi révélé que le législateur libyen est confronté à un nouveau défi, à savoir l’émergence des contrats à distance ; ce qui complexifie davantage la protection du consommateurThanks to the emergence of a market economy and more recently of the technological revolution, consumer law has been significantly developed. Therefore, consumer protection was required as the means to rebalance the unequal relations between the consumer, regarded as the weaker party to the complex contractual relation, and the professional for whom the power balance is in favour.In this context, the interest of a study about consumer protection in Libyan law in the light of French law is clearer and can be approached from two angles : on the one hand, it is scientifically challenging to understand how a State like Libya, whose opening up to the world and the private sector development are very recent, integrates consumer protection into its legal system. On the second hand, comparing it with French law provides an added value, because the level of consumer protection in Libyan law has to be measured through French consumer law which is more developed. The comparative approach is relevant in this research as one of the functions of comparative law is to improve the national substantive law.Here, according to the starting hypothesis, consumer law in Libya is underdeveloped compared to French consumer law. So, the comparative approach aims to help improving consumer law in Libya if the starting hypothesis is confirmed. Therefore, we studied consumer protection from the precontractual period to the after contract period including the actual contract conclusion in both legal orders.This research shows that the Libyan consumer is less protected than the French consumer. This is due, amongst others, to socio-political and economic factors, in this case, the low development of the private sector and the low level of the culture of justice which does not enable to develop case-law regarding consumer law. This study has also proved that the Libyan legislator is facing a new challenge, that is, the emergence of distance contracts, which makes consumer protection even more complex
19
Raschel, Evan. "La pénalisation des atteintes au consentement dans le champ contractuel." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT3006/document.
Abstract:
La pénalisation est depuis longtemps la réponse privilégiée à la singulière augmentation des tromperies, abus de faiblesse, violences ou encore refus du consentement d'autrui à un contrat. Si son ampleur impressionne, cette pénalisation connaît certains travers. Les incriminations sont mal rédigées et leur construction se révèle rapidement incohérente. Mais par dessus-tout, le droit pénal paraît dans bien des cas dévoyé. Même lorsqu'elle n'est utilisée qu'à titre d'auxiliaire de disciplines ou réglementations externes, la sanction pénale répond à certaines finalités propres, au regard desquelles elle doit apparaître nécessaire et proportionnée. Ce dévoiement doit se résoudre par une certaine dépénalisation des atteintes au consentement contractuel. Pour que celle-ci n'entraîne pas une baisse de la protection des contractants, il convient de rechercher des substituts crédibles à la sanction pénale, par conséquent efficaces et adaptés au contentieux des atteintes au consentement contractuel. Il importe également que ces substituts offrent des mesures originales, sous peine de n'opérer qu'une dépénalisation purement symbolique. Cela doit conduire à écarter les sanctions administratives, au profit de la voie civile. Cette dernière doit toutefois être renforcée pour pallier les insuffisances que le droit civil présente actuellement dans la prévention et la sanction des atteintes au consentement contractuelPriority has long been given to criminalisation in response to the important increase in the commission of fraud, fraudulent abuse of vulnerable persons, duress, or other refusals of consent in the contractual field. Whilst the scope of this criminalisation is impressive, it also raises questions. The offences are poorly circumscribed, and their constructions turn out to be incoherent. Above all, criminal law appears in many cases diverted from its proper function. Even when criminal law is used as an auxiliary enforcement to other disciplines or external regulations, the resort to the criminal penalty follows its own ends according to which it should appear necessary and proportionate. This diversion must be resolved through a decriminalisation of refusals of consent in the contractual field. In order to avoid diminishing the protection of contractors, it is necessary to search for credible substitutes to criminal penalties, which are both effective and adapted to litigation involving the infringement of contractual consent. In order to amount to more than purely symbolic decriminalisation, these substitutes should also consist of innovative measures. Administrative sanctions must be discarded in favour of the civil law route. Civil sanctions must however be reinforced in order to overcome the existing limitations and drawbacks faced by civil law in the prevention and sanctioning of refusals of consent in the contractual field
20
Mahi-Disdet, Djamila. "L'obligation d'information dans les contrats du commerce electronique." Thesis, Avignon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AVIG2032/document.
Abstract:
L’information des opérateurs, professionnels ou non, est l’outil le plus important de la confiance dans l’économie numérique et les textes européens et nationaux se sont multipliés pour l’assurer de manière de plus en plus complète. L’étude s’attachera à inventorier selon les sources (droit commun, code de la consommation, législations spéciales) et classer les différentes obligations d’information en proposant diverses typologies selon leur nature, leur objet (la chose et le prix, la durée, les modalités) et leur rôle dans le processus contractuel (information précontractuelle, information sur la formalisation du contrat, la rétractation). Elle évoquera les difficultés liées à la combinaison des règles spéciales et des règles de droit commun (contradictions, variations, chevauchements). Dans le silence des textes spéciaux, elle traitera enfin des sanctions du non-respect de l’obligation d’information selon qu’il met en cause, ou non, la validité du consentement (nullité du contrat, inopposabilité)Information for operators, professionals or not, is the main tool of confidence in the digital economy and the European and national texts have proliferated to reinforce this in a more and more comprehensive way. Based on its origins (common law, the Consumer Code, special laws), the study will seek to make an inventory and classify the different sources of information obligations by providing different typologies adapted to their nature or purpose (the object and its price, duration, terms) and their role in the contract process (pre-contractual information, information on the formalization of the contract, the withdrawal). It will discuss the difficulties associated with the combination of special rules and common law (contradictions, variations, overlapping). In the silence of specific texts, it will also cover the penalties for non compliance with the obligation of information depending on whether it questions or not the validity of the consent (void contract, unenforceable)
21
Jay, Caroline. "Le risque santé et la souscription d’assurance du crédit." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0395.
Abstract:
La santé est un risque. La raison d’être de l’assurance est de couvrir les individus contre les aléas de la vie. Pourtant, la nature économique de cette opération a conduit les assureurs à écarter de leur mutualité, de manière croissante, les plus hauts risques de survenance d’un sinistre. Cette pratique appelée la segmentation est parfaitement autorisée. L’assureur peut, au moment de la discussion précontractuelle, procéder à une évaluation du risque par des investigations sur la situation personnelle et intime du candidat à l’assurance. Plusieurs constats sont faits. Le fait justificatif de discrimination n’est plus précis. Les techniques de collecte de l’information s’émancipent d’un encadrement légal sécurisé. L’existence d’un risque aggravé a des conséquences déraisonnables sur le contrat d’assurance. En France, plus de 2,7 millions de personnes présentent, au sens des assureurs, un risque aggravé du fait de leur état de santé. Il s’agit aussi bien de personnes diabétiques, atteintes de la maladie de parkinson ou ayant développé une pathologie cancéreuse. Pour eux l’accès à l’assurance rime avec le refus, les exclusions ou les surprimes. Ce phénomène concourt à une véritable injustice sociale, particulièrement lorsque le contrat d’assurance conditionne l’octroi d’un crédit immobilier. Pour cette raison, et sous les pressions associatives, des mesures ont été prises visant à limiter l’intrusion de l’assureur dans la vie privée du preneur d’assurance et parallèlement à renforcer les obligations d’information, de conseil ou de mise en garde du professionnel préalablement à la souscription du contratHealth is a risk. The main purpose of insurance is to cover individuals against life’s uncertainties. However, because of the economic nature of this activity, insurers discard more and more the highest risks from their mutuality. This practice, named segmentation, is perfectly allowed. The insurer may, at the time of precontractual discussions, carry out a risk assessment by investigating the personal and intimate situation of the applicant. Several observations can be made. Evidence of discrimination is no longer precise. The techniques for information gathering emancipate themselves from a secure legal framework. The existence of an increased risk has unreasonable consequences on the insurance contract. In France, more than 2.7 million people are, in the sense of insurers, increased risks profiles due to their health status. Those are people living with diabetes, Parkinson's disease or other cancerous pathologies. For them, access to insurance rhymes with refusal, exclusion or additional premia. This phenomenon contributes to a real social injustice, especially when the insurance contract is necessary to be granted a mortgage. For this reason, and under pressures from associations, some measures have been implemented to limit the intrusion of the insurer into the policyholder’s privacy; and in parallel, to strengthen the obligations lying on the professionals to provide information, advice and warning, prior to any contract subscription
22
Canto, Diego Eidelvein do. "A vulnerabilidade agravada do consumidor-idoso nos planos privados de assistência à saúde." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/170635.
Abstract:
O presente trabalho analisa as relações de consumo nos planos privados de assistência à saúde a partir dos princípios da vulnerabilidade e da confiança. Aborda o contexto pós-moderno no qual este pacto está inserido e os reflexos que o avançar da idade podem trazer aos serviços médico-ambulatoriais. Analisa o tema a partir da doutrina, legislação e jurisprudência, investigando qual a resposta dada pelos operadores do direito para enfrentar os desafios que o agravamento da vulnerabilidade do consumidor-idoso traz aos planos e seguros de saúde. Busca verificar quais os instrumentos necessários para a tutela da saúde do idoso e de sua confiança, permitindo que ingressem nestes pactos com padrões mínimos e inderrogáveis de proteção, para que haja um desenvolvimento social harmônico e um crescimento econômico equilibrado desta importante parcela do mercado de consumo. Aborda a vulnerabilidade inerente à relação de consumo e a imprescindibilidade de uma hermenêutica jurídica adequada à proteção dos idosos nos contratos de planos e seguros de assistência à saúde, bem como a importância do diálogo das fontes para reconstruir a confiança dos consumidores-idosos. Examina o fenômeno crescente da judicialização da saúde suplementar no Brasil para o controle de cláusulas e práticas abusivas neste importante setor do mercado de consumo. Por fim, ressalta a necessidade de ações afirmativas no campo dos serviços privados médico-assistenciais através do diálogo das instituições como forma de reconstruir e reforçar a confiança do consumidor.The present work analyzes consumer relations in the healthcare plans and in the health insurance based on the principles of vulnerability and trust. It addresses the postmodern context in which this pact is inserted and the reflexes that advancing age can bring to the medical outpatient services. It analyzes this issue from the doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence, investigating the response given by legal operators to the challenges that the aggravation of the vulnerability of the elderly consumer can bring to health insurance and healthcare plans. It seeks to verify the necessary mechanisms to protect the health of the elderly and their confidence, allowing them to enter in these contracts with minimum and non-derogable standards of protection, so it can be had a harmonious social development and balanced economic growth of this important part of the consumer market. It discourses the vulnerability inherent in the relationship of consumption and the indispensability of proper legal interpretation to the protection of the elderly in healthcare plans and health insurance, and the importance of the dialogue of the sources to rebuild elderly consumer confidence. Examines the growing phenomenon of the development of the number of claims at the Judiciary, associated to matters related to health insurance and healthcare plans in Brazil and to the control of clauses and abusive practices in this important sector of the consumer market. Finally, it emphasizes the need for affirmative action in the field of private medical care services through institutional dialogue to rebuild consumer confidence and strengthen the principle of trust, contributing to a harmonious social development and balanced economic growth. Finally, it emphasizes the need for affirmative action in the field of private medical care services through institutional dialogue to rebuild consumer confidence and strengthen the principle of trust.
23
Castro, Clarice Marinho Martins de. "On the regulation of cloud computing contracts / Clarice Marinho Martins de Castro." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2014. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/12060.
Abstract:
Submitted by Nayara Passos (nayara.passos@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-11T19:03:04Z
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CAPES
A computação em nuvem encontra-se rapidamente se desenvolvendo e oferecendo inúmeras vantagens à indústria da Tecnologia da Informação (TI). Ela tem permitido a realização do antigo sonho da computação tornar-se uma ‘utilidade’. Todavia, esta realidade apresenta riscos e desafios em diferentes áreas, sobretudo no âmbito legal, e nos contratos de consumo em particular. Assim, considerando a complexidade da computação em nuvem, torna-se essencial a busca de um menor grau de incerteza na relação fornecedor-consumidor. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar e caracterizar as transações de computação em nuvem, tanto nos contratos de serviço, como nos contratos de fornecimento de conteúdo digital. Para tanto, esta tese examinará legislações de natureza internacional e nacional, bem como contratos, que poderão ser utilizados na regulamentação das atividades em nuvem no Brasil. De início, será realizada uma apreciação crítica quanto à possibilidade de aplicação da legislação relativa a um "Direito Europeu Comum de Compra" - denominada na língua inglesa de “Common European Sales Law (CESL) - nos contratos de fornecimento de conteúdo digital realizados entre o Brasil e os Países Membros da União Européia. Em seguida, serão examinadas algumas regras gerais presentes no Código de Defesa do Consumidor brasileiro a fim de ser discutida a aplicabilidade do referido Código nos contratos de computação em nuvem. Por fim, serão estudados três contratos de computação em nuvem oferecidos pelo Google no Brasil com o objetivo de apontar os sérios riscos apresentados para os consumidores ao firmar tais acordos, bem como a adequação de tais instrumentos em face da legislação nacional.
The paradigm of cloud computing has been developing quickly and offers many new advantages to the information technology industry. It is turning the long-held dream of computing as a utility, into a reality. However, it also poses risks and challenges in different fields, especially in the legal area, that may affect the stakeholders of this market. Given the complexity of cloud computing, it is essential to assure that there is little uncertainty in the provider-consumer relationship. This research aims to analyse and characterise cloud computing transactions from a legal perspective, both as a service contract, and as a contract for the provision of digital content. Thus, in this thesis we examine international and national legislation, as well as contracts, which may govern the relationship between cloud stakeholders. Given the international and cross-border nature of the proposed Common European Sales Law (CESL), which may eventually be applied between Brazilian and European contracts, and due to the legal rules which it is based sharing some similarities to the civil law system in Brazil, we begin offering a critical view of the possibility of applying this proposal on a Common European Sales Law to some cloud computing transactions when they supply digital content. Next, we turn to examine whether the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code (CDC), with its existing general rules relating to ‘goods’ and ‘services’, and some other definitions, could be broad enough to cover the necessities of cloud consumers in Brazil. Lastly, we examine the issue of regulating cloud computing through contract. In particular, we identify a set of key legal issues to be considered by consumers when entering into a cloud contract. In order to illustrate their importance, we perform a detailed evaluation of some Google cloud-based agreements to check if they are compatible with existing laws in Brazil.
24
Ferenbach, Pierre. "Le statut juridique du jeu vidéo." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0462.
Abstract:
Le concept de jeu vidéo vise un jeu mis en œuvre par un logiciel et se traduisant par des manifestations audiovisuelles. En tant que phénomène économique et culturel, les jeux vidéo sont désormais disponibles sur une multitude de supports. L’avènement d’Internet a contribué à la création des jeux en ligne. Les modèles économiques et les modalités de fourniture ont également évolué. Son utilisation est devenue professionnelle avec l’évolution de l’esport. L’analyse juridique des jeux vidéo révèle qu’ils sont désormais directement régis par le droit, à travers leur définition fiscale et diverses dispositions. Cependant, cette approche ne permet qu’une identification juridique partielle. En tant qu’objet de création et de consommation, le jeu vidéo présente une réalité juridique ambivalente.L’analyse juridique du jeu vidéo est, d’abord, complexifiée par sa dualité. La distinction entre la composante audiovisuelle et la composante logicielle nécessite une qualification distributive en droit d’auteur. Cela nécessite l’articulation des règles applicables à toute œuvre de l’esprit et celles spécifiques au logiciel, ce qui a des conséquences sur le statut des divers participants à la création. Néanmoins, l’application distributive des règles du droit d’auteur à l’utilisateur est limitée en raison de leurs conflits, ce qui rend parfois impossible leur cumul par le titulaire des droits. La détermination de la règle applicable ne peut aboutir que par la mise en œuvre de la règle de l’accessoire. Elle suppose de hiérarchiser les différentes composantes pour déduire le régime applicable à l’ensemble. Le statut juridique du jeu vidéo interroge, ensuite, au regard de sa finalité. Une première analyse invite à écarter toute protection du but ludique du jeu vidéo par le droit. Dans le même sens, la prise en compte de la finalité du jeu vidéo par la jurisprudence afin d’exclure la qualification d’œuvre audiovisuelle ne paraît pas fondée. La finalité du jeu vidéo se révèle cependant pertinente au stade contractuel puisqu’elle permet d’identifier les obligations contractuelles pesant sur le fournisseur et l’utilisateur. Elle invite également à procéder à la qualification du jeu vidéo en jeu d’argent, excluant sa qualification en jeu sportif au regard de ses critères stricts. Le choix de cette qualification emporte des conséquences sur la licéité de l’organisation de la compétition et le statut du joueur, des conséquences que la loi récente a tenté de corrigerThe concept of video games refers to a game implemented through software and expressed through audiovisual manifestations. As an economic and cultural phenomenon, video games are now available on a multitude of platforms. The advent of the Internet has contributed to the creation of online games. Economic models and delivery methods have also evolved. Its use has become professional with the evolution of esports. The legal analysis of video games reveals that they are now directly regulated by law, through their tax definition and various provisions. However, this approach only allows for partial legal identification. As an object of creation and consumption, video games present an ambivalent legal reality.The legal analysis of video games is first complicated by its duality. The distinction between the audiovisual component and the software component requires a distributive qualification in copyright law. This requires the articulation of the rules applicable to any work of the mind and those specific to software, which has consequences for the status of the various participants in the creation. Nevertheless, the distributive application of copyright rules to the user is limited due to conflicts, making it sometimes impossible to cumulate them by the rights holder. The determination of the applicable rule can only be achieved through the implementation of the accessory rule. It requires prioritizing the different components to deduce the applicable regime for the whole. The legal status of video games is also questioned in terms of its purpose. An initial analysis suggests excluding any protection of the playful purpose of video games by law. Similarly, taking into account the purpose of video games by jurisprudence in order to exclude the classification as an audiovisual work does not seem justified. However, the purpose of video games is relevant at the contractual stage since it allows the identification of contractual obligations on the supplier and the user. It also prompts the qualification of video games as gambling, excluding their classification as a sport based on strict criteria. The qualification has consequences for the legality of organizing the competition and the status of the player, consequences that recent legislation has attempted to address
25
Huet, Davy. "Le petit professionnel dans ses rapports contractuels." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD005.
Abstract:
Il n’est pas évident d’identifier le « petit professionnel » dans le droit des contrats actuel. Qu’il s’agisse du droit commun des contrats ou des droits spéciaux, aucun n’a réellement vocation à appréhender de manière spécifique cet acteur économique. Pourtant, si le droit positif ne porte pas un regard attentif à ce contractant, son éclosion au sein des relations juridiques n’est pas contestée et le droit européen, au travers des projets mis en œuvre, se positionne comme témoin de cette émergence. C’est pourquoi, il est proposé d’étudier les manifestations du « petit professionnel », d’une part, aux côtés des notions déjà connues de consommateur, de non-professionnel et de professionnel, puis d’autre part, des notions voisines de commerçant et d’entreprise. De nombreux domaines sont touchés par l’avènement du « petit professionnel » notamment le droit des contrats, le droit de la concurrence, ou encore le droit de la consommation. Aussi, l’objectif est de mettre en évidence le manque d’attention dont il fait l’objet. Dans le cadre de ses relations contractuelles, le « petit professionnel » est considéré bien souvent comme un professionnel quelconque malgré son statut particulier. Le propos est donc également de réfléchir à une adaptation des règles auxquelles il est soumis. Le contenu de ses droits et devoirs doit être analysé avec rigueur afin de les comprendre et de les rendre plus appropriésThe « small professional » is not so well identified in current contract law. Whether it concerns general laws of contract or special contract laws, neither really have a vocation to specifically appreciate this economic stakeholder. However, if positive law is not attentive to this contracting party, its emergence at the heart of legal relations is not disputed, and as pointed out in European law, it places itself as witness to this outcome. In consequence, it is proposed to study the expression of the « small professional », on the one hand, through the already-known notions of consumer, non-professional and professional, and on the other hand, through related notions of trader and business company. Many areas are affected by the advent of the « small professional » including contract law, competition law and consumer law. The aim is therefore to emphasize the lack of attention to this party. Within the scope of its contractual relationships, the « small professional » is generally considered as a common professional, despite its special status. The purpose is also to present an adaptation of the rules related to its activities. The content of its rights and duties should be strictly analyzed in order to understand, and make them more appropriate
26
Chemlali, Laroussi. "Protection du consommateur et commerce électronique : droit français, européen et tunisien." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0049.
Abstract:
Le commerce électronique B to C se popularise de plus en plus et le nombre de ses adeptes ne cesse de croître d'année en année. Ses avantages, pour les consommateurs, en termes de rapidité, de commodité et de proximité ne sont plus à prouver. Néanmoins, la particularité du medium utilisé pour effectuer des transactions en ligne et les spécificités de l'environnement électronique, notamment l'immatérialité, l'interactivité et l'internationalité influent considérablement sur la confiance des cyberconsommateurs en même temps qu'elles accroissent leur vulnérabilité, d'où la nécessité d'un cadre juridique adapté afin que l'essor du commerce électronique B to C ne néglige pas la protection des cyberconsommateurs. Conscients de cet impératif, les législateurs communautaire, français et tunisien, ont mis en place un certain nombre de mesures de nature à rassurer ces derniers et leur permettre de s'engager dans des transactions de commerce en ligne en toute confiance. Ces mesures sont de deux ordres : les unes sont destinées à assurer au cyberconsommateur une protection intrinsèque au processus de la transaction en ligne ; cette protection se manifeste en amont de la transaction, lors de la phase précontractuelle, mais également pendant la période contractuelle, c'est-à-dire au moment de la finalisation de la transaction en ligne et de son exécution. Les autres ont pour objectif de garantir au consommateur une protection extrinsèque au processus de la transaction du commerce électronique. Deux aspects sont, à cet égard, pris en compte : la protection des données à caractère personnel traitées dans le cadre d'une transaction en ligne et les aspects du droit international privé de la protection du cyberconsommateurB to C e-commerce is increasingly gaining popularity. The number of its followers has seen a drastic surge throughout the few recent years. Its advantages in terms of speed, convenience and proximity are not any more questionable by consumers. Nevertheless, the characteristic of this medium used to carry out online transactions as well as the specificities of the electronic environment - in particular the immateriality, the interactivity and internationality - influence considerably cyber-consumers confidence. Simultaneously, they increase their vulnerability. Thus, the need for an appropriate legal framework to regulate the rise of B to C e-commerce and protect cyber-consumers. Taking into account these requirement, community, French and Tunisian legislators set up a number of measures to reassure the latter and allow them to engage confidently in online commerce transactions. These measures have two targets: some of them were intended to grant cyber-consumers an intrinsic protection in the process of the online transaction. This protection is set to be an upstream transaction protection at the pre-contractual phase as well as during the contractual period; i.e. at the level of on line transaction finalization and execution. The others aim to guarantee the consumer an extrinsic protection throughout the process of e-commerce transaction. In this respect, two aspects are taken into account, namely: personal data processed during transactions and the aspects of private international law of cyber-consumer protection
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Van, den Berg Michal Danielle. "Formalities in the law of contract and their impact on visually impaired persons as consumers." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65733.
Abstract:
The problem identified concerns the lack of the South African law to reasonably accommodate visually impaired persons, with specific reference to the law of contract, as found in the common law and consumer protection legislation. This jurisprudential lack of reasonable accommodation is limited to the formality requirement of ‘in writing’. The aim of this mini-dissertation will be to analyse the current legal position in such a manner so as to identify where the common law and relevant consumer protection laws fail to accommodate, discriminate against, show a disregard for and neglect the interests of visually impaired persons. In addition, I will provide an exposition of what the legal position vis-à-vis visually impaired persons ought to be in the context of the problem as already identified above. Consequently, the following normative question will be answered: ‘How ought the principle of reasonable accommodation influence the formality requirement of ‘in writing’, in both consumer legislation and the common law?’.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted
28
Steinbrück, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Changing Consumer Law in the United Kingdom after Brexit? : A Study in Laws governing Consumer Credit and Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts in the United Kingdom, Germany, Norway and Switzerland / Katharina Steinbrück." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237168465/34.
29
De, Metz Bart. "Exemption clauses in commercial and consumer contracts : a comparison of English, Dutch and Quebec Law." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61888.
30
Fenton, Denise E. "Dispute resolution in consumer goods manufacture-for-export in the People's Republic of China." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b22052458a.pdf.
Abstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2007.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Sept. 7, 2007) "Master of Art in arbitration and dispute resolution LW6409 dissertation" Includes bibliographical references.
31
Bentin-Liaras, Maud. "Le consommateur et l'assurance : aspects juridiques." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30052.
Abstract:
Le lien existant entre un sujet de droit (le consommateur) et un domaine du droit aussi technique que l’assurance n’est pas facile à appréhender. Son étude est pourtant nécessaire en égard à l’importance pratique de la question – les contrats d’assurance se comptent pas millions et les procès par milliers – et à son actualité fortement marquée par la « loi Hamon » du 17 mars 2014. Par-delà ces considérations, il est courant de souligner que, confronté à l’assurance, le consommateur est dans une situation de faiblesse et qu’il doit être protégé. Mais quelle branche du droit, du droit de la consommation ou du droit des assurances est la mieux à même de le faire ? Et des conflits de normes peuvent-ils survenir ? A cet égard, la protection offerte par le droit de la consommation est indéniable, notamment en matière d’information du consommateur ou de lutte contre les clauses abusives. Mais le droit des assurances n’a pas attendu l’avènement du courant consumériste pour protéger tout assuré et pas seulement les consommateurs. De ce point de vue, les deux droits n’ont pas la même conception ni du consommateur d’assurance, ni de ma manière dont l’assurance du consommateur doit être réglementée. Ce sont deux axes autour desquels la thèse s’articule. Celle-ci traite aussi bien des personnes à protéger que de l’étendue de la protection, en insistant pour chaque thème sur les conflits de normes réels ou potentielsAnalysing the link between a subject of law (the consumer) and a technical law area as technical as insurance law is not an easy task. Yet, such a study is necessary in view of the pratical importance of the issue – there are millions of insurance contracts underwritten and thousands of lawsuits – and given the highly topical « loi Hamon » adopted on March 17, 2014. Moreover it is a well-known fact that consumer is in a weak position xhen facing insurance and therefore requires protection. But wich area of law is best placed to protect him : consumer law or insurance law ? And may conflicts of laws arise ? Indeed consumer law offers an undoubted protection, in particular with regards to consumer information and fight against unfair contracts termes. However, insurance law dit not wait for the advent of consumerism to protect every policy holder and not only consumers. Both laws do not share the same view of insurance consumer nor of the way consumer insurance must be regulated. This thesis hangs on those two majors hinges. It defines not only who are the individuals to be protected but also what is the scope of that protection. In each case, actual and potential conflict of laws are specifically highlighted
32
Bienenstock, Sophie. "Trois essais sur l'analyse économique du droit de la consommation." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020025/document.
Abstract:
Les consommateurs disposent d’une rationalité limitée et sont sujets à divers biais cognitifs. La thèse étudie les conséquences des biais de rationalité sur le comportement des consommateurs ainsi que les implications sur la politique de consommation. Chacun des trois chapitres de la thèse est consacré à un biais particulier (surestimation de la qualité, erreurs d’anticipation de l’utilité, biais de projection) dans un contexte concurrentiel déterminé. Les deux premiers chapitres sont bâtis sur des modèles de duopole standards auxquels sont intégrés des biais de rationalité : le premier est un duopole avec différenciation horizontale inspiré de Dixit (1979), tandis que le second envisage un modèle de différenciation verticale adapté de Gabszewicz & Thisse (1979). Le troisième chapitre étend à trois périodes la modélisation du biais de projection proposée par Loewenstein et al. (2003). J’aboutis à la conclusions que, si les biais cognitifs conduisent dans certains cas à des choix sous-optimaux (chapitres 1 et 2), les consommateurs naïfs peuvent également être avantagés par rapport aux agents sophistiqués (chapitre 3). Ce constat plaide en faveur d’une intervention circonstanciée et mesurée sur le marché. Enfin, des recommandations de politiques économiques sont formulées: je prône une approche renouvelée du droit de la consommation, qui ne serait plus fondé principalement sur l’information du consommateur mais davantage sur des mesures de redressement cognitif. Des exemples de mesures concrètes sont discutés tout au long de la thèseConsumers have bounded rationality and exhibit cognitive biases. The thesis studies the consequences of such biases on consumer choice and implications on consumer policy. Each chapter of the thesis investigates one specific bias (quality bias, utility misperception and projection bias) in a given market structure. The first two chapters focus on stan- dard duopoly models, in whichcognitive biases are incorporated: I build a horizontally differentiated duopoly based on Dixit (1979)in chapter 1, and a vertically differentiated duopoly inspired by Gabszewicz & Thisse (1979) in chapter 2. As for the third chapter, it extends to three periods, in a monopolistic framework, the projection bias model proposed by Loewenstein et al. (2003). I come to the conclusion that, while cognitive biases sometimes lead to suboptimal consumption decisions (chapters 1 and 2), naive consumers can be better off than their sophisticated counterparts(chapter 3). This observation pleads in favor of a non-systematic and context dependant legal intervention to counter cognitive errors. I argue in favor of a new approach of consumer policy, that would focus less on information disclosures in favor of debiasing schemes. Examples of such debiasing policies are discussed throughout the thesis
33
Ndou, Fulufhelo Clyde. "The legal protection afforded to the consumer under current South African law with emphasis on the legal position in specific credit agreements contained in standard-form contracts." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003203.
Abstract:
The thesis covers the field of the contract law known as the consumer credit law. It deals with the legal protection afforded to the consumer under current South African law with emphasis on the legal position in specific credit agreements contained in standard-form contracts. The thesis focuses on those credit contracts in which the legal relationship between the consumer and the dominant party is contained in the standard-form contracts, specifically credit agreements relating to money lending transactions in which the credit grantor’s rights are secured either by means of mortgage agreement, a suretyship contract, or a deed of cession. In South Africa the right to equality and human dignity, as opposed to the classical theories of contract: pacta sunt servanda and the principle of freedom of contract, are supported by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 which entrenched democratic values permeating all areas of the law including contract law. In this thesis the harmonisation of these classical theories of contract law and the constitutional values of human dignity and equality have been considered. As has been shown in a number of cases, notably those relating to the contracts of suretyship, cession in securitatem debiti, and mortgage, the current law regulating the relationship between the credit grantors and the credit receivers is in need of law reform to fall in line with the constitutional values of equality and human dignity. The greatest difficulty inherent in this area of the law is the reluctance of the courts to intervene at the instance of consumers. The courts would only intervene in the clearest of the cases, and would only do so in the public interest. In this thesis the current South African Law is considered in the light of the developments elsewhere. The tendency of credit providers to alter the terms of the contracts unilaterally and the growing number of conflicting decisions of the Provincial Divisions of High Court has also been considered. The writer also considers the role of the newly created Consumer Affairs Court.
34
Corzo, de la Colina Rafael, and Mendoza José Villafuerte. "Great risk insurances and disproportionate protection of insured persons in insurance contract Law." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122964.
Abstract:
In this article, the authors tell us about great risk insurances and describe its regulation in foreign law. Then, they point out the protective role of State in the consumption relationship is to reduce information asymmetries, but there is no total disclosure obligation in the market. Therefore, information asymmetry ceases to be relevant when the user of the service has negotiating capacity and necessary resources to make an informed decision. They conclude it is pertinent to equate the application of the Peruvian Insurance Contract Law to international standards.En el presente artículo, los autores nos hablan de los seguros de grandes riesgos y describen su tratamiento en la legislación extranjera. Luego, señalan que el rol protector del Estado en la relación de consumo es reducir las asimetrías informativas, pero no existe una obligación total de divulgación de información en el mercado. Por lo tanto, la asimetría informativa deja de ser relevante cuando el usuario del servicio tenga capacidad de negociación y recursos suficientes para tomar una decisión informada. Concluyen que es pertinente equiparar la aplicación de la Ley del Contrato de Seguro peruana a estándares internacionales.
35
Nebbia, Paola Elisa. "Unfair terms in consumer contracts : English and Italian law on unfair terms in the light of Directive 93/13." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401326.
36
Mohammed, Nazar A. "Specific challenges of consumer protection in distance selling contracts : a comparison of the laws of England and Iraq on the duty to provide pre-contractual information and the right of cancellation." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/28031.
Abstract:
This study has covered the duty to provide pre-contractual information and the right of cancellation, the two important key areas of consumer protection in distance selling contracts. These two protection models are invented to rebalance the distance contract in favour of the consumer albeit differently. The duty to provide information rebalances the contract in terms of information, and the right of cancellation provides the distance consumer with an opportunity to rethink the decision about the contract. The study has looked at pertinent laws of distance selling contracts in England and Iraq. In doing so, the study has followed comparative and analytical methodology, whereby strengths and weaknesses, similarities and dissimilarities between the selected laws under a chosen theme are addressed. The aim is to explore problems and loopholes, which may need future amendments, including legal gaps, ambiguity, and incomplete treatment. During the study, specific challenges related to the theme of study are critically analysed. Apparently, the quantity and type of information required, the time and manner of sending information, and the remedy available at the breach are challenges of the information requirements. Challenges of the right of cancellation are the conditions and effects of using the right. The study has concluded that many aspects of protection under both laws need further improvements. The need for changes is more obvious with Iraqi Law than English Law, where distance selling protection has not been recognised yet.
37
Klausner, Eduardo Antônio. "Para uma teoria do direito internacional do consumidor: a proteção do consumidor no livre comércio internacional." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2401.
Abstract:
O consumidor é o agente vulnerável na relação de consumo internacional. O processo de globalização se apresenta, para o consumidor, como uma globalização do consumo. A globalização do consumo se caracteriza pelo comércio e fornecimento internacional de produtos e serviços por empresários/fornecedores transnacionais/globais, utilizando marcas de renome mundial, acessíveis a todos os consumidores do planeta, e agrava a vulnerabilidade do consumidor no mercado. A proteção jurídica do consumidor internacional é uma necessidade que os sistemas jurídicos nacionais não se mostram aptos a prover adequadamente, assim como o Direito Internacional também não. A presente tese demonstra a deficiência da Ciência do Direito na proteção do consumidor no contexto da globalização; demonstra como o próprio comércio internacional é prejudicado ao não priorizar de maneira absoluta e efetiva a proteção do consumidor na OMC, bem como ao mostrar-se apático diante dos diferentes níveis de proteção proporcionada aos consumidores em cada diferente sistema jurídico nacional; demonstra, também, como a proteção do consumidor de maneira uniforme e global por um direito comum aos Estados é possível e será capaz de tornar mais eficiente economicamente o processo de globalização do consumo, ao encorajar a participação mais intensa do consumidor no mercado internacional; e propõe a construção de um novo ramo do Direito dedicado ao problema, o Direito Internacional do Consumidor (DIC), por meio da elaboração de uma Teoria do Direito Internacional do Consumidor. O Direito Internacional do Consumidor pretende ser um direito comum e universal de proteção ao consumidor, fundado em métodos, conceitos, institutos, normas e princípios jurídicos universais. O DIC dialogará com outros ramos do Direito Público e Privado, especialmente o Direito Internacional Econômico, o Direito Internacional do Comércio, o Direito Internacional Privado, o Direito Processual Civil Internacional, e o Direito do Consumidor. Pretende-se com isto atender ao ideal de promover o livre comércio internacional com respeito aos Direitos Humanos.The consumer is the weak party in the cross-border consumer relation. The globalization process presents itself for the consumer as a globalization of consumers relations. The globalization of consumers relations is defined by international commerce and supply of products and services by transnational/global entrepreneurs/ suppliers, using global renowned brands names, available for all consumers of the planet, aggravating the consumers vulnerability in the market. The juridical international consumers protection is a necessity that has not been properly dealt with neither by the national legal systems nor by International Law. The present thesis shows the deficiency of Juridical Science to consumers protection in a globalization context; it shows how international commerce suffers harms when it does not prioritize the consumers protection in WTO, and when it has no reaction against different consumers protections levels by the distinct national legislation; it also shows, how consumers protection by a global and uniform law for all States is possible and can be more economically efficient for the process of globalization of consumers relations, because it encourages a intensive consumer participation in the international market; and proposes to build a new branch of law dedicated to the problem, the International Consumer Law (ICL), by a Theory of International Consumer Law. The International Consumer Law intends to be a general and universal law about consumers protection, based on universal methods, concepts, institutes, rules and principles. The ICL is going to dialogue with others branches of law, specially with International Economic Law, Global Trade Law, Private International Law (Conflict of Laws), Transnational Litigation Law, Consumer Protection Law and Products Liability Law. The intention of this thesis is to deal with the ideal of promoting free international trade taking into account respect for humans rights.
38
Reyna, Agustin [Verfasser]. "What Place for Fairness in Digital Content Contracts? : An Assessment of the Interplay between EU Copyright and Consumer Law / Agustin Reyna." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1222361221/34.
39
Serra, Freire Paula. "Le contrat international de consommation, comparaison franco-brésilienne." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020051.
Abstract:
L’internationalisation de la consommation de produits ou services est un phénomène qui peut être observé dans les pays développés, comme la France, mais aussi, en grande mesure, dans les pays en voie de développement comme le Brésil. Cette internationalisation a des effets importants sur la protection du consommateur, considéré dans la plupart des pays comme une partie faible qui mérite protection. Cette internationalisation soulève aussi des questions intéressantes de droit international privé. Dans ce travail, nous allons étudier les questions liées à la détermination de la juridiction compétente et celle de la loi applicable à ces contrats, depuis la perspective du droit français et du droit brésilienThe internationalization of the consumption of products and services is a phenomenon that can be seen in developed countries, like the case of France, but also to a large extent in developing countries like Brazil. Such internationalization has important implications for the protection of consumers, which are considered in most countries as a weak party that deserves to be protected. This internationalization also raises interesting private international law issues. In this work, we will study the issues related to the determination of the competent jurisdiction and the law applicable to such contracts, from both the French and the Brazilian law perspectives
40
França, Bruna Simões. "A proteção jurídica do consumidor nos contratos de mútuo bancário e o direito à informação." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20872.
Abstract:
Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-14T17:42:36Z
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The propose of this work is to analyze the right that the right that consumers have to be oriented and informed and the consequences of this right is not observed by the financial institutions especially in loan contracts and considering the vulnerability of the consumers. We will begin doing an explanation of the legal regime of the financial institutions on Brazilian Constitution, the Central Bank and the Monetary Authority, as well as the possibility for self-regulation. Then we will analyze the legal protection of the consumer in Brazil, with main focus on the information right. We will study the concept of good faith in legal terms and the responsibility of financial institutions in abusive loan contracts regarding consumers. There will be a highlight on de vulnerability of the consumer and de concept of consumers that are more vulnerable than others. This paper intends to demonstrate that loan contracts sign with disregard of the information right by the financial institution to not oblige the consumer. As a consequence of this violation, the contract should be considered as not valid and the parties involved must return to the previously situation
O objetivo deste trabalho será analisar o papel do direito à informação do consumidor e do dever de educação do fornecedor e a responsabilidade jurídica que as instituições financeiras possuem nos contratos de mútuo bancário no direito brasileiro, especialmente considerando a vulnerabilidade do consumidor. Iniciaremos fazendo uma explanação do regime jurídico das instituições financeiras na Constituição Federal, no Brasil pelo Banco Central e Conselho Monetário Nacional, bem como a possibilidade de autorregulação de suas atividades. Após, trataremos da proteção jurídica do consumidor, especialmente o direito à informação. Será analisado ainda o conceito de boa-fé objetiva, bem como a responsabilidade dos fornecedores nos contratos de mútuo no que tange aos consumidores. Neste ponto, serão destacados a vulnerabilidade do consumidor e o conceito de consumidores hipervulneráveis. Este trabalho pretende demonstrar que os contratos de mútuo celebrados com desrespeito ao dever de informação por parte do fornecedor não vinculam o consumidor. Como consequência desta violação, o contrato deverá ser considerado nulo e, assim, as partes deverão voltar ao status quo anterior à celebração do contrato
41
Bauling, Andrea. "An analysis of the evolution of the South African law on the warranty against latent defects." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46081.
Abstract:
In this dissertation I analyse the transformation of the South African law on the warranty against latent defects. I trace the development from pre-classical Roman law through to the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (“the CPA”). Society’s ever-changing economic requirements and moral ideals serve as the driving forces behind these continuous legal developments.
Under Roman law the rules on latent defects initially applied to the sale of slaves. In contrast, modern South African law, as per the CPA and the values of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, specifically aims to protect the most vulnerable members of South Africa’s unequal society. The conservative approach adopted by the judiciary when adjudicating contractual matters hinders the transformation of the law of sale. Legal rules and legal thinking which reinforce traditional distributive patterns require reconsideration if societal-wide change, as demanded by the Constitution, can be imagined and accomplished. If the economic role of the contract and its power to divide and (re)distribute wealth is viewed as important, the link between poverty and the contract, and by association the consumer agreement, cannot be ignored.
Contracts, and specifically basic consumer and credit agreements, are often concluded in order to facilitate survival in our current social reality. The law as it relates to consumer protection and the sale of defective goods is directly related to the contract’s role in wealth distribution. Where sales agreements are in question, the unequal bargaining power of the parties can impede the purchaser/consumer even further. The consumer’s right to good quality and safe goods creates uncertainty regarding whether or not the seller’s liability under the common law warranty against latent defects may be excluded in instances where the CPA and the common law apply simultaneously. This uncertainty, if addressed as being part of the national project of transformative constitutionalism, the only conclusion that can be drawn is that the exclusion of the seller’s liability is, paradoxically, detrimental to the very subject that the CPA and Constitution aim to protect, namely the purchaser.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Private Law
LLM
Unrestricted
42
Rodet-Profit, Alix. "Le contrat d'assurance maritime à Rouen dans l'Ancien droit." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020010.
Abstract:
L'assurance maritime constitue la première forme d'assurance connue, qui s'est développée à la fin du Moyen-Âge et a gagné l'ensemble de l'Europe au XVIe siècle. Rouen, l'une des plus importantes villes commerciales et maritimes du royaume de France, fut la première – et la seule – à être dotée d'un greffe des assurances dès 1556. Elle constitue donc un lieu de choix pour l'étude de ce contrat dans notre pays. Le caractère aléatoire de l'assurance a posé très tôt le problème de l'équilibre des intérêts des parties. D'une part, l'assuré devait pouvoir bénéficier de garanties suffisantes pour recourir à l'assurance. Il s'agissait d'autre part de protéger l'assureur, qui, en plus de prendre les risques de l'expédition à sa charge, se trouvait en grande partie dépendant de la bonne foi de son assuré. Aux côtés de leur « commis aux assurances », les marchands rouennais ont alors recherché et adopté des solutions. L'ordonnance de la Marine de 1681, première législation française sur les assurances, a ensuite tenté d'unifier les usages et pratiques du royaume. Elle a proposé différentes mesures pour promouvoir ce contrat tant auprès des assurés que des assureurs. L'assurance maritime, en lien avec les nombreux domaines juridiques que sont le droit des obligations, le droit commercial, le droit maritime, le droit cambiaire ou encore celui des sociétés, a alors évolué sous l'influence conjuguée des juges et des marchands, toujours soucieux de trouver un équilibre contractuelShipping insurance is the first known form of insurance. It was instituted at the end of the Middle Ages and spread to the whole of Europe in the sixteenth century. Rouen, as one of the largest commercial and maritime cities in the Kingdom of France, was the first and indeed the only city to be given a patent for insurance as early as 1556. It is therefore the ideal place in which to study such a contract in this country. The fluctuating nature of insurance quickly pinpointed the problem of balancing the interests of the parties involved. On the one hand, the insured person needed to be able to benefit from guaranties allowing him to resort to insurance. Similarly, the insurer needed to be protected since he not only had the responsibility of the voyage, with the risks that that implied, but was also dependent on the honesty of the person insured. Together with their “insurance agents”, the merchants of Rouen therefore sought and adopted solutions to this problem. The Royal Ordinance of Shipping, in 1681, – the first French legislation on insurance – then endeavoured to unify the customs and uses carried out in the Kingdom of France. It offered various measures to develop this contract between the insured and the insurer. Maritime insurance, together with the many other sectors of law such as that of obligations, commercial law, maritime law, law pertaining to Exchange or to Societies, then evolved under the combined influence of the judiciary and of merchants, continually seeking a contractual balance
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Poillot, Élise. "Droit européen de la consommation et uniformisation du droit des contrats /." Paris : L.G.D.J, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/51970309X.pdf.
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Almeida, Jesus Cláudio Pereira de. "O papel da administradora de consórcios e do Bacen, à luz da Lei nº 11.795/2008 e do Código de Defesa do Consumidor." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5546.
Abstract:
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Previous issue date: 2011-05-23This paper has as its objective to analyze the role of the consortium agency as well as of BACEN (Central bank of Brazil), having as its base the Consortium Law Law nº 11.795, from October, 8th, 2008 and the rules of the Uniform Commercial Code which is, at the same time, the main topic and main goal of such dissertation. In order to handle this analysis, it was used, as methodological support, the exploratory research with deductive and investigative approach; also, the bibliography research technique was used, with a theory reference based on secondary sources, especially the doctrine and jurisprudence are taken into consideration. As the organization is concerned, the paper is divided in six chapters, which are considered essential to cover the theme proposed herein. Thus, in the first chapter, the system of consortiums to acquire assets and services is discussed. The second is dedicated to the study of the principle sustaining the consume relations under the Federal Constitution, also mentioning the Consumer Code. In the sequence, the third chapter guides us to the definition, principles and peculiarities of Consumer s contracts, ending with the standard contracts analysis and the general contractual clauses. The fourth and fifth chapters talk about the contract and the contract of consortiums in relation to the UCC. The sixth and last chapters explore, inside the scope of the research, the role of the agency of consortiums and the Central Bank in Brazil when faced with the disciplinary measures of the Consortium Law and the UCC. From the study, it is possible to conclude that even though there is uncertainty concerning the jurisprudence, specifically as the administrative fee charges are concerned, the new legislation has brought harmony for the interested parties, strengthening the balance between the contract and its social function, with benefits for the civil society and specially in the sake of the consumer
Analisar o papel da administradora de consórcios e do Bacen, tendo por base a Lei dos Consórcios Lei nº 11.795, de 8 de outubro de 2008 e o regramento do Código de Defesa do Consumidor é, ao mesmo tempo, tema central e principal objetivo da presente dissertação. Para dar conta desta tarefa utilizou-se, como suporte metodológico, a pesquisa exploratória de abordagem investigativa dedutiva e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, com referencial teórico baseado em fontes secundárias, especialmente a doutrina e jurisprudência especializadas. Quanto à organização, o trabalho está dividido em seis capítulos, considerados essenciais para circundar a temática então proposta. Assim, no primeiro capítulo, discorre-se sobre o sistema de consórcios para aquisição de bens e serviços. O segundo se dedica ao estudo da principiologia que dá sustentação às relações de consumo a partir da Constituição Federal, espraiando-se para o Código consumerista. Em seguida, no terceiro capítulo, o estudo envereda para a definição, princípios e peculiaridades dos contratos de consumo, terminando com o contrato de adesão e as cláusulas gerais contratuais. O quarto e quinto capítulos abordam o contrato e o contrato de consórcios em relação ao CDC. O sexto e último capítulo explora, dentro do escopo da pesquisa, o papel das administradoras de consórcio e do Bacen diante das disciplinas da Lei dos Consórcios e do CDC. Do estudo, retira-se que, não obstante a incerteza em sede jurisprudencial, especificamente, quanto à cobrança das taxas de administração, a nova legislação trouxe harmonia para os interesses das partes, fortalecendo o equilíbrio do contrato e sua função social, com benefícios à sociedade civil e, em especial, à tutela do consumidor
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Salgado, Donoso Tamara Fernanda. "Efectos laborales del consumo de drogas y las consecuencias del ausentismo laboral." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116979.
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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo
El presente estudio tiene como objeto omnicomprender el impacto del consumo de drogas en el mundo laboral, mediante el estudio de los presupuestos fácticos de adicción, de los planes de prevención y del accionar de los principales organismos públicos encargados de velar por la erradicación de la droga en el ambiente familiar, educacional y laboral, como también de los efectos del consumo de drogas en la vigencia del contrato de trabajo y, consecuentemente, en las causales que puede invocar el empleador para poner término al vínculo laboral. La presente Memoria, se construirá a partir del examen acucioso de los efectos laborales del consumo de drogas de los trabajadores, a través del estudio de fallos de los tribunales nacionales, de la exposición de las posturas críticas de los actores de prevención del consumo de drogas -Organización Mundial de la Salud, Asociación Chilena de Seguridad, SENDA , etc.- dirigidas a manifestar el descontento ante un sistema no compacto de regulación de la situación laboral del trabajador afecto al consumo de drogas.
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Silva, Marcus Vinicius Fernandes Andrade da. "Decretação ex officio nos contratos relacionais de consumo: o estudo da Norma de Ordem Pública do CDC." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6098.
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Previous issue date: 2013-04-15From something seen as clear-cut and uncontroversial this doctoral thesis intends to scrutinize in-depth the viability of the Judge s ex officio, ie, without the need of previous provocation by any of the litigants (ex officio), of the unfair terms in consumer-related contracts, and as corollary of such a possibility, of what was intended by the legislator of Consumer Protection Law when qualifying such a rule as a public one. The controversy was underestimated by this candidate. This underestimation has never been caused by disrespect or contemptuous treatment of the legal controversy, on the contrary. The challenges and difficulties arisen as something thought not possess such profound implications, not only within the material law, but also in procedural law (feared), only made the study and the search for answers more enticing. The Judge s expression in itself (ex officio) about the material law turned itself to certain immanentism of the material law with procedural law. So, as researcher of the Consumer Protection Law, it arises impacts or not on the Judge s expression of an unfair terms or any other contra legem interpretation it is not as simple as it might seem. Modulations, forces and various decisional effects had to be addressed in the search for a better answer. Variation which is amplified both on individual as well as on class actions. In parallel with such a confrontation (discovery), also came the complicating element of demystifying what would be the definition of public order. In Brazilian law, the rule is to perceive public order as something imperative, law binding, unattainable. Those features do not cover encompass all situations of the Brazilian Consumer Law (CDC) and forced the researcher to seek more details in foreign sources. The search for definitions, characteristics and effects in foreign law systems widened up even more what the research sought to analyze. Nevertheless the research s scope, it was realized the confrontation of the features of public order would of use to Brazilian law in itself as the focus on different foreign systems would aggrandize and justify the option for the CDC. Finally, as during this investigation the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) pronouncement number nº. 381, whose content goes against this thesis, came to light, its analysis and confrontation turned out to be inevitable
De algo tido como claro e pacífico a tese de doutorado que se propõe busca estudar a fundo a possibilidade da decretação de ofício, ou seja, sem provocação das partes, das cláusulas abusivas nos contratos relacionais de consumo e, como corolário a tal possibilidade, o que pretendeu o legislador do Código de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor ao qualificar tal norma como de ordem pública. É confessado por este candidato que o tema, a controvérsia, foi subestimado. Tal subestimação jamais foi causada por um possível desrespeito ou um tratamento desdenhoso da controvérsia estritamente jurídica. Muito pelo contrário. Os desafios e as dificuldades que surgiram com algo que se imaginava não possuir um grau tão profundo de implicações não só dentro do direito material, mas principalmente, e mais desafiador sob o direito instrumental (temido) só tornaram o estudo e a busca por resposta mais apaixonantes. Da decretação em si sob o direito material retornou-se a certo imanentismo do direito material com o direito processual. Logo, como materialista do direito consumerista surgem impactos que a mera decretação de ofício ou não de uma cláusula ou qualquer outro ato jurídico contra legem não é simples como aparenta. Modulações, forças e diversos efeitos sentenciais tiveram que ser tratados na busca de uma melhor resposta. Variante que se amplifica tanto nas ações individuais, quanto nas coletivas. Paralelo a tal enfrentamento e a reboque do mesmo veio o complicador de desmistificar o que define a ordem pública. No direito pátrio as doutrinas só preveem a ordem pública como algo imperativo, norma cogente, indisponível. Característica que não engloba todas as situações do CDC e que obrigou o pesquisador a buscar fontes estrangeiras. As buscas no direito estrangeiro por definições, características e efeitos ampliaram mais ainda o que sempre se buscou delimitar na tese. Não obstante, ao olhar sobre a delimitação da tese, cientificamente, percebeu-se que o enfrentamento das características da ordem pública seria de grande valia ao direito pátrio e que o estudo sobre sistemas estrangeiros diferentes só engradeceria e justificaria ainda mais a opção do CDC. Por fim, como no decorrer do estudo surgiu à edição da Súmula 381 do STJ, cujo teor vai de encontro a presente tese, inevitável tornou-se seu estudo e enfrentamento
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Werner, Felipe Probst. "O contrato de consumo e a responsabilidade do comerciante pelo dano moral." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20815.
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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-02-07T11:04:47Z
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Felipe Probst Werner.pdf: 1277789 bytes, checksum: 6a7f395ff86e09b0d1a17c9b28a0c65b (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-07T11:04:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Probst Werner.pdf: 1277789 bytes, checksum: 6a7f395ff86e09b0d1a17c9b28a0c65b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-30
The present study aims to investigate the differences between the types of civil liability brought by the brazilian consumer defense code and it`s relation with moral damages. To address the topic, fundamental was the analysis of consumer relations and situations of which these relations come from: juristic acts. In these first two steps of the study it was possible to realize there are great relevance in the distinction between defective goods or services and vice of the goods or service. The difference is mainly felt when observed that the obligations originating in safety (fact/defect) and adequacy (vice), because it is possible to figure out that the liability for the first ones are withdraw from de merchants. To validate the differentiation, was study the liability itself when is demonstrated differences between those contractual and non-contractual as well between subjective and objective. The liability component is essential to the final result of the study, because through it becomes possible to analyze harmful conducts, the causal link, guilt, risk, and the damage, when special attention is given to that not patrimonial (moral in a broad sense). The present study is justified because intend to demonstrate a direct way that once seen the moral damage in a costumer relation, you're facing a lack the security that might be expected of that product or service, so there is no civil liability, the priori, of the merchant. The relevance of this demonstration is legal certainty that will be generated both for the merchant as to the Judiciary as a whole. Finally, the hypothesis, that remained committed, is the withdraw of the merchant liability when established moral damage to the consumer from products or services places on the market.
O presente estudo tem como objetivo averiguar as diferenças entre os tipos de responsabilidade civil trazidos pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor e sua relação com o dano moral. Para enfrentar o tema, fundamental foi a análise das relações de consumo e as situações das quais estas relações provém: negócios jurídicos. Nestes dois primeiros passos do trabalho pode-se perceber que há grande relevância na distinção entre vício e fato do produto ou serviço. A diferença é principalmente sentida por uma espécie do gênero fornecedores, eis que quando observada a consequência dos deveres originários de segurança (fato/defeito) e adequação (vício) nota-se que o legislador afastou, em regra, a responsabilidade civil dos comerciantes em razão daqueles primeiros. Para validar a diferenciação, realiza-se um estudo aprofundado da responsabilidade civil, quando demonstra-se as diferenças entre aquelas contratuais e extracontratuais, bem como subjetiva e objetiva. O componente da responsabilidade civil é essencial para o resultado final do estudo, pois por meio dele torna-se possível analisar a conduta antijurídica, o nexo causal, culpa, risco, além do dano, quando é dada especial atenção àquele não patrimonial (moral em sentido amplo). Justifica-se o presente estudo porque pretende demonstrar de uma forma direta que uma vez constatado o dano moral numa relação de consumo, está-se diante de uma falta à segurança que se poderia esperar daquele produto ou serviço, por isso, afastada a responsabilidade civil, a priori, do comerciante. A relevância desta demonstração é a segurança jurídica que será gerada tanto para o comerciante como para o próprio Poder Judiciário como um todo. Por fim, a hipótese, que restou confirmada, é que afastada fica a responsabilidade civil do comerciante quando constatado um dano moral no consumidor decorrente da colocação de um produto ou serviço no mercado
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Chaaban, Yousra. "Dépendance et équilibre contractuel -étude de droit comparé." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3036.
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L’abus d’une dépendance ou d’une faiblesse engendre automatiquement un déséquilibre dans le contrat. Surtout que, les relations contractuelles sont traditionnellement régies par le principe de l’autonomie de volonté et ses corollaires : de force obligatoire et de liberté contractuelle.Dans une ambition de compléter et de présenter un apport au système législatif égyptien : nous avons entamé nos travaux en 2016 par une étude approfondie de la notion d’exploitation en droit égyptien et de celle de la violence économique en droit français. Bien que la théorie d’exploitation soit consacrée en 1948 lors de la grande réforme législative égyptienne, sauf qu’elle demeure inactive et restreinte. Le législateur égyptien l’a limitée à deux cas d’altération morale : la légèreté notoire et la passion effrénée, de peur de l’insécurité juridique que celle-ci pourrait entraîner. Outre l’étude de ces notions, nous procédons à une étude similaire pour la notion d’équilibre contractuel. Afin de mettre en place celui-ci, nous devons, prima facie, savoir sa teneur et son ampleur.Et dans un but de présenter une expérience professionnelle inédite, nous avons décidé d’intégrer dans cette comparaison le droit anglais, un système juridique de common law : pensons ainsi à des résultats bien fructueux. Nous constatons, à ce stade, l’efficacité de certains mécanismes anglais dans le domaine tels que l’economic duress, l’undue influence (créée par l’equity), l’ unconscionability, l’inequality of barganining power et la consideration.Mais, nous nous rendons compte que les trois systèmes juridiques n’apportent des remèdes aux déséquilibres contractuels résultant des situations d’abus de dépendance qu’à postériori, c’est-à-dire en terme correctif et non pas préventif.À notre sens, la consécration du vice d’abus de dépendance n’est qu’un remède temporaire pour la correction des déséquilibres et des abus qui peuvent résulter de cette situation et pour réaliser ainsi un équilibre contractuel. Elle ne constitue pas une solution radicale pour les déséquilibres qui résultent des abus des situations de dépendance.Au final, la solution que nous envisageons et que nous conseillons au droit égyptien : c’est la consécration d’un principe directeur d’équilibre contractuel. Celui-ci présenterait le remède préventif, à priori qui permettrait de vérifier une justice des contrats. D’ailleurs, ce principe reconnaîtrait la tendance internationale, européenne et française actuelle de proposer des principes directeurs du droit des contrats dans chaque système juridique. Il répondrait ainsi à un contexte contractuel bien différent de celui connu depuis le Code Napoléon de 1804 et qui a eu un impact considérable sur le Code civil égyptien.Je ne suis pas la première a tenté de faire passer de la justice dans le contrat. Lacordaire un prédicateur du 19ème siècle, avait énoncé : « Entre le fort et le faible, entre le riche et le pauvre, entre le maître et le serviteur, c’est la liberté qui opprime, et la loi qui affranchit », Raymond Saleilles, un juriste éminent du début du 20ème siècle ne déclarait-il que : « Les juristes veulent pouvoir dire : ‘cela est juste parce que cela a été voulu’. Il faut désormais que l’on dise ‘cela doit être voulu, parce que cela est juste’ »The objective of this thesis is to establish a principle of contractual justice, especially in Egyptian law, thus benefiting from French and English experiences in this regard. In terms of precision, we deal with situations of dependence where contracts are formed, from the outset, unbalanced. The idea for this thesis was implemented due to the French reform of contract law in 2016. The latter has been devoted to article 1143 of the Civil Code a new vice of consent: the vice of abuse of dependence related to the duress. In this perspective, we had the idea of comparing this new vice with the fourth vice; in the Egyptian law known as the vice of exploitation, which mainly deals with abuses of the moral weakness of the parties. In order to present an unprecedented comparative experience, we decided to integrate the English law in our field of research. The originality of this subject also appears in the fact of simultaneously treating dependence and contractual equilibrium. However, the subject of this thesis encounters several difficulties which concerns not only dependence, but also contractual justice. First of all, concerning the dependence: its concept has so far been unclear. The dependence is surrounded by several other notions which only hide it instead of clarifying it such as the state of necessity, the vulnerability, the state of need, the state of weakness, the constraint, the subordination, the ignorance, and the inexperience. In addition, dependence, mainly in French law, was known at the outset to special law, that is to say in criminal, consumer or competition law. It had no precise concept in contract law. We note in the end that dependence is a subjective state of moral weakness, but which must also widen to encompass adhesion or standard contracts and contracts including unfair terms. This perspective would provide real protection for weaker parties.As far as contractual balance is concerned, in addition to its conceptual imprecision, it encounters a more serious difficulty. This is contrary to the traditional and usual logic of autonomy of will known in the three legal systems. That is to say that the contract is correctly formed from the moment the parties grant their consents, even if the contract itself is unequal or unbalanced from the formation.However, the contract is properly formed unless proven otherwise. This gives a vision of the legal philosophy adopted: this is a corrective philosophy and not a preventive one. The legal sanction for unbalanced contracts is a posteriori and not a priori sanction. That is to say, the law establishes contractual balance through contractual imbalance.In our view, the contractual context in general must be strengthened by a legal principle competing with that of autonomy of will. This principle is the contractual justice. The latter would counterbalance the contractual relations usually governed by the principle of the autonomy of the will. It would make it possible to control the justice of contracts a priori.This solution might seem to some "utopian". It is, on the contrary, a very practical solution because balance in contractual relations is a supreme end which will help to decrease the cases of unbalanced contracts or the cases of contracts vitiated by the abuse of dependence
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Kenderes, Andrea. "Conceptions et techniques du droit de la consommation : comparaison des droits français et hongrois." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D006.
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L'émergence du droit de la consommation en tant que discipline autonome, peut être analysée dans les effets qu'elle a produits dans le discours juridique dans sa globalité, de diverses manières. Lors des célébrations de l’anniversaire de la signature du Traité de Rome qui a jeté les bases de l'Union Européenne actuelle, on doit souligner que « L'UE a largement amélioré la vie quotidienne de ses citoyens». Qu'en est-il plus précisément de la protection des consommateurs? Sans l’Europe, le droit de la consommation ne se serait pas développé aussi solidement qu'il ne l’a fait aux cours des quarante dernières années. Le droit européen de la consommation trouve sa source essentielle dans le programme préliminaire d'avril 1975 pour une politique de protection et d’information des consommateurs qui a énoncé cinq droits fondamentaux : droit à la protection de la santé et de la sécurité, droit à la protection des intérêts économiques des consommateurs, droit à la réparation des dommages, droit à l’information et à l'éducation, droit à la représentation. Le E-commerce (achat et vente de services et produits via Internet) a transformé notre manière de consommer, offrant aux consommateurs plus de choix qu'auparavant. Mais il soulève également de nouveaux problèmes, qui doivent être réglés. Les conditions de protection des consommateurs différent encore beaucoup d’un pays à l'autre. Si dans certains pays, 76% des consommateurs déclarent se sentir suffisamment protégés par les mesures existantes, dans d'autres ce chiffre tombe à 28%. Or, depuis qu’ils ont rejoint l’Union européenne, les pays de l'Est de l'Europe, généralement situés assez bas sur l’échelle de satisfaction, ont vu ces pourcentages s'améliorer de façon importanteIn regulatory jurisdictions that provide for this consumer protection is a group of laws and organizations designed to ensure the rights of consumers, as well as fair trade, competition, and accurate information in the marketplace. The laws are designed to prevent the businesses that engage in fraud or specified unfair practices from gaining an advantage over competitors. Furthermore the importance of the consumer protection is to safeguard the consumer from exploitation. In the absence of consumer protection, consumers were exploited in many ways for example sale of unsafe products, adulteration and hoarding of goods, using wrong weights and measures, charging excessive prices and sale of inferior quality goods. Through various Consumer Protection Acts, business organizations are under pressure to keep away from exploiting consumers. Consumer protection law is considered an area of law that regulates private law relationships between individual consumers and the businesses that sell those goods and services. In 2018, the European Commission is proposing a New Deal for Consumers to ensure that all European consumers fully benefit from their rights under Union law. A study on transparency in online platforms, also published, supports the New Deal’s proposals on online market places. Finally, the different theories show the sophisticated aspects of the French consumer law which has been developing since the Code Napoleon
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Ouirini, Hanane. "Essai sur l'européanisation du droit de la consommation." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG2051/document.
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L’actualité du droit de la consommation est aujourd’hui intrinsèquement marquée par le droit européen. Qu’il s’agisse du droit européen des contrats en général ou du droit européen de la consommation en particulier, la matière est au cœur d’une tension opposant les institutions communautaires qui, animées par la volonté de construire un Code civil européen couvrant le droit des contrats, de la responsabilité délictuelle, quasi-délictuelle et même la gestion d’affaires, sont confrontées aux craintes et réticences locales attachées à leurs spécificités. Le débat juridique analyse et évalue les impacts structurels et conjoncturels résultant de cette européanisation du droit de la consommation. Que celle-ci soit souhaitée ou subie, la réalité de l’évolution du contexte socio-économique ne permet plus aujourd’hui de faire l’économie d’une approche globale et de portée européenne, ne serait-ce qu’au regard de la nécessité de promouvoir et développer le marché intérieur. Le droit de la consommation représente la matière au carrefour d’intérêts divergents qu’il convient de concilier, d’où les propositions d’homogénéisation du droit au niveau européen, portant la promesse d’un droit homogène dont la lisibilité et l’accessibilité seraient le gage d’une protection efficiente du consommateur, acteur clé dans ce vaste processusConsumer protection law is inherently impacted by EU law. European contract law in general, and European consumer protection law specifically, are at the heart of tensions between EU institutions. Driven by a desire to create a European Civil Code covering contract law, tort and negligence law, and negotiorum gestio, EU institutions are confronted with fear and hesitation at the local level regarding their specific characteristics. The legal debate analyses and assesses the short-term and structural impacts resulting from the 'Europeanisation' of consumer protection law. Like it or not, socio-economic conditions are changing and we can no longer disregard a global and European approach, if only to promote and expand the internal European market. Consumer protection law is an area where opposing interests collide, and these should be reconciled. That's why there have been proposals to standardise law at the European level – to create a homogeneous group of laws that are clear and accessible and that would guarantee efficient protection for consumers, who are key to this whole process