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Journal articles on the topic 'Consumer Commission'
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1
Mokrysz-Olszyńska, Anna. "NEW DEAL FOR CONSUMERS IN EUROPE?" Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 2, no. XVIII (December 30, 2018): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1773.
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On 11 April 2018, the European Commission presented legislative proposals as the implementation of the project under the title “A New Deal for Consumers”. The Commission’s legislative package consists of related proposals for two directives. The first contains provisions enabling authorized entities representing the collective consumer interest to pursue claims through representative actions against infringements of Union law, in order to ensure that consumers have the tools to effectively exercise their rights and obtain compensation for the damage suffered; the second introduces changes to the four currently applicable consumer directives. Both Commission proposals are under way, taking into account broad public consultation. Do the Commission’s proposals mean a real breakthrough, as suggested by the title under which they are presented, or should they be seen only as the next step in the process of creating a new order for consumers?
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Teh, Tat-How, and Julian Wright. "Intermediation and Steering: Competition in Prices and Commissions." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 281–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20190344.
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We explore the implications of steering by an informed profit-maximizing intermediary. The intermediary steers consumers by recommending firms, taking into account both the commissions firms offer and the prices they set. Such steering results in higher commissions and consumer prices, so that consumers only benefit from intermediation when their search cost is sufficiently high. Steering reverses the normal relationship between competition and price, with prices increasing in the number of competing firms. We use the framework to study various policies including commission caps (absolute or relative), commission disclosure, promoting information provision, and penalties for inappropriate advice. (JEL D11, D12, D82, D83)
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Teh, Tat-How, and Julian Wright. "Intermediation and Steering: Competition in Prices and Commissions." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 281–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20190344.
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We explore the implications of steering by an informed profit-maximizing intermediary. The intermediary steers consumers by recommending firms, taking into account both the commissions firms offer and the prices they set. Such steering results in higher commissions and consumer prices, so that consumers only benefit from intermediation when their search cost is sufficiently high. Steering reverses the normal relationship between competition and price, with prices increasing in the number of competing firms. We use the framework to study various policies including commission caps (absolute or relative), commission disclosure, promoting information provision, and penalties for inappropriate advice. (JEL D11, D12, D82, D83)
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Van Boom, Willem. "The Draft Directive on Consumer Rights: Choices Made and Arguments Used." Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no. 3 (November 6, 2009): 452–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v5i3.208.
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The 2008 proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights (hereinafter: the Draft) aims at reorganizing the acquis of four specific European directives on consumer protection into a more coherent codification of consumer rights. Specifically, it contains rules on precontractual information duties, on withdrawal rights for distance and off-premises contracts, on consumer sales and on general contract terms in consumer contracts. In replacing the four directives with a minimum harmonization character, the Draft marks a further step towards full harmonization of consumer contract law in Europe. This is an unsettling step because the level of protection offered to consumers in the Draft hardly exceeds the level of protection offered by the four directives mentioned earlier. Instead, it diminishes this protection in some regards. In light of all this, the question arises whether the policy choices underlying the Draft are, in fact, convincingly underpinned by solid argumentation. This article addresses this issue by first analyzing the Draft's use of the generic concept of “contracts between consumers and traders”. It is argued that full harmonization of a badly delineated territory is ill-advised. Subsequently, the argumentative power of the policy considerations forwarded by the European Commission in its Regulatory Assessment Study is tested. The article concludes that the Commission’s assessment of expected costs and benefits of the Draft is waver-thin and geared towards persuading the reader of the aptness of choices already made. In some respects, the evidence presented by the Commission is outright unconvincing. At certain points, the Draft even fuels the reader’s suspicion of foregone conclusions. Overall, the need for reduction of the level of protection offered by the current minimum harmonization directives is poorly argued by the Commission and appears, in a number of important ways, not to reflect the socio-economic relationships that exist in at least some of the Member States.
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Abraham, Katharine G., John S. Greenlees, and Brent R. Moulton. "Working to Improve the Consumer Price Index." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.1.27.
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In this paper, we first comment on the recent (1996) report of the Advisory Commission to Study the Consumer Price Index, appointed by the U.S. Senate Finance Committee, and the recommendations it contains. We then describe some of the initiatives currently underway at the Bureau of Labor Statistics—some of which were undertaken before the appearance of the Advisory Commission's report, others of which are part of a Consumer Price Index improvement initiative that was included as part of the President's 1998 budget proposal—which attempted to address the bias issues that were highlighted by the Advisory Commission.
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Rovner, Julie. "Clinton appoints consumer rights commission." Lancet 349, no. 9057 (April 1997): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)62914-5.
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Humphrey, Noreen. "U.S. Consumer product safety commission." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 4, no. 6 (November 1990): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5245(90)90077-j.
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Sims, Rod. "Australian Competition & Consumer Commission." Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 7, no. 3 (September 8, 2019): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaenfo/jnz022.
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Wagner, Jennifer K. "The Federal Trade Commission and Consumer Protections for Mobile Health Apps." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, S1 (2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520917035.
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The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has an important role to play in the governmental oversight of mobile health apps, ensuring consumer protections from unfair and deceptive trade practices and curtailing anti-competitive methods. The FTC’s consumer protection structure and authority is outlined before reviewing the recent FTC enforcement activities taken on behalf of consumers and against developers of mhealth apps. The article concludes with identification of some challenges for the FTC and modest recommendations for strengthening the consumer protections it provides.
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Witt, Anne C. "From Airtours to Ryanair: Is the more economic approach to EU merger law really about more economics?" Common Market Law Review 49, Issue 1 (February 1, 2012): 217–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2012007.
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In 2002, the General Court famously annulled three merger prohibitions under the EC Merger Regulation because of serious errors of assessment. Amongst other things, it held that the Commission had ignored economic theory. Consequently, the Commission announced radical changes to its approach to ensure that future assessments would be based on rigorous economic and econometric analysis. This contribution examines the changes introduced by the Commission's "more economic approach" to EU merger review. An analysis of the Commission's merger guidelines and decisions reveals that the core of the new approach by no means lies in the use of econometric analyses and complex theories of microeconomics. Its essence rather lies in aligning the purpose of EU merger law with the consumer welfare aim of modern industrial economics. On the basis of this new legal objective, the Commission reinterpreted the substantive test of EU merger law as containing an unwritten consumer harm requirement and reconsidered the role of efficiency effects. The Commission's new concept of harm is not entirely compatible with the case law of the Court of Justice, which continues to adhere to its "less economic" concepts of the 1970s. Moreover, the Commission's attempts to reconcile the two worlds have resulted in theories of harm that are ambiguous and therefore detrimental to legal certainty.
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Smits, Jan. "Full Harmonization of Consumer Law? A Critique of the Draft Directive on Consumer Rights." European Review of Private Law 18, Issue 1 (February 1, 2010): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2010002.
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Abstract: This contribution looks into the goal of the Proposal for a European directive on consumer rights as published by the European Commission on 8 October 2008. It specifically questions the European Commission’s ambition to turn consumer law into an area suited for full harmonization: is it really true that consumer law should be almost exclusively a European competence (as the Commission seems to suggest by proposing maximum harmonization in some important areas of consumer law) and no longer one shared by the EU and the Member States? The adoption of the Consumer rights proposal would mean that the national legislatures and courts are no longer competent in setting diverging rules. This far-reaching consequence justifi es the question of what is the best level of regulating consumer protection. It is argued that this is dependent on a number of factors and that the Commission’s approach to fully harmonize this area because of the mere fact that it is about consumer protection is not adequate. Zusammenfassung: Dieser Beitrag untersucht das Ziel des Vorschlages für eine Europäische Richtlinie über Rechte des Verbrauchers, der von der Europäischen Kommission am 8. Oktober 2008 veröffentlicht wurde. Insbesondere soll mit dem Beitrag das Bestreben der Europäischen Kommission in Zweifel gezogen werden, nachdem das Verbraucherrecht ein Rechtsgebiet darstellen soll, das für die Vollharmonisierung geeignet ist. Sollte das Verbraucherrecht tatsächlich fast ausschließlich in einen europäischen Kompetenzbereich fallen (wie die Europäische Kommission anscheinend mit Einführung der Vollharmonisierung in einigen wichtigen Gebieten des Verbraucherrechts andeutet) und nicht mehr einen Bereich darstellen, in dem die Gesetzgebungsbefugnis sowohl bei der Europäischen Union als auch bei den Mitgliedstaaten liegt? Die Annahme des Richtlinienentwurfs über Rechte des Verbrauchers würde zur Folge haben, dass die nationalen Gesetzgeber sowie die nationalen Gerichte keine Kompetenz mehr hätten gegensätzliche Regelungen auf diesen Rechtsgebiet einzuführen. Diese weitreichende Folge rechtfertigt die Frage nach dem besten Grad der Regelung des Verbraucherrechts. Es wird erörtert, dass dieses von einer Reihe von Faktoren abhängig ist und dass der Ansatz der Europäischen Kommission, nachdem die Vollharmonisierung nur mit dem Vorliegen des Verbraucherschutzes begründet wird, verfehlt ist.
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Swartz, Martha K. "Access to the consumer product safety commission." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 10, no. 6 (November 1996): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5245(96)90059-0.
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Corones, Stephen, and Juliet Davis. "Protecting Consumer Privacy and Data Security: Regulatory Challenges and Potential Future Directions." Federal Law Review 45, no. 1 (March 2017): 65–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1704500104.
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This article considers the regulatory problems of online tracking behaviour, lack of consent to data collection, and the security of data collected with or without consent. Since the mid-1990s the United States Federal Trade Commission has been using its power under the United States consumer protection regime to regulate these problems. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), on the other hand, has yet to bring civil or criminal proceedings for online privacy or data security breaches, which indicates a reluctance to employ the Australian Consumer Law (‘ACL’) in this field.1 Recent legislative action instead points to a greater application of the specifically targeted laws under the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) (‘Privacy Act’), and the powers of the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC), to protect consumer privacy and data security. This article contends that while specific legislation setting out, and publicly enforcing, businesses’ legal obligations with respect to online privacy and data protection is an appropriate regulatory response, the ACL's broad, general protections and public and/or private enforcement mechanisms also have a role to play in protecting consumer privacy and data security.
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Ma, Deqing, Xue Wang, and Jinsong Hu. "Platform Selling Mode Selection Considering Consumer Reference Effect in Carbon Emission Reduction." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010755.
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Considering the significant impact of the reference effect on consumer purchasing decisions and corporate profits, this paper mainly focuses on the influence of the reference effect of consumers in carbon emission reduction (CER) on the platform selling mode selection. To this end, this paper establishes a two-level supply chain consisting of a manufacturer who decides on CER in the production process and an online platform that conducts low-carbon publicity. Four differential game models in which the platform uses reselling mode or agency selling mode with or without consumer reference effect are established. The long-term stable cooperation relationship between the manufacturer and the platform, as well as the consumer surplus and social welfare under four models are further investigated. It is found that the reference effect on the platform selling mode is related to the low-carbon publicity effect and commission rate. When the reference effect exists, the intuition indicates that the platform will choose the reselling mode when the commission rate is relatively low. We clarify this result under the condition that the publicity effect is high. However, the manufacturer also prefers platform reselling, which is counterintuitive. When the commission rate is in the middle range, the platform chooses the agency selling mode, which is in line with the preference of the manufacturer. Surprisingly, when the platform’s publicity effect is low, the manufacturer and the platform reach stable cooperation in reselling mode when the commission rate is low or high, which is also counterintuitive. When the commission rate is in the middle range, they both prefer the agency selling mode. In addition, it is suggested that the triple benefits in economy, environment, and society are achieved as the optimal selling mode is confirmed in the presence of consumer reference effect in CER.
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Lech, Franciszek, and Mateja Durovic. "A Consumer Law Perspective on the Commercialization of Data." European Review of Private Law 29, Issue 5 (October 1, 2021): 701–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021038.
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Commercialization of consumers’ personal data in the digital economy poses serious, both conceptual and practical, challenges to the traditional approach of European Union (EU) Consumer Law. This article argues that mass-spread, automated, algorithmic decision-making casts doubt on the foundational paradigm of EU consumer law: consent and autonomy. Moreover, it poses threats of discrimination and undermining of consumer privacy. It is argued that the recent legislative reaction by the EU Commission, in the form of the ‘New Deal for Consumers’, was a step in the right direction, but fell short due to its continued reliance on consent, autonomy and failure to adequately protect consumers from indirect discrimination. It is posited that a focus on creating a contracting landscape where the consumer may be properly informed in material respects is required, which in turn necessitates blending the approaches of competition, consumer protection and data protection laws.
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Tyagi, Kalpana. "Mega Mergers in the Seeds & Agro-chem Industry." Nordic Journal of European Law 5, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36969/njel.v5i1.24507.
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The Seeds and Agro-Chem Industry today is a tightly knit oligopoly with only a handful of global players. Following a detailed assessment, the European Commission recently conditionally cleared three major transactions in the already highly concentrated sector - Chem China and Syngenta, Dow and Du Pont, Bayer and Monsanto – reducing the number of effective global players from six-to-four. Even though the Commission’s decisions are laudatory in terms of their economic assessment of the impact of the transactions on product, price and innovation competition, these merger approvals suggest the following gap in EU Merger Control. Taking pride in its more economic approach, the EU Merger Control in its current form neglects the need to integrate the most fundamental principles of EU law. These principles can neither be easily quantified nor put in a straitjacket of ‘cost/benefit’ or ‘efficiency’ analysis. This article accordingly calls for the need to go back to the Treaty articles and examine how EU Merger Control can effectively meet the larger policy objectives as enshrined in the Treaty articles, such as Article 11 TFEU’s ‘environmental integration rule’, while simultaneously retaining the impression of being based in sound principles of competition law and economics. Incorporation of the principle of sustainable development alongside the well-defined economic principles well aligns with an integrated and holistic approach to policy-making. The approach suggested may lead to a multiciplty of objectives – meaning that if such an approach is indeed adopted, the EU Merger Control may well need to look beyond the narrow construct of ‘efficiency’ and ‘consumer welfare’. A failure to take account of these larger objectives, however, may ironically thwart the EU Merger Control from achieving the very fundamental objective it seemingly aspires to achieve that is ‘consumer welfare’! Consumers being numerous and geographically dispersed experience the collective action problem. In the Bayer/Monsanto merger, despite this typical collective active problem, the Commission received over 55,000 emails, letters and postcards and an uncountable number of tweets on the social networking site Twitter. The citizens, who are also consumers, in their complaints requested the Commission to prohibit the transaction, as they saw the proposed merger being detrimental to ‘human health, food safety, consumer protection, the environment and the climate’. The Commission’s response to these complaints was that even though the said concerns were significant - they nonetheless could not form the basis of merger assessment, which needs to be limited to competition issues. As for the issues raised, in the opinion of the Commission, other areas of law such as those dealing with the regulatory system for pesticides and the consumer protection law could well address these other concerns. The dilemma confronting the Commission was whether to assess these transactions within the current framework grounded in well-defined scientific principles of economics (and increasingly econometrics) or in the alternative take account of some qualitative non-price considerations. The Commission evidently resorted to the former option. A decision otherwise would have been subject to intense economic criticism just like the GE/Honeywell decision, wherein the Commission proposed a very novel theory of ‘Archimedean Leveraging’, and prohibited the proposed merger. This means that for a truly effective competition policy and EU Merger Control in particular, the authorities need to ‘re-think, re-design and re-frame’ the notion of competition policy as a ‘system of inter-locking processes’ in the Raworth’s ‘doughnut’. For such a sustainability-driven thinking on innovation, that re-directs the ‘consumption choices available to consumers’ within the sustainable ‘safe and just space for humanity’, there is a visible need to think and reflect upon the ‘double limit of planetary boundaries’ and incorporate it in the everyday philosophy of competition policy.
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Sukhdeep and Rajbans Singh Gill. "Redressal of Consumer Grievances: A Case Study of State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, Chandigarh." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 2, no. 7 (July 31, 2016): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v2i7.93.
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Our society has, essentially, been dynamic though its speed of dynamism is found to be varying between that of the bullock-carts to that of the space travel. Man, being a social and rational animal has ever tried to improve upon everything he laid hands on or anything he had invented or discovered.1 His special faculty to thoughtfulness has always been inspiring to channelize all his energies to reach a destination of perfection in life. The inherent virtues of interaction and interdependence of the human beings2 are taken to be the symbol of dynamism of a civilization. The existing commercialization of every sphere of life gives much more prominence to the most subtle and indispensable interaction between the trader and the consumer. Consumer is all of us and all of us are consumers. Guided, instinctively, by the stomach,3 we are first the consumers and later the producers. And consumers we remain forever, not merely from cradle to grave, but even beyond these two extremes of our physical existence while producers we remain for a comparatively shorter period of our full life cycle. The simplest sharing of one’s surplus produce in
1 Anoop K. Kaushal, (2005), Medical Negligence and Legal Remedies, Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, pp. 2-3. 2 Justice Rama Jois, (2000), Seeds of Modern Public Laws in Ancient Indian Jurisprudence and Human Right, Bhartiya Values, Lucknow, p. 1. 3 A very nice Conclusion of Swami Vivekanand Ji.
exchange for the reciprocated surpluses of different commodities of use, produced by others, was the origin proper of the Barter trade which is as old the society itself.4
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Pawan Bansal, Rita. "ROLE OF COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA IN PROTECTING THE INTERESTS OF THE CONSUMERS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 06 (June 30, 2022): 887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14966.
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Competition Act is a breed of anti-trust laws which are globally prevalent to protect the consumers at macro level, instead of micro level and also to protect the small and medium businesses from the abuse of dominant position of large enterprises or entities. Every government works towards protecting and safeguarding their consumers. At micro level, one has easy remedy. In case of any issue one can go to the service center and get the issue rectified if it is pertaining to purchase of a product and further can approach the Tribunal under Consumer Protection Act 2019. This protection or safeguard is at micro level. At macro level, business enterprises go to an extent that in the beginning it is difficult to assess the loss or the damage, but by the time one realizes, the damage is already caused. This is where, the Competition Act, 2002 comes to the rescue of the consumers by protecting them at macro level from the monopoly of big business enterprises, thereby favouring competition. The main aim of Competition Policy is to promote consumer welfare, and this can be achieved by setting minimum specifications and standards for safety for both goods as well as services. Moreover, all this can be achieved by establishing mechanisms to redress the grievances of consumers. To administer, implement and enforce the Competition Act, 2002, the Competition Commission of India (CCI)was established. CCI performs advocacy and advisory functionsapart from being a regulator of market in India. Key to consumer welfare is fair competition, which can be achieved through the purposes of the Competition Act, 2020 for protecting and promoting fair competition in the markets in India. The main aim of the research is focused upon the role of CCI and how it deals with the enterprises abusing their dominant position, thereby protecting the interests of the consumers.
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Rott, Peter. "Consumer Guarantees in the Future Consumer Credit Directive: Mandatory Ban on Consumer Protection?" European Review of Private Law 13, Issue 3 (June 1, 2005): 383–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2005024.
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The proposed new Consumer Credit Directive will not only deal with credit contracts but also with surety agreements, including consumer guarantees. The latter will for the first time undergo harmonisation at EC level, and this will be in the form of total harmonisation. However, the Commission never undertook serious comparative analysis of the Member States? protection of consumer guarantors, and the proposal does not take account of the existing levels of protection. In contrast, the proposed protective instruments are incomplete and rather weak, and thus they would considerably reduce the protection of the guarantors in various Member States if the Directive disallowed more stringent national rules.
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Ben-Shahar, Omri, and Oren Bar-Gill. "Regulatory techniques in consumer protection: A critique of European consumer contract law." Common Market Law Review 50, Special Issue (March 1, 2013): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013039.
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This Article classifies the consumer protection techniques that European contract law employs into four categories: Mandatory arrangements; disclosure; regulation of entry to and exit from contract; and pro-buyer default rules and contract interpretation. It argues that these techniques are far less likely to succeed than advocates, including the European Commission, believe, and they may bring about unintended consequences and hurt consumers. The techniques and their limits are illustrated through a study of proposed Common European Sales Law (CESL). The Article argues that the ambitious pursuit of consumer protection goals is also likely to interfere with the other main goal of the European contract law: harmonizing the laws of member states, encouraging cross border trade, and improving consumer' access to markets.
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Akman, Pinar. "‘Consumer Welfare’ and Article 82EC: Practice and Rhetoric." World Competition 32, Issue 1 (March 1, 2009): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2009005.
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This article questions whether the objective of Article 82EC is indeed enhancing ‘consumer welfare’ as suggested by the EC Commission when one examines the application of the provision thus far. It critically analyses the case law of the EC Commission and Courts to show that there is great dissonance between the practice and the policy declarations on the provision. When one considers the practice alongside the rhetoric, Article 82EC appears as a provision enforced without a clear standard of harm leading to doubts about the legitimacy of enforcement. The article suggests that without a properly defined standard applied in actual decisions by the EC Commission and upheld by the EC Courts, the modernization of Article 82EC cannot succeed.
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Alarcon, Michelle, and Joseph Ha. "Assessment Of Psychological Advertising Along Consumer Rights And The Rule On Section 5 Of The Federal Trade Commission, Part 1 Of 2: Unfairness Doctrine." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 36, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v36i4.10351.
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Over a century of research and empirical findings have linked advertising with consumer choice based on affective information processing, which many researchers emphasized as unconscious brain processing. This paper examines a variety of empirical findings and historical data on psychological or affective processing which provides evidence that psychological advertising affects consumer behavior and choice. Thereafter, building on existing research and literature, we analyze the legal implications of psychological advertising to stimulate affective or unconscious decisions that impairs rational choice and thus harmful. Based on this argument, we analyze the current federal consumer protection law regulating advertising under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (“FTC Act”) which bans unfair and deceptive practices, then present rationales for change followed by a framework for revision. The objectives of such change is to ensure that this regulation upholds consumer rights and provide a consumercentric process that respects free choice. One outcome of this proposal will be a ban on advertising practices that utilize psychological stimuli. The framework will focus on expanding the “unfairness” doctrine of the FTC Act. The Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) states that “unfair acts or practices injure both consumers and competitors because consumers who would otherwise have selected a competitor’s product are wrongly diverted by the unfair act or practice,” thus an effective customer-centric regulation could postulate a healthier economy.
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Malczyńska-Biały, Mira. "Bezpieczeństwo konsumentów w kontekście programu polityki konsumenckiej Unii Europejskiej na lata 2020–2025." Polityka i Społeczeństwo 20, no. 2 (2022): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2022.2.7.
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The article aims to present the need to ensure the safety of consumers in the European Union after 2020 in the context of the implemented consumer policy. The considerations focus in particular on the analysis of the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council of 13 November 2020, which is the EU consumer program. The safety of consumers is related to guaranteeing them legal protection in the field of four basic levels: health, economic, information and education, and pursuing claims. The article indicate the impact of the pandemic of COVID-19 on the safety of consumers in the European Union.
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HOWARTH, DAVID. "Internal Policies: The Commission Defends the EU Consumer." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 46 (September 2008): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2008.00813.x.
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Leistner, Matthias. "Unfair Competition or Consumer Protection? The Commission’s Unfair Commercial Practices Proposal 2003." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 6 (2004): 141–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802759494.
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On 18 June 2003 the Commission presented its Proposal for a Directive concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the Internal Market (the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive). The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive Proposal is based upon the Green Paper on European Union Consumer Protection of 2001 and the reactions to this document in the consultation process as laid down in the follow-up document of 2002. The Proposal tackles the field of unfair competition law insofar as the protection of consumers is concerned.
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Leistner, Matthias. "Unfair Competition or Consumer Protection? The Commission’s Unfair Commercial Practices Proposal 2003." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 6 (2004): 141–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s152888700000361x.
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On 18 June 2003 the Commission presented its Proposal for a Directive concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the Internal Market (the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive). The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive Proposal is based upon the Green Paper on European Union Consumer Protection of 2001 and the reactions to this document in the consultation process as laid down in the follow-up document of 2002. The Proposal tackles the field of unfair competition law insofar as the protection of consumers is concerned.
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Leone, Candida, and Joanna M. L. Van Duin. "The Real (New) Deal: Levelling the Odds for Consumer-Litigants: On the Need for a Modernization, Part II." European Review of Private Law 27, Issue 6 (December 1, 2019): 1227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2019069.
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With its New Deal proposals, the European Commission aimed to secure that all consumers ‘fully benefit from their rights under Union law’. We argue that such commitment requires taking a step back from an exclusive focus on enforcement, to tackle challenges to the justiciability of consumer rights. Consumers must be seen both in their role as claimants and when they act as defendants. By means of a case-study threading together the main developments in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning procedural guarantees for consumers from the past year, we seek to highlight the shortcomings of the current reliance on ‘judicial harmonization’. The identified shortcomings, we claim, show that limited harmonization of civil procedure is required, with regard to establishing minimum protective standards in cases involving consumers. For interested readers, we also list a number of specific issues that we think such harmonization should engage with. justiciability of EU consumer rights, procedural harmonization, consumer redress, ex officio application of EU consumer law, effective judicial protection, enforcement
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TENENBAUM, INEZ M. "The US Consumer Product Safety Commission a Global Leader in Consumer Product Safety." Journal of Consumer Affairs 48, no. 3 (August 27, 2014): 648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joca.12045.
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Caohuy, My, Wenyuh Tsay, and Stephen Zera. "CONSUMER PRODUCT MARKET FAILURES AND THE ROLE OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION." International Journal of Business Research 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/ijbr-18-4.8.
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Lin, Xudong, Shuilin Liu, Xiaoli Huang, Hanyang Luo, and Sumin Yu. "Platform Revenue Strategy Selection Considering Consumer Group Data Privacy Regulation." Mathematics 9, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 2904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9222904.
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In the era of big data, consumer group privacy has become an important source of revenue for the digital platform. Considering the situation that the platform collects consumer group data privacy to generate business revenue, we explore how the service matching level and commission rate affect the platform revenue, social welfare, and seller benefits. Based on the theory of group privacy, the three-party equilibrium evolution is solved by constructing a sequential game model including platform, seller, and consumer alliance. It is found that when the service matching level of the platform is greater than the threshold value, there are two main situations: on the one hand, if using the data privacy of a consumer group is subject to market regulation, the platform will set a high commission rate and service matching level in order to maximize profit. However, social welfare and seller’s business benefit both reach a minimum in this case, and the three-party game cannot attain equilibrium. On the other hand, when the market governor relaxes the platform’s regulation on the use of consumer group privacy data and data revenue efficiency is high enough, the platform can maximize the revenue by increasing the service matching level and reducing the commission rate. The optimal commission rate depends on the data revenue efficiency of the platform. Moreover, when the platform sets the highest commission rate and the service matching level is at a medium level, a stable partial equilibrium among the three-party will be achieved. These conclusions can give some insights into platform’s business model choice decision.
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Adetoro, David Oluwadare. "Highlights of Nigeria’s Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2018: An Overview." Business Law Review 42, Issue 6 (December 1, 2021): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2021041.
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The Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2018 (FCCPA) was eventually signed into law in April 2019 and same is to be known as the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act. The Act repealed the Consumer Protection Act, Cap. 25, laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2014 and established the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) and the Competition and Consumer Protection Tribunal for the development and promotion of fair, efficient and competitive markets in the Nigerian economy. This prized enactment came after a painstaking drafting process, which was saddled with many drafts, seminars, debates, and ‘behind-the-scenes maneuvers’. It remains to be seen whether it is now respite to the consumers or yet another regulatory hype. (There are yet to be any real judicial proceedings in this matter save for some administrative measures that have been taken in recent times.) Consumer Protection, competition law, Nigeria, commercial transactions, Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act.
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Kelly, Rachel, Tracey Hollowood, Anne Hasted, Nikos Pagidas, Anne Markey, and Amalia G. M. Scannell. "Using Cross-Cultural Consumer Liking Data to Explore Acceptability of PGI Bread—Waterford Blaa." Foods 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091214.
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Waterford Blaa is one of only four Irish food products granted protected geographical (PGI) status by the European Commission. This study aimed to determine whether cultural background/product familiarity, gender, and/or age impacted consumer liking of three Waterford Blaa products and explored product acceptability between product-familiar and product-unfamiliar consumer cohorts in Ireland and the UK, respectively. Familiarity with Blaa impacted consumer liking, particularly with respect to characteristic flour dusting, which is a unique property of Waterford Blaa. UK consumers felt that all Blaas had too much flour. Blaa A had the heaviest amount of flouring and was the least preferred for UK consumers, who liked it significantly less than Irish consumers (p < 0.05). Flavour was also important for UK consumers. Blaa C delivered a stronger oven baked odour/flavour compared to Blaa A and was the most preferred by UK consumers. Irish consumer liking was more influenced by the harder texture of Blaa B, which was their least preferred product. Age and gender did not impact liking for Blaas within Irish consumers, but gender differences were observed among UK consumers, males liking the appearance significantly more than females. This is the first paper comparing Waterford Blaa liking of naïve UK consumers with Irish consumers familiar with the product.
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Benöhr, Iris. "Collective Redress in the Field of European Consumer Law." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 41, Issue 3 (August 1, 2014): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2014014.
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Collective redress procedures play an increasingly important role in the resolution of consumer to business disputes in Europe. With the enlargement of the European market and growing cross-border purchases, multiple consumers are more often harmed by the same illegal practice of a business. As a result, compensatory collective redress mechanisms have been established in certain Member States to facilitate consumer redress. At a more general level, the European Commission adopted a 2013 Recommendation on common principles for collective redress mechanisms in the Member States. This article analyses existing collective redress measures and examines the potential impact that the new Recommendation may have on consumer protection. It will be argued that while this new measure provides Member States with some guidance on how to establish collective redress procedures, its practical influence in improving effective dispute resolution for consumers may remain limited.
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Miyazaki, Anthony D., and Ana Fernandez. "Internet Privacy and Security: An Examination of Online Retailer Disclosures." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 19, no. 1 (April 2000): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.19.1.54.16942.
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The Federal Trade Commission has declared the privacy and security of consumer information to be two major issues that stem from the rapid growth in e-commerce, particularly in terms of consumer-related commerce on the Internet. Although prior studies have assessed online retailer responses to privacy and security concerns with respect to retailers’ disclosure of their practices, these studies have been fairly general in their approaches and have not explored the potential for such disclosures to affect consumers. The authors examine online retailer disclosures of various privacy- and security-related practices for 17 product categories. They also compare the prevalence of disclosures to a subset of data from a consumer survey to evaluate potential relationships between online retailer practices and consumer perceptions of risk and purchase intentions across product categories.
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Thomas, Stefan, and Roman Inderst. "The Scope and Limitations of Incorporating Externalities in Competition Analysis Within a Consumer Welfare Approach." World Competition 45, Issue 3 (September 1, 2022): 351–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2022015.
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The failure to fully internalize externalities from production and consumption, including on future generations, is supposed to be at the core of the perceived failure to ensure (ecological) sustainability within the realm of antitrust enforcement. While some argue that sustainability should constitute a goal in itself that must be balanced against economic efficiency in antitrust analysis, we instead want to explore whether and how sustainability can be incorporated into a consumer welfare approach. We make a key distinction between what we term an individualistic and a collective consumer welfare analysis. Within an individualistic consumer welfare analysis, consumers’ willingness-to-pay is measured ceteris paribus, holding other consumers’ choices fixed. In a collective consumer welfare analysis, consumers may express their willingness-to-pay also for the choices of others and, thereby, also for the reduction of externalities on themselves. Borrowing from environmental and resource economics, we also discuss more indirect ways of incorporating such externalities. And we critically assess the possibility of ‘laundering’ consumers’ sustainability preferences in the light of supposed biases and cognitive limitations. Finally, we relate our analysis to the Draft Horizontal Guidelines of the European Commission, published in March 2022. antitrust, consumer welfare, conjoint analysis, contingent valuation, Draft EU Horizontal Guidelines, environmental economics, externalities, laundering preferences, sustainability, willingness-to-pay
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Scott, Colin. "Consumer Law, Enforcement and the New Deal for Consumers." European Review of Private Law 27, Issue 6 (December 1, 2019): 1279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2019071.
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A key trend for consumer law and policy in Europe has been the progressive expansion of consumer rights. It has long been recognized that the vindication of consumer rights is challenging. The expansion of consumer rights from the 1960s was accompanied by the establishment of proactive regulatory agencies whose enforcement powers complement and to some degree displace mechanisms of individual consumer enforcement. In April 2018 the European Commission proposed extensive reforms of consumer law and policy in its New Deal for Consumers, a key component of which is a further significant shift away from judicial enforcement. This trend is balanced by new proposals to enhance opportunities for collective consumer redress. In this article I offer an assessment of where we are today with the varied mechanisms and trends for enforcement of consumer law and where we are heading, not simply with the New Deal for Consumers, but also with related policies such as the Digital Single Market Strategy. Overall the pattern suggests a number of key trends including: a shift from reactive to more proactive modes of enforcement; from individuated to more collective modes; more evidence of meta-regulatory approaches, and; greater cooperation in enforcement (both public private and transnational). These trends are not necessarily consistent as between each other, generating potential for tensions between approaches and underlying assumptions about both purposes and effectiveness in consumer law and policy. Consumer Law, Enforcement, European Union
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Laux, Johann, Sandra Wachter, and Brent Mittelstadt. "Neutralizing online behavioural advertising: Algorithmic targeting with market power as an unfair commercial practice." Common Market Law Review 58, Issue 3 (June 1, 2021): 719–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2021048.
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Online behavioural advertising (OBA) relies on inferential analytics to target consumers based on data about their online behaviour. While the technology can improve the matching of adverts with consumers’ preferences, it also poses risks to consumer welfare as consumers face offer discrimination and the exploitation of their cognitive errors. The technology’s risks are exacerbated by the market power of ad intermediaries. This article shows how the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD) can protect consumers from behavioural exploitation by incorporating market power analysis. Drawing on current research in economic theory, it argues for applying a stricter average consumer test if the market for ad intermediaries is highly concentrated. This stricter test should neutralize negative effects of behavioural targeting on consumer welfare. The article shows how OBA can amount to a misleading action and/or a misleading omission under Articles 6 and 7 UCPD, as well as an aggressive practice under Article 8 UCPD. It further considers how the recent legislative proposals by the European Commission to enact a Digital Markets Act (DMA) and a Digital Services Act (DSA) may interact with the UCPD and the suggested stricter average consumer test.
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Boskin, Michael J., Ellen R. Dulberger, Robert J. Gordon, Zvi Griliches, and Dale W. Jorgenson. "Consumer Prices, the Consumer Price Index, and the Cost of Living." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.1.3.
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After presenting major findings and recommendations, the CPI Commission reiterates the estimate of a 1.1 percentage point per annum upward bias. It rejects the contention that the BLS already makes substantial corrections for quality change; that quality improvements and new products accrue only to the rich; and that procedures to make more extensive quality adjustments, valuations of new products, and adjustments for commodity and outlet substitution are impractical. The bias in the CPI can be sharply reduced, as the authors detail in this paper. Coauthors are Ellen R. Dulberger, Robert J. Gordon, Zvi Griliches, and Dale W. Jorgenson.
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Degeling, Simone, and Jessica Hudson. "Credit Advisers, Consumer Credit and Equitable Fiduciary Obligations." Federal Law Review 47, no. 1 (February 8, 2019): 64–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x18816235.
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Consumers use financial intermediaries such as brokers and other credit advisers to navigate complex financial markets and to provide guidance on credit products. In 2017 ASIC reported that ‘[b]rokers … are responsible for arranging … half of all home loans in Australia’ (Australian Securities & Investments Commission, Report 516: Review of Mortgage Broker Remuneration (2017) 8 [18]). The National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 (Cth) (‘Credit Regime’) regulates the conduct of such advisers including requiring disclosure of fees and some commissions. The Credit Regime also permits conflicts between the interest of the adviser and the client, provided that the adviser has in place ‘adequate arrangements to ensure … [that the client is] … not disadvantaged by any conflict of interest’ and that the conflict does not breach the adviser’s obligation to act ‘efficiently, honestly and fairly’. This article demonstrates that equitable fiduciary obligations also operate to regulate the conduct of the adviser in his or her dealings with the client. Such conflict and other conduct may breach any equitable fiduciary obligation thus exposing the adviser to equitable remedies. Equitable fiduciary obligations may thus be an as yet under-exploited avenue of protection for consumers and a concomitant zone of compliance risk for those subject to the Credit Regime.
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Ochsman, Robert B., Hope E. Johnson, Celestine Kiss, Michele R. Marut, Jonathan Midgett, and Timothy P. Smith. "Human Factors at the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 6 (September 2002): 692–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600602.
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The Human Factors Division at the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is an eclectic group, reflecting the multidisciplinary demands typically made upon an HF organization. The objective in these five presentations is to paint a picture of the full spectrum of human factors practiced in this unique government regulatory agency. The participants will each describe their work and illustrate the day-to-day characteristics of their human factors analyses. The range of discussions will address the overlay and integration of professional practice into policy, the regulatory environment, litigation support, and representation of the Agency to the interests of corporate, consumer, trade, and standards organizations.
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Renner, Rebecca. "Endocrine Disrupters: Consumer Safety Commission assessing PVC toy risk." Environmental Science & Technology 32, no. 15 (August 1998): 354A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es983645w.
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Scammon, Debra L. "Federal Trade Commission Bureau of Consumer Protection, 1978–1979." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 33, no. 2 (September 2014): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.ftc.005.
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Hoebel, J. F., and L. J. Sharman. "Fire research at the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission." Fire Technology 22, no. 3 (August 1986): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01043127.
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Szyszko, Magdalena, and Karolina Tura-Gawron. "Eurozone or national inflation projections: Which has greater impact on consumer expectations?" Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan171128014s.
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We compare the dependence of consumer inflation expectations on European Central Bank (ECB) inflation projections with that on national central bank (NCB) projections in four economies: Austria, Belgium, Finland, and Germany. We aim to assess whether the information published by central banks affects consumers, and whether inflation projections published by NCBs are more relevant to consumers than those published for the entire Eurozone. Inflation expectations were obtained from the Business and Consumer Surveys conducted by the Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission and quantified using the probabilistic method. The methodology covers: (1) forecast encompassing tests, (2) the Granger causality test, and (3) impulse response analysis complemented by (4) forecast error variance decomposition. The results suggest that the ECB outlook constitutes a more important factor in expectation formation. This article adds to the existing literature by comparing the impact of common and national projections on consumer expectations.
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Bose, Utpal. "Analyzing the Ethical Dilemma between Protecting Consumer Privacy and Marketing Customer Data." International Journal of Dependable and Trustworthy Information Systems 2, no. 3 (July 2011): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdtis.2011070104.
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Rapid transformation in marketing information technologies has enabled corporations to build ample consumer databases and analyze those using sophisticated data-mining techniques to obtain extensive knowledge about those consumers’ personal life styles and private matters. Considering that the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has relied on fair information principles to guide privacy regulation and left it relatively unregulated, the burden of practicing consumer privacy lies mostly on the marketers who have to follow ethical behavior and maintain consumer privacy. In this paper the authors analyze the ethical nature of corporate decision making on matters of selling consumer data using the normative theories of business ethics and suggests approaches that balance the corporate goals of raising financial gains with the obligations they have to their stakeholders – mainly their customers. The authors also discuss the challenges faced in carrying out the analysis.
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Baer, William J. "At the Turning Point: The Commission in 1978." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 7, no. 1 (January 1988): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391568800700102.
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This article examines the Federal Trade Commission in 1978—at the midpoint of the last twenty years of its history. The year 1978 saw the Commission at the height of its powers and influence. Over the prior ten years its mandate had been significantly expanded by a supportive Congress and successive administrations. Its docket of consumer protective initiatives, antitrust actions and economic studies was full. There seemed little that the Commission was reluctant to challenge or legally unable to accomplish. Nineteen seventy-eight also was the point at which the tide turned, when growing dissatisfaction with regulation generally and with a number of specific FTC initiatives produced a strong backlash that tended to overshadow the Commission's many accomplishments and, for a time, imperiled the agency's existence. Congress relieved the crisis in 1980 by passing legislation which preserved the Commission's basic statutory mandate but imposed restrictions on certain rule-making proceedings and established procedural safeguards on the future exercise of the agency's authority. Therefore, the Commission began to change direction. With the advent of the Reagan Administration, a more cautious and restrained attitude ensued, and the Commission in recent years has significantly reduced the number and range of activities it has undertaken. Thus, 1978 was a critical point in the agency's history, both when compared to where the agency had been, and to the direction it took thereafter.
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Koekemoer, Michel M. "Consumer Complaints And Complaint Forums Employed In The South African Motor Vehicle Service Industry: A Survey Of The Literature." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 3 (April 24, 2014): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i3.8551.
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<p>A South African consumer who owns a motor vehicle will need to have it serviced at a motor vehicle service dealership. The level of service experienced by consumers is not always satisfactory, leaving the consumer dissatisfied and wanting to complain about the poor service. The complaint forums available to South African consumers can roughly be divided into two categories, namely those established under South African law (which include the National Consumer Tribunal; the National Consumer Commission; the Motor Industry Ombud of South Africa; a consumer court; an alternative dispute resolution agent; and an ordinary court); and other traditional complaint forums (which include complaint websites and complaints made to the dealer directly). When deciding on the most appropriate complaint forum, consumers must consider the following factors: the cost of and time spent on the complaint process; the complexity of the rules and procedures associated with each complaint forum; the effective functioning of each forum; and the relief that the consumer can expect to receive from the complaint forum. This study found that when measured against these factors, consumers are left with few viable complaint forums. The structure and functioning of the existing complaint forums remains far from perfect. However, inroads have been made to improve the current complaint forums. Further improvements will only be achieved through a concerted effort by all the industry players. Such collaboration between them will ensure that South African consumers in the motor vehicle service industry will be ranked amongst the best protected consumers in the world.</p>
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Ulya, Widadatul. "TINJAUAN HUKUM PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN DAN PERSAINGAN USAHA DALAM PEMANFAATAN BIG DATA MARKETPLACE DI INDONESIA." HUKUM DAN DINAMIKA MASYARAKAT 20, no. 2 (December 23, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/hdm.v20i2.3552.
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The digital era has an impact on the rapid growth of the marketplace. Through the marketplace, traders can target international markets only by marketing their products digitally. The growth of the marketplace cannot be separated from the value of consumer satisfaction in increasing purchasing power, because consumer satisfaction is the key to public trust. To provide satisfaction to consumers, business actors utilize big data technology. The use of consumer big data ultimately brings positive and negative impacts for consumers themselves and also business actors. This normative juridical research with the type of library research is carried out to see a review of business law on the use of consumer marketplace big data. This research is important because digital business is growing and developing rapidly in various sectors, one of which is the trade sector through a marketplace platform that utilizes big data. As a result, the preventive efforts that have been carried out so far through the implementation of laws and regulations have not been effective in protecting the interests of consumers, so the role of the Legal Aid Institute and the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency is needed to support consumer protection. The healthy business competition climate also still needs to be improved, of course with the role of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission, given the limitations of the Business Competition Law which does not yet apply the principle of extraterritoriality
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Lilishentseva, A. N., T. A. Chernyshova, and N. V. Komarova. "CONSUMER PROPERTIES OF HERBAL DRINKS." Food Industry: Science and Technology 15, no. 1(55) (March 12, 2022): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/2073-4794-2022-15-1(55)-88-96.
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One of the main trends in the consumer food market is the growth in the consumption of plantbased products. A large share is made up of drinks, often called vegetable «milk». These lactose-free drinks are a substitute for traditional cow's milk and are becoming an increasingly popular consumer product as many consumers are lactose-intolerant, dieting or health-conscious. The article presents the results of a scoring of the quality of nine samples of vegetable drinks from retail outlets in Minsk. As a result of the work carried out by the commission of tasters-evaluators, indicators of consumer properties of new types of herbal drinks were developed. On the basis of marketing research, consumer preferences have been studied and coefficients of significance of indicators for assessing the quality of drinks have been determined. Using the developed scoring scale, the quality of nine samples of herbal drinks was assessed, as a result of which a sample was determined that scored the maximum number of points and can be chosen as the base one when determining the quality level.
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Timpanaro, Giuseppe, Claudio Bellia, Vera Teresa Foti, and Alessandro Scuderi. "Consumer Behaviour of Purchasing Biofortified Food Products." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 6297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166297.
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In light of increasing attention on biofortified products from the institutional, scientific and industrial worlds, we investigate consumer knowledge, consumer choice, the relationship between consumer choice and lifestyles, willingness to pay, and factors influencing consumer groups regarding biofortified foods. Complicating the matter is the lack of a clear definition of biofortified foods in the last proposal of the Codex Alimentarius Commission dated 26 November 2018. Research has shown the importance of market information and variables related to lifestyle, socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of nutritional principles, and diet, to understanding consumers’ purchase and consumption choices regarding biofortified products. Our research shows that at present the potential consumer of biofortified food products is generally confused and uninformed, conditions that, even when there is a high willingness to pay, limit purchases of biofortified products. Even in the absence of a concise definition and clear labelling at a globally recognized level, in Italy biofortified products are increasingly widespread (products biofortified with selenium, iodine, etc.), confirming consumer demand for this category of product.