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Academic literature on the topic 'Consumer Commission'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Consumer Commission"

Mokrysz-Olszyńska, Anna. "NEW DEAL FOR CONSUMERS IN EUROPE?" Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 2, no. XVIII (December 30, 2018): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1773.

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On 11 April 2018, the European Commission presented legislative proposals as the implementation of the project under the title “A New Deal for Consumers”. The Commission’s legislative package consists of related proposals for two directives. The first contains provisions enabling authorized entities representing the collective consumer interest to pursue claims through representative actions against infringements of Union law, in order to ensure that consumers have the tools to effectively exercise their rights and obtain compensation for the damage suffered; the second introduces changes to the four currently applicable consumer directives. Both Commission proposals are under way, taking into account broad public consultation. Do the Commission’s proposals mean a real breakthrough, as suggested by the title under which they are presented, or should they be seen only as the next step in the process of creating a new order for consumers?

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Teh, Tat-How, and Julian Wright. "Intermediation and Steering: Competition in Prices and Commissions." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 281–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20190344.

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We explore the implications of steering by an informed profit-maximizing intermediary. The intermediary steers consumers by recommending firms, taking into account both the commissions firms offer and the prices they set. Such steering results in higher commissions and consumer prices, so that consumers only benefit from intermediation when their search cost is sufficiently high. Steering reverses the normal relationship between competition and price, with prices increasing in the number of competing firms. We use the framework to study various policies including commission caps (absolute or relative), commission disclosure, promoting information provision, and penalties for inappropriate advice. (JEL D11, D12, D82, D83)

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Van Boom, Willem. "The Draft Directive on Consumer Rights: Choices Made and Arguments Used." Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no. 3 (November 6, 2009): 452–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v5i3.208.

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The 2008 proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights (hereinafter: the Draft) aims at reorganizing the acquis of four specific European directives on consumer protection into a more coherent codification of consumer rights. Specifically, it contains rules on precontractual information duties, on withdrawal rights for distance and off-premises contracts, on consumer sales and on general contract terms in consumer contracts. In replacing the four directives with a minimum harmonization character, the Draft marks a further step towards full harmonization of consumer contract law in Europe. This is an unsettling step because the level of protection offered to consumers in the Draft hardly exceeds the level of protection offered by the four directives mentioned earlier. Instead, it diminishes this protection in some regards. In light of all this, the question arises whether the policy choices underlying the Draft are, in fact, convincingly underpinned by solid argumentation. This article addresses this issue by first analyzing the Draft's use of the generic concept of “contracts between consumers and traders”. It is argued that full harmonization of a badly delineated territory is ill-advised. Subsequently, the argumentative power of the policy considerations forwarded by the European Commission in its Regulatory Assessment Study is tested. The article concludes that the Commission’s assessment of expected costs and benefits of the Draft is waver-thin and geared towards persuading the reader of the aptness of choices already made. In some respects, the evidence presented by the Commission is outright unconvincing. At certain points, the Draft even fuels the reader’s suspicion of foregone conclusions. Overall, the need for reduction of the level of protection offered by the current minimum harmonization directives is poorly argued by the Commission and appears, in a number of important ways, not to reflect the socio-economic relationships that exist in at least some of the Member States.

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Abraham, Katharine G., John S. Greenlees, and Brent R. Moulton. "Working to Improve the Consumer Price Index." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.1.27.

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In this paper, we first comment on the recent (1996) report of the Advisory Commission to Study the Consumer Price Index, appointed by the U.S. Senate Finance Committee, and the recommendations it contains. We then describe some of the initiatives currently underway at the Bureau of Labor Statistics—some of which were undertaken before the appearance of the Advisory Commission's report, others of which are part of a Consumer Price Index improvement initiative that was included as part of the President's 1998 budget proposal—which attempted to address the bias issues that were highlighted by the Advisory Commission.

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Rovner, Julie. "Clinton appoints consumer rights commission." Lancet 349, no. 9057 (April 1997): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)62914-5.

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Humphrey, Noreen. "U.S. Consumer product safety commission." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 4, no. 6 (November 1990): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5245(90)90077-j.

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Sims, Rod. "Australian Competition & Consumer Commission." Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 7, no. 3 (September 8, 2019): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaenfo/jnz022.

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Wagner, Jennifer K. "The Federal Trade Commission and Consumer Protections for Mobile Health Apps." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, S1 (2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520917035.

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The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has an important role to play in the governmental oversight of mobile health apps, ensuring consumer protections from unfair and deceptive trade practices and curtailing anti-competitive methods. The FTC’s consumer protection structure and authority is outlined before reviewing the recent FTC enforcement activities taken on behalf of consumers and against developers of mhealth apps. The article concludes with identification of some challenges for the FTC and modest recommendations for strengthening the consumer protections it provides.

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Witt, Anne C. "From Airtours to Ryanair: Is the more economic approach to EU merger law really about more economics?" Common Market Law Review 49, Issue 1 (February 1, 2012): 217–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2012007.

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In 2002, the General Court famously annulled three merger prohibitions under the EC Merger Regulation because of serious errors of assessment. Amongst other things, it held that the Commission had ignored economic theory. Consequently, the Commission announced radical changes to its approach to ensure that future assessments would be based on rigorous economic and econometric analysis. This contribution examines the changes introduced by the Commission's "more economic approach" to EU merger review. An analysis of the Commission's merger guidelines and decisions reveals that the core of the new approach by no means lies in the use of econometric analyses and complex theories of microeconomics. Its essence rather lies in aligning the purpose of EU merger law with the consumer welfare aim of modern industrial economics. On the basis of this new legal objective, the Commission reinterpreted the substantive test of EU merger law as containing an unwritten consumer harm requirement and reconsidered the role of efficiency effects. The Commission's new concept of harm is not entirely compatible with the case law of the Court of Justice, which continues to adhere to its "less economic" concepts of the 1970s. Moreover, the Commission's attempts to reconcile the two worlds have resulted in theories of harm that are ambiguous and therefore detrimental to legal certainty.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Consumer Commission"

Yeung, Karen. "Bargaining and punishment in regulatory enforcement : a normative analysis of the public enforcement of Australian competition law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365511.

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Cini, Michelle Marie Charlotte. "Policing the internal market : the regulation of competition in the European Commission." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359802.

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Secord, Andrew G. "Megaprojects in maritime Canada : a case study of the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359149.

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The research provides an explanatory account of the changes in electrical policy in New Brunswick beginning with the origins of the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission in the 1920s and culminating in the nuclear option of the 1970s and 1980s. This involves an explanation of the origins of the state enterprise in the 1920s, its truncated development in the 1930s, its growth in the 1950s under the "power for industry" model, and the export-led strategy of the 1970s and 1980s. Located in an economically underdeveloped region of Canada, the relatively successful state enterprise had significant implications for private accumulation and provincial politics. The growth of the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission was such that it was able to embark on an allnuclear option which placed its construction proj ects on the scale of the federal megaprojects of the 1980s in Canada. The research concludes with a discussion of the contradictions of the exportled model and recent political responses to it. A documentary style is followed in the thesis, utilizing the archival records of four different governments in New Brunswick between 1940 and 1986, records of the state enterprise made available under Right to Information procedures, federal government archival records, and interviews.

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Kaczmarczyk, Kamila, and Sofia Kaddani. "The effect of asymmetric information in real estate agent commissions." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189266.

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Real Estate Agencies compensation consists of commissions and a part of the commission corresponds to what the real estate agent gets as salary. This incentive-based commission system is usually covered by an agreed fixed amount, a variable commission model or a combination of both depending on the brokerage object's final selling price. Commission system can lead to adverse consequences when the real estate agent abuses their position and exploits an information advantage to gain a financial benefits. Based on completed questionnaires, that have been posted for this study, directed to consumers and real estate agents, it is recognized that the parties in the Swedish real estate agent industry has experienced or is experiencing a certain unethical behavior because of commission-based pay structures. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how asymmetric information affects the real estate industry brokerage contract negotiations regarding the commission and whether conflicts of interest may occur due to this. Because of asymmetric information in contract situations, there may be situations in which agreements will contradict societal norms and ethical principles, because the broker abuses his advantage. The essence of this thesis is to convey a discussion in order to associate the legal application of contracts with normative ethics. The essay writers propose for instance based on ethical approaches to create a complement to the existing law and further to come up with practical solutions to limit the possibility of unreasonable commission models in real estate brokerage. The essay writers argue that the introduction of a stricter supervision of the commission procedure would create stronger assurance and reduce the abuse of the information asymmetry in the industry.
Fastighetsmäklarbranschens ersättningssystem utgörs av provision och motsvarar en del av vad en fastighetsmäklare får i lön. Detta incitamentbaserade provisionssystem brukar omfattas av ett avtalat fast belopp, en rörlig provisionsmodell eller en kombination av båda som beror på förmedlingsobjektets slutliga försäljningspris. Provisionssystemet kan föranleda negativa följder om fastighetsmäklaren missbrukar sin ställning och utnyttjar ett informationsövertag till att skapa sig en finansiell fördel. Utifrån genomförda enkätundersökningar i denna studie riktade till konsumenter och fastighetsmäklare medges det att parterna inom den svenska fastighetsmäklarbranschen har upplevt eller upplever ett visst oetiskt beteende på grund av provisionsbaserade lönestrukturer. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka hur asymmetrisk information påverkar fastighetsmäklarbranschens avtalsförhandlingar avseende provisionen och huruvida intressekonflikter kan uppstå till följd av detta. På grund av asymmetrisk information i avtalssammanhang kan det förekomma situationer där avtalen strider mot samhällsnormer och etiska principer när mäklaren missbrukar sitt övertag. Kärnan i denna uppsats är att föra en samlad diskussion som avser att koppla den rättsliga tillämpningen av avtalslagen med den normativa etiken. Uppsatsförfattarna resonerar bland annat utifrån etiska synsätt för att skapa ett komplement till gällande lag och vidare komma fram till praktiska lösningar till hur eventuellt oskäliga provisionsmodeller kan begränsas. Uppsatsförfattarna hävdar att ett införande av en starkare tillsyn över provisionsförfarandet skulle skapa större förtroende och minska asymmetrin i branschen.

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Santos, Bruno Miguel Reis Martins Figueiredo dos. "Modernização da política de concorrência comunitária : a proposta da Alemanha, França e Polónia é uma resposta pertinente aos desafios do século XXI?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21003.

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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
Um dos instrumentos que torna a integração europeia possível no âmbito económico é a política de concorrência, que deve ser eficaz e adaptável aos novos desafios que o Espaço Económico Europeu enfrenta. Nesta dissertação será feito uma contextualização dos objetivos da política de concorrência, e um breve enquadramento histórico da evolução da Política de Concorrência da União Europeia. Após este capítulo, será detalhada a legislação europeia atual na área da concorrência, e quais alguns dos seus desafios mais pertinentes no século XXI. No último capítulo será analisada a proposta de modernização da política de concorrência comunitária apresentada pela Alemanha, França e Polónia, com o objetivo de se concluir o seu nível de pertinência e aplicabilidade ao panorama descrito. A conclusão retirada após esta análise indica que esta proposta é parcialmente pertinente como resposta aos desafios apresentados, pois enquanto alguns dos seus aspetos são uma resposta efetiva às novas realidades económicas, os contributos relacionados com a criação de "campeões europeus" são considerados irrealistas.
One of the instruments that makes European integration possible on an economic level is competition policy, which should be effective and adaptable to the new challenges that the European Economic Area faces. This dissertation includes a contextualization of the goals of competition policy, and a brief historical review of the evolution of the European Union's Competition Policy. After this chapter, the current legal framework of competition in the EU and the current challenges it faces in the 21st century will be detailed. The last chapter consists in the analysis of the proposal of modernization of the European competition policy presented by Germany, France and Poland, with the goal of concluding its level of pertinence and applicability to the described panorama. The conclusion reached after this analysis indicates that this proposal is partially relevant as a solution to the stated challenges, as while some of its aspects are an effective response to the new economic reality, the contributions related with the creation of "European champions" are considered unrealistic.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Alsup, Michael. "A Survey of the Utilization of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's Guidelines for Playgrounds in Tennessee." TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2109.

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The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's A Handbook For Public Playground Safety was published in 1981 in response to a petition to develop a mandatory set of safety standards. The National Recreation and Park Association and the National Bureau of Standards were selected to work on the project. As the study developed, the Commission realized that a set of standards was needed instead of mandatory requirements. Because there has not been any improvement in injury statistics nation-wide to date, the purpose of this study was to determine the degree of utilization of the guidelines in Tennessee. This was seen as being important to public agencies due to the liability of operating playgrounds and the rising expense of judgments against agencies in lawsuits. A survey instrument was developed, with the aid of a jury of experts, to serve as the data gathering tool. It was mailed to ninety-four city and county departments in Tennessee. The survey included questions concerning the possession of the Handbook, inspections and maintenance, playground design, ground surfaces, and playground equipment. It was analyzed by tabulating percentages, simple frequencies, and numerical ranking. Surveys were completed and returned by sixty-four departments; only half responded that they had copies of Handbook. The tabulations indicated that all of those who were familiar with the Handbook reported that they believed utilizing them would reduce injuries. The majority of those responding to the survey indicated that the guidelines were being followed and that inspections and maintenance were being conducted regularly. Moreover, the tabulations indicated that the types and placement of equipment were usually within the guidelines. The researcher, based on the findings of the study, the recommended: all departments should obtain a copy of the Handbook and use it as a guide for any aspect of their playgrounds; documentation and inspection of playgrounds should be carried out at least weekly by employees who are assigned to the task and trained; any playgrounds that do not conform to the guidelines should be renovated or removed: and ground surfaces should be used in recommended depths to aid in cushioning falls.

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Kearns, Mary Pinckney. "Secession diplomacy a study of Thomas Butler King, commissioner of Georgia to Europe, 1861 /." Click here to access thesis, 2006. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/summer2006/mary%5Fp%5Fkearns/kearns%5Fmary%5Fp%5F200605%5Fma.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia Southern University, 2006.
"A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts" ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-140) and appendices.

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Tiba, Johannes Kgotso. "Partnership and outsourcing as tools for increased access to consular services : a case of South African High Commission in the United Kingdom / Johannes Kgotso Tiba." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9455.

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The provision of consular services is an obligation of every government to its citizens who are living abroad. In providing such services, efforts must be made to ensure that they are accessible to all citizens, wherever they may be. Under the current economic climate, maintaining an extensive network of embassies and consulates around the world is an expensive venture. It is against this background that governments must be innovative in providing services by ensuring that private and third sector organizations are involved, in order to complement their work of ensuring that consular services reach their citizens at affordable costs - wherever they are. Besides rendering consular services to South African (SA) citizens, consular offices can be a vital investment vehicle of the government abroad, by ensuring that much-needed investment is obtained. Furthermore, the consular services can serve as the first line of defence of a country, by ensuring that people who can cause harm to the country do not enter it. Despite the daunting challenges facing the post-apartheid government in SA, a number of changes have been undertaken to ensure that consular services are modernized. However, those changes have been inadequate and have fallen short of meeting the expectations of most South African citizens who are living abroad. This study makes a vital contribution on the concept of using partnership and outsourcing as tools for increased access to consular services in one of the critical missions of SA abroad - the United Kingdom, by showing that the traditional way of rendering consular services from a diplomatic mission is inadequate to reach potential customers scattered in parts of the host country. The study concludes with significant recommendations that, inter alia, include even using post offices and the internet to ensure that consular services reach all parts of the United Kingdom, where South Africans live. Given that consular services have inherent security implications, the study also notes that among factors that must be taken into account before outsourcing consular services, or even setting up a partnership, the chosen service providers must, amongst other things, be able to maintain and protect the confidentiality of their customers.
Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

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McElrea, Patrick D. "The office of the High Commissioner : Canada's public link to gentlemanly capitalism in the City of London, 1869-1885." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ29500.pdf.

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Rodet-Profit, Alix. "Le contrat d'assurance maritime à Rouen dans l'Ancien droit." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020010.

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L'assurance maritime constitue la première forme d'assurance connue, qui s'est développée à la fin du Moyen-Âge et a gagné l'ensemble de l'Europe au XVIe siècle. Rouen, l'une des plus importantes villes commerciales et maritimes du royaume de France, fut la première – et la seule – à être dotée d'un greffe des assurances dès 1556. Elle constitue donc un lieu de choix pour l'étude de ce contrat dans notre pays. Le caractère aléatoire de l'assurance a posé très tôt le problème de l'équilibre des intérêts des parties. D'une part, l'assuré devait pouvoir bénéficier de garanties suffisantes pour recourir à l'assurance. Il s'agissait d'autre part de protéger l'assureur, qui, en plus de prendre les risques de l'expédition à sa charge, se trouvait en grande partie dépendant de la bonne foi de son assuré. Aux côtés de leur « commis aux assurances », les marchands rouennais ont alors recherché et adopté des solutions. L'ordonnance de la Marine de 1681, première législation française sur les assurances, a ensuite tenté d'unifier les usages et pratiques du royaume. Elle a proposé différentes mesures pour promouvoir ce contrat tant auprès des assurés que des assureurs. L'assurance maritime, en lien avec les nombreux domaines juridiques que sont le droit des obligations, le droit commercial, le droit maritime, le droit cambiaire ou encore celui des sociétés, a alors évolué sous l'influence conjuguée des juges et des marchands, toujours soucieux de trouver un équilibre contractuel
Shipping insurance is the first known form of insurance. It was instituted at the end of the Middle Ages and spread to the whole of Europe in the sixteenth century. Rouen, as one of the largest commercial and maritime cities in the Kingdom of France, was the first and indeed the only city to be given a patent for insurance as early as 1556. It is therefore the ideal place in which to study such a contract in this country. The fluctuating nature of insurance quickly pinpointed the problem of balancing the interests of the parties involved. On the one hand, the insured person needed to be able to benefit from guaranties allowing him to resort to insurance. Similarly, the insurer needed to be protected since he not only had the responsibility of the voyage, with the risks that that implied, but was also dependent on the honesty of the person insured. Together with their “insurance agents”, the merchants of Rouen therefore sought and adopted solutions to this problem. The Royal Ordinance of Shipping, in 1681, – the first French legislation on insurance – then endeavoured to unify the customs and uses carried out in the Kingdom of France. It offered various measures to develop this contract between the insured and the insurer. Maritime insurance, together with the many other sectors of law such as that of obligations, commercial law, maritime law, law pertaining to Exchange or to Societies, then evolved under the combined influence of the judiciary and of merchants, continually seeking a contractual balance

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Books on the topic "Consumer Commission"

E, Bowman Isaac, ed. Consumer Product Safety Commission issues. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, 2009.

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Carter-Yamauchi, Charlotte A. Consumer advocacy before the Air Carrier Commission. Honolulu, Hawaii: Legislative Reference Bureau, 1994.

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Colorado. Dept. of Regulatory Agencies. Office of Policy and Research. 1997 sunset review: Public Utilities Commission. [Denver, Colo.] (1560 Broadway, Suite 1550, Denver 80202): The Office, 1997.

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National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (India). National Commission and Supreme Court on consumer cases. Edited by Nijhawan Swarn Bhatia and India Supreme Court. Delhi: International Law Book Co., 1995.

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Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers. The Consumer Product Safety Commission: A guide for manufacturers. Washington, DC: Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers, 2003.

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U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Publications catalog of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Washington, D.C: The Commission, 1987.

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Consumers, commissions, and Congress: Law, theory, and the Federal Trade Commission, 1968-1985. New Brunswick (U.S.A.): Transaction Books, 1987.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee for Consumers. Reauthorization of the CPSC: Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Consumer of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session on reauthorization of the Consumer Product Safety Commission, May 1, 1985. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation Subcommittee for Consumers. Reauthorization of the CPSC: Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Consumer of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session on reauthorization of the Consumer Product Safety Commission, May 1, 1985. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Consumer Commission"

Smullen, Amanda, and Catherine Clutton. "The ACCC: Guardian of Viable Markets and Consumer Rights." In Guardians of Public Value, 323–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51701-4_13.

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AbstractSince its inception in 1995, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has become a trusted institution in the Australian regulatory landscape. The ACCC has conserved its enforcement mission by adapting to challenges in the political and business environments; through expanding and re-directing its repertoire for regulatory action and broadening its consumer and small business constituencies. This chapter describes the origins of the ACCC and the ways in which its leaders have capitalized on and adapted its organizational capacities to address today’s threats to the organization’s existence and institutional status.

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Meese, James, and Edward Hurcombe. "Global Platforms and Local Networks: An Institutional Account of the Australian News Media Bargaining Code." In Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business, 151–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95220-4_8.

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AbstractIn recent years, researchers have scrutinised the power of digital platforms in the news industry. However, while digital platforms are powerful actors, there is a tendency to emphasise this power at the expense of other institutions. In this chapter we examine the critical role that government, regulatory authorities and the news media played in developing the Australian News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code. We explore how long-standing relationships between sections of the media and the government, and the regulatory activism of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, influenced the final form of the Code. In doing so, we offer a nuanced account of platform power that contextualises their actions in relation to the residual institutional power of local actors.

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Negro, Paolo, and Elvira Romano. "The Challenge of the Integrated Seismic Strengthening and Environmental Upgrading of Existing Buildings." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 363–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15104-0_22.

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AbstractThe construction industry, as a main energy consumer and a foremost contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, has been undergoing a “green revolution” in the recent years. Sustainability has become a prominent issue, therefore a framework for including energy efficiency and sustainability in the design of buildings is badly needed. Sustainability is the core of the European Renovation Wave strategy and of the New European Bauhaus initiative.A design approach, named SAFESUST (SAFEty and SUSTainability) has been proposed at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, able to address at the same time structural safety, energy and environmental performances. The output of this approach is a unique parameter, expressed in monetary terms, which helps in identifying the most appropriate design solution.More recently, the Joint Research Centre, under mandate of the European Parliament, has activated a European Pilot Project named “Integrated techniques for the seismic strengthening and energy efficiency of existing buildings”. The project is expected to put forward a simplified holistic approach to improve simultaneously the seismic safety and energy efficiency of the existing European building stock and to stimulate the use of integrated solutions.The Joint Research Centre is also conducting a Preparatory Action for the definition of a labelling strategy for the implementation of the New European Bauhaus initiative.

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Hogg, Christine. "The Second Coming — The Commission and Patients’ Forums." In Citizens, Consumers and the NHS, 125–48. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-09019-5_9.

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Dumančić, Kosjenka, and Natalia-Rozalia Avlona. "The Regulatory Context and Legal Evolution: The Cases of Airbnb and Uber." In The Sharing Economy in Europe, 65–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86897-0_4.

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AbstractWhilst sharing economy has been enjoying increasing popularity worldwide over the last decade; its legal definition has been debatable. This is aligning with the fact that the European Union has not provided the legal framework for the sharing economy yet, apart from a European Commission Communication from 2016. This Communication seeks a balance between the support of a Digital Single Market in the EU and the protection of the consumers’ rights and leaves a broad space for national legislations to respond to the phenomenon of sharing economy. The aim of this chapter is to address these issues within the framework of two sharing economy case studies: Airbnb and Uber as the only source at the EU level of applicable law besides the EC Communication.

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Pinkel, Tobias. "The Effect of Merger and Non-Reliance Clauses According to Art. 72 of the Commission’s Draft of the Common European Sales Law (CESL) – A Model for New Instruments for International or European (Consumer) Sales Law?" In Contents and Effects of Contracts-Lessons to Learn From The Common European Sales Law, 203–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28074-5_12.

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Zolyomi, Agnes. "How to Make Policy-Makers Care about “Wicked Problems” such as Biodiversity Loss?—The Case of a Policy Campaign." In Co-Creativity and Engaged Scholarship, 527–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84248-2_17.

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AbstractPolicy-makers define our lives to a great extent, and are therefore the people everybody wants to talk to. They receive hundreds of messages in various forms day-by-day with the aim of making them decide for or against something. They are in an especially difficult situation as regards the so-called “wicked” or “diffuse” problems such as climate change and biodiversity loss (Millner and Olivier, 2015; Sharman and Mlambo, 2012; Zaccai and Adams, 2012). These problems are limitedly tackled at the policy level despite their major socio-economic and environmental implications, which is often explained by their complexity with a sense of remoteness of effects (Cardinale et al., 2012; WWF, 2018). Communicating advocacy or scientific messages of biodiversity is therefore both a challenge and an under-researched topic (Bekessy et al., 2018; Posner et al., 2016; Primmer et al., 2015; Wright et al., 2017), where both social and natural sciences and both scientists and practitioners are needed to contribute (Ainscough et al., 2019). In order to be successful in delivering messages, communication not only needs to be self-explanatory and easy to consume but novel as well. It additionally helps if the message arrives in a more extraordinary format to draw even more attention. Based on experiences drawn from a conservation and advocacy NGO’s work, this chapter will divulge various socio-economic theories about creative methods, communication, and influencing decision-makers through a campaign fighting for the preservation of key nature legislation. It will be demonstrated how different EU policy-makers, including representatives of the European Commission and Members of the European Parliament, the general public, and other stakeholders, were addressed with various messages and tools (e.g., short films, social media campaigns, fact sheets, involvement of champions). In addition to other key factors such as public support, knowledge of the target audience and political context, the probable impacts and limitations of these messages will also be elaborated. The relevance to the integration and employment of better socio-economic theories into improving communication is straightforward. It is crucial to tailor-make future advocacy work of “wicked problems” such as biodiversity loss and climate change, since these are not usually backed up by major lobby forces and are, therefore, financed inadequately compared to their significance. Understanding the way in which policy-makers pick up or omit certain messages, as well as what framing, methods and channels are the most effective in delivering them to the policy-makers, is pivotal for a more sustainable future.

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Garzilli, Francesca, Federica Vingelli, and Valentina Vittiglio. "Shifting Risk into Productivity: Inclusive and Regenerative Approaches Within Compromised Contexts in Peri-Urban Areas." In Regenerative Territories, 51–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78536-9_3.

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AbstractRecent international—UN-Habitat and European Environment Agency—and Italian reports have pointed out that urbanization is incessantly expanding at the expense of biodiversity and of rural lands. The radical growth of land consumption and change of land-use contribute to the increase of territorial risks and vulnerability. In particular, such phenomena are more visible within the peri-urban interface, considered as hybrid and malleable areas straddling between city and countryside realities. Even in the absence of a univocal definition, peri-urban is understood as a space where urban expansion occurs. Moreover, it emerges that such space also lacks local governance. Such uncertainty of form, identity and regulation catches the attention of a new urban agenda, which considers the peri-urban the most suitable place where to enact social, ecological and economic challenging changes. In this light, this paper aims to underline how peri-urban areas, although ecologically, socially and weak from a legislation point of view, constitute challenging territories to enact regenerative design and practices. In particular, new policies in sustainable agriculture are considered as potential solutions for the rapid soil consumption in Europe. Therefore, Campania region has been taken as our case study, because the region has a long history of agricultural practices and currently, it is closely linked to risk dynamics. It also represents an emblematic example for its innate exposure to natural hazards (related to its geological nature and geographical location), and for the ongoing man-made risks as causes of ecological and territorial damages. Moreover, land consumption in the region reached a record level in 2019, with 10% of agricultural land lost in a year (corresponding to 140,033 hectares). More than 70% of the consumed lands coincided with areas already exposed to natural hazards, both seismic and hydrogeological (Munafò, 2020). This paper assesses the results of an experimental application developed as part of the REPAiR (This research has been conducted within the framework of the European Horizon 2020 funded research “REPAiR: REsource Management in Peri-urban AReas: Going Beyond Urban Metabolism” [http://h2020repair.eu/]. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 688920. This article reflects only the author’s view. The Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains). Horizon 2020 European research project. We argue that the project results underline the relationship between the peri-urban interface and the soil regeneration through eco-innovative solutions. This has allowed us to link the spatial condition of the peri-urban with the production of waste and its subsequent recycle. This paper aims to further explore the research field experimented during REPAiR, expanding the materials available on the peri-urban and adding information with respect to the risk to which these places are linked.

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Labaree, Robert V. "Consumer Protection." In The Federal Trade Commission, 1–147. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203820872-1.

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Babich, M. A. "Consumer Product Safety Commission." In Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 1028–29. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.00597-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Consumer Commission"

Grafe, Albert. "Commission bans and consumer financial protection." In 28th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2022_159.

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Balci-Sinha, Rana, and Bonnie B. Novak. "Human Factors Contributions to Consumer Product Safety." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100149.

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The mission of the Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction at the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC, Commission) drives the Division of Human Factors to evaluate corrective action plans and propose redesigns of consumer products. Human factors studies and research focus on consumer product-related injuries, including assessing system design hazards for the general United States consumer population, ranging from newborns to seniors. These assessments include: usability, safety features, choking hazards, and evaluation of potential misuse of a product that could lead to injury or death. This paper will provide an overview of human factors work conducted at the CPSC and discuss how this specialized work contributes to reducing risk to the American public.

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Jinyi, Chen, Yao Yao, Li Nian, and Lin Zhuo. "A cooperated supervision and management commission for low-carbon society in Wuhan city circle." In 2011 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cecnet.2011.5769266.

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Barnett, Ralph L., and Peter J. Poczynok. "Critique: Drain Cover Standard ASME/ANSI - A112.19.8M-1987 (1996) Case Study — Steering Wheel." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32457.

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The current ASME/ANSI standard for pool/spa drain covers is relied upon as an effective guideline for drain system safety by pool industry practitioners, state building code commissions, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the National Spa and Pool Institute, and a myriad of pool safety sophisticates. In fact, it is a license to kill. To demonstrate its shortcomings in the dawn of its next revision, an ordinary steering wheel is shown to satisfy the current standard while exposing bathers to every known fatal drain cover scenario. The paper raises a new issue: ASME, ANSI and pool professionals may all be in legal jeopardy.

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Cruz-Cárdenas, Jorge, Ekaterina Zabelina, Olga Deyneka, Carlos Ramos, and Andrés Palacio Fierro. "Consumer Behavior in Product Disposal: Mapping the Field." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002265.

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The disposal of products within the framework of the discipline of consumer behavior is a decision-making process. In this process, consumers make at least two decisions: the first to stop using a still usable product and the second to select a disposal method. Among the most common methods of disposal are storing products, giving them away, donating them, selling them, or throwing them away. The main difference between disposal and recycling behavior is that in the former the product is still usable, while in the latter the decision is regarding the waste of a product. Product disposal behavior has notable consequences for both consumers and society, which is why a growing number of academics have been attracted to this field of study. Given the growing body of literature that is being generated, the present study aims to generate an image of the body of existing documents on this subject in order to guide future research. The present study used the Scopus database to search for content, as it is a database that presents a good balance of quality and coverage. The search keywords were disposal AND {consumer behavior}. The search was carried out in November 2021. The results were limited only to literature generated in English. As a result, 158 documents were obtained. On this basis of documents, the present study carried out various bibliometric analyses. There is an increasing annual trend in the number of publications (19 in 2019, 29 in 2020, and 39 in 2021). The United States and its institutions are the main countries of affiliation of the authors. Additionally, the European Commission is the main funder. In order to determine the main topics of interest of the research, an analysis of the co-occurrence of words in the contents of the titles and abstracts was carried out using the VOSviewer software. The results showed the existence of three content clusters: 1) decision-making for disposal, 2) types of products disposed of, highlighting electronics, clothing, and food, and 3) social and environmental implications of the disposal of products. The current study ends by discussing the implications of these results.

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Sevart, Kevin B. "Ride-On Mower Rollover Accidents: Study and Design Solutions." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67718.

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Each year hundreds of ride-on mower operators are injured or killed as the result of rollover accidents. Several studies have indicated that rollover accidents are the most prominent type of fatal ride-on mower accident. Rollover accidents have occurred during actual mowing operations as well as during transport or loading onto transport equipment. The mowers themselves are designed and marketed for either commercial use or consumer use. However, commercial mowers are routinely sold to and used by ordinary consumers as there are no restrictions on such sales. The mechanism of injury is typically the weight of the machine pinning the operator, or personal contact with a rotating cutting blade. Even relatively light-weight mowing machines have caused deaths due to asphyxiation or drowning when an operator was pinned under the machine. Operators that avoid being trapped under the weight of the machine may come into contact with a rotating cutting blade and receive a serious injury, such as an amputation. This paper presents a brief history of industry safety standards applicable to either consumer or commercial mowing machines. A discussion is presented of available accident reports and statistics. Sources of the data reviewed include the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Occupational Health and Safety Administration and the author’s personal investigations. Several common rollover accident modes have been identified. While it is not possible to design a ride-on mower that could not roll over, design considerations should be utilized to minimize the propensity of the machine to roll and to minimize injuries should the machine roll over. This paper describes these design considerations.

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Sheridan, Danna R., Glen A. Livesay, and Renee D. Rogge. "Development of a New Device for In-Vitro Simulation of Upper Extremity Fractures." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176328.

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Upper extremity fractures are common among all age groups, and distal radius fractures are the most prevalent type of fracture among individuals younger than 75 [1]. In 1999 the US Consumer Product Safety Commission estimated that approximately 117,000 emergency room visits were the result of a fall event at a playground [2]. The increased popularity of activities such as inline skating, snowboarding and skateboarding in the aging population has been correlated with increased numbers of upper extremity fractures, as these activities have a high fracture risk [3]. While personal protective equipment such as wrist guards and elbow pads may alter fracture risk, little is known about fall biomechanics and the effects of a fall arrest on the upper extremity.

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Grantham Lough, Katie. "Detailed Risk Analysis for Failure Prevention in Conceptual Design: RED (Risk in Early Design) Based Probabilistic Risk Assessments." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35386.

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Avoiding product recalls and failures is a must for companies to remain successful in the consumer product industry. Large numbers of failed products result in significant profit losses do to repair or replacement costs as well as untraceable costs of reputation damage among customer bases. Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is key to preventing product failures. When risks are adequately identified and assessed the potential product failures can be mitigated and save lives as well as company profit. Risk mitigation is more effective the earlier it can be applied in the design process; therefore, the identification and assessment of risk through PRA techniques is most beneficial to the company when employed early in the design process. This paper presents new techniques for performing four common PRAs, preliminary hazards analysis (PHA), failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA), fault tree analysis (FTA), and event tree analysis (ETA), during the conceptual phase of design, when products have yet to assume a physical form. The backbone for the application of these PRA techniques during the conceptual design phase is the Risk in Early Design (RED) Method. RED generates a listing of potential product risk based on historical failure occurrences. These risks are categorized by function, which enables this preliminary risk assessment to be performed during conceptual design. A risk analysis is performed for a bicycle that demonstrates the powerful failure prevention ability of RED and PRA during conceptual product design with a Consumer Product Safety Commission recall.

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Barnett, Ralph L., and Dennis B. Brickman. "Infant Pull Strength: Ability to Dislodge Crib Sheets." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60588.

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The suffocation of infants caused by crib sheet entanglement appears to be a nonproblem which has nevertheless resulted in a brouhaha that has incited remediation activities by the Good Housekeeping Institute (GHI), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), Juvenile Products Manufacturers Association (JPMA), crib sheet manufacturers, and product liability support professionals of different stripes. To show that the removal of crib sheets by infants is not a safety issue, one may establish that the problem is not reasonably foreseeable. Three approaches for doing this are described in this paper: anecdotal, simulation, and reliability. The reliability of a crib sheet is the probability that it will remain in situ when exposed to the community of infants. Application of the classical “load minus strength” analysis required new information on the pull strength of infants.

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Danková, Daniela, Ján Šebo, and Ivan Králik. "MODERN PENSION TRACKING SYSTEM – THE CASE OF SLOVAK ORANGE ENVELOPE PLATFORM." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.35.

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European Commission has a long-term objective of tackling the demographic issues of EU member states by creating a network of national pension tracking systems. The initiative launched in 2021 aims to present good practices in building modern pension tracking systems. The paper examines key aspects of a modern, consumer-driven non-governmental platform providing users with the features of pension entitlements across all pension pillars in Slovakia. The methodology is built on the case-study where governance, research, front-end and data management issues are elaborated. The paper presents in-depth steps and robustness of microsimulation model applied for the pension tracking platform. The results could serve for other countries and modern PensionTech providers as a good practice and a guideline to create a comprehensive integrated pension tracking system with minimum development and operational costs and extremely short time-to-market duration.

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Reports on the topic "Consumer Commission"

Durovic, Mateja, and Franciszek Lech. A Consumer Law Perspective on the Commercialization of Data. Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.64577.

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Commercialization of consumers’ personal data in the digital economy poses serious, both conceptual and practical, challenges to the traditional approach of European Union (EU) Consumer Law. This article argues that mass-spread, automated, algorithmic decision-making casts doubt on the foundational paradigm of EU consumer law: consent and autonomy. Moreover, it poses threats of discrimination and under- mining of consumer privacy. It is argued that the recent legislative reaction by the EU Commission, in the form of the ‘New Deal for Consumers’, was a step in the right direction, but fell short due to its continued reliance on consent, autonomy and failure to adequately protect consumers from indirect discrimination. It is posited that a focus on creating a contracting landscape where the consumer may be properly informed in material respects is required, which in turn necessitates blending the approaches of competition, consumer protection and data protection laws.

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Dols, W. Stuart. Ventilation characterization of the Consumer Product Safety Commission combustion test chamber facility. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4415.

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Poppendieck, Dustin, Mengyan Gong, and Steven Emmerich. Characterization of emissions from spray polyurethane foam - final report to U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1921.

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Rycroft, Taylor, Sabrina Larkin, Alexander Ganin, Treye Thomas, Joanna Matheson, Tessa Van Grack, Xinrong Chen, Kenton Plourde, Alan Kennedy, and Igor Linkov. A framework and pilot tool for the risk-based prioritization and grouping of nano-enabled consumer products. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41721.

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The use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in consumer products has expanded rapidly, revealing both innovative improvements over conventional materials, and the potential for novel risks to human health and the environment. As the number of new nano-enabled products and the volume of toxicity data on ENMs continues to grow, regulatory agencies like the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) – a small, independent federal agency responsible for protecting consumers from unreasonable risks associated with product use – will require the ability to screen and group a diverse array of nano-enabled consumer products based on their potential risks to consumers. Such prioritization would allow efficient allocation of limited resources for subsequent testing and evaluation of high-risk products and materials. To enable this grouping and prioritization for further testing, we developed a framework that establishes a prioritization score by evaluating a nano-enabled product's potential hazard and exposure, as well as additional consideration of regulatory importance. We integrate the framework into a pilot version software tool and, using a hypothetical case study, we demonstrate that the tool can effectively rank nano-enabled consumer products and can be adjusted for use by agencies with different priorities. The proposed decision-analytical framework and pilot-version tool presented here could enable a regulatory agency like the CPSC to triage reported safety concerns more effectively and allocate limited resources more efficiently.

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Matthews, T. G., C. R. Daffron, and E. R. Merchant. Formaldehyde release from durable-press apparel textiles. Final project report to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5074017.

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Matthews, T. G. Modeling and testing of formaldehyde emission characteristics of pressed-wood products: Report XVIII to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission 1985. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6991561.

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Poppendieck, Dustin, Mengyan Gong, Lauren Lawson, and Steve Emmerich. Characterization of emissions from a non-ideal spray polyurethane foam sample: letter report to U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Interagency Agreement CPSC-I-13-0016 MOD 1. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8131.

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Bogdan, Alex, and Nikki Soo. Survey of consumer practices with respect to coated frozen chicken products. Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.hrb725.

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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) is investigating a spike in Salmonella cases in the UK linked to the consumption of coated frozen chicken products. In March 2021, FSA, in collaboration with Food Standards Scotland (FSS) commissioned Ipsos MORI to conduct an online survey in order to identify consumer behaviours which could increase their risk to foodborne disease. The key research questions were: •Which consumers are purchasing coated frozen chicken products? •How do consumers store and cook these products? •Do consumers follow packaging instructions when cooking and storing these products?•Are consumers putting themselves at risk of Salmonellain the way they, store, cook and handle these products? •Do consumers take appropriate action to protect themselves from risk by washing their hands, and avoiding cross-contamination when handling these products? •Do children (aged 12 or under) or teenagers (aged 13-15) handle and cook these products?

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Rosser, Katy, Iulia Gherman, Erica Kintz, Paul Cook, and Anthony WIlson. Assessment of the risk to consumers as a result of disruption to the cold chain during direct supply of Qurbani meat and offal. Food Standards Agency, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.nuc910.

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Qurbani is a religious practice that takes place during Eid al-Adha. Consumers practicing Qurbani typically wish to collect meat and red offal within a short time after slaughter, which means these products cannot complete normal chilling processes before leaving the slaughterhouse. This could permit greater growth of pathogens and has the potential to increase the risk of consumer illness. The FSA is working with industry and stakeholder groups to ensure that the risk to consumers under these conditions remains at an acceptable level. To help inform these discussions, the FSA commissioned this assessment to understand the difference in risk from allowing meat and offal to be provided to consumers without the normal chilling process. The microbiological team at the FSA have analysed scientific literature, expert opinion and business and consumer survey data to assess the effect of disrupting the cold chain on pathogens in Qurbani meat. The pathogens that were chosen for inclusion in this assessment are non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens. Their growth characteristics and prevalence in beef, lamb and goat meat and offal are discussed. The assessment concluded that given the reported variation in the process, there were two important scenarios with distinct outcomes. In the typical scenario, which is the most likely outcome based on the collected data, there is no significant difference in risk to consumer health compared to normal chilling processes, and the risk level was established as Very Low (“very rare but cannot be excluded”). In a reasonably foreseeable worst-case scenario, Salmonella spp. and STEC levels may increase, presenting an increased risk to the consumer. This risk level was established as Low (“rare but does occur”). We also identified several areas where more evidence would be helpful, and as a result identified a High level of uncertainty in our conclusion.

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UK, Ipsos. Survey of public attitudes towards precision breeding. Food Standards Agency, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ouv127.

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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Bill is currently going through Parliament. Although this bill is ‘England only’ and food and feed safety and hygiene is a devolved issue, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) will introduce a separate regulatory framework for precision bred organisms (PBOs), should the Bill become law. The FSA will also work with stakeholders in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to ensure consumers’ interests are protected in relation to PBOs. The FSA / Food Standard Scotland (FSS) is science and evidence led. In August 2022, the FSA and FSS commissioned Ipsos UK to conduct a two-phase social research project on precision breeding. Phase One, now complete, involved a survey of 4,177 UK residents with robust samples in each UK nation to allow comparisons between and within nations. Phase Two, scheduled to start in September 2022 and report in early 2023, will comprise a series of Citizens’ Forums in England, Wales and Northern Ireland(footnote 1). The overall aims of this project are to: explore consumer attitudes towards precision breeding gather consumer views on the FSA’s proposed regulatory framework understand consumer information needs inform how to communicate with consumers about precision breeding. This document presents interim findings for this project, reporting descriptive data from Phase One. Phase One’s core aims were to provide a snapshot of consumers’ awareness and self-assessed knowledge of precision breeding, its perceived acceptability, risks and benefits, and consumer appetite for information about this production method. These data show that awareness of precision breeding is very low, something which should be borne in mind when considering these findings. While these data reveal that there is a general openness to trying precision bred foods across the UK, with more people anticipating benefits than disbenefits from the use of precision breeding, there is a large degree of uncertainty about what impact precision bred foods may have on the different parts of the food system. This is reflected in the relatively large proportions of people taking a neutral stance or indicating they do not know enough to answer survey questions and in the strong appetite expressed for information about precision breeding to be provided. The next phase of this project will be essential for the FSA’s ability to interpret these findings’ implications, and to understand what is informing consumers’ views. The purpose of Phase One has always been to let the FSA know ‘what’ consumers think about precision breeding; Phase Two’s purpose is to build our understanding ‘why’ they think it. This will allow the FSA to develop a more nuanced understanding of consumers’ needs and incorporate this into the design of the future regulatory framework and any engagement with consumers on precision breeding. FSS will be carrying out further research in Scotland.

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