Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Constructions en terre et bois'
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Péfau, Pierre. "Construire dans les agglomérations gauloises : l'architecture des bâtiments du Second âge du Fer en Gaule interne, approche technique et socio-économique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU20015.
The study of the earthen and wooden buildings of the Late Iron Age agglomerations (3rd-1st century BC) of inner Gaul (except the Mediterranean coast) allows to develop a reflection around two research topics both little invested and complementary. Many debates concerning the characterisation of these grouped settlements and their possible urban status have thus led me to develop an interdisciplinary approach in this PhD. The aim was therefore to contribute to a better understanding of the urbanisation process and of the agglomerations (oppida and open agglomerations) features through a detailed study of architecture, allowing to define how architectural forms reveal and convey particular socio-economic dynamics. The technical study of 339 buildings, from 39 agglomerations, was based on a strict and original methodology: this combines the analysis of various types of architectural remains and taphonomic dynamics integrating both archaeological and ethnographic documentation. While a large part of these constructions is made up of earthfast posts, a significant place was given to timber-framed architecture and the use of diagonal braces. These architectural traditions were then integrated into a more global research, considering at the same time the spatial organisation of agglomerations, the use of buildings and the social status of their inhabitants, as well as the differences between rural architecture and that of grouped settlements. An interpretative model, taking into account the environmental context and all the complexity of Late Iron Age agglomerations, has thus been proposed. At least part of these grouped settlements would be characterised by the development of economies and rational management of timber and construction, craftsmen networks as well as by adaptations of architectural models to urban planning and urbanisation degree
Al-Gusab, Hussein Ali Hussein. "Modelisation des maisons à ossature en bois et remplissage en terre." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI027/document.
A simplified finite element model was proposed for the analysis of timber-framed structures with infilling of rocks and clay morter by using hysteretic constitutive models for joints and structural elements. Three different scales were defined for the identification and validation of hysteretic models: connection, shear wall and full-scale building; comparisons of numerical and test results were performed at each scale. The calibrated model allowed assessing the earthquake-resistant performance of a traditional Haitian one-storey house and could be used for the design of a two-storey house
Laou, Lamyaa. "Evaluation du comportement mécanique sous sollicitations thermohydriques d'un mur multimatériaux (bois, terre crue, liants minéraux) lors de sa construction et de son utilisation." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0066/document.
Global climate problems push us to design energy-saving constructive systems. The use of walls made of eco-materials (wooden frame with a filling of brick of raw earth and assembled by mineral mortar) appears as an interesting alternative solution being in linewith the objectives in terms of sustainable development. In order to use a numerical simulation approach to this type of constructive system, a thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling tool was developed. On the one hand, it aims to predict the wall's ability to regulate the ambient hygrothermal conditions during day / night alternations according to the different ventilation assumptions and, on the other hand, to identify the various scenarios described in terms of temperature which can induce the appearance of cracks in the wall, both during construction and operating conditions. The originality of the work carried out on the properties of the raw earth make us able to develop a multidisciplinary experimental campaign to characterize the thermal, hydric and mechanical properties under different humidity conditions. These properties feed the numerical model with the necessary adaptations presented. The results present both the impact on hygrothermal comfort and to the effect of humidity changes on the mechanical durability of the wall
Olivier, Myriam. "Le matériau terre, compactage, comportement, application aux structures en bloc sur terre." Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0004.
Earth means all type of loose soils which can be generally found under humus. It can be used in civil engineering for the building of embankments or for road layers. It is also a building material that has been used for thousands of years and is now being rediscovered. The object of the first part of this study is to evaluate the influence of the composition of the mate rial and of the conditions of its implementation on the geotechnical characteristics of earth, after compaction, for its use in civil engineering and construction. Then, the evolution of the mechanical and rheological characteristics of this mate rial have be en studied during its drying. Some models, developed for non saturated soils and for concrete, have been applied to the experimental results. A part of this study has been performed on lime and cement treated soils. Another part concerns masonry structures made with earth blocks and earth mortars. An element of plane masonry, as well as an arch and a cupola have been tested. Numerical models using an elastic constitutive law and taking cracks into account have given results very close to experiments
Boulet, Sylvain. "Caractérisation du confort hygrothermique et acoustique dans les constructions à base de bois." Chambéry, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CHAMS047.
The use of wood for building improves sustainability and achieves high acoustic and thermal performance. Wood is often used for design of energy efficient buildings either in recent building or for refurbishment. Besides the low energy consumption, there are many positive testimonies of occupants about general comfort. Nowadays, the various comfort approaches are essentially or thermal or acoustical, but the impact of one on the perception of the other one is important and must be taken into account. Measurements and subjective enquiries do not allow concluding about the positif contribution of wood for comfort, but must provide arguments to give good reason for the use of wood in buildings applications. The objective of the presented study is the identification of parameters affecting thermal and acoustical comfort in moderate environment. We present qualitative and quantitative full-scale analysis of in-situ measurements. A first step, we introduce the methodology of measurement and enquiries. Then we present the analysed house determined with a Taguchi "design of experiments". We analyse results through the multicriteria decision analysis. And confrontation between measurements and inquiries will be realized in case of validation. Finally, we focus on summer thermal comfort, we proceed to a characterisation of indoor environment by numerical simulation to study various factor influence on summer thermal comfort
Ultré, Pierre. "Analyse critique et optimisation d'un processus de production d'éléments préfabriqués en bois." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33041.
Currently, industrialized housing is facing an increased demand while a lot of small producers have to deal with a lack of capacity and non-automated production processes. This master thesis focuses on the way to improve the production processes in this field in order to gain efficiency. First, a literature review leads to a comprehensive state of the art concerning scheduling and production management practices in industrialized housing. It compares this sector to the traditional construction field and the manufacturing industry. It then identifies the various problems enterprises may face while suggesting potential solutions. Thereafter a case study involving a company specialized in producing prefabricated elements is studied in detail. The focus is on the processes conducted to manufacture panels. Improvements that should be implemented in order to decrease operation times as well as better use the production capacity while respecting the labor’s availability constraint are proposed. A simulation model is therefore developed to test those suggestions and to evaluate the gain each solution can generate so as to meet a rise in demand. Results show that the most interesting improvements are those involving to invest in automation technologies.
Raji, Saed. "Caractérisation hygro-thermique, par une approche multi échelle, de constructions en bois massif en vue d'amélioration énergétique et de valorisation environnementale." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13335.
Gouny, Fabrice. "Nouveau système constructif multimatériaux bois/liant géopolymérique/brique de terre crue : formulation, caractérisation et transfert d'échelle." Limoges, 2013. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/38702ea3-d540-4e16-9aff-7cf86aeb1a64/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4009.pdf.
This study concerns the use of a geopolymer binder in sustainable construction made of timber frame with earth bricks infill. A study at several scales was carried out and has focused on the preparation of a composite material and on its evaluation from the raw materials to the scale of a wall. The intrinsic properties of the materials (two kinds of earth brick, wood and porous geopolymer binder) were characterised before evaluation of the mechanical performance of an assembly of three materials. The understanding of the interactions at the interfaces constituted a major part of the study and was carried out by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The geopolymer formation mechanisms of the binder were also examinated by considering the contribution of siliceous species within the reactional mixture. Fin Finally a wall made-up of a timber frame with earth brick infill and geopolymer mortar as interface material was built and tested
Solari, Maria-Eugenia. "L'homme et le bois en Patagonie et Terre de feu au cours des six derniers millénaires : recherches anthracologiques au Chili et en Argentine." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20198.
Fares, Kinda. "L'industrialisation du logement en France (1885-1970) : De la construction légère et démontable à la construction lourde et architecturale." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00727276.
Kouyoumji, Jean-Luc. "Caractérisation des parois courantes et des liaisons structurales pour la prévision de l'isolement acoustique d'une construction en bois." Chambéry, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CHAMS024.
Armand, Decker Stéphanie. "Développement d’une méthode d’optimisation multiobjectif pour la construction bois : prise en compte du confort des usagers, de l’impact environnemental et de la sécurité de l’ouvrage." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0189.
Industrialised countries are seeking to reduce their energy consumption and to use alternative raw materials, including renewables such as wood. To promote its use, multi-storey timber constructive systems need the development of new design methods.Building required a multicriteria design where conflicting objectives must be optimised simultaneously. Research solutions have to achieve the best Pareto-compromise between use performance and environmental impact of the building. This work aims to develop a multiobjective optimisation method of timber multi-storey building.The objectives of maximising floor vibration comfort and minimising heating needs, thermal discomfort, global warming potential and embodied energy are taken into account. A multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain a set of non-dominated solutions which is the Pareto front. The solution space is constrained by regulatory requirements necessary for the safety of the structure. All objective-functions are modelled as analytic functions. Dynamic thermal simulation model outputs are replaced by metamodels.The developed method is implemented on a case study. The results offer a great diversity in a panel of 20 000 optimal solutions. These results provide a basis for discussion between the different actors of a construction project
Gagnon, Marianne, and Marianne Gagnon. "Associations entre la diversité génétique et la performance individuelle chez le caribou migrateur (Rangifer tarandus) du nord du Québec et du Labrador." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32635.
Les liens entre la diversité génétique et la performance individuelle peuvent révéler l’existence de dépression de consanguinité ou de sélection naturelle à certains loci fonctionnels dans une population. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié l’association de la diversité génétique avec des traits de performance (survie annuelle et masse corporelle) chez le caribou migrateur appartenant à deux populations en déclin au Québec et au Labrador. Nous avons évalué la diversité génétique à deux échelles génétiques: i) à l’échelle du génome (22073 polymorphismes nucléotidiques simples) et ii) chez un locus (DRB) du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité (CMH), un gène d’immunité. Pendant les 20 années de notre période d’échantillonnage, la diversité génétique globale et celle du locus CMH-DRB sont restées stables. La diversité génétique globale n’était pas associée aux traits de performance, mais la diversité fonctionnelle de CMH-DRB était associée négativement à la survie annuelle des adultes. Par ailleurs, nous avons détecté une faible différentiation génétique entre les deux troupeaux qui étaient considérés jusqu’ici comme une seule population d’un point de vue génétique. Nos résultats suggèrent que le déclin rapide des deux troupeaux de caribous n’a pas entraîné de perte de diversité génétique, même si une augmentation de la dérive génétique pourrait être à l’origine de la structure génétique observée. Ils supportent aussi l’hypothèse qu’il n’y aurait pas de dépression de consanguinité dans les troupeaux, malgré leur déclin démographique marqué. L’association négative de la diversité au CMH avec la survie que nous avons détectée va à l’encontre de la majorité des études publiées sur ce sujet, qui montrent en général une association positive. Nos résultats suggèrent que la diversité au CMH n’est peut-être pas avantageuse dans des écosystèmes où la diversité de pathogènes est faible ou dans lesquels l’abondance de pathogènes change rapidement en réponse aux changements climatiques.
Associations between genetic diversity and individual performance may indicate inbreeding depression or selective pressures applied on some functional loci in a population. In this study, we looked at the association of genetic diversity with performance traits (annual survival and body mass) in migratory caribou of two declining herds in Québec and Labrador. We assessed genetic diversity at two genetic scales: i) genome-wide diversity estimated with 22,073 single nucleotide polymorphisms and ii) diversity of one locus (DRB) of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). During the 20-year sampling period, genome-wide and MHC-DRB diversity remained stable. Genome-wide diversity was not associated with performance, but MHC-DRB functional diversity showed a negative association with annual survival of adults. Furthermore, we found a slight differentiation of the two herds that were considered until now as a single population from a genetic point of view. Our results suggest that the rapid decline of both herds did not lead to a loss of genetic diversity, even though an increase in genetic drift could be responsible for the genetic structure we observed. They also suggest that the herds do not suffer from inbreeding depression despite their marked decline. The negative association of MHC-DRB diversity with survival is opposite to the majority of studies published on this matter that usually show a positive association. Our results suggest that MHC diversity might not be beneficial in ecosystems with low pathogen diversity or in which pathogen abundance changes quickly in response to climate change.
Associations between genetic diversity and individual performance may indicate inbreeding depression or selective pressures applied on some functional loci in a population. In this study, we looked at the association of genetic diversity with performance traits (annual survival and body mass) in migratory caribou of two declining herds in Québec and Labrador. We assessed genetic diversity at two genetic scales: i) genome-wide diversity estimated with 22,073 single nucleotide polymorphisms and ii) diversity of one locus (DRB) of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). During the 20-year sampling period, genome-wide and MHC-DRB diversity remained stable. Genome-wide diversity was not associated with performance, but MHC-DRB functional diversity showed a negative association with annual survival of adults. Furthermore, we found a slight differentiation of the two herds that were considered until now as a single population from a genetic point of view. Our results suggest that the rapid decline of both herds did not lead to a loss of genetic diversity, even though an increase in genetic drift could be responsible for the genetic structure we observed. They also suggest that the herds do not suffer from inbreeding depression despite their marked decline. The negative association of MHC-DRB diversity with survival is opposite to the majority of studies published on this matter that usually show a positive association. Our results suggest that MHC diversity might not be beneficial in ecosystems with low pathogen diversity or in which pathogen abundance changes quickly in response to climate change.
Figueroa, Adolfo. "Le bois comme matériau de construction : une alternative au problème de concentration urbaine au Venezuela." Bordeaux 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR30033.
Venezuela through its historical and geographical evolution presents urban concentration of its population. Wood used as material construction is considered as a solution to the housing problem
Lessard, Émilie. "Modélisation et cartographie des propriétés de la fibre de bois, à partir de données environnementales et d'inventaire forestier : cas de la forêt boréale à Terre-Neuve." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6522.
Terrei, Lucas. "Comportement au feu du matériau bois : auto-inflammation, dégradation et auto-extinction." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0118.
The construction of positive energy and low carbon footprint buildings is a real response to the environmental issues and challenges of the coming decades. An increasing number of high-rise building construction projects made largely of wood are either under study or under construction. A key issue for the construction of such buildings is the fire behavior of these structures. Indeed, when the wood is subjected to a high heat flux, it will degrade and it can self-ignite. Conversely, in certain conditions, wood can self-extinguish. However, the bibliography shows the disparity concerning experimental results for a same material subjected to a given test such as the cone calorimeter. The results on the wood extinction remain limited in view of recent research carried out on this phenomenon. The aim of the thesis is to experimentally study the self-ignition, degradation and self-extinction of the wood material used in buildings. For this, many tests at different scales have been performed to examine the ability of the wood material to self-ignite or self-extinct under prescribed conditions. A total of 600 tests, were performed in vertical orientation and allowed to consolidate results with a statistical approach. A dedicated experimental setup has been deployed on each experimental device studied: an infrared camera providing to measure the surface temperature of the samples when they are subjected to a heat flux, two fast cameras (visible and infrared) in order to record the location and the auto-ignition mechanisms and very thin thermocouples embedded in the wood to measure the temperature evolution in the material according to fixed conditions. Results showed that for the auto-ignition (i.e. without pilot), the notion of ignition temperature of the material could be questionable when the ignition occurs at short times. Indeed, the flame appearance is, in most of the experiments, at a distance far from the exposed surface to the heat flux. The ignition mechanisms do not depend on the surface temperature but on the gas / air mixing conditions as well as the mixture temperature. The auto-ignition surface temperature makes therefore sense only for long auto-ignition times, for which ignition occurs close to the surface. The samples degradation depends on many factors: sample orientation, sample humidity, wood species, oxygen concentration in the atmosphere. The effect of these parameters was considered in this work. A particular attention was focused on the establishment of a metrology aimed at obtaining precise and accurate measurements. Very thin thermocouples, embedded in the sample and oriented parallel to the isotherms allow a better estimation of the temperature and were therefore used. Finally, a new experimental device based on two cones calorimeter arranged on a sliding table system was set up and made it possible to determine simple criteria for wood self-extinguishment at small scale
Noguera, Diana. "Interactions entre "terra preta" et vers de terre : analyse de leurs effets sur la croissance et la physiologie des plantes." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066528.
Laprise, Nathalie. "Utilisation de l'imagerie numérique aéroportée (capteurs Daedalus et Meis) pour identifier différents niveaux de perturbations d'un feu de forêt." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq26833.pdf.
André, Nicolas. "Méthodologie d'analyse mécanique des structures bois du patrimoine : application à la réhabilitation d'un beffroi." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12683.
Preservation of the cultural heritage is an important issue in European countries. Actually, only visual inspection (use of basic tools) and common sense of the surveyor are used to diagnose an old timber structure. In this work, we emphasized the construction of a sharp and fitted mechanical model for each old timber structure diagnosed. Thus, we developed a mechanical analysis methodology based on: ? finite element modelling of the structure, ? determination of the model's influential parameters by design of experiment,? in situ identification of these parameters by NDE tests: - direct,- optimized by the genetics algorithms. We validated this methodology by renovating a wooden bell-tower
Payeur, Mario. "Influence des charges verticales sur les performances latérales des murs de refend en bois à ossature légère." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28074/28074.pdf.
In light-frame buildings, it is diaphragms and shear walls that transfer the lateral forces to the foundation through shear and hold-down restraint. The use of hold-down anchoring devices limits the overturning and therefore improves the lateral resistance of the system. However, these anchors are rarely used in the traditional light-frame construction and the lateral resistance of such systems is largely unknown. One of the factors limiting the overturning of partially restrained walls is the action of the vertical loads. A study was performed at the Laval University aiming at the determination of the influence of the vertical load applied to a wall on its lateral performance. The experimentation program consisted of 43 static and cyclic racking tests on full-size light-frame walls with and without hold-downs. The walls were 2.44-m tall and 2.44-m and 4.88-m long fully sheathed with OSB panels on one side. Three intensities of the vertical dead load were applied to walls without hold-downs: roof load, one storey load and load needed to prevent any overturning (corresponding to a fully restrained wall). Three 4.88-m long walls with hold-downs were tested under one storey load. Control specimens of each configuration were tested without vertical load according to relevant ASTM standards. Results show that application of vertical loads improves maximum capacity of non-anchored walls regardless the load protocol. A comparison of various methods of calculation of the lateral resistance of walls under combined loads was done using experimental verification. The results show that the CSA-O86 method is conservative for low vertical loads, but seems to overestimate the lateral capacity up to 10% for higher loads. The Källsner method is the most conservative. Overall, the design methods give reasonable estimate of the capacity of non-anchored walls used in practice. The calculation of the wall deflections proposed by CSA-O86 was also verified. This formula seems to overestimate the rigidity of non-anchored walls. To stay conservative, a note should be added to the definition of nail deformation, en, indicating that the load per nail should be the one observed for an anchored wall. This formulation is based on the assumption that all sheathing-to-bottom plate nails reach its ultimate capacity. Finally, it was observed that increasing the vertical load decreases the amount of uplift of the chords and therefore increases the work of the nails along the perimeter of the panel, which allows greater rotation of the panels about the frame.
Cilli-Dogru, Elmas. "Recyclage des déchets de terre cuite." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0128.
Recycling or reuse of demolition waste from individual houses, small collectives and industrial sites built with fired clay bricks, is currently limited by the presence of mixed waste, which is mainly an assembly of fired clay bricks, mortar and gypsum. In the perspective to valorize fired clay waste from demolition, the presence of gypsum, which may contain sulfates, is a restriction. Currently, the main end-of-life option for non-dissociated fired clay waste is the landfilling in waste storage facilities of class 3. The aim of this PhD thesis is to develop a separation process of mixed fired clay waste, environmentally more friendly than landfilling, in order to recover and valorize secondary raw materials in relevant industrial sectors. A study of the deposit has been done to identify the nature of the mixed demolition waste and to supply representative waste samples. Those samples enable to define the adhesion mechanisms at the interfaces. Then, a separation method has been developed. Finally, three routes have been investigated in order to valorize the recovered clay bricks
Piot, Amandine. "Hygrothermique du bâtiment : expérimentation sur une maison à ossature bois en conditions climatiques naturelles et modélisation numérique." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440510.
Martin, Ulysse. "Spécificités physiques et enjeux de la performance énergétique du CLT en milieu nordique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30955.
Wood is one of the first material mankind used to work with and is still full of potential for building sector. Many engineering materials have been developed from wood, such as the cross-laminated timber (CLT). Wooden engineering materials are as performant as steel and concrete but are also cost effective and have a lower environmental footprint. Resources extraction for the manufacture of building materials and the building phase itself require a lot of energy, and generate or release important amount of greenhouse gaz. Wood is a sustainable resource that has the benefit of being able to capture carbon during its growing phase and to preserve it. In service, buildings will have heating and cooling loads, depending of their energy efficiency, high energy efficiency is required to lower the overall energy footprint of buildings. CLT has the potential to be a greener substitute to reinforced concrete in the mid-rise building. CLT helps to reach energy efficiency because wood panels act as a barrier for air, vapor and heat. In CLT building system, junctions between panels and with other elements (ducts, wiring, etc) are the main leakage paths through the envelope. Infiltrations and exfiltrations are responsible for important heat losses. Exfiltrations can also lead to excessive moisture accumulation in the walls, resulting in mold and rot growth. Structural integrity and air quality can be jeopardized on the average/long term. The aim of this project was to assess the impact of gaps between CLT panels, in case of air leakages, on the energy efficiency and durability of the wall. A real case of infiltration in a corner of a CLT building was used to size an air leakage area in the insulation (0.72 mm through the insulation considering a 1 m high wall), intended an assembly tolerance or gap of 2 mm. The gap was then extrapolated to a flat wall, to exclude the thermal bridge effect of the corner. An energy efficiency assessment was done using simulations for both cases of infiltration and exfiltration, with variable assembly gap. Simulation also permits to assess the impact on durability, on mold growth risks, of the exfiltration for variable exfiltrated air relative humidity. Results show that infiltration has a greater impact (1.62 times) than exfiltration, which is itself 1.37 times more energy-consuming than a perfect wall. The impact of the assembly gap variations in the CLT is restricted by a maximum flow rate dicted by the air leakage path in the insulation. Simulation of moisture transfer shows that mold growth is to fear on the gap surface through the wall, when the exfiltrated air relative humidity exceeds 40 %. The first mold development should primarily affects the insulation, but extends to the CLT as the relative humidity of the exfiltrated air increases. Condensation occurs in the insulation near the outlet of the exfiltration, leading to an accumulation of ice behind the external cladding. Results of simulations show how important it is to keep the air barrier continuous, and to avoid that assembly gaps in the CLT act as shortcut for eventual air leaks. The use of flexible adhesive joints, which can match the irregular cut of the CLT and dampen the dimensional variations would reduce the risks of air leakage.
Pelletier, Claude. "Méthodologie de détection des feux de forêt à partir d'images satellitaires NOAA." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62002.pdf.
Gandreau, David. "Patrimoines archéologiques en terre et développement local : enjeux interdisciplinaires et perspectives de formation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH024/document.
Very present on archaeological sites, the vestiges of earthen architecture are arousing a growing interest, for the scientific community, for the authorities in charge of heritage protection, for the local populations and for the general public, fan of cultural tourism. More and more projects for study, conservation and enhancement of earthen architecture in archaeological context are emerging in the world, with a view to contributing to local and territorial development. These projects involve multiple skills, borrowing in particular from the disciplines of archeology, of architecture, of heritage conservation, and from the field of heritage valorisation. Specialists in each field are invited to collaborate on projects that are more numerous and more complex, integrating the inputs and expectations of very diverse stakeholders, in a holistic and contextualized approach to heritage management (Agnew, Bridgland 2006).The conditions governing these new collaborations are studied in depth in this thesis, in order to analyze the interdisciplinary challenges and the resulting training issues. We make the hypothesis that the links between the various actors involved in the archaeological heritage generate more specific training prospects, and even the emergence of new trades at the crossroads and interfaces of the disciplines, which would better meet current expectations with regard to this heritage.The research is based on field surveys and stakeholder meetings realized over the long term (fifteen years of scientific and professional practice), at five main sites and twelve reference sites, mainly in Asia, but also in Africa and in Latin America. An analysis grid allows to compare the practices observed on the field with the international recommendations in terms of study, conservation and valorisation of the archaeological heritage built with earth. These recommendations are based on a corpus of reference publications, international charters and declarations, conferences on earthen architecture and international programs on this theme. The results of the comparative analysis lead us to make methodological proposals and to formulate guidelines for more specific training programs. In this way, we wish to contribute to the new research and training dynamics that are set up around the earthen archaeological heritage and its contribution to local development
Bohineust, Xavier. "Développement de méthodes de mesures d'intensité acoustique : application à l'étude du rayonnement et des transmissions dans les structures à ossature bois." Compiègne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987COMPI258.
The mechanisms of direct and flanking acoustical transmissions in building or industrial structures are highly dependent of the nature of the structure, the connections between pannels, the acoustical and vibrating coupling between structure cavity. When a detailed diagnosis of radiation and transmission characteristic is required while the building or machine on site. Acoustic intensity measurement could be very useful. But a limitation of the standard two-microphone acoustic intensity method is its inhability to distinguish the radiated intensity of a source in the presence of extra sources creating interactive intensity field. The selective technique of acoustic intensity proposed by Bucheger has been developped and studied in the present thesis. The analytical expressions of active, reactive, inter-actived and inter-reactive intensities have been developped. Signal processing has been processed and implanted on micro-computer. Experimental studies of the bias and statistical errors have been made. Referential phase correction methods of the two microphone intensity probe has been proposed and developped. Application and validation of the referential selective inetensity method has been implemented on a full size model wood frame building
Fochesato, Andrea. "Aux origines de la ville européenne : technologie, typologie et fonction de l'architecture en bois dans l'habitat urbain des oppida celtiques (IIe-IIer s. av. J.-C.) : le cas de Bibracte, mont Beuvray (France)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCH002.
The aim of this work is to clarify the knowledge on the architectural aspect of the oppida in Temperate Europe during the two last Centuries BC. The study is based on the oppidum of Bibracte (mount Beuvray, Burgundy), one of the reference sites for the Period in Europe. The research focused mainly on the study of timber building techniques derived from the continental protohistoric tradition and commonly used in these settlements.The entire woodworking process, from the forest supply to the different stages of building construction, has been analysed. The technical aspects related to the foundation and elevation of the building’s frames, the choice and shaping of their wooden elements, the patterns of the walls and the roofing techniques has been apprehended through the analysis of the archaeological remains – often fragmentary and difficult to read – as well as through the study of the rare timbers preserved in particular taphonomic conditions on the site.Thanks to the cross-checking of the documentation available from the 75 years of research carried out on mount Beuvray in the 19th century (1864-1907) and from 1984 to the present day, 151 structures with sufficiently complete plans has been identified. Of these, 74 wooden-frame buildings are characteristic of an indigenous architectural tradition, while 77 masonry structures show some influences linked to the new techniques and modules coming from Italy and gradually introduced in the settlement during the last two decades of the 1st century BC.The wooden architecture of Bibracte reflects the image of an expertise particularly well adapted to the very constraining morphological characteristics of the terrain of mount Beuvray. The corpus of studied buildings has been divided in 13 architectural categories, 6 of which concern wooden-frame buildings. In the sectors with steeper slopes, houses are usually composed of one or more semi-buried rooms and organised in terraces. The volume of these buildings develops rather vertically, with limited footprint (spans rarely exceed 5 m, the structures do not require any internal load-bearing system), but with massive wooden frames. The latter are built using closely squared timber posts, installed in dry stone trenches or connected by foundation beams giving to the structure a remarkable load-bearing capacity to support the weight of an upper floor. In the less steeply sloping areas, the buildings develop more horizontally, with multi-room layouts (often with wooden cellars) or with a monumental aspect in public buildings.Although they are organized in different ways, many structures display a certain uniformity in their dimensions, suggesting the use of well-defined building modules and a precise measurement system within a standardized building activity in the site. As in the case of the habitat, the existence of distinct parameters could also be observed in the construction of the wood-framed ramparts (murus gallicus) of the oppidum, as well as for the wooden timbers preserved on the site
Toriti, Magali. "Les bois ouvragés en Gaule romaine : approches croisées archéologiques, anthraco-xylologiques et entomologiques." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA3007/document.
Wood is one of the most used raw materials in Roman construction. So timber is a key element of theeconomy and of the environment. If stone is easely discovered during excavations timber leaves a fewremains on archaeological excavations. So interpreting resultsis diffi cult.This PhD attempts to approach the Gallo-Roman timber in various aspects (choice and transport ofwood, technical chain of work and wood condition) from an interdisciplinary approach combininghuman and biological sciences.The innovative part of this work is the realization of an atlas to determine the xylophagous’s traces(galleries and frass) into the archaeological wood. Knowing how to identify these traces is importantto develop new archaeological interpretations: Is it an infestation of alive tree? Is it an infestation duringa storage phase, the use of the building or after the abandonment of the site and during the taphonomicalprocess ? To estimate the duration of the infestation and locate its origin; to document choicesand actions of the builders; and to have a better understanding of the conservation of wood heritage
Dotte-Sarout, Émilie. ""Le bois ancêtre" : arbres, forêts et occupation kanak précoloniale sur la Grande Terre de Nouvelle-Calédonie : étude de cas et approche anthracologique dans la vallée de la Tiwaka (Nord Est)." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010532.
Rafidiarison, Helisoa Mamy. "Etudes expérimentales des transferts de masse et de chaleur dans les parois des constructions en bois, en vue de leur modélisation. Applications aux économies d'énergie et au confort dans l'habitat." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0077.
Coupled heat and moisture transfer through hygroscopic materials, particularly wood and wood-based products are difficult to model. This is partly due to some specific and complex properties of these materials that are often not included in numerical models. Currently, only a few numerical models are able to predict accurately the hygrothermal performance of wooden building envelope. The aim of this work is to assess the heat and moisture transfer in wooden building envelope through experiments and validate the prediction capacity of a numerical model developed to simulate hygrothermal behavior of envelope including wooden materials. After giving a theoretical reminder of the coupled heat and moisture transfer through building envelope and reporting the results of previous studies in this field, we will give details of the experimental investigation on heat and moisture transfer through timber walls. Firstly, the experimental apparatus used for the wall tests is presented. Then, we will analysis the hygrothermal performance of wooden walls provided by the partners of the TRANSBATIBOIS project in which this work was achieved. Experimental works achieved for Buildingpore model validation and results of the comparisons between experimental assessment and numerical predictions with Buildingpore and WUFI are also reported. The third part of this study deals with the experimental assessment of wooden building envelopes exposed to climatic conditions. An analysis of the hygrothermal performance and the energy consumption of wooden test-cells is performed and reported in this part. The latest part concerns experimental works on buildings
Armand, Decker Stéphanie. "Développement d’une méthode d’optimisation multiobjectif pour la construction bois : prise en compte du confort des usagers, de l’impact environnemental et de la sécurité de l’ouvrage." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0189/document.
Industrialised countries are seeking to reduce their energy consumption and to use alternative raw materials, including renewables such as wood. To promote its use, multi-storey timber constructive systems need the development of new design methods.Building required a multicriteria design where conflicting objectives must be optimised simultaneously. Research solutions have to achieve the best Pareto-compromise between use performance and environmental impact of the building. This work aims to develop a multiobjective optimisation method of timber multi-storey building.The objectives of maximising floor vibration comfort and minimising heating needs, thermal discomfort, global warming potential and embodied energy are taken into account. A multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain a set of non-dominated solutions which is the Pareto front. The solution space is constrained by regulatory requirements necessary for the safety of the structure. All objective-functions are modelled as analytic functions. Dynamic thermal simulation model outputs are replaced by metamodels.The developed method is implemented on a case study. The results offer a great diversity in a panel of 20 000 optimal solutions. These results provide a basis for discussion between the different actors of a construction project
Doan, Hung Viet. "Creusement des tunnels en terrain meuble : étude expérimentale sur modèle réduit de tunnelier à pression de terre en sol cohérent-frottant." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ISAL0117.
Earth Pressure Balanced Shield method (EPBS) is one of the mechanical tunneling procedures adapted to tunneling in saturated soft grounds. In practice, the EPBS method remains relatively complex and different practical difficulties are revealed on the work site itself. This PhD work aims to analyze and understand the main physical mechanisms occurring during EPBS method tunneling through experimental and theoretical approaches. In particular, a specific reduced-scale physical model of the EPBS (1:10 approximately), especially built in laboratory, has been used. The ambition is to provide technical support and guidance to overcome the different difficulties encountered on work sites. In particular, this study should lead to the development of an appropriate numerical tool in pressurized tunneling method modeling. The first chapter presents a state of the art review on the different tunneling methods adapted to soft grounds. The second chapter reminds the principal similitude laws which control the transposition to the full-scale model and their applications and limitations in case of soil mechanic problems. Chapter 3 presents the original EPBS reduced scale model built and used at ENTPE. The experimental procedure used to define a well adapted frictional - cohesive soil model is presented in chapter 4. The choice of this new material (humid fine silica sand) has been led by considering the conditions of partial similitude. In particular, the mechanical characteristics of this model of soils have been identified from several series of axi - symmetric tri-axial tests carried out under low levels of lateral stress. Chapters 5 and 6 present and analyse the results of five tests carried out with the EPBS model. These results concern the identification of the different rates of excavation. In particular, for each tunneling rate, the stress-strain soil behavior is studied and the sensitivity of the main control parameters available on the command shield is debated
Hajj, Fadi. "Utilisation des isotopes stables et radiogéniques du strontium pour tracer la provenance des bois : application à des épaves sous-marines." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0334.
In the Early Modern Age (16th - 18th centuries), the construction of ocean-going ships was paramount to the development of cultural encounters in what became the Age of Discovery and European expansion. Spain was one of the biggest forces of that time. The European project “ForSEAdiscovery” seeks answers in this context to the following key questions: Could Spanish forest resources sustain the increasing demand of timber, or were the wood imported from elsewhere? If Spanish forests were not the only wood supplier, how were the trade networks organized? This project will address these questions through a multidisciplinary and innovative training research program to improve the understanding of our historical past, our cultural heritage, and our knowledge of the use of resources for shipbuilding. The objective of this PhD thesis, taking part of this project, is to identify the provenance of the Iberian shipbuilding wood using geochemical tracers. The hypothesis is that trees growing on contrasted rocks and soils have specific geochemical signatures, which can be an indicator of geographic provenance. In this context, the Sr isotopic signature (87Sr/86Sr) was characterized in shipwreck wood samples and wood from living trees, soils and rocks collected from the Spanish forest stands indicated as potential source of wood between the 16th - 18th centuries. The δ88/86Sr signatures were also characterized in the samples. The rock types and ages were characterized at the selected sites and the link between the 87Sr/86Sr and δ88/86Sr in rocks, soils and trees was studied on the sampled Spanish sites. The local signature of Spanish potential sites was determined for provenance of wood. Our results indicate that 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios in trees reflect the signature of the corresponding soil exchangeable pool while δ88/86Sr was shown to be affected by mass-dependent fractionation with trees taking up lighter (86Sr) isotopes, leaving the soil exchangeable pool enriched with the heavier isotopes (88Sr). This fractionation observed for oak trees, was not found in pines suggesting that the isotopic fractionation during tree uptake is species dependent. The contamination of wood from shipwrecks by seawater elements was identified. Marine Sr was found to be adsorbed on the wood or included in the precipitated minerals in the waterlogged wood. Several extraction experiments were tested and an adapted protocol was developed to extract the seawater elements and retrieve the original signature of the archaeological wood. We succeeded to validate an extraction protocol and retrieve the original signature of one wood sample. This result underline the potential and importance of a new method combining 87Sr/86Sr and δ88/86Sr values for future provenance studies on wood or other materials. However, our results also indicated that most of our shipwreck wood samples did not conserve their original Sr. Therefore, preconizations were suggested in order to extend the use of this tracer in future provenance studies on archaeological wood from shipwrecks
Traoré, Issiaka. "Transferts de chaleur et de masse dans les parois des bâtiments à ossature bois." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10085/document.
This thesis focuses on modeling and characterization of heat and mass transfer in a wooden building envelope. A code which simulates unsteady heat and mass in an air layer in two-dimensional geometry, which is part of the multi-layer wall, was developed and validated. Numerical validations that include all transfer modes were achieved for unsteady and steady states regimes (conduction, convection, surface-to-surface radiation, mass transfer and surface condensation). Then, the code developed for the air layer at the LEMTA was coupled to the code Transpore used at the LERFOB. The latter one deals with the transfer in hygroscopic solid materials. For the experimental validation of the fully coupled code, an experimental cell was constructed and instrumented to study the hygrothermal behavior of the studied walls. This cell which is thermally and hygroscopicly controlled was set up at the CRITT BOIS. Comparisons between the experimental and numerical results are presented and discussed. Besides, several experiments of thermal characterization of various materials (insulators containing wood fibers, solid wood ...) were also conducted. The influence of temperature and moisture on thermal conductivity and specific heat was largely investigated
Gagnon, Richard. "Optimisation multi-objectif de bâtiments en bois : vers le net-zéro en énergie et en carbone sur la vie du bâtiment." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32726.
Nicolardot, Jean-Pierre. "Les camps de myard a vitteaux et du chatelet d'etaules, premiers habitats fortifies de pierre, de bois et de terre en cote d'or, dans leur contexte archeologique (du 4e millenaire au 5e siecle avant j. -c. )." Besançon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BESA1021.
The aim of this research is to study the origins and the evolution of first defensive dwelling architectures. It is based mainly upon archaeological excavations done between 1965 and 1991 in cote-d'or, as well upon comparative works accomplished on sites in the ile-de-france and britanny. These works allow a better precising of the prehistoric origins and transformations, during the end of bronze age and first iron age, of technics used to build defensive structures by mixing stone, wood and earth, which, for long, have been considered as the apanage of iron second age. The finds of myard at vitteaux and of le chatelet at etaules replaced in their stratigraphic surrounding, allow to precise datations of different, prehistorical and protohistorical, defensive works linked tightly to dwelling structures. Complementary elements are brought out of researches undertaken in hill-forts of camp de cesar at catenoy (oise), fort-harrouard at sorel-moussel (eureet loir) and camp de peran pledran (cote d'armor). Then, hill-forts of cote-d'or, are replaced in their archaeological surroundings : necropolis, caves used as burial or dwelling, bronze age deposits, crop marks and ditched enclosures in plain and important, prehistorical and protohistorical, isolated finding out. Village and cattle pen limits at the end of prehistorical periodes, those works became, at late bronze age and first iron age, real fortresses. Some, like etaules, were prosperous and became developped according to their position along important way of traffic. Archaeozoological part is mrs therese
Fréchard, Victor. "Contribution à l’étude de l’utilisation de la Stratoconception® pour la conception et la fabrication de composants non-standards pour l’architecture en bois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0006.
Non-standard timber architecture explores the scope of technical and aesthetic opportunities for new uses that correspond to functional requirements consistent with contemporary environmental, social and economic issues. Recently adopted by the construction industry, but absent from the timber construction practices, additive manufacturing, which brings a range of processes, extends the existing limitations of the subtractive and formatting manufacturing methods in the ability to produce complex shapes and multi-functionalized architectural components. The Stratoconception® process shares the technical and material means of the timber construction industry and presents a great potential to be implemented in the common practices to develop non-standard timber architecture and components. In architecture, the Stratoconception® process is limited to the production of small-scale models and prototypes and has not yet been applied to the design and the manufacturing of functional components, used for structural purposes, in either small or large dimensions. The use of this process to produce prototypes or tooling for the industry implies that the Stratoconception® manufacturing process design is independent of the design of the objects themselves, which are intended to be produced by other manufacturing processes, whereas non-standard architecture tends to strengthen the link between the architectural design and the manufacturing techniques. This work presents the results of Stratoconception® “design to manufacturing” experiences carried out on architectural components. These experiences, combined with the bibliographical study, constitute a knowledge base, oriented towards the issues, the mechanisms, the problems and the limits identified of the use of Stratoconception® in architecture and timber construction practices. These experiences have highlighted the lack of flexibility and development of evaluation tools of the Stratoconception® production process of architectural components, as well as the interdependence between design and manufacturing. We have also identified the opportunities to apply the process to the design and the production of non-standard architectural components, especially the timber assembly of the gridshell or lattice structures and the walls. To achieve a design process that can be applied in the timber architecture and construction practices, we introduce a design for additive manufacturing by Stratoconception® method, that integrates the constraints and the opportunities of the process right from the part geometry design stage and fosters the iterative evolution of the design, guided by the results of evaluation engines that support the designer in his decision-making. The proposed method, implemented in design support tools, creates a digital information continuum that connects parametric design to digital manufacturing, guiding the designer towards solutions that meet feasibility and production rationalization criteria right from the early design phase of the architectural component’s geometry
Dandrau, Alain. "La construction en terre dans le monde égéen protohistorique : les matériaux et leurs propriétés." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010615.
The most part of the protohistoric aegean sites has given a lot of pieces of earth architecture (pieces of bricks or daub, wall or floor-plasters. . . ). These are usually ignored by the archaeologist. This work, placed between archaeology and archaeometry, want to demonstrate that these construction materials can serve as a source of information of the past societies. The archaeological fragments came from Dikili Tash in Macedonian Greece (5th millenium bc), and from Malia in Crete (2000-1100 bc). The materials used give us informations about architectural structures, technics of building and relations between men and the environment. The analysis have proven that the clay was choosen because of special physical characteristics (waterproof properties for roofs and floors, cohesive earth for walls. . . ). For wall-plasters, physico-chemical analysis were indispensable complements for stylistic and iconographic studies. A typology of plasters, based on function and composition, bring up technological and chronological informations
Haurine, Frédéric. "Caractérisation d'atterrissements d'argiles récents sur le territoire français, en vue de leur valorisation dans l'industrie des matériaux de construction en terre cuite." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0066.
Preservation of natural resources becomes an important issue in our societies. Raw materials of the fired-clay industry are considered as non-renewable because there are extracted from fossil geologic formations. In this context, current fine-grained deposits of fluvial and coastal systems constitute alternatives to the quarrying of geologic formations. The aim of this thesis is firstly to assess, within France, the renewal of the resource for such materials; and secondly, to seek alternative methods to enhance the use of such sediments to reduce the yearly volume of fossil sediments consumed by fired-clay industry.A first evaluation allowed highlighting that the renewal of the source of fine sediments is provided by the fluvial and coastal deposits with more than 20 Mm3/yr especially in relation to hydraulic management.Development of a Mineralogical Reference Framework (MRF) from industrial mixtures allowed the evaluation of sites taking into account the sediment composition. This MRF constitutes a rapid screening of a site compared to the classic method that necessitates several experiments. This is to be applied to sites which potential has been validated by the MRF.Only a part of the source, about 5 Mm3, can be used by the fired-clay industry which consumes 3,5 Mm3/yr. Fine material resource seems to be renewable.Finally, the realization of mixtures with shortening agents or other sediments with complementary properties allows valuing a larger number of fine-grained deposits
Mandrara, Zaratiana. "Impact thermique des revêtements en bois sur l’ambiance intérieure des bâtiments : application dans l’habitat traditionnel en France et à Madagascar." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAL0052/document.
Traditional wood buildings in France and in Madagascar use abundant local forest resources in architecture. Woodcan be considered as renewable and natural material when coming from sustainably managed forest. Using wood in construction contributes significantly in controlling the atmospheric carbon cycle and the emission of greenhouse gas. This study presents the main physical characteristics of wood materials and building systems showing the influence of wood coating on indoor environment. Hygrothermal phenomena across the living space are characterized and presented in this work : the presence of water in the wood, the behavior of equilibrium moisture, heat transfer and mass transfer, the physical parameters of wood material and physical parameters of indoor environment. Thermal comfort is similarly characterised. This work contributes knowledge on the evaluation of interactions between thermal comfort, indoor air and wood coating by means of in situ and laboratory measurements and numerical model simulations
Verdret, Yassine. "Analyse du comportement parasismique des murs à ossature bois : approches expérimentales et méthodes basées sur la performance sismique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0010/document.
This thesis presents a study of the seismic behavior of light timber frame walls with stapled and nailed sheathings through experimental approaches and the development of a methodology for the application of seismic performance-based methods. The experimental approaches consist of three test campaigns: (1) a series of static tests on stapled and nailed connections, (2) a series of static tests performed on light timber frame walls and (3) a series of dynamic tests performed on light timber frame walls on a vibrating table. The database consists of these test results then allows the examination of strength and stiffness properties of the wall elements according to the stress conditions (strain rate, vertical load). The development of a macro-scale modeling of the cyclic and dynamic behavior of such elements is also proposed using constitutive law models. A framework of the application to light timber frame structures of seismic performance-based methods based (N2 method and MPA method) and a vulnerability analysis - fragility curves - using the N2 method are proposed
Mouterde, Rémy. "Morphogenèse des charpentes à chevrons formant fermes : évolution morphologique, comportement mécanique et principes constructifs." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1149.
The earliest wooden rafter trusses in France can be traced back from the 11th century. Their morphology progressively changes in time until the 17th century, after which it disappears completely. This research is meant to be a contribution towards the understanding of the possible origins of such an evolution. Two explanations are proposed :the first one is based on the accumulation of knowledge in structural mechanics of the carpenters. Considering a selection of specimens that are representative of major milestones identified by previous authors, a numerical modelling of these hyperstatic structures is implemented so as to understand better the precise role played by the different elements of the framework. Comparative studies highlight a slow evolutionary process in which phases of situational shape adaptation alternate with periods of implementation of new knowledge extracted from these experimentations. The second explanation takes into account the problems related to the erection of the frames. Through reconstructions of remarkable specimens and the simulation of the assembly process using representative lifting devices, the credibility of a number of scenarios and operational sequences are evaluated. The results invalidate several assumptions and in particular, that of an assembly at ground level preceding the lifting into place. Furthermore, the first longitudinal systems connecting two principal trusses appear as an aid to the construction process: these facilitate safer in-situ operations and allow an easier assembly of the rafters
Haurine, Frédéric. "Caractérisation d'atterrissements d'argiles récents sur le territoire français, en vue de leur valorisation dans l'industrie des matériaux de construction en terre cuite." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0066/document.
Preservation of natural resources becomes an important issue in our societies. Raw materials of the fired-clay industry are considered as non-renewable because there are extracted from fossil geologic formations. In this context, current fine-grained deposits of fluvial and coastal systems constitute alternatives to the quarrying of geologic formations. The aim of this thesis is firstly to assess, within France, the renewal of the resource for such materials; and secondly, to seek alternative methods to enhance the use of such sediments to reduce the yearly volume of fossil sediments consumed by fired-clay industry.A first evaluation allowed highlighting that the renewal of the source of fine sediments is provided by the fluvial and coastal deposits with more than 20 Mm3/yr especially in relation to hydraulic management.Development of a Mineralogical Reference Framework (MRF) from industrial mixtures allowed the evaluation of sites taking into account the sediment composition. This MRF constitutes a rapid screening of a site compared to the classic method that necessitates several experiments. This is to be applied to sites which potential has been validated by the MRF.Only a part of the source, about 5 Mm3, can be used by the fired-clay industry which consumes 3,5 Mm3/yr. Fine material resource seems to be renewable.Finally, the realization of mixtures with shortening agents or other sediments with complementary properties allows valuing a larger number of fine-grained deposits
PRIVE-GILL, CATHERINE. "Les flores ligneuses tertiaires du massif central francais : etude anatomique, implications paleoclimatiques et phytogeographiques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066753.
Lavedan, Gérard. "Aménagement hydroélectrique de Turkwel en bordure du rift - Kenya : contribution du génie géologique à la conception et aux travaux de l'aménagement souterrain." Grenoble 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE10145.
Gaudio, Noémie. "Interactions pour la lumière entre les arbres adultes, les jeunes arbres et la végétation du sous-bois au sein d'un écosystème forestier : application à la régénération du pin sylvestre en peuplement mélangé chêne sessile - pin sylvestre." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587487.
Boudaud, Clément. "Analyse de la vulnérabilité sismique des structures à ossature en bois : essais expérimentaux, modélisation numérique, calculs parasismiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI108/document.
This research aims at a better understanding of the vulnerability of timber-frame buildings against earthquakes. The behavior of these structures under seismic loading relies on their joints with metal fasteners (nails, screws, 3 dimensionnal connections, etc.). The numerical modeling of such a structure is based on a multi-scale approach, which allows to take into account the local behaviors at the structural scale. Three scales are defined: Scale 1: joints, scale 2: structural elements (shear walls, floors, roofs), scale 3: buildings. At each scale, a behavior law (hysteretic with damage) is used. The calibrations or validations are based on experimental tests. Tests on joints with metal fasteners are used to calibrate the numerical model at scale 1. A detailed finite elements (FE) model of shear wall is developped and its predictions are confronted to quasi-static and dynamic experimental results for validation. A simplified FE model of shear wall (macro element) is used to generate a numerical model at the building scale. This macro element, calibrated on the detailed FE model, accurately reproduces the dynamic behavior of a shear wall despite its simplicity. The numerical model of timber-frame buildings will be used to study, locally and globally, their behavior against earthquake in order to propose construction details and design adapted to these structures in seismic areas
Bechetoille, Soizik. "Reconstructions et restaurations des monuments en bois. Les techniques traditionnelles du Japon face aux enjeux de la modernisation, de la construction du sanctuaire de Heian à Kyōto (1894) à la reconstruction du pavillon de l'Ultime Suprême de l'ancien palais impérial de Nara (2010)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP072/document.
This research addresses the issue of authenticity through restoration practices on Japanese architectural heritage and focuses mainly on traditional wooden buildings under restoration. One of the particularities of architectural practice in Japan is certainly the periodic dismantling of old buildings. The origins of this traditional practice stems from harsh climatic conditions, specificities related to wooden architecture, or ancient religious practices including the periodic reconstruction of some Shinto shrines. This “non-permanence” of buildings allows the transmission of forms and techniques through ages and time. With the concept of “reconstruction” comes the idea of building “once again” what was destroyed, as well as restoring, reproducing or restoring a primitive form, a structure or a building from fragmentary elements (vestiges, epigraphic sources, etc.). This presupposes the creation of a completely new object – with unprecedented materiality – that is triggered by the idea of making "once again" something that already existed. This definition of “reconstructing” invites us to consider a possible coexistence of different types of practices and standards of reconstruction. The act of “reconstruction - restitution” is often invoked to retrieve a missing “savoir-faire” (technical know-how). For many specialists, the practice of restoration by disassembling (prior to reconstructing) constitutes (or involves) the synthesis of techniques and theories related to traditional architecture. The aim of this research work is thus to study different cases of building reconstruction and type of practices that drive them
Riahi, Hassen. "Analyse de structures à dimension stochastique élevée : application aux toitures bois sous sollicitation sismique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00881187.
Vu, Thanh Kien. "Incidence de la torsion sur la résistance sismique de bâtiments courants avec diaphragmes horizontaux rigides. Application aux structures en bois." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697025.