Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Constructions en bois – Gaule'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Constructions en bois – Gaule.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Péfau, Pierre. "Construire dans les agglomérations gauloises : l'architecture des bâtiments du Second âge du Fer en Gaule interne, approche technique et socio-économique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU20015.
The study of the earthen and wooden buildings of the Late Iron Age agglomerations (3rd-1st century BC) of inner Gaul (except the Mediterranean coast) allows to develop a reflection around two research topics both little invested and complementary. Many debates concerning the characterisation of these grouped settlements and their possible urban status have thus led me to develop an interdisciplinary approach in this PhD. The aim was therefore to contribute to a better understanding of the urbanisation process and of the agglomerations (oppida and open agglomerations) features through a detailed study of architecture, allowing to define how architectural forms reveal and convey particular socio-economic dynamics. The technical study of 339 buildings, from 39 agglomerations, was based on a strict and original methodology: this combines the analysis of various types of architectural remains and taphonomic dynamics integrating both archaeological and ethnographic documentation. While a large part of these constructions is made up of earthfast posts, a significant place was given to timber-framed architecture and the use of diagonal braces. These architectural traditions were then integrated into a more global research, considering at the same time the spatial organisation of agglomerations, the use of buildings and the social status of their inhabitants, as well as the differences between rural architecture and that of grouped settlements. An interpretative model, taking into account the environmental context and all the complexity of Late Iron Age agglomerations, has thus been proposed. At least part of these grouped settlements would be characterised by the development of economies and rational management of timber and construction, craftsmen networks as well as by adaptations of architectural models to urban planning and urbanisation degree
Toriti, Magali. "Les bois ouvragés en Gaule romaine : approches croisées archéologiques, anthraco-xylologiques et entomologiques." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA3007/document.
Wood is one of the most used raw materials in Roman construction. So timber is a key element of theeconomy and of the environment. If stone is easely discovered during excavations timber leaves a fewremains on archaeological excavations. So interpreting resultsis diffi cult.This PhD attempts to approach the Gallo-Roman timber in various aspects (choice and transport ofwood, technical chain of work and wood condition) from an interdisciplinary approach combininghuman and biological sciences.The innovative part of this work is the realization of an atlas to determine the xylophagous’s traces(galleries and frass) into the archaeological wood. Knowing how to identify these traces is importantto develop new archaeological interpretations: Is it an infestation of alive tree? Is it an infestation duringa storage phase, the use of the building or after the abandonment of the site and during the taphonomicalprocess ? To estimate the duration of the infestation and locate its origin; to document choicesand actions of the builders; and to have a better understanding of the conservation of wood heritage
Richard, Nicolas. "Approche multi-échelles pour la modélisation de structures en bois sous sollicitations sismiques." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DENS0010.
Boulet, Sylvain. "Caractérisation du confort hygrothermique et acoustique dans les constructions à base de bois." Chambéry, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CHAMS047.
The use of wood for building improves sustainability and achieves high acoustic and thermal performance. Wood is often used for design of energy efficient buildings either in recent building or for refurbishment. Besides the low energy consumption, there are many positive testimonies of occupants about general comfort. Nowadays, the various comfort approaches are essentially or thermal or acoustical, but the impact of one on the perception of the other one is important and must be taken into account. Measurements and subjective enquiries do not allow concluding about the positif contribution of wood for comfort, but must provide arguments to give good reason for the use of wood in buildings applications. The objective of the presented study is the identification of parameters affecting thermal and acoustical comfort in moderate environment. We present qualitative and quantitative full-scale analysis of in-situ measurements. A first step, we introduce the methodology of measurement and enquiries. Then we present the analysed house determined with a Taguchi "design of experiments". We analyse results through the multicriteria decision analysis. And confrontation between measurements and inquiries will be realized in case of validation. Finally, we focus on summer thermal comfort, we proceed to a characterisation of indoor environment by numerical simulation to study various factor influence on summer thermal comfort
Ultré, Pierre. "Analyse critique et optimisation d'un processus de production d'éléments préfabriqués en bois." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33041.
Currently, industrialized housing is facing an increased demand while a lot of small producers have to deal with a lack of capacity and non-automated production processes. This master thesis focuses on the way to improve the production processes in this field in order to gain efficiency. First, a literature review leads to a comprehensive state of the art concerning scheduling and production management practices in industrialized housing. It compares this sector to the traditional construction field and the manufacturing industry. It then identifies the various problems enterprises may face while suggesting potential solutions. Thereafter a case study involving a company specialized in producing prefabricated elements is studied in detail. The focus is on the processes conducted to manufacture panels. Improvements that should be implemented in order to decrease operation times as well as better use the production capacity while respecting the labor’s availability constraint are proposed. A simulation model is therefore developed to test those suggestions and to evaluate the gain each solution can generate so as to meet a rise in demand. Results show that the most interesting improvements are those involving to invest in automation technologies.
Raji, Saed. "Caractérisation hygro-thermique, par une approche multi échelle, de constructions en bois massif en vue d'amélioration énergétique et de valorisation environnementale." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13335.
Peytremann, Edith. "Archéologie de l'habitat rural dans le nord de la Gaule du IVe au XIIe siècle." Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN1336.
Côté, Nelson. "Potentiel de récupération de composantes de fermes de toit dans les sciages flacheux produits en scierie : étude de cas." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25556.
Boisgérault, Catherine. "L'image de la ville de Gaule dans les sources littéraires latines (284-493) : terminologie de la ville et de ses composantes architecturales." Le Mans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LEMA3008.
Armand, Decker Stéphanie. "Développement d’une méthode d’optimisation multiobjectif pour la construction bois : prise en compte du confort des usagers, de l’impact environnemental et de la sécurité de l’ouvrage." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0189.
Industrialised countries are seeking to reduce their energy consumption and to use alternative raw materials, including renewables such as wood. To promote its use, multi-storey timber constructive systems need the development of new design methods.Building required a multicriteria design where conflicting objectives must be optimised simultaneously. Research solutions have to achieve the best Pareto-compromise between use performance and environmental impact of the building. This work aims to develop a multiobjective optimisation method of timber multi-storey building.The objectives of maximising floor vibration comfort and minimising heating needs, thermal discomfort, global warming potential and embodied energy are taken into account. A multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain a set of non-dominated solutions which is the Pareto front. The solution space is constrained by regulatory requirements necessary for the safety of the structure. All objective-functions are modelled as analytic functions. Dynamic thermal simulation model outputs are replaced by metamodels.The developed method is implemented on a case study. The results offer a great diversity in a panel of 20 000 optimal solutions. These results provide a basis for discussion between the different actors of a construction project
Figueroa, Adolfo. "Le bois comme matériau de construction : une alternative au problème de concentration urbaine au Venezuela." Bordeaux 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR30033.
Venezuela through its historical and geographical evolution presents urban concentration of its population. Wood used as material construction is considered as a solution to the housing problem
Manthey, Manuel. "Comportement des poutres mixtes bois-béton sous sollicitations accidentelles." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAR0034.
Timber - concrete composite structures are competitive technical solutions for new building construction as well as in refurbishment. This work aims at promoting timber - concrete construction in France thanks to a better knowledge of mechanical and thermo-mechanical behavior of the fasteners. Regarding more traditional buildings systems, few researches were lead about seismic and fire design of timber concrete structures. Particular emphasis is put on those two points in this study through experimental, analytical and numerical approaches. As a matter of fact, several experimental campaigns were lead. 24 Push Out tests have been carried out at ambient temperature on the SBB timber-concrete composite system. The test program involved 12 Push Out tests under cyclic loading and 12 Push Out tests under monotonic loading. Experimental results brought to light the good mechanical performances as well as the large ductility reserve of SBB timber-concrete connection system. The cyclic tests have revealed the system ability to dissipate energy and allowed quantifying the loss of rigidity and resistance of the system. Descriptive models (Foschi, Dolan, Richard) have been adapted to reproduce to the experimental load-slip curves.In order to get further insight into the local phenomenon taking place between timber and the SBB connector, a second test program was devised. The tests involved 16 Pull Out tests (connector from timber) and 3 series of 16 embedment tests og various parts of the connector in glue laminated timber. Thanks to these experimental results, a better understanding of the SBB behavior has been reached. Predictive models are provided for numerical and analytical modeling of timber - concrete fasteners. Those models show good agreement with the Push Out tests introduced in previous part.In order to assess the fire behavior of timber - concrete composite floor system with the SBB connection system, fire tests were conducted according to ISO 834 standard. Fire results database with SBB timber - concrete connection includes a full-scale fire floor test (floor dimensions are 5.35m x 3.5m) and several fire Push Out tests based on three different timber - concrete composite beam sections. Fire Push Out tests were heavily instrumented with thermocouples in order to allow the validation of thermal models developed in this thesis.Thermal and thermomechanical coupled simulations were conducted with finite element software Abaqus©. These models demonstrate the good performances of timber-concrete composite structures subjected to fire. Heating of the elements and loss in shear resistance and stiffness of the connection system were quantified. Furthermore fire design rules are proposed for timber - concrete structures. Fire behavior analysis pointed out that thermal dilatation of concrete must be considered in fire design of timber-concrete composite structures
Tremblay-Auclair, Jean-Philippe. "Développement d’une méthode de calcul parasismique pour les bâtiments multiétagés à ossature légère en bois." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26757.
The main objective of the research project is to develop a seismic design methodology for mid-rise multi-storey light-frame wood structure. Currently, linear dynamic analysis (LDA) is rarely used in design of light-frame wood structures because of the complexity of modelling the non linear behaviour. Equivalent static force procedure (ESFP) is mostly used because of its simplicity. The study is based on a recently developed methodology using an iterative process to simulate non linear behaviour of light-frame wood structure in LDA. In the proposed methodology, the iterations are eliminated by using the minimum shear stiffness of shear walls. To validate the proposed simplification, shear force distributions, overturning moments, interstorey drifts and total inelastic deflections of shear walls with different aspect ratios, from 0.6 to 6.0, in six-, four- and two-storey buildings located in Quebec City were calculated and compared against the results obtained with iterative LDA and with ESFP. The results show that ESFP underestimates the storey shear at the top floor and overestimates the overturning moment at the base of a multi-storey light-frame wood structure in comparison with LDA. The results show that the simplified LDA can be used to optimize the design of mid-rise light-frame wood shear walls.
Kouyoumji, Jean-Luc. "Caractérisation des parois courantes et des liaisons structurales pour la prévision de l'isolement acoustique d'une construction en bois." Chambéry, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CHAMS024.
Blondin, Frédéric, and Frédéric Blondin. "Caractérisation du risque incendie de la paille compressée comme isolant d'une structure en bois." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34458.
De nombreux programmes de construction écologique ont vu le jour depuis la dernière décennie visant à promouvoir la construction de bâtiments plus durables. Considérant que les matériaux biosourcés peuvent aider à réduire l’empreinte environnementale des bâtiments, il est judicieux d’en étendre leur utilisation. Un récent engouement s’est créé pour les sous-produits de culture céréalière en guise de remplacement aux fibres isolantes non renouvelables dans les structures en bois. De nombreux chercheurs ont étudié certaines isolations naturelles alternatives utilisées de nos jours. En comparaison aux matériaux d’isolations commerciaux, ces matériaux ont un impact environnemental remarquablement faible. Dans cette optique, l’utilisation de la paille compressée comme isolant offre un très faible impact dans l’analyse de son cycle de vie. Cependant, la sécurité incendie a toujours été une grande préoccupation pour les constructeurs utilisant des matériaux naturels combustibles. L'objectif de cette étude est de documenter le risque incendie de la paille compressée lorsqu'elle est utilisée comme matériau isolant dans des assemblages à ossature en bois. Trois densités de paille comprimée (75, 125 et 175 kg/m3) ont été sélectionnées pour évaluer leurs propriétés de combustion et leur conductivité thermique, en essayant de déterminer laquelle avait la meilleure combinaison de propriétés. La paille de la densité sélectionnée a ensuite été comparée aux matériaux d'isolation combustibles disponibles sur le marché pour comparer leur risque d'incendie. Par la suite, cet isolant de même densité a été testé dans un assemblage à ossature en bois à moyenne échelle pour évaluer l'impact de sa charge combustible comparativement à un matériau d'isolation incombustible. Les résultats ont démontré que la paille compressée d'une densité de 75 kg/m3 avait les meilleures propriétés de combustion et d'isolation. Les résultats suggèrent que la paille compressée aurait très probablement un meilleur comportement au feu par rapport à ceux des matériaux d'isolation combustibles disponibles sur le marché. Malgré la nature combustible de la paille compressée, l'impact de sa charge combustible dans un système de construction en bois a été moins important que prévu. Les propriétés de combustion de la paille compressée étant moins dangereuses que les matériaux d'isolation combustibles disponibles sur le marché, ainsi que l'impact de sa charge calorifique dans une structure à ossature de bois, l'utilisation de ce matériau comme isolant principal dans un bâtiment est, par bonne conception, gérable sans augmenter les risques
Many green building programs have emerged since the last decade to promote the construction of more sustainable buildings. Considering those biobased materials can help reduce the environmental footprint of buildings, it is wise to expand their use. A recent craze has emerged for cereal crop byproducts as a substitute for nonrenewable insulation fibers in wood structures. Many researchers have studied some of the alternative natural insulation materials used today. Compared to commercial insulation materials, these materials have a remarkably low environmental impact. In this context, the use of compressed straw as insulation offers a very low impact in the analysis of its life cycle. However, fire safety has always been a big concern for builders using natural combustible materials. The objective of this study is to document the fire hazard of compressed straw when it is used as an insulating material in wood frame assemblies. Three compressed straw densities (75, 125 and 175 kg/m3) were selected to evaluate their combustion properties and thermal conductivity, in attempt to determine which had the best combination of properties. The selected density straw was then compared to commercially available combustible insulation materials to compare their fire risk. Subsequently, this same density straw was tested in a medium-scale wood frame assembly to evaluate the impact of its fuel load comparatively to a non-combustible insulation material. The results showed that compressed straw with a density of 75 kg/m3 had the best properties of combustion and insulation. The results suggest that compressed straw would most likely have better fire performance compared to combustible insulation materials available on the market. Despite the combustible nature of the compressed straw, the impact of its fuel load in a wooden construction system was less than expected. Because the burning properties of compressed straw are less hazardous than commercially available combustible insulation materials and the impact of its heat load in a wood frame structure, the use of this material as an insulator in a building is, by design, manageable without increasing risks.
Many green building programs have emerged since the last decade to promote the construction of more sustainable buildings. Considering those biobased materials can help reduce the environmental footprint of buildings, it is wise to expand their use. A recent craze has emerged for cereal crop byproducts as a substitute for nonrenewable insulation fibers in wood structures. Many researchers have studied some of the alternative natural insulation materials used today. Compared to commercial insulation materials, these materials have a remarkably low environmental impact. In this context, the use of compressed straw as insulation offers a very low impact in the analysis of its life cycle. However, fire safety has always been a big concern for builders using natural combustible materials. The objective of this study is to document the fire hazard of compressed straw when it is used as an insulating material in wood frame assemblies. Three compressed straw densities (75, 125 and 175 kg/m3) were selected to evaluate their combustion properties and thermal conductivity, in attempt to determine which had the best combination of properties. The selected density straw was then compared to commercially available combustible insulation materials to compare their fire risk. Subsequently, this same density straw was tested in a medium-scale wood frame assembly to evaluate the impact of its fuel load comparatively to a non-combustible insulation material. The results showed that compressed straw with a density of 75 kg/m3 had the best properties of combustion and insulation. The results suggest that compressed straw would most likely have better fire performance compared to combustible insulation materials available on the market. Despite the combustible nature of the compressed straw, the impact of its fuel load in a wooden construction system was less than expected. Because the burning properties of compressed straw are less hazardous than commercially available combustible insulation materials and the impact of its heat load in a wood frame structure, the use of this material as an insulator in a building is, by design, manageable without increasing risks.
André, Nicolas. "Méthodologie d'analyse mécanique des structures bois du patrimoine : application à la réhabilitation d'un beffroi." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12683.
Preservation of the cultural heritage is an important issue in European countries. Actually, only visual inspection (use of basic tools) and common sense of the surveyor are used to diagnose an old timber structure. In this work, we emphasized the construction of a sharp and fitted mechanical model for each old timber structure diagnosed. Thus, we developed a mechanical analysis methodology based on: ? finite element modelling of the structure, ? determination of the model's influential parameters by design of experiment,? in situ identification of these parameters by NDE tests: - direct,- optimized by the genetics algorithms. We validated this methodology by renovating a wooden bell-tower
Uwizeyimana, Placide. "Suivi de la santé structurale des infrastructures en bois par intégration de capteurs." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30012.
For a few years, a strong expansion of timber structures has been promoted by the use of glulam. These are mechanically promising and offer the possibility to build long-span and complex architectural structures. However, durability issues related to variable humidity and temperature conditions limit the development of these structures. To promote this renewable and ecological material, it is essential to associate glulam structures with a maintenance and monitoring process in order to intervene as quickly as possible on the structure as soon as there is a risk of pathology occurring. Therefore, this research work has consisted in setting up a continuous monitoring process of glulam structures with embedded sensors between the lamellas of glulam. A wetting/drying (W/D) cycle allowing a study of wood durability properties was proposed and various physico-mechanical parameters of glulam were studied over time, especially its moisture content (MC), dimensional variations and bending strength properties. In this study, the resistive method based on the use of patch-type sensors was used for MC monitoring. Dimensional variations in shrinkage/swelling were measured using strain gauges. Firstly, the continuous measurement and recording system was developed in the IUT of Tarbes. Then, preliminary tests were carried out to validate the glulam instrumentation using embedded sensors and to establish an MC monitoring model that considers variations of relative humidity and temperature. To finish, accelerated durability tests were carried out. These ones consisted in exposing the specimens to the W/D cycles in order to highlight the impact of climatic variation conditions, generally encountered in timber structures, on the mechanical bending strength of glulam. The results show that the measuring system developed allows real-time and continuous monitoring of wood MC, temperature, and shrinkage/swelling deformations. In addition, the W/D cycles lead to a decrease in the bending strength of glulam. Besides, no significant changes in modulus of elasticity have been observed. In the future, durability tests under real climatic conditions will have to be carried out in order to validate the scientific approach and to propose in the end monitoring and maintenance solutions associated with the service of glulam structures managers
Payeur, Mario. "Influence des charges verticales sur les performances latérales des murs de refend en bois à ossature légère." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28074/28074.pdf.
In light-frame buildings, it is diaphragms and shear walls that transfer the lateral forces to the foundation through shear and hold-down restraint. The use of hold-down anchoring devices limits the overturning and therefore improves the lateral resistance of the system. However, these anchors are rarely used in the traditional light-frame construction and the lateral resistance of such systems is largely unknown. One of the factors limiting the overturning of partially restrained walls is the action of the vertical loads. A study was performed at the Laval University aiming at the determination of the influence of the vertical load applied to a wall on its lateral performance. The experimentation program consisted of 43 static and cyclic racking tests on full-size light-frame walls with and without hold-downs. The walls were 2.44-m tall and 2.44-m and 4.88-m long fully sheathed with OSB panels on one side. Three intensities of the vertical dead load were applied to walls without hold-downs: roof load, one storey load and load needed to prevent any overturning (corresponding to a fully restrained wall). Three 4.88-m long walls with hold-downs were tested under one storey load. Control specimens of each configuration were tested without vertical load according to relevant ASTM standards. Results show that application of vertical loads improves maximum capacity of non-anchored walls regardless the load protocol. A comparison of various methods of calculation of the lateral resistance of walls under combined loads was done using experimental verification. The results show that the CSA-O86 method is conservative for low vertical loads, but seems to overestimate the lateral capacity up to 10% for higher loads. The Källsner method is the most conservative. Overall, the design methods give reasonable estimate of the capacity of non-anchored walls used in practice. The calculation of the wall deflections proposed by CSA-O86 was also verified. This formula seems to overestimate the rigidity of non-anchored walls. To stay conservative, a note should be added to the definition of nail deformation, en, indicating that the load per nail should be the one observed for an anchored wall. This formulation is based on the assumption that all sheathing-to-bottom plate nails reach its ultimate capacity. Finally, it was observed that increasing the vertical load decreases the amount of uplift of the chords and therefore increases the work of the nails along the perimeter of the panel, which allows greater rotation of the panels about the frame.
Melo, Moura Jorge Daniel de. "Utilisation en structures des résineux à faible densité : conséquences technologiques de scénarios sylvicoles extrêmes." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0041_DE_MELO_MOURA.pdf.
Cenzon-Salvayre, Carine. "Le bûcher funéraire dans l’Antiquité : une approche archéologique, bioarchéologique et historique d’après l’étude des structures de crémation en Gaule méridionale." Thesis, Le Mans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEMA3006/document.
The study of the funeral pyre based on an anthracological approach, is part of the continuity of a research oriented towards understanding the social organization of ancient societies. The practice of cremation implements a succession of actions that it is necessary to identify, to increase our knowledge. Through the study of individual pyres from an anthracological angle, two objectives have been proposed: the first concerns a critical look at the data produced by charcoal analyzes in order to propose categories of information to be taken in studies of cremation structures. The second, archaeological, is related to the restitution of the funeral pyre approached from the angle of its "chaîne opératoire" to discuss the ways implemented which, from a technical or ritual point of view, punctuates the conduct of cremation. To meet these objectives, three approaches have been developed. The first, anthracological, focused on the study of nineteen cremation structures in the south-east of France. , allowing the establishment of a protocol for sampling and analysis. The second, historical, offers a new and in-depth reading of the representations of the pyre in antiquity and textual sources on which a look of archaeanthracologist was carried. The third approach on the technique, proposes a description of the "chaîne opératoire" and a demonstration of the means committed to achieve a cremation
Young, Vigneault Emilie. "Étude dendroarchéologique d'une collection de bois associée à des constructions militaires de la fin du 18e siècle, Île aux Noix, Haut-Richelieu, Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27190/27190.pdf.
Young-Vigneault, Émilie. "Étude dendroarchéologique d'une collection de bois associée à des constructions militaires de la fin du 18e siècle, Île aux Noix, Haut-Richelieu, Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22076.
Loulou, Louisa. "Durabilité d’un assemblage mixte bois-béton collé sous chargement hydrique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1123/document.
The wood-concrete composite is an interesting solution in the field of Civil Engineering to create high performance bending elements for bridge, as well as in the building construction for the design of wood-concrete floor systems. The Navier laboratory has been working for many years on the development of the bonding process as applied to wood-concrete composite structures. Contrary to conventional joining connectors (metal connectors), this assembling technique does ensure an almost perfect connection between wood and concrete. Previous work has already shown good performances of glued wood-concrete composite structures in terms of mechanical fatigue. However, the bonding connection requires additional research on the long-term behaviour of glued wood-concrete composites, especially when this structure is subjected to variable hygrometric conditions. The work undertaken during this thesis aims at determining the factors which induce damages on these glued wood-concrete assemblies under hygrometric loading; the research is divided into 3 parts:-Two experimental parts:(1)"Push-Out" shear tests conducted in collaboration with the Departmental Laboratory of Autun, were used to assess the effect of the elastic properties of the resin on the shear strength of the assembly. This experimental study aims at validating the adhesive of choice for this kind of connection, taking into account ageing under variable hygrometric conditions. Analysis is based on maximum shear capacity and on the failure mode of the assembly. (2)In addition to shear tests, the effect of hygrometric loading on the durability of glued wood concrete assemblies was examined. The analysis of the hydric behaviour of the structure was carried out by the digital image correlation (DIC) technique on small-sized glued wood-concrete assemblies. The measurements of the local deformations allowed us to locate areas of damage, particularly due to the hydric deformations of the wood prevented by the glued connection The effects of the elastic properties of the resin, the microstructure of the wood (including its structure and the direction of the annual rings) as well as the mechanical behaviour of the concrete material were examined.- A numerical part:(3) A numerical finite element model was validated by comparing the numerical results to the deformation maps experimentally obtained. Numerical analysis was used to quantify the stresses induced to the structure, in relation to hydric deformations prevented by glued connection. Moreover investigations at the full scale were conducted to evaluate the long-term behaviour under variable hygrometric conditions. These investigations were conducted in order to offer solutions aiming at optimizing this type of connection, and to define conditions for use of these glued assemblies
Terrei, Lucas. "Comportement au feu du matériau bois : auto-inflammation, dégradation et auto-extinction." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0118.
The construction of positive energy and low carbon footprint buildings is a real response to the environmental issues and challenges of the coming decades. An increasing number of high-rise building construction projects made largely of wood are either under study or under construction. A key issue for the construction of such buildings is the fire behavior of these structures. Indeed, when the wood is subjected to a high heat flux, it will degrade and it can self-ignite. Conversely, in certain conditions, wood can self-extinguish. However, the bibliography shows the disparity concerning experimental results for a same material subjected to a given test such as the cone calorimeter. The results on the wood extinction remain limited in view of recent research carried out on this phenomenon. The aim of the thesis is to experimentally study the self-ignition, degradation and self-extinction of the wood material used in buildings. For this, many tests at different scales have been performed to examine the ability of the wood material to self-ignite or self-extinct under prescribed conditions. A total of 600 tests, were performed in vertical orientation and allowed to consolidate results with a statistical approach. A dedicated experimental setup has been deployed on each experimental device studied: an infrared camera providing to measure the surface temperature of the samples when they are subjected to a heat flux, two fast cameras (visible and infrared) in order to record the location and the auto-ignition mechanisms and very thin thermocouples embedded in the wood to measure the temperature evolution in the material according to fixed conditions. Results showed that for the auto-ignition (i.e. without pilot), the notion of ignition temperature of the material could be questionable when the ignition occurs at short times. Indeed, the flame appearance is, in most of the experiments, at a distance far from the exposed surface to the heat flux. The ignition mechanisms do not depend on the surface temperature but on the gas / air mixing conditions as well as the mixture temperature. The auto-ignition surface temperature makes therefore sense only for long auto-ignition times, for which ignition occurs close to the surface. The samples degradation depends on many factors: sample orientation, sample humidity, wood species, oxygen concentration in the atmosphere. The effect of these parameters was considered in this work. A particular attention was focused on the establishment of a metrology aimed at obtaining precise and accurate measurements. Very thin thermocouples, embedded in the sample and oriented parallel to the isotherms allow a better estimation of the temperature and were therefore used. Finally, a new experimental device based on two cones calorimeter arranged on a sliding table system was set up and made it possible to determine simple criteria for wood self-extinguishment at small scale
Fochesato, Andrea. "Aux origines de la ville européenne : technologie, typologie et fonction de l'architecture en bois dans l'habitat urbain des oppida celtiques (IIe-IIer s. av. J.-C.) : le cas de Bibracte, mont Beuvray (France)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCH002.
The aim of this work is to clarify the knowledge on the architectural aspect of the oppida in Temperate Europe during the two last Centuries BC. The study is based on the oppidum of Bibracte (mount Beuvray, Burgundy), one of the reference sites for the Period in Europe. The research focused mainly on the study of timber building techniques derived from the continental protohistoric tradition and commonly used in these settlements.The entire woodworking process, from the forest supply to the different stages of building construction, has been analysed. The technical aspects related to the foundation and elevation of the building’s frames, the choice and shaping of their wooden elements, the patterns of the walls and the roofing techniques has been apprehended through the analysis of the archaeological remains – often fragmentary and difficult to read – as well as through the study of the rare timbers preserved in particular taphonomic conditions on the site.Thanks to the cross-checking of the documentation available from the 75 years of research carried out on mount Beuvray in the 19th century (1864-1907) and from 1984 to the present day, 151 structures with sufficiently complete plans has been identified. Of these, 74 wooden-frame buildings are characteristic of an indigenous architectural tradition, while 77 masonry structures show some influences linked to the new techniques and modules coming from Italy and gradually introduced in the settlement during the last two decades of the 1st century BC.The wooden architecture of Bibracte reflects the image of an expertise particularly well adapted to the very constraining morphological characteristics of the terrain of mount Beuvray. The corpus of studied buildings has been divided in 13 architectural categories, 6 of which concern wooden-frame buildings. In the sectors with steeper slopes, houses are usually composed of one or more semi-buried rooms and organised in terraces. The volume of these buildings develops rather vertically, with limited footprint (spans rarely exceed 5 m, the structures do not require any internal load-bearing system), but with massive wooden frames. The latter are built using closely squared timber posts, installed in dry stone trenches or connected by foundation beams giving to the structure a remarkable load-bearing capacity to support the weight of an upper floor. In the less steeply sloping areas, the buildings develop more horizontally, with multi-room layouts (often with wooden cellars) or with a monumental aspect in public buildings.Although they are organized in different ways, many structures display a certain uniformity in their dimensions, suggesting the use of well-defined building modules and a precise measurement system within a standardized building activity in the site. As in the case of the habitat, the existence of distinct parameters could also be observed in the construction of the wood-framed ramparts (murus gallicus) of the oppidum, as well as for the wooden timbers preserved on the site
Piot, Amandine. "Hygrothermique du bâtiment : expérimentation sur une maison à ossature bois en conditions climatiques naturelles et modélisation numérique." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440510.
Bohineust, Xavier. "Développement de méthodes de mesures d'intensité acoustique : application à l'étude du rayonnement et des transmissions dans les structures à ossature bois." Compiègne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987COMPI258.
The mechanisms of direct and flanking acoustical transmissions in building or industrial structures are highly dependent of the nature of the structure, the connections between pannels, the acoustical and vibrating coupling between structure cavity. When a detailed diagnosis of radiation and transmission characteristic is required while the building or machine on site. Acoustic intensity measurement could be very useful. But a limitation of the standard two-microphone acoustic intensity method is its inhability to distinguish the radiated intensity of a source in the presence of extra sources creating interactive intensity field. The selective technique of acoustic intensity proposed by Bucheger has been developped and studied in the present thesis. The analytical expressions of active, reactive, inter-actived and inter-reactive intensities have been developped. Signal processing has been processed and implanted on micro-computer. Experimental studies of the bias and statistical errors have been made. Referential phase correction methods of the two microphone intensity probe has been proposed and developped. Application and validation of the referential selective inetensity method has been implemented on a full size model wood frame building
Bélanger, Jean. "Caractérisation des transferts hygrothermiques dans une enveloppe de bâtiment en bois par la résolution d'un problème inverse par l'optimisation des propriétés physiques des matériaux." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69706.
Martin, Ulysse. "Spécificités physiques et enjeux de la performance énergétique du CLT en milieu nordique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30955.
Wood is one of the first material mankind used to work with and is still full of potential for building sector. Many engineering materials have been developed from wood, such as the cross-laminated timber (CLT). Wooden engineering materials are as performant as steel and concrete but are also cost effective and have a lower environmental footprint. Resources extraction for the manufacture of building materials and the building phase itself require a lot of energy, and generate or release important amount of greenhouse gaz. Wood is a sustainable resource that has the benefit of being able to capture carbon during its growing phase and to preserve it. In service, buildings will have heating and cooling loads, depending of their energy efficiency, high energy efficiency is required to lower the overall energy footprint of buildings. CLT has the potential to be a greener substitute to reinforced concrete in the mid-rise building. CLT helps to reach energy efficiency because wood panels act as a barrier for air, vapor and heat. In CLT building system, junctions between panels and with other elements (ducts, wiring, etc) are the main leakage paths through the envelope. Infiltrations and exfiltrations are responsible for important heat losses. Exfiltrations can also lead to excessive moisture accumulation in the walls, resulting in mold and rot growth. Structural integrity and air quality can be jeopardized on the average/long term. The aim of this project was to assess the impact of gaps between CLT panels, in case of air leakages, on the energy efficiency and durability of the wall. A real case of infiltration in a corner of a CLT building was used to size an air leakage area in the insulation (0.72 mm through the insulation considering a 1 m high wall), intended an assembly tolerance or gap of 2 mm. The gap was then extrapolated to a flat wall, to exclude the thermal bridge effect of the corner. An energy efficiency assessment was done using simulations for both cases of infiltration and exfiltration, with variable assembly gap. Simulation also permits to assess the impact on durability, on mold growth risks, of the exfiltration for variable exfiltrated air relative humidity. Results show that infiltration has a greater impact (1.62 times) than exfiltration, which is itself 1.37 times more energy-consuming than a perfect wall. The impact of the assembly gap variations in the CLT is restricted by a maximum flow rate dicted by the air leakage path in the insulation. Simulation of moisture transfer shows that mold growth is to fear on the gap surface through the wall, when the exfiltrated air relative humidity exceeds 40 %. The first mold development should primarily affects the insulation, but extends to the CLT as the relative humidity of the exfiltrated air increases. Condensation occurs in the insulation near the outlet of the exfiltration, leading to an accumulation of ice behind the external cladding. Results of simulations show how important it is to keep the air barrier continuous, and to avoid that assembly gaps in the CLT act as shortcut for eventual air leaks. The use of flexible adhesive joints, which can match the irregular cut of the CLT and dampen the dimensional variations would reduce the risks of air leakage.
Li, Hang. "Utilisation de matériaux bois intelligents pour la gestion durable des infrastructures." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30288/document.
For fifteen years, we restart to construct with wood, and particularly with glulam to respond to the new challenges imposed by the issues of sustainable development. However, degradation issues related to moisture content (MC) or wetting/drying cycles limit the development of timber structures. As a result, the MC monitoring in timber structures becomes a critical issue. Today, several solutions exist but they do not allow a local monitoring in the lamellas of glulam. Such a solution would improve the prediction of the service life of timber structures. In the light of this observation, we proposed to transform glulam into "smart material" by embedding a MC monitoring system in the lamellas, and this, considering the major constraints of fabrication of this material (small glue line thickness, important bonding pressure, etc.). To achieve this, we have conducted a bibliographic research, in order to select the monitoring methods which can satisfy these constraints. According to this research, two technologies turn out to be interesting: the electrical measurements and the ultrasonic measurements. Several measurement configurations were proposed and tested in this PhD work. Thereafter, we conducted preliminary tests to make sure of the good functionality of these measurement configurations, and also to verify the behavior of sensors throughout the glulam fabrication process. Afterwards, we moistened the specimens with two different moistening protocols in order to verify the feasibility of MC monitoring with embedded sensors. Results showed that all the measurement configurations are operational for the MC monitoring in glulam specimens. Moreover, for electrical measurements, our results show that we can adopt almost the same calibration models for the MC monitoring by resistive measurements, no matter the type of sensors used. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain complementary information by the realization of the resistive and capacitive measurements at the same time, using surface electrodes. Regarding the ultrasonic measurements, we have obtained the sensibility curves in frequency of several families of piezoelectric film sensors. On the other hand, the influence of bonding pressure and of sensor distance on the electrical/ultrasonic measurements was also investigated in this study. Future studies will consist in using these measurement configurations to perform in situ monitoring in timber structures, and also to establish a link between the durability of glulam structures and the wetting/drying cycles in order to predict the service life of timber structures
Lemaître, Romain. "Développement d’un outil de calcul non linéaire de dimensionnement d’assemblages bois tridimensionnels soumis à des torseurs plans." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0046.
The aim of this PhD is to propose a numerical modelling engineering tool for the design of dowelled timber joints with in-plane loading (N, M, V). It is part of a context where the needs of the engineers for the design of these kind of joints are increasing, in particular on the connection stiffness estimation and the load distribution. A three-dimensional model of an elastoplastic beam on non-linear supports was chosen as the basis for development in order to model the local mechanical behaviour of the dowel-wood interaction. These nonlinear supports are used to describe the embedment behaviour of the dowel in the thickness of the timber members. Embedding tests on several materials and dowel diameters were carried out to characterize this behaviour. Methodology to analyse embedment test curves was proposed to be in line with the model used. Within the framework of a European collaborative work, this methodology was used on experimental results from four research laboratories in order to provide a database. The database analysis has made it possible to find some empirical correlations to estimate physical parameters related to the embedment. The proposed modelling is developed using the Cast3M finite element calculation code. It integrates all the material behaviours of the joint components. It gives an accurate estimate of the load distribution of the joint generated by in-plane loading, as well as the axial and rotational stiffnesses. The numerical model has revealed the influence of the dowel slenderness on the connection stiffness estimation
Christin, Jérôme. "Système de fondation sur pieux bois : une technique millénaire pour demain." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1105/document.
Many buildings and bridges built on timber pile foundations still stand in France. The bridges on rivers “Loire” and “Seine”, the castle of Chambord, the “Grand Palais” in Paris are a few examples of French monuments founded on timber piles. However, despite a large number of buildings and bridges constructed in France, the feedback on the residual bearing capacity and the degradation of timber piles is scarce. The main objectives of this work, which is part of the “Pieux Bois” national research project, are, on the one hand, to define a methodology in order to analyze timber pile foundations degradation, and on the other hand, to propose a design method of timber piles based on the results obtained from pressuremeter tests. The state of the art made in the national project identified about one hundred French bridges built on timber piles between the Middle Ages and the industrial era. They are mainly located in basins of rivers. Pathologies were observed on bridges and reinforcement solutions were implemented in order to avoid any future problems. The methodology for the inspection of timber pile foundations given in the Dutch guide was applied to investigate the degradation of timber piles under an existing railway bridge near Bordeaux. Series of laboratory tests were carried out on soil (silt) and wood with a direct shear box. The mechanical properties of the interface were studied. Shear tests between mortar, steel and silt were also carried out. The influence of material roughness and silt moisture content on the shear strength properties of the interface was examined. In addition, timber piles were driven and loaded on two experimental sites. The timber piles were instrumented with removable extensometers. The results of these load tests were included in a database which contained timber piles loading test results published in literature. The approach adopted to establish the design method of deep foundation based on the results obtained from pressuremeter tests described in the new national standard for application of Eurocode 7 was modified. A new model of calculation of timber piles shaft and base resistance driven in clay silt and sand gravels was determined with statistical studies from this database
Gámez, Bohórquez Oscar. "Fab-Cell : outil d'aide à la conception de parois non standards en bois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0053.
The integration of computing language into architecture and engineering has been present since the 1960s but it only proved practical by the 1990s when modeling tools started to participate in an architectural shift that has conceptually mutated through the years. By then, the trend was called “blob architecture” and thirteen years ago, trends succeeding “blobism” were named as non-standard architecture. In the last ten years, academicians like Mario Carpo and practitioners such as Patrick Schumacher nested the terms parametricism, mass customization, and nonstandard architecture to define those complex –not necessarily complicated architectures created by using of digital tools and aided-manufacturing methods. This thesis is underpinned on the fact that using the non-standard approach in any architectural project needs more than just a plastic or functional intention but the means to translate that intention into actual buildable objects. The aims of this study are therefore oriented towards architectural elements using cellular-like patterns as morphologic resource. This work brings up an Aided-Conception Parametric Tool (ACPT) that actually helps designers to explore non-standard solutions to specific architectural problems regarding timber-built walls and envelopes. This ACPT is meant then to succeed architectural intentions in which geometric patterns –as morphologic modifiers- are used to provide walls and envelopes with a particular language (a cellular structure) that might require morphologic form searching (Carpo, 2015a) and topologic optimization by means of parametric generative modeling. The previously mentioned aims were validated by means of a full-scale prototyping exercise in which the first version of the ACPT is tested. Furthermore A series of modeling improvements regarding pattern generation, jointing calculation and fabrication simulation, helped fixing the difficulties found during the first validation stage in order to produce a set of Rhinoceros-Grasshopper (RGH) functional clusters that embody the early operational state of this ACPT called Fab-Cell
Armand, Decker Stéphanie. "Développement d’une méthode d’optimisation multiobjectif pour la construction bois : prise en compte du confort des usagers, de l’impact environnemental et de la sécurité de l’ouvrage." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0189/document.
Industrialised countries are seeking to reduce their energy consumption and to use alternative raw materials, including renewables such as wood. To promote its use, multi-storey timber constructive systems need the development of new design methods.Building required a multicriteria design where conflicting objectives must be optimised simultaneously. Research solutions have to achieve the best Pareto-compromise between use performance and environmental impact of the building. This work aims to develop a multiobjective optimisation method of timber multi-storey building.The objectives of maximising floor vibration comfort and minimising heating needs, thermal discomfort, global warming potential and embodied energy are taken into account. A multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain a set of non-dominated solutions which is the Pareto front. The solution space is constrained by regulatory requirements necessary for the safety of the structure. All objective-functions are modelled as analytic functions. Dynamic thermal simulation model outputs are replaced by metamodels.The developed method is implemented on a case study. The results offer a great diversity in a panel of 20 000 optimal solutions. These results provide a basis for discussion between the different actors of a construction project
Hajj, Fadi. "Utilisation des isotopes stables et radiogéniques du strontium pour tracer la provenance des bois : application à des épaves sous-marines." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0334.
In the Early Modern Age (16th - 18th centuries), the construction of ocean-going ships was paramount to the development of cultural encounters in what became the Age of Discovery and European expansion. Spain was one of the biggest forces of that time. The European project “ForSEAdiscovery” seeks answers in this context to the following key questions: Could Spanish forest resources sustain the increasing demand of timber, or were the wood imported from elsewhere? If Spanish forests were not the only wood supplier, how were the trade networks organized? This project will address these questions through a multidisciplinary and innovative training research program to improve the understanding of our historical past, our cultural heritage, and our knowledge of the use of resources for shipbuilding. The objective of this PhD thesis, taking part of this project, is to identify the provenance of the Iberian shipbuilding wood using geochemical tracers. The hypothesis is that trees growing on contrasted rocks and soils have specific geochemical signatures, which can be an indicator of geographic provenance. In this context, the Sr isotopic signature (87Sr/86Sr) was characterized in shipwreck wood samples and wood from living trees, soils and rocks collected from the Spanish forest stands indicated as potential source of wood between the 16th - 18th centuries. The δ88/86Sr signatures were also characterized in the samples. The rock types and ages were characterized at the selected sites and the link between the 87Sr/86Sr and δ88/86Sr in rocks, soils and trees was studied on the sampled Spanish sites. The local signature of Spanish potential sites was determined for provenance of wood. Our results indicate that 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios in trees reflect the signature of the corresponding soil exchangeable pool while δ88/86Sr was shown to be affected by mass-dependent fractionation with trees taking up lighter (86Sr) isotopes, leaving the soil exchangeable pool enriched with the heavier isotopes (88Sr). This fractionation observed for oak trees, was not found in pines suggesting that the isotopic fractionation during tree uptake is species dependent. The contamination of wood from shipwrecks by seawater elements was identified. Marine Sr was found to be adsorbed on the wood or included in the precipitated minerals in the waterlogged wood. Several extraction experiments were tested and an adapted protocol was developed to extract the seawater elements and retrieve the original signature of the archaeological wood. We succeeded to validate an extraction protocol and retrieve the original signature of one wood sample. This result underline the potential and importance of a new method combining 87Sr/86Sr and δ88/86Sr values for future provenance studies on wood or other materials. However, our results also indicated that most of our shipwreck wood samples did not conserve their original Sr. Therefore, preconizations were suggested in order to extend the use of this tracer in future provenance studies on archaeological wood from shipwrecks
Rafidiarison, Helisoa Mamy. "Etudes expérimentales des transferts de masse et de chaleur dans les parois des constructions en bois, en vue de leur modélisation. Applications aux économies d'énergie et au confort dans l'habitat." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0077.
Coupled heat and moisture transfer through hygroscopic materials, particularly wood and wood-based products are difficult to model. This is partly due to some specific and complex properties of these materials that are often not included in numerical models. Currently, only a few numerical models are able to predict accurately the hygrothermal performance of wooden building envelope. The aim of this work is to assess the heat and moisture transfer in wooden building envelope through experiments and validate the prediction capacity of a numerical model developed to simulate hygrothermal behavior of envelope including wooden materials. After giving a theoretical reminder of the coupled heat and moisture transfer through building envelope and reporting the results of previous studies in this field, we will give details of the experimental investigation on heat and moisture transfer through timber walls. Firstly, the experimental apparatus used for the wall tests is presented. Then, we will analysis the hygrothermal performance of wooden walls provided by the partners of the TRANSBATIBOIS project in which this work was achieved. Experimental works achieved for Buildingpore model validation and results of the comparisons between experimental assessment and numerical predictions with Buildingpore and WUFI are also reported. The third part of this study deals with the experimental assessment of wooden building envelopes exposed to climatic conditions. An analysis of the hygrothermal performance and the energy consumption of wooden test-cells is performed and reported in this part. The latest part concerns experimental works on buildings
Samake, Abdoulaye. "Etude de l'influence des transferts thermo-hydriques sur les composants d'assemblages bois sous incendie." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22698/document.
Nowadays, timber structures are well on the way to democratization as regards building uses. They, indeed, present many advantages including light weight, speed of implementation and contribution to sustainable development. These structures are made of timber elements connected together using metal components such as bolts, dowels and nails forming the mechanical joints, which is sometimes reinforced with metal plates. Consequently, the joints are vulnerable areas when exposed to fire. Understanding their mechanical behavior, therefore, is essential, not only as regards fire exposure, but also as regards the coupling of the thermal and hydric fluxes within the connections. As we know, wood is an anisotropic material and relatively humid. The combination of the architectural demand and the material mechanical resistance requires wood materials to cohabit with other materials like steel fasteners. With the presence of steel members, thermo -hydric heat transfer phenomena within joints under fire exposure increase in speed and complexity [4 e7].This complexity comes from the difference between the materials regarding mechanical rigidity and thermo -hydric permeability. It affects the mechanical and thermo-physical properties of the materials eventually, in particular, thermal conductivity and specific heat subjected to the thermal action of fire. With this aim in view, the present research provides important experimental and numerical data, which are needed in the field of understanding and quantifying thermos-hydric transfer phenomenon within timber-steel connections. The objective of this thesis is to present the findings of the investigations carried out to study experimental and numerical thermo-hydric transfer of timber connections subjected to the ISO-834 standard conditions of fire exposure. The experimental part starts by the study of a sin gle bolt or single dowel timber-timber connections under fire. The temperature-time evolutions are measured at different places of the connections. Then two studies are carried out about the main two components of connections (wood and metal rods). The results obtained allow a good comprehension and quantification about the choice of the metal rods (bolt or dowel). A good comprehension is also obtained about the water contained in timber. The simulation model is reached in many ways: first, through the thermal study of the steel fasteners using the Finite Differences Method and another model using the Finite Element Method. Second, through the modeling of thermal behavior of the connection using the finite element method with the Msc-marc software is carried out. The last model is about the thermos-hydric behavior of the timber. The comparison between experimental and numerical results is satisfactory
Gámez, Bohórquez Oscar. "Fab-Cell : outil d'aide à la conception de parois non standards en bois." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0053/document.
The integration of computing language into architecture and engineering has been present since the 1960s but it only proved practical by the 1990s when modeling tools started to participate in an architectural shift that has conceptually mutated through the years. By then, the trend was called “blob architecture” and thirteen years ago, trends succeeding “blobism” were named as non-standard architecture. In the last ten years, academicians like Mario Carpo and practitioners such as Patrick Schumacher nested the terms parametricism, mass customization, and nonstandard architecture to define those complex –not necessarily complicated architectures created by using of digital tools and aided-manufacturing methods. This thesis is underpinned on the fact that using the non-standard approach in any architectural project needs more than just a plastic or functional intention but the means to translate that intention into actual buildable objects. The aims of this study are therefore oriented towards architectural elements using cellular-like patterns as morphologic resource. This work brings up an Aided-Conception Parametric Tool (ACPT) that actually helps designers to explore non-standard solutions to specific architectural problems regarding timber-built walls and envelopes. This ACPT is meant then to succeed architectural intentions in which geometric patterns –as morphologic modifiers- are used to provide walls and envelopes with a particular language (a cellular structure) that might require morphologic form searching (Carpo, 2015a) and topologic optimization by means of parametric generative modeling. The previously mentioned aims were validated by means of a full-scale prototyping exercise in which the first version of the ACPT is tested. Furthermore A series of modeling improvements regarding pattern generation, jointing calculation and fabrication simulation, helped fixing the difficulties found during the first validation stage in order to produce a set of Rhinoceros-Grasshopper (RGH) functional clusters that embody the early operational state of this ACPT called Fab-Cell
Gagnon, Richard. "Optimisation multi-objectif de bâtiments en bois : vers le net-zéro en énergie et en carbone sur la vie du bâtiment." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32726.
Franzoni, Lorenzo. "Mechanical behavior of regularly spaced Cross Laminated Timber panels : Modeling and experimental validation in ambient and fire conditions." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1113/document.
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT, or crosslam) panels are engineered timber products composed of layers made of wooden lamellas placed side by side, glued on their upperand lower faces and stacked crosswise. In the present thesis, the influence of lateral spaces between lamellas of each layer on the panel’s mechanical response is investigated with modeling and tests. Both configurations of standard panels having short spaces and innovative CLT panels with large spaces are analyzed.As a first approach, the bending behavior of standard crosslam was modeled by means of an equivalent-layer model based on simplified hypotheses on mechanical properties of laterally glued or unglued layers. The good agreement of the predicted behavior with an experiment of the literature finally allowed an investigation on several CLT properties by means of parameter studies.Then, 4-points bending tests on standard and innovative CLT floors were performed in order to quantify the influence of periodic spaces on the panels' mechanical response. It appears that the influence of transverse shear effects on the elastic and failure behavior of spaced CLT increases with the increasing spaces between boards.In order to take into account transverse shear effects, spaced CLT have been modeled as periodic thick plates by means of a higher-order plate theory for laminated plates. This model has been applied to the geometry of spaced CLT with a periodic homogenization scheme. Existing simplified methods for spaced crosslam were compared as well with refined modeling and test results. Moreover, available in-plane shear tests of the literature have been compared to the modeling results. It appears that the bending behavior of spaced CLT can be predicted with simplified existing approaches, while only the more refined modeling can predict the in-plane and transverse shear behavior. Then, closed-form solutions for predicting spaced CLT elastic behavior were derived in order to encourage the application of spaced CLT panels in modern timber construction.One further study within this thesis concerns the analysis of fire-exposed standard CLT floors. The comparison between test results and both advanced and simplified modeling led to a suggestion for a possible improvement the standard fire design model
Blon, David. "Influence des jonctions sur le comportement vibro-acoustique d'assemblages de structures bois pour le bâtiment." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1034/document.
Wooden buildings are very sensitive to flanking transmissions, vibrations and low frequency sounds, which interferes with their development. The Vibracoubois project, in which this research work is part of, aims to respond to this problem by improving the vibro-acoustic transfers characterization and modelling of these structures. This research work mainly focuses on expanding the experimental and the numerical scope of the study to an entire structure made of coupled walls and air cavities. The junctions, considered critical for the vibration propagation in these buildings, are placed at the center of this work. First, an experimental protocol is presented. It allows to measure both the vibro-acoustic behaviour of laboratory and real structures. The results of test campaigns run on two full-scale experimental mock-ups (timber frame and CLT) are then presented. Secondly, numerical coupling methods that include local dissipation effects are developed, in order to get closer to real junctions behaviour. A hybrid coupling method is presented. A numerical model of the CLT mock-up, based on the finite-elements method, is then created. The use of this method is justified because of the strong modal behaviour of these structures at low frequencies. This model implements the hybrid coupling method in order to create flexible junctions, as opposed to the classic rigid coupling of the finite-elements. Based on the CLT mock-up experimental measurements, the results of an adjustment process of the wall and the junction properties used in the numerical model is finally presented
Traoré, Issiaka. "Transferts de chaleur et de masse dans les parois des bâtiments à ossature bois." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10085/document.
This thesis focuses on modeling and characterization of heat and mass transfer in a wooden building envelope. A code which simulates unsteady heat and mass in an air layer in two-dimensional geometry, which is part of the multi-layer wall, was developed and validated. Numerical validations that include all transfer modes were achieved for unsteady and steady states regimes (conduction, convection, surface-to-surface radiation, mass transfer and surface condensation). Then, the code developed for the air layer at the LEMTA was coupled to the code Transpore used at the LERFOB. The latter one deals with the transfer in hygroscopic solid materials. For the experimental validation of the fully coupled code, an experimental cell was constructed and instrumented to study the hygrothermal behavior of the studied walls. This cell which is thermally and hygroscopicly controlled was set up at the CRITT BOIS. Comparisons between the experimental and numerical results are presented and discussed. Besides, several experiments of thermal characterization of various materials (insulators containing wood fibers, solid wood ...) were also conducted. The influence of temperature and moisture on thermal conductivity and specific heat was largely investigated
Riahi, Hassen. "Analyse de structures à dimension stochastique élevée : application aux toitures bois sous sollicitation sismique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00881187.
Hurel, Nolwenn. "Impact des infiltrations d'air sur les performances des bâtiments : focus sur l'étude expérimentale dans les parois ossature bois." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAA018/document.
Poor airtightness in buildings can lead to an over-consumption of energy and to many issues such as moisture damage and poor indoor climate. The timber frame constructions are particularly subject to air leakage and further knowledge in this field is needed to meet the regulation requirements tightened by the development of low-energy and passive houses. This study focuses on the impact of air infiltration on the buildings’ performance, both at the building and the wall assembly scales.The air infiltration through the envelope can disrupt the proper functioning of mechanical ventilation and increase the global energy load. This issue was first investigated numerically at the building scale on a wide range of housing and weather conditions. Simplified models working across the whole airtightness spectrum were established for the inclusion of natural infiltration in buildings’ total ventilation rate calculations. The airtightness was then considered at a smaller scale with the experimental characterization of timber frame wall assemblies, components and construction details, in particular with an original test set-up built for this purpose. A number of pressurization tests enabled to quantify the additional leakage air flow induced by specific airtightness defects and may be of use for building scale numerical simulations.The impact of air infiltration on the hygro-thermal performance of a wall is closely linked to the air dispersion inside it, but there is a lack of experimental studies and methods for the air path investigation. A new technique has therefore been developed, consisting in an innovative use of fluorescein micro-particles as tracer inside the insulation material. It was first applied to specific configurations: straight/angled air channels in contact with porous media. A simple analysis of the fluorescein concentration mappings enabled to investigate the impact of parameters such as the flow velocity, the insulation material and the geometry on the air infiltration in the glass wool, and gave evidences of phenomena such as the appearance of thin air gaps between the components of the wall. A fluorescein transport model was developed and coupled to a CFD model for finer analysis.Finally a case study on simple wall assemblies was carried out to compare experimental techniques, to verify their applicability to the air path study and to provide data for possible numerical model validation. The air dispersion at the inlet/outlet of the insulation was studied with both infrared thermography and the PIV. The air path inside the insulation layer was investigated using three experimental approaches: a temperature monitoring with thermocouples; a relative humidity monitoring with capacitive sensors SHT 75; and the use of fluorescein tracer micro-particles. The respective benefits and limitations of the various methods were identified to help in the selection of the most appropriate one for further studies
Laou, Lamyaa. "Evaluation du comportement mécanique sous sollicitations thermohydriques d'un mur multimatériaux (bois, terre crue, liants minéraux) lors de sa construction et de son utilisation." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0066/document.
Global climate problems push us to design energy-saving constructive systems. The use of walls made of eco-materials (wooden frame with a filling of brick of raw earth and assembled by mineral mortar) appears as an interesting alternative solution being in linewith the objectives in terms of sustainable development. In order to use a numerical simulation approach to this type of constructive system, a thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling tool was developed. On the one hand, it aims to predict the wall's ability to regulate the ambient hygrothermal conditions during day / night alternations according to the different ventilation assumptions and, on the other hand, to identify the various scenarios described in terms of temperature which can induce the appearance of cracks in the wall, both during construction and operating conditions. The originality of the work carried out on the properties of the raw earth make us able to develop a multidisciplinary experimental campaign to characterize the thermal, hydric and mechanical properties under different humidity conditions. These properties feed the numerical model with the necessary adaptations presented. The results present both the impact on hygrothermal comfort and to the effect of humidity changes on the mechanical durability of the wall
Fréchard, Victor. "Contribution à l’étude de l’utilisation de la Stratoconception® pour la conception et la fabrication de composants non-standards pour l’architecture en bois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0006.
Non-standard timber architecture explores the scope of technical and aesthetic opportunities for new uses that correspond to functional requirements consistent with contemporary environmental, social and economic issues. Recently adopted by the construction industry, but absent from the timber construction practices, additive manufacturing, which brings a range of processes, extends the existing limitations of the subtractive and formatting manufacturing methods in the ability to produce complex shapes and multi-functionalized architectural components. The Stratoconception® process shares the technical and material means of the timber construction industry and presents a great potential to be implemented in the common practices to develop non-standard timber architecture and components. In architecture, the Stratoconception® process is limited to the production of small-scale models and prototypes and has not yet been applied to the design and the manufacturing of functional components, used for structural purposes, in either small or large dimensions. The use of this process to produce prototypes or tooling for the industry implies that the Stratoconception® manufacturing process design is independent of the design of the objects themselves, which are intended to be produced by other manufacturing processes, whereas non-standard architecture tends to strengthen the link between the architectural design and the manufacturing techniques. This work presents the results of Stratoconception® “design to manufacturing” experiences carried out on architectural components. These experiences, combined with the bibliographical study, constitute a knowledge base, oriented towards the issues, the mechanisms, the problems and the limits identified of the use of Stratoconception® in architecture and timber construction practices. These experiences have highlighted the lack of flexibility and development of evaluation tools of the Stratoconception® production process of architectural components, as well as the interdependence between design and manufacturing. We have also identified the opportunities to apply the process to the design and the production of non-standard architectural components, especially the timber assembly of the gridshell or lattice structures and the walls. To achieve a design process that can be applied in the timber architecture and construction practices, we introduce a design for additive manufacturing by Stratoconception® method, that integrates the constraints and the opportunities of the process right from the part geometry design stage and fosters the iterative evolution of the design, guided by the results of evaluation engines that support the designer in his decision-making. The proposed method, implemented in design support tools, creates a digital information continuum that connects parametric design to digital manufacturing, guiding the designer towards solutions that meet feasibility and production rationalization criteria right from the early design phase of the architectural component’s geometry
Vu, Thanh Kien. "Incidence de la torsion sur la résistance sismique de bâtiments courants avec diaphragmes horizontaux rigides. Application aux structures en bois." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697025.
Boudaud, Clément. "Analyse de la vulnérabilité sismique des structures à ossature en bois : essais expérimentaux, modélisation numérique, calculs parasismiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI108/document.
This research aims at a better understanding of the vulnerability of timber-frame buildings against earthquakes. The behavior of these structures under seismic loading relies on their joints with metal fasteners (nails, screws, 3 dimensionnal connections, etc.). The numerical modeling of such a structure is based on a multi-scale approach, which allows to take into account the local behaviors at the structural scale. Three scales are defined: Scale 1: joints, scale 2: structural elements (shear walls, floors, roofs), scale 3: buildings. At each scale, a behavior law (hysteretic with damage) is used. The calibrations or validations are based on experimental tests. Tests on joints with metal fasteners are used to calibrate the numerical model at scale 1. A detailed finite elements (FE) model of shear wall is developped and its predictions are confronted to quasi-static and dynamic experimental results for validation. A simplified FE model of shear wall (macro element) is used to generate a numerical model at the building scale. This macro element, calibrated on the detailed FE model, accurately reproduces the dynamic behavior of a shear wall despite its simplicity. The numerical model of timber-frame buildings will be used to study, locally and globally, their behavior against earthquake in order to propose construction details and design adapted to these structures in seismic areas
Mandrara, Zaratiana. "Impact thermique des revêtements en bois sur l’ambiance intérieure des bâtiments : application dans l’habitat traditionnel en France et à Madagascar." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAL0052/document.
Traditional wood buildings in France and in Madagascar use abundant local forest resources in architecture. Woodcan be considered as renewable and natural material when coming from sustainably managed forest. Using wood in construction contributes significantly in controlling the atmospheric carbon cycle and the emission of greenhouse gas. This study presents the main physical characteristics of wood materials and building systems showing the influence of wood coating on indoor environment. Hygrothermal phenomena across the living space are characterized and presented in this work : the presence of water in the wood, the behavior of equilibrium moisture, heat transfer and mass transfer, the physical parameters of wood material and physical parameters of indoor environment. Thermal comfort is similarly characterised. This work contributes knowledge on the evaluation of interactions between thermal comfort, indoor air and wood coating by means of in situ and laboratory measurements and numerical model simulations
Bechetoille, Soizik. "Reconstructions et restaurations des monuments en bois. Les techniques traditionnelles du Japon face aux enjeux de la modernisation, de la construction du sanctuaire de Heian à Kyōto (1894) à la reconstruction du pavillon de l'Ultime Suprême de l'ancien palais impérial de Nara (2010)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP072/document.
This research addresses the issue of authenticity through restoration practices on Japanese architectural heritage and focuses mainly on traditional wooden buildings under restoration. One of the particularities of architectural practice in Japan is certainly the periodic dismantling of old buildings. The origins of this traditional practice stems from harsh climatic conditions, specificities related to wooden architecture, or ancient religious practices including the periodic reconstruction of some Shinto shrines. This “non-permanence” of buildings allows the transmission of forms and techniques through ages and time. With the concept of “reconstruction” comes the idea of building “once again” what was destroyed, as well as restoring, reproducing or restoring a primitive form, a structure or a building from fragmentary elements (vestiges, epigraphic sources, etc.). This presupposes the creation of a completely new object – with unprecedented materiality – that is triggered by the idea of making "once again" something that already existed. This definition of “reconstructing” invites us to consider a possible coexistence of different types of practices and standards of reconstruction. The act of “reconstruction - restitution” is often invoked to retrieve a missing “savoir-faire” (technical know-how). For many specialists, the practice of restoration by disassembling (prior to reconstructing) constitutes (or involves) the synthesis of techniques and theories related to traditional architecture. The aim of this research work is thus to study different cases of building reconstruction and type of practices that drive them