Journal articles on the topic 'Construction contracts – Mathematical models'
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1
Drissi, Ramzi. "Mathematical Risk Modeling: an Application in Three Cases of Insurance Contracts." International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics 8, no. 6 (October 30, 2019): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31270/ijame/v08/i06/2019/1.
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Risk is often defined as the degree of uncertainty regarding the future. This general definition of risk can be extended to define different types of risks according to the source of the underlying uncertainty. In this context, the objective of this paper is to mathematically model risks in insurance. The choice of methods and techniques that allow the construction of the model significantly influence the responses obtained. We approach these different issues by modeling risks in three base cases: basic insurance of goods, life insurance, and financial risk insurance. Our findings show that risk modeling allowed us to better measure certain events, but did not allow us to predict them accurately due to a lack of information. Therefore, good modeling of the risk determinants makes it possible to modify the probability associated with the occurrence of a risk. While it cannot predict exactly when a risk will occur, it can help make decisions that will reduce its effects. Keywords: Basic insurance, Life insurance, Mathematical models, Financial risk, Biometric function.
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Kanin, Alexander, Anna Kharchenko, Vitalii Tsybulskyi, Natalia Sokolova, and Alona Shpyh. "Construction of a simulation model for substantiating the parameters of long-term road maintenance contracts." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 3 (116) (April 28, 2022): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.253652.
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This paper reports a study into the main parameters of long-term contracts for the maintenance of roads. Weaknesses in existing methods and models of substantiation of the initial characteristics of contracts have been identified. It is established that the main reason for the transition to long-term contacts in the road sector is the need to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of road asset management. This determines the main goal to maintain the operational condition of all components of roads at a level that ensures the satisfaction of user requirements and contributes to the preservation of assets. A simulation model for substantiating the parameters of long-term contracts for road maintenance has been built, which makes it possible to simulate forecast assessments of the characteristics of contracts. Underlying this study is the Monte Carlo method, as well as the triangular law of distribution, models of deterioration and restoration of the condition of road elements. Taking into consideration these models, it was established that the error in justifying the parameters of long-term contracts according to the devised method is up to 10 %. The devised model was tested by applying the developed original LTCsimula program using an example of the section of a motorway with a length of 87.3 km with an average level of requirements. According to the results of the test, the assessment of the laws of distribution of value, as well as the amount of deductions and profits of a long-term contract, was carried out. The calculation results demonstrated the model’s capability to determine the strategies for the maintenance of roads, taking into consideration the risk of implementing a contract with an error of up to 3.9 %. The practical use of the devised simulation model makes it possible to improve the efficiency of operational maintenance of roads, as well as to save from 10 % to 40 % of the cost of road maintenance
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Plebankiewicz, E. "Simple Prequalification Models." Archives of Civil Engineering 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v.10169-010-0019-4.
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AbstractThe selection of a contractor is one of the most important among decisions made by the owner of a construction. The application of the prequalification procedure enables the selection of the most competent tenderers. Various mathematical models are helpful in carrying out prequalification procedure. In the paper, some selected mathematical models are briefly characterized and model based on the theory of fuzzy sets is offered. The applied model takes into consideration the owner’s various objectives, as well as different evaluation criteria. The results of the sensitivity analysis of the model are also presented. Part of a computer software applying an earlier presented prequalification mathematical model is described
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Peng, Yichen, Jing Zhou, Qiang Xu, and Xiaoling Wu. "Cost Allocation in PPP Projects: An Analysis Based on the Theory of “Contracts as Reference Points”." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/158765.
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In recent years, the demand for infrastructure has been largely driven by the economic development of many countries. PPP has proved to be an efficient way to draw private capital into public utility construction, where ownership allocation becomes one of the most important clauses to both the government and the private investor. In this paper, we establish mathematical models to analyze the equity allocation problem of PPP projects through a comparison of the models with and without the effects of the theory of “contracts as reference points.” We then derive some important conclusions from the optimal solution of the investment ratio.
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Rodriguez, David Esteban, Alfredo Trespalacios, and David Galeano. "Risk Transfer in an Electricity Market." Mathematics 9, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9212661.
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Energy is traded using different products; long-term contracts or electricity forward contracts can assure the future transaction price. However, due to the difficulties in storing electrical energy for long periods and in large amounts, risks must be incorporated when defining contract prices through a Forward Risk Premia (FRP). This study analyzes the transfer of uncertainty from electricity market variables to the FRP in long-term contracts. We evaluate a type of econometric risk with the construction of Autoregressive Distributed Lag contagion models for the FRP using electricity demand, spot price, power generation via different technologies, and the Oceanic Niño Index. As a case study, we consider the Colombian electricity market. Our results show empirical models where the FRP has a short-term response with the following variables: hydropower generation, coal power generation, electricity demand, and Oceanic Niño Index, even though its transaction is reflected one or two years after the occurrence of the event.
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Wang, Haoqing, Wen Yi, and Yannick Liu. "Optimal Route Design for Construction Waste Transportation Systems: Mathematical Models and Solution Algorithms." Mathematics 10, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 4340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10224340.
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A huge amount of construction waste is generated in construction sites every day that needs to be transported by vehicle to disposal facilities for processing. Unlike in most typical transportation problems, once these vehicles are loaded with construction waste, they must travel directly to the disposal facility. Moreover, there are different types of construction waste that may require handling by different disposal facilities. In this paper, we develop a model and algorithm for identifying the optimal transportation routes specific to construction waste transportation. Our results can not only minimize the overall costs for both the logistics company and the contractor but also minimize the distance traveled, thus reducing urban traffic emissions.
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Plebankiewicz, Edyta. "MODELLING DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN BIDDING PROCEDURES WITH THE USE OF THE FUZZY SETS THEORY." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 18, no. 3 (September 18, 2014): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2014.943332.
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In the bidding procedure not only the contractor but also the construction owner make a number of vital decisions, the consequences of which are significant. The contractor has to decide whether to take part in a given bid and, having been accepted, he/she has to prepare a bidding offer. Its essential element is the mark-up introduced to the calculation of the bidding price. On the other hand, the investing construction owner has to decide which contractors are the closest to his/her requirements. The article presents mathematical models concerning the decisions made by the contractor and construction owner in the bidding procedure. All the models are based on the same simple mathematical apparatus using fuzzy sets.
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Bilal Taha, Mogahid, and Mudathir Suliman M.Ali. "نمذجة أثر تغيُّر سعر الصرف على أسعار الأسمنت في السودان (2000- 2016)." FES Journal of Engineering Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 22, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fjes.v9i3.689.
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Feasibility studies, planning, pricing and contract management in the construction industry depend mainly on the stability of the economic process where most infrastructure projects require relatively long periods of time to implement them. In a highly inflationary economy where foreign exchange rates constantly change compared to the local currency for long periods that may extend for years. In such an economy, the prices of construction materials vary according to market variables. The methods of pricing items in bids are not feasible for profit and loss accounts and for competition purposes, which leads to significant complications in the management of construction contracts associated with these projects and generates a new case of continuous change unprecedented and has not been resolved even in the global construction contracts of FIDIC. The researcher monitored and collected the inflation values and the exchange rate of Sudanese pound against US dollar as the main currency for a large number of years against the prices of cement for the same years and then statistically studied through a number of statistical analysis programs. Information has been studied over time and then the change in the price of cement versus inflation and the exchange rate and a try to devise a function has been carried out in order to describe that change and express it in a mathematical formula that facilitates reading, analyzing and forecasting. It was found that the change of cement prices is related in a logarithmic function with both inflation and the exchange rate. The independent explanatory variables (exchange rate and inflation rate) were found to be responsible for at least 80% of the changes in the dependent variables (cement prices). The remaining 20% is the impact of other (random) variables not included in the model, and this is an indication of the quality of the documentation of the model. That the variables included in the model is the most influential in the dependent variable of non-included variables. The mathematical models have passed derived economic and standard criterion and have been acceptable statistically and can therefore be relied upon to test any hypotheses are developed.
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Zlatanovic, Milorad, and Dima Trajkovic. "Models for the choice of the most favorable contractor for construction of the thermal insulation systems." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 2, no. 5 (2003): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace0305339z.
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The paper considers the multi-criterion models of the choice of the most favorable contractor for construction of the thermal insulation system at the previously constructed buildings. The paper is a contribution to the consideration of the most favorable contractor, as it is one of the very important decisions of the investor. A large number of variant solutions is proposed. Firstly, the criteria for the choice of the most favorable contractor of these works are formed. Then, a methodology for the choice of the contractor for the construction of the facade thermal insulation system is presented, that is the mathematical models for the solution of such problem are presented, with a purpose to determine the optimal solution that is, make a choice of the most favorable contractor of these works.
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Bakirtzis, Georgios, Cody H. Fleming, and Christina Vasilakopoulou. "Categorical Semantics of Cyber-Physical Systems Theory." ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems 5, no. 3 (July 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3461669.
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Cyber-physical systems require the construction and management of various models to assure their correct, safe, and secure operation. These various models are necessary because of the coupled physical and computational dynamics present in cyber-physical systems. However, to date the different model views of cyber-physical systems are largely related informally, which raises issues with the degree of formal consistency between those various models of requirements, system behavior, and system architecture. We present a category-theoretic framework to make different types of composition explicit in the modeling and analysis of cyber-physical systems, which could assist in verifying the system as a whole. This compositional framework for cyber-physical systems gives rise to unified system models, where system behavior is hierarchically decomposed and related to a system architecture using the systems-as-algebras paradigm. As part of this paradigm, we show that an algebra of (safety) contracts generalizes over the state of the art, providing more uniform mathematical tools for constraining the behavior over a richer set of composite cyber-physical system models, which has the potential of minimizing or eliminating hazardous behavior.
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Purnus, A., C. N. Bodea, and M. Stoian. "The Bromilow Time-Cost model: a case study for the infrastructure projects in Romania." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1218, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1218/1/012044.
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Abstract The Bromilow Time-Cost model is widely applied for estimating the duration of the construction works. The application of this model requires the estimation of different model’s parameters, which are capturing the economic, social and technological differences in projects’ implementation in different regions/countries. The paper aims to develop a mathematical Time-Cost model to be applied in Romania for the road infrastructure projects, grouped into four categories: highways, road rehabilitation, road modernization and by-pass. The research carried out by the authors has as objective to confirm the existence of the correlation between the project duration and costs, and to propose a procedure to be applied by the public decision authorities in order to estimate the duration of road infrastructure contracts. Tthe estimation of the implementation time was done through three scenarios: optimistic, most likely and pessimistic. The parameters of the Bromilow Time-Cost model and the regression models were identified
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Graboviy, Petr, and Vitaly Berezka. "Risk modeling at the pre-investment phase of nuclear powerplant construction on the international market." Real estate: economics, management, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2073-8412-2021-1-59-69.
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Involvement in the construction of nuclear power plants worldwide is a promising direction for developing the re-search and technological potential of engineering and general contracting companies in Russia. Nevertheless, Russian companies, involved in the construction of nuclear power plants (NPPs) abroad, need to adapt to foreign jurisdictions, their requirements and rules applied to the construction of hazardous industrial facilities, as well as unique social, economic and physical environments. In this regard, international activities, performed by Russian companies, are associated with uncertainty and risks that require the study and systematization of risk factors and development of risk management models.
The statistical data, covering the recent ten-year period, illustrates the level of uncertainty and problems arising in this area. Over 60 % of nuclear reactors worldwide are built with a delay in construction. The consequences of such delays boost project costs. Major international corporations, implementing nuclear power plant construction projects abroad, consider the insufficient pre-project study of project organization and management issues at the stage of entering into an EPC (M) contract to be the risk factors arising in the pre-investment phase.
Risk management modeling is considered as the main element of the system designated for managing the organizational and economic reliability of the pre-investment phase of NPP construction in the international market. It includes: (a) structuring a multiparametric risk factor space based on four sources, including, on the part of the customer, the EPC (M) contractor, the contract and the external environment; (b) a pre-investment risk management model, applicable to NPP construction abroad, to be based on the overall project risk P(rt1); (c) a mathematical model for selecting a project implementation option based on the multicriterial optimization of the future-oriented project plan-schedule.
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Leśniak, Agnieszka. "Statistical Methods in Bidding Decision Support for Construction Companies." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 5973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135973.
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On the border of two phases of a building life cycle (LC), the programming phase (conception and design) and the execution phase, a contractor is selected. A particularly appropriate method of selecting a contractor for the construction market is the tendering system. It is usually based on quality and price criteria. The latter may involve the price (namely, direct costs connected with works realization as well as mark-ups, mainly overhead costs and profit) or cost (based on the life cycle costing (LCC) method of cost efficiency). A contractor’s decision to participate in a tender and to calculate a tender requires an investment of time and company resources. As this decision is often made in a limited time frame and based on the experience and subjective judgement of the contractor, a number of models have been proposed in the literature to support this process. The present paper proposes the use of statistical classification methods. The response obtained from the classification model is a recommendation to participate or not. A database consisting of historical data was used for the analyses. Two models were proposed: the LOG model—using logit regression and the LDA model—using linear discriminant analysis, which obtain better results. In the construction of the LDA model, the equation of the discriminant function was sought by indicating the statistically significant variables. For this purpose, the backward stepwise method was applied, where initially all input variables were introduced, namely, 15 identified bidding factors, and then in subsequent steps, the least statistically significant variables were removed. Finally, six variables (factors) were identified that significantly discriminate between groups: type of works, contractual conditions, project value, need for work, possible participation of subcontractors, and the degree of difficulty of the works. The model proposed in this paper using a discriminant analysis with six input variables achieved good performance. The results obtained prove that it can be used in practice. It should be emphasized, however, that mathematical models cannot replace the decision-maker’s thought process, but they can increase the effectiveness of the bidding decision.
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Hadi, Ali Hasan, and Kadhim Raheim Erzaij. "Determination a Reasonable Concession Period for (PPP) Projects." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 1235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091328.
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Public Private Partnership (PPP) are agreements where public bodies enter into long term contractual with private entities for construction or management the public sector facilities, or provision services to the community. Internal rate of return (IRR), pay back regime or tariff, and the concession period (CP) are essential items to success (PPP) projects. This research presents a systematic approach for a win-win partnership contract determined on a quantitative basis, by informing the partnership parties how long contract period should be made. Essence of the proposed methodology is that project completion time should allow a competent contractor to complete the project on schedule and operation period should be long enough to enable the concessionaire to achieve a reasonable return, but not too long such that concessionaire’s return is excessive and public sector’s interests are sacrificed. A case study of a PPP project in Mayoralty of Baghdad was conducted to evaluate performance of the developed mathematical models. The determined concession period (CP) has found to be approximately equal to actual concession period (CP) granted to the private sector. Evaluation shows the possibility to adopt the proposed approach to determine the concession period (CP) more effectively. Instead of opportunism policy, the proposed methodology enables local government of Baghdad province to enhance its policies of awarding the partnership projects to increase private sector participation in infrastructure development. Finally, the proposed method can be used by investment practitioners as a decision support tool for contract concession period (CP), and is worth popularizing to design the contracted concession period (CCP) for partnership projects in Iraq, and also can use as a methodology to assess the critical aspects which related to partnership projects in general.
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Ivanova, Rufina, Dilyara Mukhametzyanova, Olga Belay, Rustem Sirazetdinov, and Ella Biktemirova. "Modeling the innovative development of the economy based on the investment demand prognosis." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127405010.
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The effectiveness of innovation activity is largely determined by the relevant infrastructure which is the basic component of a developed economy. The correlation between the development of the innovative economy and the intensification of investment activity is revealed. On the basis of retrospective analysis of trends and patterns in the development of investment activity, an assessment of the resource support of the investment process in the Republic of Tatarstan is carried out. The need for advanced development of the production potential of the investment and construction complex of the region and the material and technical base on the basis of the development of the local raw material base is justified. An economic and mathematical model of the interaction of investment recourses that determine the level of innovative development of the region is proposed. On the basis of the theory of factor models, the quantitative relationships between the factors that have the greatest impact on investment development are investigated. They are: gross regional product, investment in fixed assets, the volume of contract work, the volume of investment in housing construction, the cost of research and development in the gross regional product, the share of innovation costs in industrial investment.
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ARUTIUNIAN, I., N. DANKEVYCH, and D. SAIKOV. "EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF ORGANISATIONAL PROCESSES SYSTEM IN A BUILDING PRODUCTION WITH SIMULATION MODELING FOR CONTRACTING COMPANIES." Bridges and tunnels: Theory, Research, Practice, no. 19 (July 27, 2021): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/bttrp2021/233993.
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Purpose. This paper presents the innovative scientifically-based method on efficiency evaluation of the building production management for contracting companies. Otimisation models are substantially aimed at reducing the influence of negative factors and increasing the quality indexes of the organisational process of construction production. Methodology. Methodological approaches of the organisational processes optimisation of construction production are based on the establishment of a well-defined interconnection between the units of the functional structure, the definition of strategies hierarchy of the contracting company.The correlation of duration t and cost c in building production, its influence on the economic appropriateness for projects realisation in civil engineering are analyzed. Findings. Using mathematical analysing methods for cumulative distribution function S(t,c) of two-dimensional random value of construction duration and cost, the basic principles are shown that allow to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the level of influence of the construction market external factors on the implementation of organisational processes in the construction industry, in which a large number of forming elements are involved. The implementation of this methodology permits to assess the real state of organisational processes system in building production, its stability, the degree of determinate indicators structuring in a single functional system, to generate an economic justification in complex. On basis of simulation modeling, efficiency of organisational processes system in building production S(t,c) was determined and graphically illustrated. Originality. The results of the present study demonstrate that it amounted to 58.08 % within the established limits of acceptable risk (LAR) between 0.35 and 0.65. Practical value. It has been shown an implementation practicability of using this methodology by contracting companies at decision-making stage for construction projects initiation with determinate indicators of duration Td and cost Cd. The creation of theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of structural efficiency evaluation algorithms for the organisation of construction production will allow to achieve for contractor companies the highest level of competitiveness in the market of construction services.
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Dmytriieva, Oksana I. "PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR STATE REGULATION OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE." Management 30, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2415-3206.2019.2.7.
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Introduction. Effective functioning of transport infrastructure is a basic condition for modernization of the Ukrainian economy and improvement of the quality of life of the population. Currently, there are no effective tools and techniques for comprehensively assessing the effectiveness and priority of project implementation within public-private partnership (PPP) models.The research hypothesis is to find out how public-private partnerships can act as an effective tool for government regulation of innovative development of transport infrastructure.The aim is to conduct a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the efficiency of the implementation of projects in the field of transport infrastructure using PPP models.The methodology of the study is the apparatus of system, economic and statistical analysis, construction of mathematical models, with their subsequent computer implementation.Results: clarified the concept of public-private partnership in the field of transport infrastructure; systematic analysis and classified models of PPP were carried out with identification of their main features; identified the main factors and parameters (financial and economic characteristics of the projects) that determine the effectiveness of PPP in transport infrastructure and proposed algorithm for evaluating the effectiveness of PPP projects; performed research on the ranking of characteristic risks for transport infrastructure projects, performed ranking of characteristic risks; a mathematical model of risk assessment of PPP projects in transport infrastructure has been developed; practical recommendations are given to improve the mechanism for assessing the efficiency and priority of implementation of transport infrastructure development projects based on PPP.Conclusions: it is proved that ranking and implementation of public-private partnership models on the basis of the developed basic principles (payment, competitiveness, equality of all economic agents in access and in the right of PPP contract negotiation) allows to realize the benefits of a comprehensive PPP mechanism for each of its participants. The practical recommendations of the mechanisms for assessing the risks and priorities of PPP projects in the field of transport infrastructure will improve their implementation by further shaping the overall environment of PPP development, enhancing the support and guarantees of the state and developing a unified concept of PPP mechanism development in Ukraine.
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SALOM, IGOR, and DJORDJE ŠIJAČKI. "SL(n, R) IN PARTICLE PHYSICS AND GRAVITY — DECONTRACTION FORMULA AND UNITARY IRREDUCIBLE REPRESENTATIONS." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 25, no. 10 (November 2013): 1343006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x1343006x.
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SL(n, R) and Diff(n, R) groups play a prominent role in various particle physics and gravity theories, notably in chromogravity (that models the IR region of QCD), gauge affine generalizations of general relativity, and pD-branes. Applications of these groups require a knowledge of their features and especially rely on the unitary irreducible representation details. Lie algebra, topology and unitary representation issues of the covering groups of the SL(n, R) and Diff(n, R) groups with respect to their maximal compact SO(n) subgroups are considered. Topological properties determining spinorial representations of these groups are reviewed. An especial attention is paid to the fact that, contrary to other classical Lie algebras, the SL(n, R), n ≥ 3 covering groups are groups of infinite matrices, as are all their spinorial representations. A notion of Lie algebra decontraction, also known as the Gell-Mann formula, that plays a role of an inverse to the Inonu–Wigner contraction, is recalled. Contrary to orthogonal type of algebras, the decontraction formula has a limited validity. The validity domain of this formula for sl(n, R) algebras contracted with respect to their so(n) subalgebras is outlined. A recent generalization of the decontraction formula, that applies to all SL(n, R) covering group representations, as well as an explicit closed expression of all non-compact sl(n, R) operators matrix elements for all representations is presented. A construction of the unitary sl(n, R) representations is discussed within a framework than combines the Harish-Chandra results and a method of fulfilling the unitarity requirements in Hilbert spaces with non-trivial scalar product kernel.
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Koshev, Alexander N., and Valentina V. Kuzina. "Mathematical Models in Tasks of Construction." Procedia Engineering 161 (2016): 1874–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.726.
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Mills, Peter, and H. A. (Burt) Tasaico. "Forecasting Payments Made under Construction Contracts." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1907, no. 1 (January 2005): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190700104.
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Staff at the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) have close control over each highway construction project until the construction contract is let; thereafter, the contractor manages the pace of work, which dictates the flow of payments. These payments make up about one-third of all NCDOT expenditures, so reliable forecasts are important in programming and in cash management. With no other means to predict the pace of construction through the duration of the contract, NCDOT must rely on statistical analyses of past payments to forecast future payments to contractors. Dye Management Group, Inc., which was retained by NCDOT to implement cash management strategies at the department, designed two statistical models of payments to contractors: the first to estimate payments on individual contracts, or the “payout curve,” and the second to estimate total payments made under all contracts in a month. The parameters in both models were initially estimated with data from 4,128 payments made under 336 highway construction contracts completed between August 2000 and June 2002. The first model achieved an adjusted R2 of .93. Although it was useful to engineers in managing individual projects, the model required awkward specifications of seasonal effects to forecast aggregate cash flows. Seasonality was simply accommodated in the second model, which achieved an adjusted R2 of .92. Dye Management Group and NCDOT have operated the second model for more than 2 years and, with a database that has grown to more than 11,000 monthly payments, have consistently achieved mean absolute percentages of error under 10%.
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Chuiko, Vadim, and Valery Atamanchuk-Angel. "FRACTAL * MODEL OF CONSERVATIVE DEVELOPMENT (an example of trust algebra, that is, state building with a trust operation)." Politology bulletin, no. 82 (2019): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2018.82.44-53.
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In this article of the Doctor of Philosophy, professor of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Chuiko Vadim Leonidovich and Atamanchuk-Angel Valerii Ivanovich is applied the principle of «first philosophy» as the foundation of the a priori prerequisites of possible cognition, which define an existence in general rather than its individual parts. This application of metaphysics made it possible to introduce methods of «universal algebra» for the implementation of humanitarian research using algebraic description with the help of three notion: plural, operations, relation. This methodological novation makes it possible to create demonstrative models of social systems, not their constructions, because constructionsare traditionally makeby using binary description that use only two notions, categories. Question: How to fill the notion of «public agreement» with the actual content? How to make all generations participate in the adoption of a social contract? How to create a new one, without destroying it entirely, maintaining stability? How to ensure a high degree of mutation — rebuilding, rebuilding and construction? Introduced in the algebraic sense, the notion of «trust» as a definition of what is necessary for the existence of a society of being as such, forms an algebra that models social relations by the operation of trust, not violence. Based on the above, we can talk about creating a mathematical politics. Matpoliticsdeal with ideal political objects. Matpolitics is the activity of a summation of algebras. These algebras differ from each other by the choice of operations. Plurals that consist of different algebras can be the carrier of the algebra. In this case, we are talking about the algebra of trust / credo, whose signature consists of the following operations: sovereignty, trust / credit, understanding of need for the Other, agreement and recursive procedures. The result of the implementation of these methodological guidelines are the answers to the following questions: How to make the concept of «social agreement» really meaningful? How can all generations (and the unborn, too) be involved in the social agreement? How to create a new one, without destroying the foundations of the existing one, to realize the idea of conservative development: restructuring and building a new one? Based on the provisions of the algebra of trust, society appears as a plurality of sovereigns — C, possessing the full range of rights to identify trust / distrust — Di, creating agreements — Yn, and for their completeness they have and understand the need for the other — Ik. The model presented is a system of treaties that are not an abstract concept of the state, but an agreement with specific elected people who have gained the trust of those to whom they temporarily render their services. Agreements are urgent, limited by time frame, with obligatory full responsibility of the parties.
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Chuiko, Vadim, and Valery Atamanchuk-Angel. "FRACTAL * MODEL OF CONSERVATIVE DEVELOPMENT (an example of trust algebra, that is, state building with a trust operation)." Politology bulletin, no. 82 (2019): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2019.82.44-53.
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In this article of the Doctor of Philosophy, professor of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Chuiko Vadim Leonidovich and Atamanchuk-Angel Valerii Ivanovich is applied the principle of «first philosophy» as the foundation of the a priori prerequisites of possible cognition, which define an existence in general rather than its individual parts. This application of metaphysics made it possible to introduce methods of «universal algebra» for the implementation of humanitarian research using algebraic description with the help of three notion: plural, operations, relation. This methodological novation makes it possible to create demonstrative models of social systems, not their constructions, because constructionsare traditionally makeby using binary description that use only two notions, categories. Question: How to fill the notion of «public agreement» with the actual content? How to make all generations participate in the adoption of a social contract? How to create a new one, without destroying it entirely, maintaining stability? How to ensure a high degree of mutation — rebuilding, rebuilding and construction? Introduced in the algebraic sense, the notion of «trust» as a definition of what is necessary for the existence of a society of being as such, forms an algebra that models social relations by the operation of trust, not violence. Based on the above, we can talk about creating a mathematical politics. Matpoliticsdeal with ideal political objects. Matpolitics is the activity of a summation of algebras. These algebras differ from each other by the choice of operations. Plurals that consist of different algebras can be the carrier of the algebra. In this case, we are talking about the algebra of trust / credo, whose signature consists of the following operations: sovereignty, trust / credit, understanding of need for the Other, agreement and recursive procedures. The result of the implementation of these methodological guidelines are the answers to the following questions: How to make the concept of «social agreement» really meaningful? How can all generations (and the unborn, too) be involved in the social agreement? How to create a new one, without destroying the foundations of the existing one, to realize the idea of conservative development: restructuring and building a new one? Based on the provisions of the algebra of trust, society appears as a plurality of sovereigns — C, possessing the full range of rights to identify trust / distrust — Di, creating agreements — Yn, and for their completeness they have and understand the need for the other — Ik. The model presented is a system of treaties that are not an abstract concept of the state, but an agreement with specific elected people who have gained the trust of those to whom they temporarily render their services. Agreements are urgent, limited by time frame, with obligatory full responsibility of the parties.
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Berezovskaya, Faina S., Irina G. Kareva, and Georgiy P. Karev. "Bifurcations in Mathematical Models of Niche Construction." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 45, no. 2 (2012): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20120215-3-at-3016.00053.
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Chesalin, A. N., S. Ya Grodzenskiy, Pham Van Tu, M. Yu Nilov, and A. N. Agafonov. "Technology for risk assessment at product lifecycle stages using fuzzy logic." Russian Technological Journal 8, no. 6 (December 18, 2020): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2020-8-6-167-183.
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The problem of risk assessment at the stages of the product life cycle using both qualitative and quantitative approaches is investigated, and a generalized algorithm for selecting a fuzzy risk assessment model with different input data and system requirements is proposed for the effective use of statistical information and expert assessments. The "risk-based approach" allows to reduce the cost of correcting possible errors in the future and reduce the uncertainty when performing subsequent actions. It is noted that the results of SWOT analysis, as a rule, are of a qualitative descriptive nature, and do not contain specific recommendations. The provisions of modern standards on risk analysis are analyzed and the classification of risk analysis methods is given in accordance with the provisions of the national standard GOST R 58771-2019 "Risk management. Technologies for risk assessment", in which the key is the concept of uncertainty, estimated using different scales of gradation of risk damage and probability of its occurrence. An approach based on fuzzy logic and a hybrid fuzzy neural network model is proposed, which allows to present the used criteria in a con-venient form and implement a logical conclusion using simple and visual production rules. At the same time, the effectiveness and accuracy of the developed risk assessment system based on fuzzy logic is mainly determined by the quality of expert information and the consistency of the methods used to obtain it. To improve the accuracy of the results, it is proposed to use collective expert estimates with subsequent analysis of the consistency of the obtained expert estimates by determining the coefficients of variation, rank correlation, concordation, and so on. A generalized algorithm of expert assessment is presented, which is recommended to follow when developing expert systems for risk analysis. Various models of fuzzy inference (Mamdani, Takagi-Sugeno, hybrid neuro-fuzzy inference) are considered. An algorithm for constructing a fuzzy risk analysis system based on an effective method for obtaining expert assessments and analyzing statistical information is proposed. It is suggested that if there is a priori information about previously occurred events that can be used for risk analysis and fore casting, the fuzzy conclusion should be refined using widely known methods of mathematical statistics, optimization algorithms, for example, gradient descent, simplex method or genetic algorithms. An example of developing a risk assessment system when an enterprise enters into contracts with both the customer and co-executors is given.
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Figovsky, O. L., and O. G. Pensky. "Mathematical models of multi-barreled construction artillery systems." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 14, no. 6 (2018): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2018-14-6-523-532.
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Гусак, Олена Михайлівна. "Construction of mathematical models of the human operator." Technology audit and production reserves 2, no. 2(22) (April 2, 2015): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2015.41012.
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Minaev, V. A., V. M. Pizengolts, A. O. Faddeev, A. Y. Bystryakov, E. V. Savenkova, and E. V. Kruglikova. "Modern information and mathematical models in construction industry." E3S Web of Conferences 116 (2019): 00051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911600051.
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Building information modelling (BIM) – new technology of construction object information maintenance. It allows specifying influence of changes and risks made in it (including geodynamic) at all stages of lifecycle. Objects include products, building equipment, technological platform, the building, engineering, transportation networks and systems of building communication. The model expands possibilities of innovative technologies implementation, allowing creating reasoned economic decisions.
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Lenski, Aleksandr V., Aleksandr A. Zheshko, and Anna A. Aletdinova. "Construction of mathematical models to determine traction resistance." Far Eastern Agrarian Herald 16, no. 3 (2022): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22450/199996837_2022_3_96.
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Yi, Wen, Hung-Lin Chi, and Shuaian Wang. "Mathematical programming models for construction site layout problems." Automation in Construction 85 (January 2018): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.10.031.
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Kazaryan, Ruben, Peraskovya Andreeva, and Natalya Galaeva. "Organization of planning in transport construction." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015704006.
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Purpose. Development of methods and models of economic efficiency of the integrated use of various modes of transport in the interests of ensuring national security of the state. Methods. System analysis, logical-mathematical modeling, systems theory, economic-visual modeling, research methods of operations, economic and mathematical methods. Results. The paper discusses the need for the application of economic and mathematical models in the design of transport construction (model of “moving the earth masses”, linear programming model, design of the “red line” on the longitudinal profile, dynamic programming model). Conclusion. The difficult stage of the transition of economic and mathematical analysis from the verbal description of the system process to the elemental base of the mathematical apparatus. Most research models of operations are designed for single criteria. Economic and mathematical modeling allows the effect of “private optimization”.
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Sukharev, R. Yu. "Mathematical models of wheel turning processes road construction vehicles." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 7, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2021-07-03-259-269.
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The construction of highways is a complex, multi-stage process. Most of the construction works are carried out according to the projects of structures and quite high requirements are imposed on the quality of execution. The fulfillment of these requirements is associated with great difficulties in view of the limited accuracy of the road construction machine itself, the lack of on-board control systems and the limited capabilities of the human operator, who is unable to determine the required exact parameters of the structure being built «by eye». To meet the requirements, three-dimensional control systems are used, which allow determining 3 coordinates of the working order of the machine – the vertical coordinate and the location of the machine on the construction site. At the same time, the digital project of the constructed structure should be the setter in such a system. The system determines the current position and compares it with the project. On the basis of this information, a control effect on the operating organ of the machine is formed. The course of movement and the speed of the machine when using such systems are determined by the machine operator. Further development of these systems should be four-dimensional systems – in which all control actions are assigned to the control system, starting from calculating the trajectory of the machine, choosing the speed, determining the required number of passes and ending with controlling the position of the working body of the machine at each moment of time. For the functioning of these systems, adequate mathematical models of the turning processes of road construction machines with different steering options are necessary.
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Popov, S. K. "Construction and use of mathematical models of tunnel furnaces." Glass and Ceramics 52, no. 3 (March 1995): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00680311.
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Igwe, Uchenna Sampson, Sarajul Fikri Mohamed, Mohamed Bin Mat Dzahir Azwarie, and N. Paulson Eberechukwu. "Recent Developments in Construction Post Contract Cost Control Systems." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 1236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8795.
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Construction Cost control is an integral part of Cost management processes of Construction projects. Project cost management involves all the processes involved in planning, estimating, budgeting, financing, Funding, managing and controlling costs so that the project can be scheduled for completion within the approved budget. Cost overrun is a major global issue in construction project performance which occurs predominantly during the construction phase of a project. Different cost control techniques and models have been in practice to ensure cost performance, yet construction projects are rarely completed within the scheduled budget. Due to this incessant cost variances in projects, cost control systems are still being reviewed. Different construction outfits employ different techniques or similar methods just to ensure that cost is within budget. The ultimate concern of the Quantity Surveyor (QS) is to ensure that track records of all activities during construction is well articulated to nearest accuracy for monitoring site expenditures. For this reason, the QS on site daily does the routine work of cost data collections, recordings, analysis and reporting to keep expenditure within budget. This is usually the normal routine in most construction outfits in developing and underdeveloped countries. Different technologies are currently and methods have been employed to increase the efficiency and accuracy of construction data for cost effectiveness. The current technological trend and innovations is therefore reshaping cost control systems with the use of new technologies and software. There are new developments in the methods of controlling cost during construction due to the recent construction innovations. This paper presents the recent developments involved in controlling the cost of construction projects at the construction phase with emphasis laid on the construction innovations and technological advancement. The current different technologies used in implementing cost control were X-rayed and how the present-day cost managers are utilizing the new developments.
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KUSTOV, A. A., and A. M. IBRAGIMOV. "Mathematical Models of Technical Fabrics with Coating." Stroitel'nye Materialy 745 (2017): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2017-745-1-2-94-98.
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Dallon, J. C., E. J. Evans, and H. Paul Ehrlich. "A mathematical model of collagen lattice contraction." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 99 (October 6, 2014): 20140598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0598.
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Two mathematical models for fibroblast–collagen interaction are proposed which reproduce qualitative features of fibroblast-populated collagen lattice contraction. Both models are force based and model the cells as individual entities with discrete attachment sites; however, the collagen lattice is modelled differently in each model. In the collagen lattice model, the lattice is more interconnected and formed by triangulating nodes to form the fibrous structure. In the collagen fibre model, the nodes are not triangulated, are less interconnected, and the collagen fibres are modelled as a string of nodes. Both models suggest that the overall increase in stress of the lattice as it contracts is not the cause of the reduced rate of contraction, but that the reduced rate of contraction is due to inactivation of the fibroblasts.
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DZHEDZHULA, VIACHESLAV, and IRYNA YEPIFANOVA. "METHODICAL APPROACHES TO CONSTRUCTION OF FUNCTIONS OF FUZZY MATHEMATICAL MODELS." MODELING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 1, no. 1 (June 2021): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/mdes/2021-1-5.
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The paper generalizes scientific and methodological approaches to the development of economic and mathematical models based on the theory of fuzzy logic and linguistic variable. Forecasting and decision support using fuzzy mathematical models allows to summarize and concentrate expert information, to predict the course of processes in various fields, taking into account quantitative and qualitative factors. In comparison with known expert methods, the theory of fuzzy logic has a number of advantages, the main of which are the automation of calculations through the use of mathematical packages, such as Matlab, Scilab; the ability to learn models, use quantitative and qualitative properties of the object of modeling, obtain solutions for various related problems on the basis of one knowledge base filled with expert, analytical and experimental information, and others. It is substantiated that the construction of membership functions is one of the main stages in the construction of fuzzy mathematical models. The main ways in which you can build membership functions depending on the method of obtaining information are considered. Two methods are used to construct membership functions: the involvement of many experts and the involvement of one expert. The method of constructing membership functions involves fassification of fuzzy estimates of influencing factors. The phase of fasification involves the choice of fuzzy terms for the linguistic assessment of the influencing factors given on the corresponding universal sets. The most common membership functions are generalized, which include triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian, sigmoid. An example of an expert questionnaire is given, which should be used when building a mathematical model based on information from a group of experts. An example of constructing membership functions for a conditional linguistic variable is given. Calculating the eigenvector of a matrix of pairwise comparisons significantly increases the complexity of using a mathematical model. Therefore, we propose to use consistent pairwise comparisons. Despite the fact that in mathematical packages the construction of membership functions is automated, the primary choice of form and characteristics should be carried out by calculation methods considered in the work.
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Pavlov, Alexander S., and Roman V. Ostrovskii. "Public procurement in construction. Suggestions for improvement." Vestnik MGSU, no. 4 (April 2022): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2022.4.501-515.
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Introduction. The first article of the series showed the main results of the analysis of regulatory documents on the organization of tenders for construction and design work in leading foreign countries. The second article analyzes the main provisions of the domestic tender legislation concerning the construction, reconstruction and design of capital construction facilities. This article is the final article of the cycle; it proposes a concept for the public procurement for construction projects and works.
Materials and methods. The authors tried not to touch on legal issues. They were mainly interested in organizational and economic problems faced by participants in the construction process. Therefore, various schemes of construction organization and models of behavior of participants in the created configurations of relationships were considered. New definitions of the basic concepts in the scope of normative documents are given.
Results. As a result of the study, the rules of conduct of participants in tender procedures – customers and applicants (designers, contractors) are proposed. At the same time, three phases of the object’s life cycle are considered: preparation for bidding, bidding and execution of contracts. There are two main types of the subject of the contract –– complex and particular contracts. For the first time, it is proposed to limit the indirect costs of manufacturers of materials, structures and equipment, which can lead to curbing inflation in construction.
Conclusions. It is advisable to initiate the development and adoption of a federal law on public procurement in the field of capital construction. It is necessary to consider the conclusion of complex contracts for the construction of facilities and private contracts for the performance of works, the supply of equipment and materials, and the provision of services. The contract with the technical customer should provide for a time reserve in comparison with the obligations of partial contractors.
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Zelinska, S. A. "METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF COMPLEX CHEMICAL PROCESSES." Innovate Pedagogy 1, no. 25 (2020): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32843/2663-6085/2020/25-1.36.
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Osuna, Osvaldo, and Cruz Vargas-De-León. "Construction of Dulac functions for mathematical models in population biology." International Journal of Biomathematics 08, no. 03 (April 21, 2015): 1550035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524515500357.
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Tenenev, V. A., I. G. Rusyak, V. G. Sufiyanov, M. A. Ermolaev, and D. G. Nefedov. "Construction of Approximate Mathematical Models on Results of Numerical Experiments." Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Mathematical Modelling, Programming and Computer Software" 8, no. 1 (2015): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/mmp150106.
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Leshchinskii, L. A., I. G. Rusyak, S. B. Ponomarev, and A. G. Petrov. "Algorithm for construction of mathematical models of coronary circulation disorders." Biomedical Engineering 33, no. 4 (July 1999): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02385333.
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POPSA, Roxana Elena. "CONCEPTUALIZING BUSINESS MODELS OF INTERNATIONAL HOTEL CHAINS." Revista Economica 73, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.56043/reveco-2021-0017.
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Globally, hotel chains are emerging as major players in the hotel industry, and their expansion policy includes along with the construction of new hotels, acquisitions, mergers, also business models based on management and franchise contracts. The paper investigates various aspects of the international hotel chains, such as the proportion of franchised hotels, those based on management contract and owned in North America and Europe, but also the proportion of franchised hotels by hotel chain. The aim is to provide an overview on the business models of international hotel chains.
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Malinina, Xeniya, Juriy Shamara, and Zhanna Petukhova. "Information technologies and transformation of models for implementation of investment-construction projects in modern Russia." SHS Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184400057.
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In this article we carry out the analysis of the possible directions and consequences of transformations of the existing models for implementation of investment-construction projects in relation with integration of information technologies and the construction industry in modern Russia. Such integration is considered as the most useful tool to solve such chronicle problems of the construction industry as low quality of works, missed deadlines and sustaining the best ratio “price-quality” for the customer. The basis for such integration is the technologies of informational modeling of construction objects. We investigated two basic models: disintegrated purchases and integrated purchases whose transformation will be directed towards development of mechanisms of partnership between participants of investment-construction projects, expanded use of “integrated” contracts in the system of state purchases of construction works and further centralization of control in the system of construction for state purposes.
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Ye, X., N. Zeng, and M. König. "Visualization of blockchain-based smart contracts for delivery, acceptance, and payment process using BIM." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 042013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/4/042013.
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Abstract Building Information Modeling (BIM) provides an excellent opportunity to digitally document and visually display construction projects’ information throughout their whole lifecycle. Another recent technology that fosters the digital transformation of the construction sector is blockchain-based smart contract. In combination with BIM models, such smart contract can be used for delivery, acceptance, and payment (DAP) process automation in the construction industry. The DAP process can be modelled by using smart contracts and securely stored via a blockchain. Since smart contracts are programming codes, for stakeholders it is difficult to understand what is exactly written in them. Therefore, it is necessary to visualize the state and executed transactions of the deployed smart contracts. In this paper, a framework is highlighted to record and visualize the status of the DAP processes by combining BIM with smart contracts using the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) to develop a smart contract system. With the help of suitable visualization concepts, the individual transactions of the blockchain can be displayed in a comprehensible way. The feasibility of the framework is presented through an illustrative implementation of the smart contract system. The proposed framework can help project participants better understand the current state of a smart contract.
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Prishchenko, Olga, Nadezhda Cheremskaya, and Tetyana Chernogor. "CONSTRUCTION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS USING THE METHODS OF CORRELATION AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Innovation researches in students’ scientific work, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2220-4784.2021.02.05.
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The article discusses the construction of a mathematical model using the methods of correlation and regression analysis in determining the functional relationship between the quantities. When conducting an experiment, it is often necessary to establish the interdependence between two or more quantities in order to obtain an empirical formula. In some cases, this is a simple task, because these connections are almost obvious or known in advance. As a rule, to establish the relationship between different indicators, factors and characteristics is not a trivial task. There is a need to use some hypothesis in the form of functional dependence. In other words, it is necessary to replace this functional dependence with a fairly simple mathematical expression. Such a mathematical expression can be a linear equation or a polynomial. In order to use such experimental data to determine such a mathematical or functional relationship between variables, the methods of correlation and regression analysis are used. Correlation analysis provides an answer to the statistical hypothesis of the absence or presence of a relationship between variables with some predetermined confidence probability. Determination of the functional dependence between different values on their experimental values is carried out using regression analysis. It is based on the well-known method of least squares. Proposing one or another regression equation, the researcher determines both the very existence of the relationship between variables and its mathematical form. Regression analysis considers the relationship between the dependent quantity and non-dependent variables. This relationship is represented using a mathematical model, that is, an equation that connects the dependent and independent variables. Processing of experimental data using correlation and regression analysis allows us to build a statistical mathematical model in the form of a regression equation. Thus, the methods of correlation and regression analysis are closely related.
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Natividade, Jorge, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, and Cristina Matos Silva. "Improving the Efficiency of Energy Consumption in Buildings: Simulation of Alternative EnPC Models." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 4228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074228.
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The construction sector and the operation and maintenance of buildings largely contribute to energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the European Union (EU). Therefore, it is of utmost importance to improve the energy performance of buildings. Yet, this frequently involves high short-term investments, which may not be compatible with owners’ budgetary constraints. In this research we analyze the importance of Energy Performance Contracting (EnPC) for the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings. These models allow bypassing budgetary restrictions of owners (public and private ones) and bring private capital to finance energy efficiency measures. The paper analyses different models of contracting Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), from traditional models to alternative models, and exposes the versatility of the new contracting models and the associated risks. Several applications of energy performance contracts implemented in European countries are presented to identify the main characteristics that lead to successful contracts. The paper also includes the discussion of energy performance contracts applied to a public building (a school) that seeks to reduce its annual energy consumption, by testing the use of three types of energy performance contracts. The results show that there is potential in the use of EnPC but it is critical to select the most adequate model, especially when defining the contract duration, to balance both owners’ and companies’ interests.
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Starichkova, Yu V. "The construction complexity of orgraphs: Some mathematical models and their applications." Automatic Documentation and Mathematical Linguistics 47, no. 1 (February 2013): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s000510551301007x.
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Acri, Ekaterina, and Irina Egorova. "ECONOMIC-MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY IN HOUSING AND CONSTRUCTION SPHERE." VESTNIK UNIVERSITETA, no. 4 (2018): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2018-4-114-118.
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Kushnir, V. A. "THE CONSTRUCTION OF EDUCATIONAL TASKS ON MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL MODELS, ALGORITHMS, PROGRAMS." Information Technologies in Education, no. 18 (April 30, 2014): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14308/ite000464.
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Zhao, Yalin, Hua Li, Yanyan Hou, Lei Cha, Yuan Cao, Ligui Wang, Xiaomin Ying, and Wuju Li. "Construction of two mathematical models for prediction of bacterial sRNA targets." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 372, no. 2 (July 2008): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.046.
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