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Books on the topic 'Constrained exploration'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 June 2024

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1

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee to Review NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program. A constrained space exploration technology program: A review of NASA's exploration technology development program. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee to Review NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program. A constrained space exploration technology program: A review of NASA's exploration technology development program. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee to Review NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program. A constrained space exploration technology program: A review of NASA's exploration technology development program. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008.

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4

Meh, Césaire Assah. Entrepreneurial risk, credit constraints, and the corporate income tax: A quantitative exploration. Ottawa: Bank of Canada, 2002.

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5

Office, World Bank Indonesia, ed. Opportunities and constraints for civil service reform in Indonesia: Exploration of a new approach and methodology. Jakarta: World Bank Office Jakarta, 2006.

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6

Timmer, Adwin H. From design space exploration to code generation: A constraint satisfaction approach for the architectural synthesis of digital VLSI circuits : proefschrift / door Adwin H. Timmer. [S.l: s.n.,], 1996.

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7

A Constrained Space Exploration Technology Program. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/12471.

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8

Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, and Committee to Review NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program. Constrained Space Exploration Technology Program: A Review of NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program. National Academies Press, 2008.

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9

Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, and Committee to Review NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program. Constrained Space Exploration Technology Program: A Review of NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program. National Academies Press, 2009.

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10

Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, and Committee to Review NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program. Constrained Space Exploration Technology Program: A Review of NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program. National Academies Press, 2008.

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11

Chong, Nak-Young, and Kshitij Tiwari. Multi-Robot Exploration for Environmental Monitoring: The Resource Constrained Perspective. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2019.

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12

Chong, Nak-Young, and Kshitij Tiwari. Multi-Robot Exploration for Environmental Monitoring: The Resource Constrained Perspective. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2019.

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13

Kumar, Vipin, Ian Davidson, Kiri Wagstaff, and Sugato Basu. Constrained Clustering: Advances in Algorithms, Theory, and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.

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14

Davidson, Ian, Kiri Wagstaff, and Sugato Basu. Constrained Clustering: Advances in Algorithms, Theory, and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.

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(Editor), Sugato Basu, Ian Davidson (Editor), and Kiri Wagstaff (Editor), eds. Constrained Clustering: Advances in Algorithms, Theory, and Applications (Chapman & Hall/Crc Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Series). Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2008.

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16

Briggs, Andrew, Hans Halvorson, and Andrew Steane. Biological evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808282.003.0012.

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The chapter discusses the history of life on Earth, and the lessons to be learned from the neo-Darwinian synthesis of evolutionary biology. The long and complex sequence of events in the evolutionary history of life on Earth requires considered interpretation. The neo-Darwinian synthesis is well-supported by evidence and gives rich insight into this process, but does not itself furnish a complete explanation or understanding of living things. This is because a process of exploration can only explore; it cannot fully dictate and can only partially constrain what type of thing will be found. What is found is constrained by other considerations, such as what is possible, and what can make sense. A brief critique of some of Richard Dawkins’ work is given, and also of the movement known as ‘Intelligent Design’. Education policy is well served by a fair appraisal of informed opinion in this area.

17

Finnan, Christine, Tricia Gray, Aprille J. Phillips, and Jacob M. Barry. Agency in Constrained Academic Contexts: Explorations of Space in Educational Anthropology. Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2021.

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18

Gruber, Craig W., Jaan Valsiner, Matthew G. Clark, and Sven Hroar Klempe. Constraints of Agency: Explorations of Theory in Everyday Life. Springer, 2014.

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19

Gruber, Craig W., Jaan Valsiner, Matthew G. Clark, and Sven Hroar Klempe. Constraints of Agency: Explorations of Theory in Everyday Life. Springer, 2016.

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20

Clingermayer, James C., and Richard C. Feiock. Institutional Constraints and Policy Choice: An Exploration of Local Governance (Suny Series in Public Administration). State University of New York Press, 2001.

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21

Paulsrud, BethAnne, Zhongfeng Tian, and Jeanette Toth, eds. English-Medium Instruction and Translanguaging. Multilingual Matters, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/paulsr7321.

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This book offers a critical exploration of definitions, methodologies, and ideologies of English-medium instruction (EMI) and contributes to new understandings of translanguaging as theory and pedagogy across diverse contexts. It demonstrates the affordances and constraints that translanguaging processes present in relation to EMI classrooms.

22

Enterprise among farm women in India and understanding their constraints: An exploration of NSSO'S 55th round household data. Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth, 2009.

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23

Clingermayer, James C., and Richard C. Feiock. Institutional Constraints and Policy Choice: An Exploration of Local Governance (S U N Y Series in Public Administration). State University of New York Press, 2001.

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24

Clack, Timothy, and Marcus Brittain, eds. Archaeologies of Cultural Contact. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693948.001.0001.

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Abstract Archaeologies of Cultural Contact undertakes an exploration of cultural contact and cultural transfer, with a particular focus on the combination and modification of material and behavioural attributes under conditions of contact. From globalization and displacement to cultural legitimization and identity politics, the modern world is characterized by and articulated through dynamics of contact and transfer. The book recognizes that creolization, ethnogenesis, hybridity, and syncretism are analytical concepts and social processes not only of relevance to the postcolonial contexts of the twentieth century but to wide-ranging instances where contact is made between cultural groups. Indeed, in representing the re-working of pre-existing cultural elements, they were crucial and ever-present features of the human past. Characterized as passive, agentless, and unidirectional, this volume exposes and overcomes various limitations of competing models of cultural change. Ranging in their analytical frame, scale, and geographical and temporal location, the thirteen chapters in this volume demonstrate the diverse understandings that can be gained from explorations into the material remains of past contact. The volume permits insights not only into cultural change and difference but also the processes of appropriation, resistance, redefinition, and incorporation. Together, the contributions articulate the perspectives that concern practices in relations to people, places, and things and note how power dynamics mediate social interactions and sustain and constrain forms of cultural contact. This book will be of interest to researchers and students in archaeology and also those from cognate disciplines, particularly anthropology and history.

25

Lehman, Frank. Tonal Practices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190606398.003.0002.

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This chapter lays out a series of conventions toward pitch design that both constrain musical meaning making in film and enable its unique effects. The chapter begins by examining the idiom of late Romanticism in European art music and the ways in which film music conforms to and differs from that model. This exploration is followed by a discussion of three vital aspects of American cinematic tonality: subordination, immediacy, and referentiality. Examples are drawn from an expansive set of filmmaking eras and styles; these range from the early days of the Sound Era to far more contemporary sounds. Beginning in this chapter, the beginnings of an interpretive methodology are constructed, recruiting from approaches as diverse as leitmotivic, atonal, Schenkerian, and audiovisual styles of analysis.

26

du Plessis, Stan. The Miracle of the Septuagint and the Promise of Data Mining in Economics. Edited by Don Ross and Harold Kincaid. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195189254.003.0016.

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Data mining could compromise the believability of econometric models. And yet there might not be an alternative to data mining if economics is going to be an empirical science practiced with the joint constraints of incomplete economic theory and non-experimental data. The organizing principle for this discussion of data mining is a philosophical spectrum that sorts the various econometric traditions according to their epistemological assumptions about the underlying data-generating process (DGP), starting with instrumentalism at one end and reaching claims of encompassing the DGP at the other; call it the DGP-spectrum. In the course of exploring this spectrum, this article discusses various Bayesian, specific to general (S–G) as well as general to specific (G–S) methods. A description of data mining and its potential dangers and a short section on potential institutional safeguards to these problems set the stage for this exploration.

27

Kukla, Quill R. City Living. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190855369.001.0001.

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This book is about urban spaces, urban dwellers, and how these spaces and people make, shape, and change one another. It is the first systematic philosophical investigation of the nature of city life and city dwellers. It draws on empirical and ethnographic work in geography, anthropology, urban planning, and several other disciplines in order to explore the impact that cities have on their dwellers and that dwellers have on their cities. It begins with a philosophical exploration of spatially embodied agency and of the specific forms of agency and spatiality that are distinctive of city living. It explores how gentrification is enacted and experienced at the level of embodied agency, arguing that gentrifying spaces are contested territories that shape and are shaped by their dwellers. The book then moves to an exploration of repurposed cities, which are cities materially designed to support one sociopolitical order but in which that order collapsed, leaving new dwellers to use the space in new ways. Through a detailed original ethnography of the repurposed cities of Berlin and Johannesburg, the book makes the case that in repurposed cities, we can see vividly how material spaces shape and constrain the agency and experience of dwellers, while dwellers creatively shape the spaces they inhabit in accordance with their needs. The book ends with a reconsideration of the right to the city, asking what would be involved in creating a city that enabled the agency and flourishing of all its diverse inhabitants.

28

Pinto, Jeff. Managing Projects. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Steven J. Armstrong, and Michael Lounsbury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.11.

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Projects, defined as temporary endeavours undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result, have become a common method for initiating and managing change in modern organizations. Once viewed as a specialized organizational operation within some well-understood settings (construction, new product development, oil and gas exploration, and so forth), projects have evolved to becoming the principle means by which both public and private organizations can make positive changes to their operating environment. Hence, the need for project management skills has never been greater, as more and more organizations seek to adopt project-based work as a proactive method for engaging their customer bases. This chapter highlights the key features of projects, including their critical constraints and management challenges. It focuses in particular on both the promising results that effective project management affords organizations as well as the myriad challenges that project managers face as firms adopt project-based work in their operations.

29

Đorđević, Jasmina. DIGITAL MEDIA DISCOURSE IN LINGUISTIC RESEARCH. Filozofski fakultet u Nišu, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/dmd.2022.

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The monograph Digital media discourse in linguistic research offers an exploration into the relationship between discourse as a manifestation of language in the digital media and the research possibilities available in the field of linguistics, but not without referring to sociolinguistics, media studies, etc. Substantial research has been devoted to the separate aspects of the subject matter initiated in this book. Especially during the last two decades, the media, discourse and the digital realm have been rather frequent topics successfully elaborated on by authors who have been given due credit in this book. However, it seemed to me that there are not enough resources that would provide systematic and comprehensive insights into how to analyse, understand, describe and further explore digital media discourse by relating linguistic research with theoretical frameworks from communication studies, political studies, journalism etc. These frameworks may, in fact, shed new light on how digital media discourse is both created and perceived while offering some new understanding of all the affordances and constraints entailed in digital media discourse in linguistic research.

30

Geppert, Cynthia M. A. Addiction and the Captive Will. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780567713544.

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Twenty-first century neuroscience has discovered that in some severe cases, addiction may so constrain human freedom that the will is only able to choose to use substances of abuse. At this advanced stage, substance use has become the primary driver of salience, co-opting and subsuming other moral priorities and human rewards. Scholars have investigated Aristotle’s concept of akrasia as an ancient mirror of this understanding and there have been some preliminary discussions of Augustine’s concept of the divided will as it bears on addiction. No detailed and comprehensive exploration of the work of Augustine has yet been undertaken as it relates to three contemporary models of addiction: the choice, learning, and brain disease models. Augustine’s psychological awareness, his mastery of ancient theological and philosophical thinking, and his enormous and enduring influence on both Catholic and Protestant theology, make him an ideal subject for such research. This incisive book argues that Augustine’s doctrine of the captive will offers a theological parallel of each of these contemporary models of addiction.

31

McNamara, Patrick, and Magda Giordano. Cognitive Neuroscience and Religious Language. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0005.

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Communication between deities and human beings rests on the use of language. Religious language has peculiarities such as the use of a formal voice, reductions in first-person and elevation of third-person pronoun use, archaistic elements, and an abundance of speech acts—features that reflect and facilitate the binding of the individual to conceived ultimate reality and value, decentering the Self while focusing on the deity. Explorations of the neurologic correlates of these cognitive and linguistic processes may be useful to identify constraints on neurocognitive models of religious language, and metaphor. The key brain regions that may mediate religious language include neural networks known to be involved in computational assessments of value, future-oriented simulations, Self-agency, Self-reflection, and attributing intentionality of goals to others. Studies indicate that some of the areas involved in those processes are active during personal prayer, whereas brain regions related to habit formation appear active during formal prayer. By examining religious language, and the brain areas engaged by it, we aim to develop more comprehensive neurocognitive models of religious cognition.

32

Hill, Juniper. Incorporating improvisation into classical music performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199346677.003.0015.

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The paucity of improvisation over the last 150 years of western art music is an anomaly. This chapter discusses why and how classical musicians today might incorporate more improvisation into their practice and performance. Examples from professional musicians demonstrate innovative approaches to classical improvisation as well as methods for renewing historical practices in modern contexts. As a developmental tool, improvisation can be used to deepen understanding of traditional repertoire, improve technique and aural skills, expand expressive possibilities, discover a personal voice, and lessen performance anxiety. Methods for increasing improvisation in public performance are also illustrated, including the preparation of improvised cadenzas in canonical repertoire, the exploration of multiple possible score interpretations, the practice of functional improvisation for church services, and the adventure of boundary-challenging creative acts. The chapter concludes by addressing challenges and constraints faced by potential improvisers in today’s classical music culture, especially in relation to education (when important enabling skill sets are left underdeveloped), career pressures (when deviations from convention are risky) and value systems (when improvisation is considered wrong and the creative capacity of performers is deemed inferior). Classical performers are encouraged to take some of their training into their own hands and assert their right for greater artistic autonomy.

33

Irish, Tracy, and Jennifer Kitchen, eds. Teaching and Learning Shakespeare through Theatre-based Practice. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350292086.

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This book provides an overview of theatre-based teaching of Shakespeare and offers a comprehensive exploration of the educational principles underpinning the practice. Through exploring how and why theatre-based practice in the classroom can open up the possibilities of Shakespeare study, it investigates how different understandings emerge from our ever-shifting experiences of language and culture. This book empowers Shakespeare educators in supporting young people, aged 15–20, to interact critically, creatively and collaboratively with the cultural inheritance of Shakespeare’s texts. Drawing on the authors’ range of scholarly experience, and practical work with organizations, including the Royal Shakespeare Company, Shakespeare’s Globe, the Folger and Shakespeare Schools Foundation, Part One engages in lively dialogue with core questions of Shakespeare’s educational and cultural positions within the classroom. Part Two is based around a series of interviews with key practitioners from a range of Shakespeare performance and education organizations, exploring the core principles and practices behind their work and how these translate into the range of resources and programmes they offer. Part Three focuses on the experiences of practicing classroom teachers, realistically reviewing the opportunities and constraints of teaching through theatre-based approaches, with contributions from a diverse set of teachers who have found success with young people in different contexts and with different challenges.

34

Deahl, Lora, and Brenda Wristen. Adaptive Strategies for Small-Handed Pianists. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190616847.001.0001.

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Adaptive Strategies for Small-Handed Pianists brings together information from ergonomics, physics, biomechanics, anatomy, medicine, and piano pedagogy to focus on the subject of small-handedness. Chapter 1 presents an overview from historical, anatomical, and pedagogical perspectives and includes a discussion of small-handedness as a risk factor for piano-related injury. Chapter 2 establishes a basic understanding of work efficiency and the human anatomy, moves on to general observations about piano playing and the constraints of physics, and explains the principles of healthy movement at the piano. Chapter 3 is a focused analysis of piano technique as it relates to small-handedness. Chapters 4 to 7 deal with specific alternative approaches: redistribution, refingering, ways to maximize reach and power, and musical solutions for technical problems. Hundreds of examples taken from the standard intermediate and advanced piano literature show concrete applications of these strategies within appropriate musical contexts. Chapter 8 presents tables that pianists can use to diagnose and resolve commonly encountered problems and synthesizes the adaptive approaches outlined in the book. Reflective application points are provided as guides to further exploration. The book demonstrates that the specific physical and musical needs of the small-handed can be addressed in sensitive and appropriate ways and illuminates alternative paths to help pianists with small hands reach their musical goals.

35

Williams, Katherine Schaap. Unfixable Forms. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501753503.001.0001.

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This book explores how theatrical form remakes — and is in turn remade by — early modern disability. Figures described as “deformed,” “lame,” “crippled,” “ugly,” “sick,” and “monstrous” crowd the stage in English drama of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In each case, such a description distills cultural expectations about how a body should look and what a body should do — yet, crucially, demands the actor's embodied performance. In the early modern theater, concepts of disability collide with the deforming, vulnerable body of the actor. The book's author excavates an archive of formal innovation to argue that disability is at the heart of the early modern theater's exploration of what it means to put the body of an actor on the stage. Offering new interpretations of canonical works by William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Thomas Dekker, Thomas Middleton, and William Rowley, and close readings of little-known plays such as The Fair Maid of the Exchange and A Larum For London, the book demonstrates how disability cuts across foundational distinctions between nature and art, form and matter, and being and seeming. Situated at the intersections of early modern drama, disability studies, and performance theory, the book locates disability on the early modern stage as both a product of cultural constraints and a spark for performance's unsettling demands and electrifying eventfulness.

36

Brownsword, Roger, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Law, Regulation and Technology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.001.0001.

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This book brings together leading scholars from law and other disciplines to explore the relationship between law, technological innovation, and regulatory governance. It is organized into five parts. Part I provides an overview of the volume, identifies its aims, explains its organization, locates it within existing scholarship, and identifies major themes that emerge from the individual chapter contributions. Part II examines core normative values that are implicated or affected by technological developments and which recur in attempts to ground the legitimacy of emerging technologies within liberal democratic societies. Part III focuses on the challenges that technological development poses for law, legal doctrine, and legal institutions, and the constraints that these legal frameworks pose for the development of technologies. Part IV provides a critical exploration of the implications for regulatory governance of technological development, and considers both attempts to regulate new technologies (typically with the aim of managing risks associated with their emergence while seeking to promote their potential benefits) and the way in which new technologies may be utilized as instruments of regulatory governance with the aim of restraining and managing social risks. Part V explores the interface between law, regulatory governance, and emerging technologies in specific policy sectors, namely: medicine and health; population, reproduction, and the family; trade and commerce; public security; communications, media and culture; and food, water, energy, and the environment.

37

Pearson, Trais. Sovereign Necropolis. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501740152.001.0001.

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By the 1890s, Siam (Thailand) was the last holdout against European imperialism in Southeast Asia. But the kingdom's exceptional status came with a substantial caveat: Bangkok, its bustling capital, was a port city that was subject to many of the same legal and fiscal constraints as other colonial treaty ports. This book offers new insight into turn-of-the-century Thai history by disinterring the forgotten stories of those who died “unnatural deaths” during this period and the work of the Siamese state to assert their rights in a pluralistic legal arena. The book documents the piecemeal introduction of new forms of legal and medical concern for the dead. It reveals that the investigation of unnatural death demanded testimony from diverse strata of society: from the unlettered masses to the king himself. These cases raised questions about how to handle the dead—were they spirits to be placated or legal subjects whose deaths demanded compensation?—as well as questions about jurisdiction, rights, and liability. Exhuming the history of imperial politics, transnational commerce, technology, and expertise, the book demonstrates how the state's response to global flows transformed the nature of legal subjectivity and politics in lasting ways. A compelling exploration of the troubling lives of the dead in a cosmopolitan treaty port, the book is a notable contribution to the growing corpus of studies in science, law, and society in the non-Western world.

38

Pinto, Sarah. The Doctor and Mrs. A. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823286676.001.0001.

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In the years leading up to India’s independence, a young Punjabi woman known to us only as Mrs. A., ill at ease in her marriage and eager for personal and national freedom, sat down with psychiatrist Dev Satya Nand for an experiment in his new and “Oriental” method of dream analysis. Her analysis, which appeared in a case self-published by Satya Nand, included a surge of emotion and reflections on sexuality, gender, marriage, ambition, trauma, and art. She turned to female figures from Hindu myth to reimagine her social world and its ethical arrangements. The stories of Draupadi and Shakuntala, from the Mahabharata, and Ahalya, from the Ramayana, helped her envision a future beyond marriage, colonial rule, and gendered constraints. This book is an exploration of Mrs. A.’s case, its window onto gender and sexuality in late colonial Indian society, and the ways her case put ethics in motion, creating alternatives to ideals of belonging, recognition, and consciousness. It finds in Mrs. A.’s musings repertoires for the creative transformation of ethical ideals and explores the possibilities of thinking with a concept of “counter-ethics” and from a position that sees ethics as plural in both content and form. Following Mrs. A. in pursuing mythic narratives and turning in its conclusion to art as a guide for theorizing, this book asks what perspectives on gender, power, meaning, and imagination are possible from the position of the counter-ethic and its orientation toward movement and change.

39

Dresher, B. Elan, and Harry van der Hulst, eds. The Oxford History of Phonology. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796800.001.0001.

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This volume is an up-to-date history of phonology from the earliest known examples of phonological thinking through the rise of phonology as a field in the 20th century and up to the present time. The volume is divided into five parts. Part I, Early insights in phonology, begins with writing systems and has chapters devoted to the great ancient and medieval intellectual traditions of phonological thought that form the foundation of later thinking and continue to enrich phonological theory. Part II, The founders of phonology, describes the important schools and individuals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who shaped phonology as an organized scientific field. Part III takes up Mid-twentieth-century developments in phonology in the Soviet Union, Northern and Western Europe, and North America; it continues with precursors to generative grammar, and culminates in a chapter on Chomsky & Halle’s The Sound Pattern of English (SPE). Part IV, Phonology after SPE, shows how phonological theorists responded to SPE with respect to derivations, representations, and phonology-morphology interaction. Theories discussed include Dependency Phonology, Government Phonology, Constraint-and-Repair theories, and Optimality Theory. This part ends with a chapter on the study of variation. Part V, New methods and approaches, has chapters on phonetic explanation, corpora and phonological analysis, probabilistic phonology, computational modelling, models of phonological learning, and the evolution of phonology. This exploration of the history of phonology from various viewpoints provides new perspectives on where phonology has been and throws light on where it is going.

40

Benestad, Rasmus. Climate in the Barents Region. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.655.

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The Barents Sea is a region of the Arctic Ocean named after one of its first known explorers (1594–1597), Willem Barentsz from the Netherlands, although there are accounts of earlier explorations: the Norwegian seafarer Ottar rounded the northern tip of Europe and explored the Barents and White Seas between 870 and 890 ce, a journey followed by a number of Norsemen; Pomors hunted seals and walruses in the region; and Novgorodian merchants engaged in the fur trade. These seafarers were probably the first to accumulate knowledge about the nature of sea ice in the Barents region; however, scientific expeditions and the exploration of the climate of the region had to wait until the invention and employment of scientific instruments such as the thermometer and barometer. Most of the early exploration involved mapping the land and the sea ice and making geographical observations. There were also many unsuccessful attempts to use the Northeast Passage to reach the Bering Strait. The first scientific expeditions involved F. P. Litke (1821±1824), P. K. Pakhtusov (1834±1835), A. K. Tsivol’ka (1837±1839), and Henrik Mohn (1876–1878), who recorded oceanographic, ice, and meteorological conditions.The scientific study of the Barents region and its climate has been spearheaded by a number of campaigns. There were four generations of the International Polar Year (IPY): 1882–1883, 1932–1933, 1957–1958, and 2007–2008. A British polar campaign was launched in July 1945 with Antarctic operations administered by the Colonial Office, renamed as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS); it included a scientific bureau by 1950. It was rebranded as the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1962 (British Antarctic Survey History leaflet). While BAS had its initial emphasis on the Antarctic, it has also been involved in science projects in the Barents region. The most dedicated mission to the Arctic and the Barents region has been the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), which has commissioned a series of reports on the Arctic climate: the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) report, the Snow Water Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) report, and the Adaptive Actions in a Changing Arctic (AACA) report.The climate of the Barents Sea is strongly influenced by the warm waters from the Norwegian current bringing heat from the subtropical North Atlantic. The region is 10°C–15°C warmer than the average temperature on the same latitude, and a large part of the Barents Sea is open water even in winter. It is roughly bounded by the Svalbard archipelago, northern Fennoscandia, the Kanin Peninsula, Kolguyev Island, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land, and is a shallow ocean basin which constrains physical processes such as currents and convection. To the west, the Greenland Sea forms a buffer region with some of the strongest temperature gradients on earth between Iceland and Greenland. The combination of a strong temperature gradient and westerlies influences air pressure, wind patterns, and storm tracks. The strong temperature contrast between sea ice and open water in the northern part sets the stage for polar lows, as well as heat and moisture exchange between ocean and atmosphere. Glaciers on the Arctic islands generate icebergs, which may drift in the Barents Sea subject to wind and ocean currents.The land encircling the Barents Sea includes regions with permafrost and tundra. Precipitation comes mainly from synoptic storms and weather fronts; it falls as snow in the winter and rain in the summer. The land area is snow-covered in winter, and rivers in the region drain the rainwater and meltwater into the Barents Sea. Pronounced natural variations in the seasonal weather statistics can be linked to variations in the polar jet stream and Rossby waves, which result in a clustering of storm activity, blocking high-pressure systems. The Barents region is subject to rapid climate change due to a “polar amplification,” and observations from Svalbard suggest that the past warming trend ranks among the strongest recorded on earth. The regional change is reinforced by a number of feedback effects, such as receding sea-ice cover and influx of mild moist air from the south.

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McLeish, Tom. The Poetry and Music of Science. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797999.001.0001.

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‘I could not see any place in science for my creativity or imagination’, was the explanation, of a bright school leaver to the author, of why she had abandoned all study of science. Yet as any scientist knows, the imagination is essential to the immense task of re-creating a shared model of nature from the scale of the cosmos, through biological complexity, to the smallest subatomic structures. Encounters like that one inspired this book, which takes a journey through the creative process in the arts as well as sciences. Visiting great creative people of the past, it also draws on personal accounts of scientists, artists, mathematicians, writers, and musicians today to explore the commonalities and differences in creation. Tom McLeish finds that the ‘Two Cultures’ division between the arts and the sciences is not after all, the best classification of creative processes, for all creation calls on the power of the imagination within the constraints of form. Instead, the three modes of visual, textual, and abstract imagination have woven the stories of the arts and sciences together, but using different tools. As well as panoramic assessments of creativity, calling on ideas from the ancient world, medieval thought, and twentieth-century philosophy and theology, The Poetry and Music of Science illustrates its emerging story by specific close-up explorations of musical (Schumann), literary (James, Woolf, Goethe) mathematical (Wiles), and scientific (Humboldt, Einstein) creation. The book concludes by asking how creativity contributes to what it means to be human.

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Radivojević, Ana, and Linda Hildebrand. SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT BUILDING DESIGN: approaches, methods and tools. Edited by Saja Kosanović, Tillmann Klein, and Thaleia Konstantinou. TU Delft Bouwkunde, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/bookrxiv.26.

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The challenges to which contemporary building design needs to respond grow steadily. They originate from the influence of changing environmental conditions on buildings, as well as from the need to reduce the impact of buildings on the environment. The increasing complexity requires the continual revision of design principles and their harmonisation with current scientific findings, technological development, and environmental, social, and economic factors. It is precisely these issues that form the backbone of the thematic book, Sustainable and Resilient Building Design: Approaches, Methods, and Tools. The purpose of this book is to present ongoing research from the universities involved in the project Creating the Network of Knowledge Labs for Sustainable and Resilient Environments (KLABS). The book starts with the exploration of the origin, development, and the state-of-the-art notions of environmental design and resource efficiency. Subsequently, climate change complexity and dynamics are studied, and the design strategy for climate-proof buildings is articulated. The investigation into the resilience of buildings is further deepened by examining a case study of fire protection. The book then investigates interrelations between sustainable and resilient building design, compares their key postulates and objectives, and searches for the possibilities of their integration into an outreaching approach. The fifth article in the book deals with potentials and constraints in relation to the assessment of the sustainability (and resilience) of buildings. It critically analyses different existing building certification models, their development paths, systems, and processes, and compares them with the general objectives of building ratings. The subsequent paper outlines the basis and the meaning of the risk and its management system, and provides an overview of different visual, auxiliary, and statistical risk assessment methods and tools. Following the studies of the meanings of sustainable and resilient buildings, the book focuses on the aspects of building components and materials. Here, the life cycle assessment (LCA) method for quantifying the environmental impact of building products is introduced and analysed in detail, followed by a comprehensive comparative overview of the LCA-based software and databases that enable both individual assessment and the comparison of different design alternatives. The impact of climate and pollution on the resilience of building materials is analysed using the examples of stone, wood, concrete, and ceramic materials. Accordingly, the contribution of traditional and alternative building materials to the reduction of negative environmental impact is discussed and depicted through different examples. The book subsequently addresses existing building stock, in which environmental, social, and economic benefits of building refurbishment are outlined by different case studies. Further on, a method for the upgrade of existing buildings, described as ‘integrated rehabilitation’, is deliberated and supported by best practice examples of exoskeleton architectural prosthesis. The final paper reflects on the principles of regenerative design, reveals the significance of biological entities, and recognises the need to assign to buildings and their elements a more advanced role towards natural systems in human environments.