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1
García-Calderón, Clara B., Meritxell García-Quintanilla, Josep Casadesús, and Francisco Ramos-Morales. "Virulence attenuation in Salmonella enterica rcsC mutants with constitutive activation of the Rcs system." Microbiology 151, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27520-0.
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Mutations in rcsC that result in constitutive colanic acid capsule synthesis were obtained in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Most rcsC alleles were dominant; however, recessive rcsC alleles were also found, in agreement with the postulated double role (positive and negative) of RcsC on the activation of the RcsB/C phosphorelay system. Salmonella rcsC mutants with constitutive activation of the Rcs system are severely attenuated for virulence in BALB/c mice and their degree of attenuation correlates with the level of Rcs activation. Partial relief of attenuation by a gmm mutation indicates that capsule overproduction is one of the factors leading to avirulence in constitutively activated rcsC mutants.
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Adan, Roger A. H. "Constitutive Receptor Activity series Endogenous inverse agonists and constitutive receptor activity in the melanocortin system." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 27, no. 4 (April 2006): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2006.02.002.
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Aerts, Dirk, Tom Verhaeghe, Marjan De Mey, Tom Desmet, and Wim Soetaert. "A constitutive expression system for high-throughput screening." Engineering in Life Sciences 11, no. 1 (October 25, 2010): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201000065.
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Hazan-Halevy, Inbal, David Harris, Zhiming Liu, Jie Liu, Ping Li, Xiaomin Chen, Sreejesh Shanker, Alessandra Ferrajoli, Michael J. Keating, and Zeev Estrov. "STAT3 is constitutively phosphorylated on serine 727 residues, binds DNA, and activates transcription in CLL cells." Blood 115, no. 14 (April 8, 2010): 2852–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-10-230060.
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Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the Western hemisphere, but its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation (p) of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 occurs in several solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. In CLL, however, STAT3 is constitutively phosphorylated on serine 727, not tyrosine 705, residues. Because the biologic significance of serine pSTAT3 in CLL is not known, we studied peripheral blood cells of 106 patients with CLL and found that, although tyrosine pSTAT3 was inducible, serine pSTAT3 was constitutive in all patients studied, regardless of blood count, disease stage, or treatment status. In addition, we demonstrated that constitutive serine pSTAT3 translocates to the nucleus by the karyopherin-β nucleocytoplasmic system and binds DNA. Dephosphorylation of inducible tyrosine pSTAT3 did not affect STAT3-DNA binding, suggesting that constitutive serine pSTAT3 binds DNA. Furthermore, infection of CLL cells with lentiviral STAT3-small hairpin RNA reduced the expression of several STAT3-regulated survival and proliferation genes and induced apoptosis, suggesting that constitutive serine pSTAT3 initiates transcription in CLL cells. Taken together, our data suggest that constitutive phosphorylation of STAT3 on serine 727 residues is a hallmark of CLL and that STAT3 be considered a therapeutic target in this disease.
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Kirkby, Nicholas S., Melissa V. Chan, Anne K. Zaiss, Eliana Garcia-Vaz, Jing Jiao, Lisa M. Berglund, Elena F. Verdu, et al. "Systematic study of constitutive cyclooxygenase-2 expression: Role of NF-κB and NFAT transcriptional pathways." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517642113.
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Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme that drives inflammation and is the therapeutic target for widely used nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, COX-2 is also constitutively expressed, in the absence of overt inflammation, with a specific tissue distribution that includes the kidney, gastrointestinal tract, brain, and thymus. Constitutive COX-2 expression is therapeutically important because NSAIDs cause cardiovascular and renal side effects in otherwise healthy individuals. These side effects are now of major concern globally. However, the pathways driving constitutive COX-2 expression remain poorly understood. Here we show that in the kidney and other sites, constitutive COX-2 expression is a sterile response, independent of commensal microorganisms and not associated with activity of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. Instead, COX-2 expression in the kidney but not other regions colocalized with nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factor activity and was sensitive to inhibition of calcineurin-dependent NFAT activation. However, calcineurin/NFAT regulation did not contribute to constitutive expression elsewhere or to inflammatory COX-2 induction at any site. These data address the mechanisms driving constitutive COX-2 and suggest that by targeting transcription it may be possible to develop antiinflammatory therapies that spare the constitutive expression necessary for normal homeostatic functions, including those important to the cardiovascular-renal system.
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Hamilton, Ruth, Mike Siva-Jothy, and Mike Boots. "Two arms are better than one: parasite variation leads to combined inducible and constitutive innate immune responses." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1637 (January 29, 2008): 937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1574.
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Parasites represent a major threat to all organisms which has led to the evolution of an array of complex and effective defence mechanisms. Common to both vertebrates and invertebrates are innate immune mechanisms that can be either constitutively expressed or induced on exposure to infection. In nature, we find that a combination of both induced and constitutive responses are employed by vertebrates, invertebrates and, to an extent, plants when they are exposed to a parasite. Here we use a simple within-host model motivated by the insect immune system, consisting of both constitutive and induced responses, to address the question of why both types of response are maintained so ubiquitously. Generally, induced responses are thought to be advantageous because they are only used when required but are too costly to maintain constantly, while constitutive responses are advantageous because they are always ready to act. However, using a simple cost function but with no a priori assumptions about relative costs, we show that variability in parasite growth rates selects for a strategy that combines both constitutive and induced defences. Differential costs are therefore not necessary to explain the adoption of both forms of defence. Clearly, hosts are likely to be challenged by variable parasites in nature and this is sufficient to explain why it is optimal to deploy both arms of the innate immune system.
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Singer, John T., Ryan T. Phennicie, Matthew J. Sullivan, Laura A. Porter, Valerie J. Shaffer, and Carol H. Kim. "Broad-Host-Range Plasmids for Red Fluorescent Protein Labeling of Gram-Negative Bacteria for Use in the Zebrafish Model System." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 11 (April 2, 2010): 3467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01679-09.
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ABSTRACT To observe real-time interactions between green fluorescent protein-labeled immune cells and invading bacteria in the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a series of plasmids was constructed for the red fluorescent protein (RFP) labeling of a variety of fish and human pathogens. The aim of this study was to create a collection of plasmids that would express RFP pigments both constitutively and under tac promoter regulation and that would be nontoxic and broadly transmissible to a variety of Gram-negative bacteria. DNA fragments encoding the RFP dimeric (d), monomeric (m), and tandem dimeric (td) derivatives d-Tomato, td-Tomato, m-Orange, and m-Cherry were cloned into the IncQ-based vector pMMB66EH in Escherichia coli. Plasmids were mobilized into recipient strains by conjugal mating. Pigment production was inducible in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Edwardsiella tarda, and Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum strains by isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) treatment. A spontaneous mutant exconjugant of P. aeruginosa PA14 was isolated that expressed td-Tomato constitutively. Complementation analysis revealed that the constitutive phenotype likely was due to a mutation in lacI q carried on pMMB66EH. DNA sequence analysis confirmed the presence of five transitions, four transversions, and a 2-bp addition within a 14-bp region of lacI. Vector DNA was purified from this constitutive mutant, and structural DNA sequences for RFP pigments were cloned into the constitutive vector. Exconjugants of P. aeruginosa, E. tarda, and V. anguillarum expressed all pigments in an IPTG-independent fashion. Results from zebrafish infectivity studies indicate that RFP-labeled pathogens will be useful for the study of real-time interactions between host cells of the innate immune system and the infecting pathogen.
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Cheng, Tao. "Numerical Simulation for the Deformation of Composite Wall Insulation System." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.187.
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The nonlinear constitutive relations of clay are investigated with different initial stress conditions. Two series of triaxial compression tests are performed, respectively after consolidation and isotropic consolidation. On the basis of the framework of ~ model, a uniform nonlinear constitutive model is proposed by fitting of the test data. With the average slope of the unloading-reloading curve selected as the unloading modulus, the unloading function is constructed as the loading-unloading criterion. Moreover, a comparison of the experimental stress-strain curves with the predicted results by the constitutive model is made. It is shown that the model prediction is reasonable, which can reflect the stress-strain behavior of the soil under the consolidation and isotropic consolidation conditions.
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Bednář, Miloš. "The constitutive values of fair play." AUC KINANTHROPOLOGICA 59, no. 2 (January 23, 2024): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23366052.2023.5.
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Fair play as a phenomenon of sporting life is present even if only in the form of small acts or gestures in most competitions; its absence is present in cases of foul play. The daily press comments its presence or absence every day in, and not only in the sports sections. Both the public and experts discuss acts from so called grey zone (forms of gamesmanship). Deciding unequivocally on the moral quality of a diverse range of actions, attitudes or statements requires clarity about the values underpinning fair play. Our aim is therefore to find the constitutive values of fair play by examining a set of values from the field of sport, rel¬evant offerings from fundamental ethics, using Abraham Maslow’s meta-value system and selection from the fundamental values of fair play considered so far. Organizing the selected values into a meaningful system is the final aim. We used a hermeneutic method to interpret the role of values within fair play. We identify five values and five meta-values as constitutive of fair play, the meta-values of goodness, truth, and transcendence as the basis of the entire system. We identify character (of athletes) and ethos (of sports communities) as both initiators of activities within the system and recipients of benefits.
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Kasperavičius, Algis. "Constitutive Parliament and its speakers." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 12 (December 29, 2003): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2003.37174.
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On April of 1920, elected Constitutive Parliament term continued till the 6th of October 1922. It worked strenuously; there took place 257 ordinary meetings, which continued for some hours every day. They often ended in the next morning. The most important task of the Constitutive Parliament was to prepare a permanent Constitution of the Lithuanian Republic, but it performed other rules' publishing functions too. It performed the control of executive government institutions of all levels. The education of parliament members was much better than the middle education of Lithuanian citizens, but most of them didn't have university education. However, it wasn't a big imperfection of the just born parliamentary system of Lithuania. A diploma or an academic degree isn't identical to the broad mind and the knowledge necessary for political leaders. It can be acquired in the way of self-education too. Oratorical skills are very important as well. In opposition to other parliaments of the West, there weren't many lawyers in the Lithuanian Constitutive Parliament, but there were oratory skills characteristic of other professions' representatives, who sometimes didn't have both the university degree and secondary education. For example, leaders of social democrats like K. Bielinis and J. Plečkaitis. Next to them, the most eminent orators were social democrats: an engineer S. Kairys, a scientist-chemist V. Čepinskis, a leader of populists M. Sleževičius, and a Christian democrat priest M. Krupavičius. In the constitutive parliament, the Right and the Left differed from each other not only in the matter of social reforms, first of all agrarian reform, but also in their standpoint on Catholic religion and the church's place in the state. Disagreements reached their culmination in 1922 during the discussion about the final wording of the constitution. The offers of social democrats and populists were rejected because the majority of votes were held by Christian democrats. In addition, the Right used not only objective arguments but also demagogy. The Right abstained from voting for the Constitution. It was accepted by Christian democrats and by a few executives of national minorities. The anticlericalism of the Left was one of the causes that influenced the downfall of parliamentary democracy in Lithuania as a result of the revolution in December 1926. Discussions in the Constitutive Parliament showed that its members seriously looked at the work of Constitution preparation, though they were not always able to find compromises. They weren't afraid to express their opinion, and they didn't tremble because of the reaction in Warsaw, Paris, Moscow, or London.
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Delgado-Martín, Josemaría, and Leonardo Velasco. "An efficient dsRNA constitutive expression system in Escherichia coli." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 16-17 (August 2021): 6381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11494-6.
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Murjiyanto, Raden. "Legal Protection of the Registered Trademark Owner in the Constitutive System (First to File) in Indonesia." SHS Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 06014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185406014.
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Since the enactment of Law Number 19 of 1992 on Trademarks that had been amended last with the enactment of Law Number 20 of 2016 on Trademarks, it applies the Constitutive System (First to File) which is a change from the old system of the Declarative System (First to Use). Therefore, the legal protection is determined by a registration. However, there are still many lawsuit cases of trademark cancellation. Based on the Constitutive System, the right is granted to the first registrant. Some cases are based on a lawsuit from a party who feels as the owner of the trademark, but registered by another party. The research study, titled Legal Protection of the Registered Trademark Owner in the Constitutive System (First to File) in Indonesia, based on the problem: the first problem is how is the form of legal protection of registered trademark owner in the Constitutive System in Indonesia? The second problem is why with the Constitutive System are there still many trademarks that have not been registered? The research method used normative research method, by reviewing the documents, court decisions and applicable legislation.
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Nijenhuis, Wouter A. J., Julia Oosterom, and Roger A. H. Adan. "AgRP(83–132) Acts as an Inverse Agonist on the Human-Melanocortin-4 Receptor." Molecular Endocrinology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/mend.15.1.0578.
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Abstract The central melanocortin (MC) system has been demonstrated to act downstream of leptin in the regulation of body weight. The system comprises α-MSH, which acts as agonist, and agouti-related protein (AgRP), which acts as antagonist at the MC3 and MC4 receptors (MC3R and MC4R). This property suggests that MCR activity is tightly regulated and that opposing signals are integrated at the receptor level. We here propose another level of regulation within the melanocortin system by showing that the human (h) MC4R displays constitutive activity in vitro as assayed by adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. Furthermore, human AgRP(83–132) acts as an inverse agonist for the hMC4R since it was able to suppress constitutive activity of the hMC4R both in intact B16/G4F melanoma cells and membrane preparations. The effect of AgRP(83–132) on the hMC4R was blocked by the MC4R ligand SHU9119. Also the hMC3R and the mouse(m)MC5R were shown to be constitutively active. AgRP(83–132) acted as an inverse agonist on the hMC3R but not on the mMC5R. Thus, AgRP is able to regulate MCR activity independently of α-MSH. These findings form a basis to further investigate the relevance of constitutive activity of the MC4R and of inverse agonism of AgRP for the regulation of body weight.
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Bodega, Guillermo, Celia Hernández, Isabel Suárez, Montserrat Martín, and Benjamín Fernández. "HSP70 Constitutive Expression in Rat Central Nervous System from Postnatal Development to Maturity." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 50, no. 9 (September 2002): 1161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540205000902.
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We studied the level of the basal (constitutive) HSP70 expression (inducible and constitutive forms) in the central nervous system (CNS) of male and female rats from the postnatal period to maturity. HSP70 levels were analyzed by immunoblotting in five different areas (cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord). The highest levels of HSP70 were found in juvenile rats and decreased progressively until reaching baseline levels between 2 and 4 months. A slight and nonsignificant increase in aged (2-year-old) rats compared with adult subjects was observed in some cerebral areas (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum). In the first weeks of postnatal development, HSP70 immunoreactivity was distributed throughout CNS sections and no specific immunopositive cells could be clearly determined. In adult animals, strong immunostaining was observed in some large neurons (Purkinje neurons and mesencephalic and spinal cord motor neurons), some perivascular and subpial astrocytes, and ependymocytes. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that HSP70 in these cells is located in the perinuclear area and in mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and microtubules. In neurons, strong immunolabeling was also observed in synaptic membranes. The postnatal time course of HSP70 levels and the location and size of HSP70-immunopositive cells suggest that HSP70 constitutively expressed in the rat CNS may be mainly determined by the degree of development and metabolic activity of the neural cells.
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Suthaus, Jan, Anna Tillmann, Inken Lorenzen, Elena Bulanova, Stefan Rose-John, and Jürgen Scheller. "Forced Homo- and Heterodimerization of All gp130-Type Receptor Complexes Leads to Constitutive Ligand-independent Signaling and Cytokine-independent Growth." Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, no. 15 (August 2010): 2797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e10-03-0240.
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Naturally ligand independent constitutively active gp130 variants were described to be responsible for inflammatory hepatocellular adenomas. Recently, we genetically engineered a ligand-independent constitutively active gp130 variant based on homodimerization of Jun leucine zippers. Because also heterodimeric complexes within the gp130 family may have tumorigenic potential, we seek to generate ligand-independent constitutively active heterodimers for all known gp130-receptor complexes based on IL-15/IL-15Rα-sushi fusion proteins. Ligand-independent heterodimerization of gp130 with WSX-1, LIFR, and OSMR and of OSMR with GPL led to constitutive, ligand-independent STAT1 and/or STAT3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, these receptor combinations induced transcription of the STAT3 target genes c-myc and Pim-1 and factor-independent growth of stably transduced Ba/F3-gp130 cells. Here, we establish the IL-15/IL-15Rα-sushi system as a new system to mimic constitutive and ligand-independent activation of homo- and heterodimeric receptor complexes, which might be applicable to other heterodimeric receptor families. A mutated IL-15 protein, which was still able to bind the IL-15Rα-sushi domain, but not to β- and γ-receptor chains, in combination with the 2A peptide technology may be used to translate our in vitro data into the in vivo situation to assess the tumorigenic potential of gp130-heterodimeric receptor complexes.
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Waspiah, Waspiah. "RENEWAL OF THE CONSTITUTIVE NATIONAL LAW SYSTEM IN INDUSTRIAL DESIGN." Jurnal Hukum Progresif 10, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jhp.10.2.86-98.
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The regulation of industrial design in Indonesia is still experiencing several challenges, one of which is regarding the legal system. This paper aims to analyze the reform of the constitutive national legal system on industrial design in Indonesia. This paper confirms that the requirements for legal protection with a Constitutive system on industrial design by MSMEs required by law, if they are still used in the current era, where world developments are very fast, do not reflect the national legal system, so that what should be based on Pancasila as a legal ideal. An alternative step in bridging is to internalize Pancasila values into the Industrial Design Law as a spirit or soul which is expected to be able to provide justice for the Design Community (MSMEs).
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von Zastrow, M., and J. D. Castle. "Protein sorting among two distinct export pathways occurs from the content of maturing exocrine storage granules." Journal of Cell Biology 105, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 2675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.105.6.2675.
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We have developed a method for separating purified parotid secretory granules according to their degree of maturation, and we have used this method to examine the relationship between granule formation and stimulus-independent (constitutive) protein secretion. Constitutive export of pulse-labeled secretory proteins occurs almost entirely after their appearance in newly formed granules, and this secretion can be resolved kinetically into two distinct components. Later-phase secretion is the more prominent component and, according to kinetic and compositional criteria, appears to result from basal exocytosis of mature granules. In contrast, early-phase secretion (1.5-15% of constitutive protein output) appears to originate from maturing granules but differs significantly from granule content in composition; that is, the early component exports individual protein species in different relative amounts. Maturing granules, which are labeled most highly before and during the appearance of early-phase secretion, possess numerous coated membrane evaginations suggestive of vesicular traffic. We propose that, in addition to basal exocytosis of relatively mature granules, constitutive exocrine secretion results from limited, selective removal of content proteins from forming and maturing granules. Thus protein sorting and packaging occur together in granule compartments. Exocrine secretory granules constitute an extension of the post-Golgi sorting system and are not merely terminal depots for proximally targeted polypeptides.
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Ma, Yi Ping, Jie Fu, Han Zhang, Zheng Hang Ma, Shao Tong Yu, Lu You, Le Zhang, Guo You Li, Qiong Qiong Wang, and Xiao Jie Yang. "Research on Early Warning System for Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Cement Mortar Based on Constitutive Equations." Key Engineering Materials 861 (September 2020): 438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.861.438.
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Aiming at the plastic shrinkage cracking of cement mortar, the constitutive equations of it in laboratory were established by testing plastic tensile strength, plastic capillary shrinkage stress and water loss evaporation rate of mortar under different composition parameters, environmental parameters, initial structural parameters and constraints condition parameters. And the early warning system of it was explored. The results showed that the seven-element constitutive equation of plain mortar and the nine-element constitutive equation of mortar with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber can effectively predict the plastic shrinkage cracking state of mortar outdoors. An early warning system for it was initially established.
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FUJIMURA, Tomohiro, Toshio TSUTA, Takeshi IWAMOTO, and Osamu KANEKO. "3D IN VIVO IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM FOR CONSTITUTIVE PARAMETERS OF SKIN." Biomechanisms 15 (2000): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3951/biomechanisms.15.17.
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Miller, Stephen G., and Hsiao-Ping H. Moore. "Biochemical analysis of constitutive secretion in a semiintact cell system." Cell Biophysics 19, no. 1 (October 1991): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02989877.
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HELAL, MOHAMED S. "Anarchy, ordering principles and the constitutive regime of the international system." Global Constitutionalism 8, no. 3 (July 12, 2019): 470–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204538171900011x.
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Abstract:Anarchy is the conceptual cornerstone of international relations theory and international law scholarship. Anarchy is described as the ordering principle of the international system, it is used as a variable that explains state behaviour, and the international legal order is depicted as anarchic and decentralised. This article questions this privileged status of anarchy. It challenges the designation of anarchy as the ‘ordering principle’ of the international system, and proposes an alternative theoretical construct – the Constitutive Regime of the International System – that performs the functions of the ‘ordering principles’ of the international system. This Constitutive Regime consists of three components. The first is a principle of differentiation that identifies the constituent units of the international system. The second is a theory of world order that prescribes policies and principles that are necessary to maintain order within the system, and the third are the secondary rules of international law that generate the international law-making and law-enforcement processes. In short, the Constitutive Regime provides a novel theoretical vernacular to understand and conceptualise the normative foundations of the international system.
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Dear, J., Z. Shi, and J. Lin. "An efficient numerical integration system for stiff unified constitutive equations for metal forming applications." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1270, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1270/1/012008.
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Unified constitutive equations have been developed in recent years to predict viscoplastic flow and microstructural evolution of metal alloys for metal forming applications. These equations can be implemented into commercial FE code, such as ABAQUS and PAMSTAMP, to predict mechanical and physical properties of materials in a wide range of metal forming processes. These equations are normally stiff and need significant computer CPU time to solve. In this research, a series of numerical analyses are performed to investigate the difficulties within MATLAB of solving these stiff unified constitutive equations. A metric is introduced to allow evaluation of the numerical stiffness to assess the most appropriate numerical integration method. This metric is based on the ratio of maximum to minimum eigenvalue. This metric allows for an appropriate numerical method to be chosen giving more effective modelling of deformation and plasticity processes. Based on the theoretical work described above, a user-friendly system, based on MATLAB, is then developed for numerically integrating these types of stiff constitutive equations. This is particularly useful for metal forming engineers and researchers who need an effective computational tool to determine constitutive properties well based on numerical integration theories.
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Ibraimov, Abyt, Stalbek Akhunbayev, and Orozali Uzakov. "Human Chromosomal Q-heterochromatin Regions as a System." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 6, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/106.
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The eukaryotic genome consists of the two forms of chromatin: euchromatin and heterochromatin. The DNA of euchromatin contains the gene portion of the genome, while heterochromatin is represented predominantly from non-coding repetitive nucleotide sequences that do not encode proteins or enzymes. In higher eukaryotes, some part of the non-coding, highly repetitive nucleotide sequences were transformed into complex forms of DNA organization as chromosomal constitutive heterochromatin regions. There are two types of constitutive heterochromatin: C- and Q-heterochromatin. C-heterochromatin is found in the chromosomes of all eukaryotic cells, while Q-heterochromatin is found in the karyotype of only three higher primates (Homo sapiens, Gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes). Since the discovery of the position effect variegation phenomenon C-heterochromatin has been attributed to gene silencing effects. Dosage compensation of genes is another epigenetic gene silencing mechanism that makes it possible to equalize the level of expression of sex-linked genes in males and females. In mammals, this is done by inactivating one X chromosome in the cells of females using facultative heterochromatin, which is a heterochromatinized euchromatin. However, no epigenetic gene silencing was found in chromosomal Q-heterochromatin regions (Q-HRs). The question is discussed why human chromosomal Q-HRs does not exhibit gene silencing or other epigenetic effects and what their biological role might be.
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Cao, Da Zhi, Zhi Hua Zhao, and Ge Xue Ren. "Dynamic Modeling of Viscoelastic Body in Multibody System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.587.
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Dynamic equations of viscoelastic bodies with fractional constitutive are derived base on the principle of virtual work and the theory of continuum mechanics. The three-dimensional fractional derivative viscoelastic constitutive model is implemented into the flexible multibody system (FMBS), using the 3D solid element based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF), which can exactly describe the geometric nonlinearities due to large rotation and large deformation. The BDF time integration scheme in conjunction with the Grünwald approximation of fractional derivative and the Newton-Raphson algorithm are used to solve the equations of motion. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the use of the modeling procedure presented in this investigation and the effects of parameters in the fractional derivative model.
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Chun, C. K., and S. B. Dong. "Shear Constitutive Relations for Laminated Anisotropic Shells and Plates: Part II—Vibrations of Composite Cylinders." Journal of Applied Mechanics 59, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899531.
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In Part I of this paper, a system of shear constitutive relations was proposed for a first-order shear deformation theory of laminated anisotropic plates and shells. For laminated anisotropic structures, these shear constitutive equations involved the concept of generalized shear planes. Herein, an extensive parametric study is presented to assess the modeling capability of these shear constitutive relations in a class of laminated composite and sandwich cylinders. Classical theory results are also given in order to fully understand the influence of anisotropy on the accuracy and ranges of validity of both first-order shear deformation theory and classical theory. It is seen that the proposed system of shear constitutive relations provides highly accurate frequency results over the range of anisotropy considered.
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Xiao, Yang, Xiaoyong Luo, Minliang Xing, Zhen Pan, Junfeng Cheng, and Jinhong Liu. "Simplified Analytical Methods for Prefabricated Concrete Wall Panel Building System with Alveolar-Type Joints." Buildings 13, no. 5 (April 28, 2023): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051177.
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This paper presents a type of prefabricated concrete wall panel building system with novel flexible alveolar-type joints, which has the advantages of fast assembly and controllable quality. Seven alveolar-type joint specimens were designed and fabricated to investigate the influence of the axial compression ratio, the size of the joint (in the interface contact area), and the strength of the mortar on the joints’ performance. The shear–slip constitutive model of the alveolar-type joints was established on this basis. The accuracy of the constitutive model was verified by comparing two full-scale loading tests with the exact finite element analysis model of ABAQUS. A finite element model of a multi-story apartment building was established by using the aforementioned shear–slip constitutive model; thus, the simplified analysis method for the prefabricated concrete wall panel building structure with alveolar-type joints was proposed. It was concluded that increasing the axial compression ratio, mortar strength, and size of the joints could increase the shear-bearing capacity by different degrees and that the 50 mm depth joint could increase the capacity by 18.6%. The proposed shear–slip constitutive model simulated the interface mechanism well by comparing the test results. Furthermore, the simplified analytical methods of the integral structure were in good agreement with the FEA results.
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Linden, Katrina J., and Judy Callis. "The ubiquitin system affects agronomic plant traits." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 40 (August 12, 2020): 13940–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.rev120.011303.
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In a single vascular plant species, the ubiquitin system consists of thousands of different proteins involved in attaching ubiquitin to substrates, recognizing or processing ubiquitinated proteins, or constituting or regulating the 26S proteasome. The ubiquitin system affects plant health, reproduction, and responses to the environment, processes that impact important agronomic traits. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: induction of flowering, seed size, and pathogen responses. Specifically, we review how the ubiquitin system affects expression of genes or abundance of proteins important for determining when a plant flowers (focusing on FLOWERING LOCUS C, FRIGIDA, and CONSTANS), highlight some recent studies on how seed size is affected by the ubiquitin system, and discuss how the ubiquitin system affects proteins involved in pathogen or effector recognition with details of recent studies on FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 and SUPPRESSOR OF NPR CONSTITUTIVE 1, respectively, as examples. Finally, we discuss the effects of pathogen-derived proteins on plant host ubiquitin system proteins. Further understanding of the molecular basis of the above processes could identify possible genes for modification or selection for crop improvement.
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Nitas, Michalis, and Traianos V. Yioultsis. "Electromagnetic parameter retrieval technique utilizing eigenvalue analysis and field averaging." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 11 (March 21, 2022): 114902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083559.
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In this paper, a fully numerical homogenization technique is presented for the retrieval of the effective constitutive parameters of a periodic composite medium. Based on the eigensolution returned by the utilized field-flux FEM formulation, a proper field averaging process of the field components is proposed over specific paths of the periodic unit cell of an arbitrary structure. Subsequently, the constitutive relations for every eigenmode supported by the medium are derived, forming a linear system of equations. The solution of this system returns a set of fifteen effective constitutive parameters, including the magnetoelectric coefficients, which account for possible cross-polarization effects, causing bianisotropy.
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Gao, Jun Li, and Meng Xi Zhang. "Stability Analysis of Landfill Liner System Based on Numerical Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1637.
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Although ABAQUS is one of the most powerful non-linearly finite element software, it is lack of interface Duncan-Chang constitutive model, which is one of the generally used soil numerical method in China and worldwide. Subsequently, ABAQUS can not widely used in soil numerical method. To improve this situation, a new interface Duncan-Chang constitutive model was developed based on the preliminary direct shear test results through secondary development. Combined with practical engineering, the efficient model was established. Compared with smooth geomembrane/geotextile interface, the shear stress of reinforced geomembrane/geotextile interface increases obviously, and the sliding displacement decreases obviously. It supports our assumption that the reinforced geomembrane can improve interface shear strength and stability of liner system.
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Wang, Qing Wu, Mao Pang, and Shi Hui Zhang. "Crystallographic Constitutive Models for Single Crystal Superalloys." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 1381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1381.
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Single crystal nickel base superalloys, such as Chinese material DD6 have been used in gas turbine blade in China more and more widely. In order to make better use of single crystal superalloys with many excellencies, constitutive models have been developed. In this paper, general method of crystallographic constitutive modeling was summarizes and a new constitutive model, based on crystallographic theory was proposed with phenomenological models' advantages. Based on crystallographic slip system principle, the basic slip-based viscoplasticity theory equations were set up on 12 octahedral slip systems and 6 cubic slip systems, total 18 slip systems. In micro-level slip system, the general unified constitutive formulations were used as the flow equations and hardening law. In the model, scalar forms were applied for constitutive equations on slip systems and the number and types of active slip systems were used to describe the material anisotropy, which was satisfied automatically by slip systems not anisotropic tensors and. The experimental and calculation results of two kind single crystal superalloys PWA1480 and DD6 were compared. The model had the capability to predict many mechanical response and analyze structure of single crystal superalloys. The modeling procedures and results showed that this crystallographic model had more clear physical meaning and was exact.
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Politis, Nicholas J., and Denis J. Politis. "Development of a computational optimisation system to determine constitutive equation constants for metal alloys." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 6 (August 31, 2017): 1166–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420717728752.
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Simulations of metal forming processes typically use constitutive equations to describe material properties over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. Classically, determining a set of values for the large number of constants present in more complex constitutive models presented great difficulty to researchers. In this paper, an algorithmic method of determining the constants of such constitutive equations is presented. The Genetic Algorithm implementation utilising MATLAB is described, and example fits to experimental data are presented. A study is performed to improve the performance of the method by combining the Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm optimisation methods into a hybrid algorithm and to exploit the inherent advantages of both methods of solution. Comparative performance between the GA-only and hybrid algorithm are presented, and it is found that such a Hybrid Solver is significantly more computationally efficient and produces more accurate parameter estimations.
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Deraredj Nadim, Wissem, Séverine Chaumont-Dubel, Fahima Madouri, Laetitia Cobret, Marie-Ludivine De Tauzia, Pawel Zajdel, Hélène Bénédetti, Philippe Marin, and Séverine Morisset-Lopez. "Physical interaction between neurofibromin and serotonin 5-HT6 receptor promotes receptor constitutive activity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 43 (October 10, 2016): 12310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600914113.
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Active G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) conformations not only are promoted by agonists but also occur in their absence, leading to constitutive activity. Association of GPCRs with intracellular protein partners might be one of the mechanisms underlying GPCR constitutive activity. Here, we show that serotonin 5 hydroxytryptamine 6 (5-HT6) receptor constitutively activates the Gs/adenylyl cyclase pathway in various cell types, including neurons. Constitutive activity is strongly reduced by silencing expression of the Ras-GTPase activating protein (Ras-GAP) neurofibromin, a 5-HT6 receptor partner. Neurofibromin is a multidomain protein encoded by the NF1 gene, the mutation of which causes Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic disorder characterized by multiple benign and malignant nervous system tumors and cognitive deficits. Disrupting association of 5-HT6 receptor with neurofibromin Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain also inhibits receptor constitutive activity, and PH domain expression rescues 5-HT6 receptor-operated cAMP signaling in neurofibromin-deficient cells. Furthermore, PH domains carrying mutations identified in NF1 patients that prevent interaction with the 5-HT6 receptor fail to rescue receptor constitutive activity in neurofibromin-depleted cells. Further supporting a role of neurofibromin in agonist-independent Gs signaling elicited by native receptors, the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) is strongly decreased in prefrontal cortex of Nf1+/− mice compared with WT mice. Moreover, systemic administration of a 5-HT6 receptor inverse agonist reduces CREB phosphorylation in prefrontal cortex of WT mice but not Nf1+/− mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that disrupting 5-HT6 receptor–neurofibromin interaction prevents agonist-independent 5-HT6 receptor-operated cAMP signaling in prefrontal cortex, an effect that might underlie neuronal abnormalities in NF1 patients.
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Auvinen, Tero. "At the Intersection of Sovereignty and Biopolitics: The Di-Polaric Spatializations of Money." Foucault Studies, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/fs.v0i9.3055.
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The paper explores the incentive structures and the structurally rigid social hierarchies inherent in the polarizing logic of modern credit money and the mutual constitution of money’s sovereign and biopolitical dimensions. It is argued that the monetary system constitutes a major transitory channel for the logic of financial capital to transcend the limitations of sovereign spaces and to transform itself into a biopolitical force. The relationship between the material and the subjective – or the sovereign and the biopolitical – dimensions of money is seen as di-polaric rather than di-chotomic – as a mutually constitutive whole between relational dynamics and the normalizing opportunity structures which govern such interaction. If the sovereign and the biopolitical dimensions of money indeed constitute distinct but inseparable moments of the same totality, there would appear to be more room for strategic combination of heterogeneous analytical practices in emancipatory scholarship than what some of the traditional notions of the epistemological politics of power and sovereignty might suggest.
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Xie, Jiuming, Shiyu Wang, Zhongbao Cui, Jin Wu, and Xuejun Zhou. "Research on Anisotropic Viscoelastic Constitutive Model of Compression Molding for CFRP." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102277.
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The carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a mainstream material for lightweight products from the end of the 20th century to the present day. Its compression molding process has obvious advantages in mass production. This paper attempts to establish the constitutive models of compression molding of the CFRP materials and study their mechanism. Based on anisotropic linear elastic mechanics, viscoelastic mechanics, and thermodynamics, as well as the Maxwell viscoelastic constitutive model, we first establish the constitutive model of thermorheologically simple CFRP materials (TSMs). Then, considering the influence of temperature on the initial stiffness and equilibrium stiffness, the concept of temperature stiffness coefficient is introduced, and the Cartier coordinate system is converted into a cylindrical coordinate system, thereby establishing the constitutive model of thermorheologically complex materials (TCMs) using the tensor form. Finally, by comparing to the structure of the Zocher model, the two constitutive models established in this study are verified. The research findings have important theoretical research significance for studying the compression molding mechanism of carbon fiber and further improving the quality of product molding.
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O'Reilly, Erin K., and Kenneth N. Kreuzer. "Isolation of SOS Constitutive Mutants of Escherichia coli." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 21 (November 1, 2004): 7149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.21.7149-7160.2004.
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ABSTRACT The bacterial SOS regulon is strongly induced in response to DNA damage from exogenous agents such as UV radiation and nalidixic acid. However, certain mutants with defects in DNA replication, recombination, or repair exhibit a partially constitutive SOS response. These mutants presumably suffer frequent replication fork failure, or perhaps they have difficulty rescuing forks that failed due to endogenous sources of DNA damage. In an effort to understand more clearly the endogenous sources of DNA damage and the nature of replication fork failure and rescue, we undertook a systematic screen for Escherichia coli mutants that constitutively express the SOS regulon. We identified mutant strains with transposon insertions in 42 genes that caused increased expression from a dinD1::lacZ reporter construct. Most of these also displayed significant increases in basal levels of RecA protein, confirming an effect on the SOS system. As expected, this collection includes genes, such as lexA, dam, rep, xerCD, recG, and polA, which have previously been shown to cause an SOS constitutive phenotype when inactivated. The collection also includes 28 genes or open reading frames that were not previously identified as SOS constitutive, including dcd, ftsE, ftsX, purF, tdcE, and tynA. Further study of these SOS constitutive mutants should be useful in understanding the multiple causes of endogenous DNA damage. This study also provides a quantitative comparison of the extent of SOS expression caused by inactivation of many different genes in a common genetic background.
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Srivastava, Ankit. "Causality and passivity in elastodynamics." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2180 (August 2015): 20150256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0256.
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What are the constraints placed on the constitutive tensors of elastodynamics by the requirements that the linear elastodynamic system under consideration be both causal (effects succeed causes) and passive (system does not produce energy)? The analogous question has been tackled in other areas but in the case of elastodynamics its treatment is complicated by the higher order tensorial nature of its constitutive relations. In this paper, we clarify the effect of these constraints on highly general forms of the elastodynamic constitutive relations. We show that the satisfaction of passivity (and causality) directly requires that the hermitian parts of the transforms (Fourier and Laplace) of the time derivatives of the constitutive tensors be positive semi-definite. Additionally, the conditions require that the non-hermitian parts of the Fourier transforms of the constitutive tensors be positive semi-definite for positive values of frequency. When major symmetries are assumed these definiteness relations apply simply to the real and imaginary parts of the relevant tensors. For diagonal and one-dimensional problems, these positive semi-definiteness relationships reduce to simple inequality relations over the real and imaginary parts, as they should. Finally, we extend the results to highly general constitutive relations which include the Willis inhomogeneous relations as a special case.
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Zhang, Xueli, Ran Meng, Haina Wang, and Jie Xing. "Differential Effects of Components in Artemisia annua Extract on the Induction of Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Expression Mediated by Nuclear Receptors." Planta Medica 86, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1178-0852.
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Abstract Artemisia annua tea is a popular dosage form used to treat and prevent malaria in some developing countries. However, repeated drinking leads to an obviously decreased efficacy, which may be related to the induction of metabolizing enzymes by artemisinin. In the present study, the ability of different components in A. annua to activate the pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor was evaluated by the dual luciferase reporter gene system. The changes in mRNA and protein expression of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Results showed that in the pregnane X receptor-mediated CYP3A4 reporter gene system, chrysosplenetin and arteannuin B exhibited a weak induction effect on pregnane X receptor wt, while arteannuin A had a strong induction effect on pregnane X receptor wt and pregnane X receptor 370 and a weak induction effect on pregnane X receptor 163. In the pregnane X receptor-mediated CYP2B6 reporter gene system, arteannuin A had a moderate induction effect on pregnane X receptor wt and pregnane X receptor 379, and a weak induction effect on pregnane X receptor 403, while arteannuin B had a weak induction effect on pregnane X receptor wt and pregnane X receptor 379. Arteannuin A had a strong induction effect on constitutive androstane receptor 3 in constitutive androstane receptor-mediated CYP3A4/2B6 reporter gene systems, while arteannuin B showed a weak induction effect on constitutive androstane receptor 3 in the constitutive androstane receptor-mediated CYP2B6 reporter gene system. The mRNA and protein expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 were increased when the pregnane X receptor or constitutive androstane receptor was activated. Various components present in A. annua differentially affect the activities of pregnane X receptor isoforms and the constitutive androstane receptor, which indicates the possibility of a drug-drug interaction. This partly explains the decline in efficacy after repeated drinking of A. annua tea.
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Bertucci, Monica, Ky Ariano, Meg Zumsteg, and Paul Schweiger. "Engineering a tunable bicistronic TetR autoregulation expression system in Gluconobacter oxydans." PeerJ 10 (July 19, 2022): e13639. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13639.
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Acetic acid bacteria are well-known for their ability to incompletely oxidize their carbon sources. Many of the products of these oxidations find industrial uses. Metabolic engineering of acetic acid bacteria would improve production efficiency and yield by allowing controllable gene expression. However, the molecular tools necessary for regulating gene expression have only recently started being explored. To this end the ability of the activation-dependent Plux system and two constitutive repression Ptet systems were examined for their ability to modulate gene expression in Gluconobacter oxydans. The activation-dependent Plux system increased gene expression approximately 5-fold regardless of the strength of the constitutive promoter used to express the luxR transcriptional activator. The Ptet system was tunable and had a nearly 20-fold induction when the tetR gene was expressed from the strong constitutive promoters P0169 and P264, but only had a 4-fold induction when a weak constitutive promoter (P452) was used for tetR expression. However, the Ptet system was somewhat leaky when uninduced. To mitigate this background activity, a bicistronic TetR expression system was constructed. Based on molecular modeling, this system is predicted to have low background activity when not induced with anhydrotetracycline. The bicistronic system was inducible up to >3,000-fold and was highly tunable with almost no background expression when uninduced, making this bicistronic system potentially useful for engineering G. oxydans and possibly other acetic acid bacteria. These expression systems add to the newly growing repertoire of suitable regulatable promoter systems in acetic acid bacteria.
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Tokeson, J. P., S. Garges, and S. Adhya. "Further inducibility of a constitutive system: ultrainduction of the gal operon." Journal of Bacteriology 173, no. 7 (1991): 2319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.173.7.2319-2327.1991.
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苏比伊努尔·, 库尔班. "Research on the Constitutive Elements of the Third Party Repayment System." Open Journal of Legal Science 12, no. 02 (2024): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ojls.2024.122133.
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Gasulla, Francisco, Eva M. del Campo, Leonardo M. Casano, and Alfredo Guéra. "Advances in Understanding of Desiccation Tolerance of Lichens and Lichen-Forming Algae." Plants 10, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040807.
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Lichens are symbiotic associations (holobionts) established between fungi (mycobionts) and certain groups of cyanobacteria or unicellular green algae (photobionts). This symbiotic association has been essential in the colonization of terrestrial dry habitats. Lichens possess key mechanisms involved in desiccation tolerance (DT) that are constitutively present such as high amounts of polyols, LEA proteins, HSPs, a powerful antioxidant system, thylakoidal oligogalactolipids, etc. This strategy allows them to be always ready to survive drastic changes in their water content. However, several studies indicate that at least some protective mechanisms require a minimal time to be induced, such as the induction of the antioxidant system, the activation of non-photochemical quenching including the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, lipid membrane remodeling, changes in the proportions of polyols, ultrastructural changes, marked polysaccharide remodeling of the cell wall, etc. Although DT in lichens is achieved mainly through constitutive mechanisms, the induction of protection mechanisms might allow them to face desiccation stress in a better condition. The proportion and relevance of constitutive and inducible DT mechanisms seem to be related to the ecology at which lichens are adapted to.
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VASCONCELLOS, ÁUREA ROSAS, ROBERTO LUZZI, and LEOPOLDO S. GARCIA-COLIN. "MEMORY-DEPENDENT CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS IN INFORMATIONAL STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 09, no. 16 (July 20, 1995): 1933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979295000781.
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The nonequilibrium Statistical Operator Method, seemingly contained within the scope of Jaynes’ Predictive Statistical Mechanics, provides a foundation for irreversible thermodynamics in what is called Informational Statistical Thermodynamics, and within it a way of deriving generalized constitutive equations which contain non-localities on space. Here we present a derivation of these equations of evolution describing how memory effects are incorporated into the theory. We show that the memory kernels in the kinetic coefficients and relaxation times can be expressed in terms of an infinite series of instantaneous collisions integrals, of ever increasing order in the interaction strengths that are related to the slow relaxation processes that develop in the system. The kinetic coefficients are derived on the basis of the Hamiltonian dynamics of the system accompanied by appropriate averages over the nonequilibrium informational statistical ensemble.
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Liu, Xinyu, and Pengling Li. "Utilization of Constitutive Elements in Unjust Legal Actions." Pacific International Journal 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2024): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v7i1.537.
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The system that deals with unfairness in civil transactions in China has been continuously improved as a result of the dynamic nature of the market economy. The objective is to deter inequitable conditions and transactions in civil exchanges, guaranteeing that contractual parties participate in commerce founded on principles of equity and free will. This paper examines the fundamental components of unjust legal actions as outlined in the Chinese Civil Code. It investigates how these elements are applied and evolved in legal practice, and draws comparisons with similar legal systems worldwide, particularly the approaches taken in Germany and France. The aim is to offer insights that can contribute to enhancing the Chinese legal system. Hence, the study suggests practical uses for the fundamental components of unjust legal activities, such as improving the objective factors, broadening the subjective factors, and incorporating the dynamic system theory to tackle identification challenges in the field of judiciary. The suggestions propose the creation of a precise and adaptable legal framework to quantify unequal exchanges and consider transactional backgrounds as objective factors. They also recommend expanding three subjective elements: "a notable deficiency in the determination of the party", "manipulation by the party in power" and "violation of the genuine intention of the party". Additionally, they suggest managing the relationship between the constitutive conditions of unfairness in a flexible manner based on the specific circumstances of each case. These measures aim to achieve judicial fairness and improve judicial efficiency.
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Stutz, Hans Henning, Peter Norlyk, Kenneth Sørensen, Lars Vabbersgaard Andersen, Kenny Kataoka Sørensen, and Johan Clausen. "Finite element modelling of an energy-geomembrane underground pumped hydroelectric energy storage system." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020507001.
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The increasing need for energy storage technology has led to a massive interest in novel energy storage methods. The energy geomembrane system is such a novel energy storage method. The concept of the system is briefly introduced, and a holistic numerical model of the system is presented. The model uses advanced finite-element techniques to model the energy storage system using fluid cavity elements. The developed geomembrane energy system is modelled with different constitutive models to represent the soil behaviour: a linear elastic model, a nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb model, and a hypoplastic constitutive model. The consequences of these different models on the results are studied. Hereby, the focus is the first inflation and deflation cycle of the system.
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Iglesias Neves, Henrique, Tuanny Fernanda Pereira, Ezra Yagil, and Beny Spira. "Ugp and PitA Participate in the Selection of PHO-Constitutive Mutants." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 8 (February 2, 2015): 1378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02566-14.
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ABSTRACTMutations that cause the constitutive expression of the PHO regulon ofEscherichia colioccur either in thepstoperon or in thephoRgene, which encode, respectively, a high-affinity Pitransport system and a histidine kinase sensor protein. These mutations are normally selected on glycerol-2-phosphate (G2P) as the carbon source in the presence of excess Pi. The emergence of early PHO-constitutive mutants, which appear after growth for up to 48 h on selective medium, depends on the presence ofphoA, which codes for a periplasmic alkaline phosphatase, while late mutants, which appear after 48 h, depend both onphoAand on theugpoperon, which encodes a glycerophosphodiester transport system. The emergence of the late mutants hints at an adaptive mutation process. PHO-constitutivephoRmutants appear only in a host that is mutated inpitA, which encodes an alternative Pitransport system that does not belong to the PHO regulon. The conserved Thr217residue in the PhoR protein is essential for PHO repression.IMPORTANCEOne of the principal ways in which bacteria adapt to new nutrient sources is by acquiring mutations in key regulatory genes. The inability ofE. colito grow on G2P as a carbon source is used to select mutations that derepress the PHO regulon, a system of genes involved in the uptake of phosphorus-containing molecules. Mutations in thepstoperon or inphoRresult in the constitutive expression of the entire PHO regulon, including alkaline phosphatase, which hydrolyzes G2P. Here we demonstrate that theugpoperon, another member of the PHO regulon, is important for the selection of PHO-constitutive mutants under prolonged nutritional stress and thatphoRmutations can be selected only in bacteria lackingpitA, which encodes a secondary Pitransport system.
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Zatsepina, O. G., K. A. Ulmasov, S. F. Beresten, V. B. Molodtsov, S. A. Rybtsov, and M. B. Evgen'ev. "Thermotolerant desert lizards characteristically differ in terms of heat-shock system regulation." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 6 (March 15, 2000): 1017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.6.1017.
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We compare the properties and activation of heat-shock transcription factor (HSF1) and the synthesis of a major family of heat-shock proteins (HSP70) in lizard species inhabiting ecological niches with strikingly different thermal parameters. Under normal non-heat-shock conditions, all desert-dwelling lizard species studied so far differ from a northern, non-desert species (Lacerta vivipara) in the electrophoretic mobility and content of proteins constitutively bound to the regulatory heat-shock elements in the heat-shock gene promoter. Under these conditions, levels of activated HSF1 and of both HSP70 mRNA and protein are higher in the desert species than in the non-desert species. Upon heat shock, HSF1 aggregates in all species studied, although in desert species HSF1 subsequently disaggregates more rapidly. Cells of the northern species have a lower thermal threshold for HSP expression than those of the desert species, which correlates with the relatively low constitutive level of HSPs and high basal content of HSF1 in their cells.
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Chen, Xiao An, Shun Cheng Song, and Ting Hui Wang. "Measurements of Shearing Property of High N Alloy Steel at Super High Strain Rates." Advanced Materials Research 413 (December 2011): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.42.
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In order to obtain the dynamic shearing property of high N alloy steel, the plugging test was performed by using the improved Hopkinson pressure bar system. As dynamic shearing strengths, the dynamic shearing energies during plugging process of two type high N alloy steels were determined from the shearing constitutive relationship at different super high strain rates. According to the theory of dislocation dynamics in Seeger equation, a dynamic shearing damage constitutive relationship was established and the different parameters of this material were determined by using the curve fitting method. The measured results indicated that the dynamic shearing property of high N alloy steel could be obtained effectively by the improved Hopkinson pressure bar system, and the effects of strain rate could be simulated by dynamic shearing damage constitutive relationship.
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Zhang, Yong Kang, Yu Long Li, and Hong Bing Zhang. "A Method to Identify Bird Constitutive Model and its Parameters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 302 (February 2013): 686–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.302.686.
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Identification of a bird constitutive model and its parameters is a very difficult work in bird-impact coupling solution. In order to identify the constitutive model and the parameters simultaneously, an inversion analytic model for the bird material parameters is given based on penalty function method and nonlinear optimization principle, and then combining the model preferential criterion proposed in this paper, the identification system of the bird constitutive model is established with ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL). Finally, the feasibility and practicability of this identification method are verified by an example.
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Zylberman, Ariel. "The Public Form of Law: Kant on the Second-Personal Constitution of Freedom." Kantian Review 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415415000321.
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AbstractThe two standard interpretations of Kant’s view of the relationship between external freedom and public law make one of the terms a means for the production of the other: either public law is justified as a means to external freedom, or external freedom is justified as a means for producing a system of public law. This article defends an alternative, constitutive interpretation: public law is justified because it is partly constitutive of external freedom. The constitutive view requires conceiving of external freedom in a novel, second-personal way, that is, as an irreducibly relational norm.
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Furuta, T., K. Katou, S. Itoh, K. Tachibana, S. Ishikawa, and H. Katsuragi. "Geometry-dependent constitutive law for granular slow frictional drag." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 10 (April 20, 2017): 1742006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217420061.
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Frictional constitutive law for very slow vertical withdrawing of a thin rod from a granular bed is experimentally studied. Using a very precise creep meter, geometry-dependent granular frictional constitutive law is particularly examined. In some previous works, a dimensionless number [Formula: see text] has been used to characterize granular frictional constitutive laws, where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] are the shear strain rate, grain diameter, confining pressure, and bulk density of granular bed, respectively. It has been considered that granular frictional constitutive law expressed by [Formula: see text] is universal (almost geometry-independent) in dense flow regime. In this study, however, we find that the geometry of the system is much more crucial to characterize granular friction in a very slow withdrawing regime. Specifically, the ratio between rod and grain diameters must be an essential parameter to describe the granular frictional constitutive law. Physical meaning of the geometry-dependent constitutive law is discussed on the basis of grains-contact-number dependence of granular behavior.