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1
Ponomarenko, A. N. "Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020 as a «Locomotive» of Constitutional Reforms in the CIS Countries." Actual Problems of Russian Law 18, no. 10 (September 18, 2023): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2023.155.10.095-102.
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The paper analyzes the recent constitutional reforms in Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. The constitutional reform that took place in the Russian Federation in 2020 marked the beginning of such reforms in some countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. It is noted that mainly amendments to the constitutions of the listed states concerned the political-territorial structure and historical development of states; spiritual and cultural sphere; redistribution of powers between government bodies; legal status of the individual. It is concluded that the vectors of constitutional reforms in the considered states generally have similar directions. This fact can be associated with the Concept of further development of the CIS, which enshrines the goal of systematic convergence of the national legislations of the member states of the Commonwealth in many areas of cooperation. Thus, without a unified direction for improving constitutions, it is impossible to achieve such goals.
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Dashwood, Alan. "3 European Community Legislative Procedures After Amsterdam." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802821133.
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When it enters into force on 1 May 1999, the Treaty of Amsterdam will bring amendments to, among other things, the legislative process of the European Community. There will be no change as far-reaching as the introduction of the so-called “co-decision procedure” by the Treaty on European Union (TEU), but a genuine attempt is made to streamline the process, to render it more transparent and to enhance democratic accountability. Inevitably, though, not all the changes will be for the better. Two steps forwards and one back is, as ever, the favoured locomotive style of the Union’s constitution-makers.
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Dashwood, Alan. "European Community Legislative Procedures After Amsterdam." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000001038.
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When it enters into force on 1 May 1999, the Treaty of Amsterdam will bring amendments to, among other things, the legislative process of the European Community. There will be no change as far-reaching as the introduction of the so-called “co-decision procedure” by the Treaty on European Union (TEU), but a genuine attempt is made to streamline the process, to render it more transparent and to enhance democratic accountability. Inevitably, though, not all the changes will be for the better. Two steps forwards and one back is, as ever, the favoured locomotive style of the Union’s constitution-makers.
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Rakhmetulin, Abay Dzhambulovich. "THE MAIN SUBJECTS OF THE CONSTITUTIONALIZATION OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN." Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 3, no. 74 (September 27, 2023): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52026/2788-5291_2023_74_3_221.
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The relevance of the topic of constitutionalization of the legal system in general and the criminal legal sphere in particular is predetermined by the increased importance of the ideas of the rule of law, constitutionalism and constitutional order in the modern world. In this aspect, the concept of constitutionalization is increasingly used in legal doctrine and legal practice, denoting an integral system of effective implementation of constitutional and legal values and principles in the norms of Kazakh legislation and law enforcement practice. The significant role of the norms of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan determines their regulatory, organizational, value and human rights impact on the formation and development of criminal and criminal procedural legislation. In this regard, the role and importance of constitutionalization subjects increases, the degree of their influence on the formation of legislative proposals for improving legislation, as well as on the adoption of legislative acts that ultimately determine the regime of constitutional order and constitutional legality. The immediate results of constitutionalization are ensured through law enforcement activities and lawful behavior of participants in legal relations. In this regard, it seems necessary to consider the role of the main subjects of the constitutionalization of criminal law and the process in conjunction with the analysis of such concepts as sources of constitutionalization, objects of constitutionalization, auxiliary subjects of constitutionalization. The article analyzes these issues taking into account the fact that the Kazakh doctrine has not yet developed scientifically sound proposals that would consider constitutionalization as a complex system with its interrelated elements: subjects, object, content. The author of the article considers the constitutionalization of criminal law and criminal procedure law as an independent institutional phenomenon of legal reality, the end result of which is the regime of constitutional order and constitutionalism. The main engine and locomotive of constitutionalization will be the subjects that establish, modify, specify or cancel the operation of the norms of national legislation, taking into account constitutional values.
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Mas'udi, Mas'udi. "EVALUASI SISTEM PEMBELAJARAN (Menelaah Landasan Filosofis Evaluasi Pembelajaran dalam Perspektif Pengembangan Keilmuan di STAIN Kudus)." ThufuLA: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Guru Raudhatul Athfal 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2014): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/thufula.v2i2.4641.
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<p>In the process of development, learning system applied at STAIN<br />Kudus is fully geared to the transformation towards the archetypes that have<br />been constituted. In the constitution of science that will be developed, the<br />Islamic perspective on Transformative is the bedrock of scientific development<br />which is formulated.<br />Based on some of the policies that have been formulated by the government,<br />the process of defining the curriculum in an institution is required to have its<br />application into the system that has been set. In this case, the application of<br />curriculum system applied by STAIN Kudus have it’s completely to the provisions<br />of the governance system that has been set.<br />From the formulation of this research can be revealed that the philosophical<br />foundation of evaluation developed at STAIN Kudus designed completely rely<br />upon the Principal Scientific Pattern set. Transformation effort from text to<br />context, the individual to the social, from the theoretical to the practical area<br />became the basis locomotive for STAIN Kudus curriculum development</p>
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Arbas, Cakra. "MINIMIZING CORRUPTION BY OPTIMIZING THE PRIVILEGE OF ACEH (Constitutional Perspective)." Asia Pacific Fraud Journal 2, no. 2 (February 13, 2018): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.21532/apfj.001.17.02.02.06.
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ABSTRACTEradication of corruption is one way to accelerate national development aimed at realizing justice, prosperity, and order for the Indonesian people as a whole based on Pancasila and 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Aceh has been positioned as a special regional government unit, which is a crystallization of the values contained in the local wisdom of the Acehnese people, such as upholding the principle of divinity in all social activities, including in the scope of local government that always adhere to romantic customs.The Essence of the foundation for preventing corruption, especially in Aceh, has been attempted by establishing organic regulations, such as Qanun (from Acehnese language means legislation). Substantially, however, the organic regulations are sometimes not directly addressed to the term of corruption. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate regulation as an effort to accommodate the eradication of criminal acts of corruption. On the same occasion, the synergy of customary institutions as the lowest level of local government unit becomes a necessity, especially Imeum Mukim (from Acehnese language means head of customary government). Imeum Mukim can serve as a locomotive to prevent corruption by strengthening his integrity and competence.The research method used is normative legal research. The type of data used is secondary data, consisting of primary legal material (various forms of legislation), secondary legal materials (data collection of scientific work of scholars and the results of the research relating to the privilege of Aceh Province), and tertiary legal materials (materials providing information on primary legal materials and secondary legal materials, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias). Once the data are collected and considered to be complete enough, the next step is to manage and analyze the data. Data analysis is conducted using qualitative data analysis technique.
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Hutapea, Purba. "In chasing the status as the Province of Jakarta Special Region after the movement of the capital city to East Kalimantan Province." Monas: Jurnal Inovasi Aparatur 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54849/monas.v2i1.23.
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The Government of of Indonesia plans to move the Capital City from Jakarta to East Kalimantan Province. The problem is what is the status of the administration of Jakarta Province after it no longer bears the status as the capital city of Indonesia. Does Jakarta Province still have the right to obtain status as a provincial region even though the government structure is not divided into municipal and regency areas, or the existing administrative area must be made an autonomous region and then legally qualify as a provincial region ?. Research Methods using qualitative descriptive methods. Based on the politics of decentralization contained in the 1945 Constitution, regarding the formation of special regions and reviews several laws which form the legal basis for granting special regions in Indonesia, or what is theoretically known as asymmetric decentralization. If the national capital is moved to East Kalimantan, the ex Jakarta Province still qualifies as a province that has special autonomy as the Province of Jakarta Special Region, because the history and role of the city of Jakarta on national government in the past cannot be forgotten. Therefore, the governance structure in the form of one level of autonomy is maintained, and the central government can surrender or delegate greater authorities for the management of economic, trade and service sectors, such as the Nusantara Bonded Zone, including the establishment of special economic zone, so that it can play a role as a locomotive of the national economy.
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Azhari, Azhari, and Kamaruddin Kamaruddin. "MEASUREMENT OF COOPERATIVE PRODUCTIVITY LEVEL: IN ACEH: THE MALMQUIST INDEX APPROACH." Sosiohumaniora 23, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v23i1.29250.
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Based on article 33 of the 1945 constitution, cooperatives are the backbone of Indonesia national economy. However, the hopes of cooperative to become the locomotive of the Indonesian economy are still far from expectation. the purpose of this research to measure the level of productivity and efficiency of cooperatives by using Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist Index analysis tools. Input variables used are own capital, external capital, labor, and members, while the output variable is turnover and the surplus (SHU) cooperatives from 23 districts/cities in Aceh from 2014 to 2016. Test results show that cooperatives that have an index value-efficient only in seven districts / cities, while in terms of productive cooperatives in Aceh as many as 14 districts/cities in Aceh. It is expected that policymakers in fostering and empowering cooperatives in Aceh, both from the government and cooperative management and other stakeholders, can improve cooperative performance through cooperative education and training for cooperative human resources, provide a conducive business climate and provide capital loans with easy schemes for cooperative. The limitation of this study is that the types of cooperatives used are cooperatives as a whole not classifying cooperative types. Testing the level of efficiency and productivity of cooperatives with various types of cooperatives that exist is a special attraction The objective is in the third line, the method is in the fourth line, the results and discussion are in the sixth line, the conclusions and suggestions are on the eighth line and so on.
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Samsudin, Mohamad. "Analisis Terhadap Arah Dan Tujuan Pendidikan Nasional Pada Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Tahun 2005 – 2025." alashriyyah 5, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53038/alashriyyah.v5i1.47.
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Indonesian development runs on the foundation of Indonesia's long-term vision, namely the realization of nation-states, modern Indonesia that is safe and peaceful, fair and democratic, and prosperous by upholding human values, independence and unity based on Pancasila and The 1945 Constitution. To realize this, education as a subsystem is one of the important aspects to be considered in its direction and purpose so that education is not merely an aspect of supporting Indonesia's development, but as a locomotive of development itself. Because in reality, education is one aspect of life that is run by being influenced by various external aspects that are interrelated with each other such as political, economic, socio-cultural, defense-security aspects, even ideology has a very strong influence on the continuity of education, and vice versa. This paper aims to find out how the Long Term Development Plan (RPJP) is specifically regarding national education between 2005-2010 and 2010-2025. To achieve this goal, the author uses content analysis research using written documents that have been used as guidelines to determine the direction of the Indonesian government's policy in realizing national development. The results of the research in this paper show that the development of national education in the future is based on the paradigm of developing Indonesian people as a whole. The humanitarian dimension includes the three most basic things, namely: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. This is based on the desire to realize the education system as a strong and authoritative social institution to empower all citizens of Indonesia to develop into quality human beings so that they are able and proactively respond to the challenges of an ever-changing era.
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Amran, Rinni Haji. "Technologizing Islam, Islamifying Technology: The Use of Modern Technologies in Brunei’s First Film, Gema Dari Menara (1968)." Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/seamj-02-2020-b1004.
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Historians of technology have for the past decade begun to recognize the important role that technology plays in nation-building. From the development of the steam locomotive in Britain in the early 19th century that was integral to the Industrial Revolution to America’s emphasis on its technological progressiveness in its national narratives in the 20th century, studies have shown that the history of technology is necessarily the history of nations as well. While the majority of previous research focuses primarily on Western nations (and unsurprisingly so, considering that a greater proportion of technological advancements have happened in these countries in the recent past centuries), less have studied how other countries have dealt with the rise of modern technologies in the development and maintenance of their national identity. This paper seeks to expand the critical scope by examining Brunei’s stance on technology in the 1960s – just after the 1959 Constitution was established declaring the nation an independent, sovereign Sultanate – a time when Brunei was still in the early stages of defining its own identity. I propose that Brunei used modern technologies in order to further solidify its Muslim identity as a response to modernization and globalization, which is distinct to many previously-studied countries that focus more on boosting their military and/or industrial prowess. Brunei’s approach, then, notably counters oft-perceived contradictions between religion and technology. This study will focus on Brunei’s first film, Gema Dari Menara (1968), which was tellingly commissioned by the Religious Affairs Department, and will examine the portrayal of modern technologies that seek to break the binary between religion and modernity to show an image of Islam that is compatible with a developing Brunei.
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Kala, Dariusz. "Disciplinary custodial penalty under Article 49 1 of the act of 27th July 2001 law on the common courts system as an isolation coercive measure used in the criminal process." Probacja 4 (November 30, 2023): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.1473.
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Legal coercion is framed by certain norms. It takes an institutionalized form, while its use is legal and under social control. Unlawful coercion, on the other hand, is characterized by illegality (it is not based on the existing legal order). Legal coercion can be reduced to physical (physical coercion) or psychological (mental coercion) influence. The disciplinary custodial penalty is a means of legal coercion and is the most severe. This measure is classically isolationist, depriving the punished person of personal (locomotive) freedom. The behavior for which it is possible to impose the indicated disciplinary penalty boils down to a violation by the guilty person of the solemnity, peace or order of court activities. Its application serves the realization of procedural functions, which, on the grounds of criminal proceedings, should be reduced primarily to the realization of the conditions for a substantively correct (Article 2 1 point 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure) and time-focused (Article 2 1 point 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 45 paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland) final resolution of the case being tried. Since the disciplinary penalty of Article 49 1 of the Act of 27th July 2001 Law on the common courts system, in its isolation form, is a measure that harms such a fundamental good as personal freedom, its adjudication should be carried out with due moderation and caution. In contrast, the very size of this extraordinarily troublesome disciplinary penalty must consider the nature of the offense (which, as a rule, has a significant burden of social harmfulness), the personal conditions of the punished person and the degree of guilt.
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LOURENÇON, Jorge Luís dos Santos, and Ana Maria Ortega ALONSO. "A (IN)CONSTITUCIONALIDADE DAS RESTRIÇÕES, POR PREFEITOS E GOVERNADORES, AO DIREITO DE IR E VIR DURANTE A PANDEMIA PELA COVID-19." UNIFUNEC CIENTÍFICA MULTIDISCIPLINAR 11, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24980/ucm.v11i13.5452.
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O direito de ir e vir, consagrado no artigo 5º, inciso XV, da Constituição Federal de 1988, é expressão dos direitos de primeira geração, que visam impor ao Estado limites de atuação. Como os demais direitos fundamentais, apresenta natureza relativa, não se sobrepondo irredutivelmente sobre as demais disposições constitucionais, de modo que o próprio Texto Maior autoriza limitações a essa liberdade. Para enfrentar a pandemia pela Covid-19, prefeitos e governadores passaram a restringir o direito de ir e vir a partir de 2020. Este trabalho objetiva discutir se tais limitações encontram respaldo na Carta Maior. Uma primeira corrente dispõe que a restrição da liberdade de locomoção somente se daria durante a vigência do estado de sítio, legalidade extraordinária que prevê a suspensão de direitos fundamentais; com isso, seriam inconstitucionais as determinações dos chefes do Poder Executivo estadual e municipal. Por outro lado, uma segunda corrente sustenta que essas mitigações encontrariam amparo na Constituição Federal, considerando a natureza relativa dos direitos fundamentais, de maneira que o ir e vir poderia ser restringido para assegurar outros valores constitucionais, como a saúde e a vida; ainda, a repartição de competências estabelecida pela Carta Política permitiria que prefeitos e governadores tratassem de matérias afetas à saúde, como é o caso da crise sanitária em questão. Conclui-se que essa segunda tese merece prevalecer, porquanto, do contrário, ao se atribuir contornos absolutos à livre locomoção, haveria o esvaziamento de outros direitos constitucionais. A metodologia empregada é a revisão de literatura, sob o método dedutivo. THE (IN)CONSTITUTIONALITY OF RESTRICTIONS, BY MAYORS AND GOVERNORS, ON THE RIGHT TO COME AND GO OVER COVID-19 PANDEMIC ABSTRACT The right to come and go, granted by Article 5, item XV, of the 1988 Federal Constitution, is an expression of the first generation rights, which aim to impose limits on the State's interventions. As with the other fundamental rights, it has a relative nature, not being irreducible over other constitutional provisions, thus the Constitution itself allows limitations to this freedom. To address Covid-19 pandemic, mayors and governors began restricting the right to come and go starting in 2020. This paper aims to discuss whether such limitations are supported by the Brazilian Constitution. A first approach holds that the restriction of locomotion freedom would only occur under a state of siege, an extraordinary legality that grants the suspension of fundamental rights; thus, the determinations of the State and Municipal Government leaders would be unconstitutional. On the other hand, a second approach sustains that these mitigations are protected by Federal Constitution, considering the relative nature of fundamental rights, in such a way that the right to come and go might be restricted to ensure other constitutional values, such as health and life; furthermore, the division of competencies established by the Charter would authorize mayors and governors to deal with issues related to health, which is the case of the health crisis in question. We conclude that this second approach deserves to prevail, since otherwise, by attributing absolute contours to the free locomotion, other constitutional rights would be depleted of their meaning. The methods used are a literature review, using the deductive method. Keywords: Restriction. Locomotion freedom. Covid-19.
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Fouad, K., M. M. Rank, R. Vavrek, K. C. Murray, L. Sanelli, and D. J. Bennett. "Locomotion After Spinal Cord Injury Depends on Constitutive Activity in Serotonin Receptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 6 (December 2010): 2975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00499.2010.
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Following spinal cord injury (SCI) neurons caudal to the injury are capable of rhythmic locomotor-related activity that can form the basis for substantial functional recovery of stepping despite the loss of crucial brain stem-derived neuromodulators like serotonin (5-HT). Here we investigated the contribution of constitutive 5-HT2 receptor activity (activity in the absence of 5-HT) to locomotion after SCI. We used a staggered hemisection injury model in rats to study this because these rats showed a robust recovery of locomotor function and yet a loss of most descending axons. Immunolabeling for 5-HT showed little remaining 5-HT below the injury, and locomotor ability was not correlated with the amount of residual 5-HT. Furthermore, blocking 5-HT2 receptors with an intrathecal (IT) application of the neutral antagonist SB242084 did not affect locomotion (locomotor score and kinematics were unaffected), further indicating that residual 5-HT below the injury did not contribute to generation of locomotion. As a positive control, we found that the same application of SB242084 completely antagonized the muscle activity induced by exogenous application of the 5-HT2 receptor agonists alpha-methyl-5-HT (IT). In contrast, blocking constitutive 5-HT2 receptor activity with the potent inverse agonist SB206553 (IT) severely impaired stepping as assessed with kinematic recordings, eliminating most hindlimb weight support and overall reducing the locomotor score in both hind legs. However, even in the most severely impaired animals, rhythmic sweeping movements of the hindlimb feet were still visible during forelimb locomotion, suggesting that SB206553 did not completely eliminate locomotor drive to the motoneurons or motoneuron excitability. The same application of SB206553 had no affect on stepping in normal rats. Thus while normal rats can compensate for loss of 5-HT2 receptor activity, after severe spinal cord injury rats require constitutive activity in these 5-HT2 receptors to produce locomotion.
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Xu, Tianqi, Jing Huo, Shuai Shao, Michelle Po, Taizo Kawano, Yangning Lu, Min Wu, Mei Zhen, and Quan Wen. "Descending pathway facilitates undulatory wave propagation in Caenorhabditis elegans through gap junctions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 19 (April 23, 2018): E4493—E4502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717022115.
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Descending signals from the brain play critical roles in controlling and modulating locomotion kinematics. In the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system, descending AVB premotor interneurons exclusively form gap junctions with the B-type motor neurons that execute forward locomotion. We combined genetic analysis, optogenetic manipulation, calcium imaging, and computational modeling to elucidate the function of AVB-B gap junctions during forward locomotion. First, we found that some B-type motor neurons generate rhythmic activity, constituting distributed oscillators. Second, AVB premotor interneurons use their electric inputs to drive bifurcation of B-type motor neuron dynamics, triggering their transition from stationary to oscillatory activity. Third, proprioceptive couplings between neighboring B-type motor neurons entrain the frequency of body oscillators, forcing coherent bending wave propagation. Despite substantial anatomical differences between the motor circuits of C. elegans and higher model organisms, converging principles govern coordinated locomotion.
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A.A., Tkachuk, Kolpakov V.V, Tomilova E.A., and Bespalova T.V. "INDIVIDUAL-TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF MOTOR ACTIVITY AND FUNCTIONAL STATE OF SENIOR PRESCHOOL AND JUNIOR SCHOOL CHILDREN." “Educational bulletin “Consciousness” 22, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2686-6846-2020-22-9-19-27.
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Physical activity is of particular importance in the early stages of ontogenesis during the development and formation of the child's body. At the same time, recognizing the variability of motor activity in children of a healthy population, its assessment in the understanding of the norm is presented as an average indicator of the daily number of locomotions for a certain age and gender group, which does not allow us to fully characterize the individual typological features of this function. In this regard, the use of signal parametric scales is very controversial and new approaches to solving this problem are required. The aim of the work is to conceptually develop the centile distribution and partial density of motor activity in older preschoolers and younger schoolchildren in a healthy population with the identification of typological variants of individual norms and criteria for pre - nosological diagnosis of hyper-and hypokinesia. Materials and methods. 840 children of health groups I-II were examined (boys of senior preschool age-222 and primary school age-250; girls of senior preschool age-181 and primary school age-187). The study included the use of pedometry and visual assessment of children's behavior by teachers and parents. A personalized database was created based on the survey results. To identify differences in the level of distribution of a typical trait – habitual motor activity (HMA), a nonparametric test was used, taking into account Pearson's χ2 criterion. The functional type of constitution (FTC) was determined in accordance with a three – component scheme based on the level of habitual motor activity: low – LHMA-FTC–1, medium – MHMA–FTC–2 and high –HHMA-FTC–3. To solve this problem, we developed centile tables based on the daily number of locomotives (SCL) - the HMA level. At the same time, tables are proposed for the centile distribution of SCL both for the entire population of preschool and primary school children, and for children with low and high motor activity. Results. Analysis of the data and on this basis developed normative tables of centile distribution of motor activity (MA) allow typing of it is high enough differences among senior preschool children and Junior schoolchildren of the healthy population with the estimated number of daily locomotion (very low, low, medium, high, very high), to allocate the risk group of I order (up to the 3-rd centile and 97-th centile) and II (from the 3-rd to the 10-th centile and the 90-th to 97-th centile), and also give an objective description of the daily number of locomotions of each individual with the identification of such concepts as "optimal motor activity", "constitutional hypokinesia" and "constitutional hyperkinesia". Partial assessment of motor activity, taking into account the centile distribution of the number of daily locomotions in each constitutional group, provides additional opportunities to more reasonably approach the analysis of a critical (pre-nosological) decrease or increase in the optimality of motor activity in children with low and high MA. Conclusions. Senior preschool children and Junior school children of health groups I-II have their own individual and typological basic level of motor activity, which requires a comparative clinical and physiological analysis of the available data with the standard norm characteristic of each constitutional group (LHMA-FTC–1, MHMA-FTC–2, HHMA-FTC–3). Taking into account this approach, the development of normative (centile) tables of motor activity allows us to give not only a quantitative assessment of the basic variability of the physiological individuality of the child's body, but also to identify criteria for pre-nosological diagnosis of fairly common deviations in pediatric practice-hypokinesia and hyperactivity.
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Fragiacomo, Petronilla, Francesco Piraino, Matteo Genovese, Lorenzo Flaccomio Nardi Dei, Daria Donati, Michele Migliarese Caputi, and Domenico Borello. "Sizing and Performance Analysis of Hydrogen- and Battery-Based Powertrains, Integrated into a Passenger Train for a Regional Track, Located in Calabria (Italy)." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 6004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166004.
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In order to decarbonize the rail industry, the development of innovative locomotives with the ability to use multiple energy sources, constituting hybrid powertrains, plays a central role in transitioning from conventional diesel trains. In this paper, four configurations based on suitable combinations of fuel cells and/or batteries are designed to replace or supplement a diesel/overhead line powertrain on a real passenger train (the Hitachi Blues) tested on an existing regional track, the Catanzaro Lido–Reggio Calabria line (Italy), managed by Trenitalia SpA. (Italy). The configurations (namely battery–electrified line, full-battery, fuel cell–battery–electrified line, and fuel cell–battery) are first sized with the intention of completing a round trip, then integrated on board with diesel engine replacement in mind, and finally occupy a portion of the passenger area within two locomotives. The achieved performance is thoroughly examined in terms of fuel cell efficiency (greater than 47%), hydrogen consumption (less than 72 kg), braking energy recovery (approximately 300 kWh), and battery interval SOC.
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Pegler, Samuel S., and Neil J. Balmforth. "Locomotion over a viscoplastic film." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 727 (June 14, 2013): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.224.
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AbstractWe present a modelling study of locomotion over a layer of viscoplastic fluid motivated by the self-propulsion of marine and terrestrial gastropods. Our model comprises a layer of viscoplastic mucus lying beneath a fluid-filled foot that is laced internally by muscular fibres under tension and overlain by the main body of the locomotor, which is assumed to be rigid. The mucus is described using lubrication theory and the Bingham constitutive law, and the foot using a continuum approximation for the action of the muscle fibres. The model is first used to study the retrograde strategy of locomotion employed by marine gastropods, wherein the muscle fibres create a backwards-travelling wave of predominantly normal displacements along the surface of the foot. Once such a retrograde forcing pattern is switched on, the system is shown to converge towards a steady state of locomotion in a frame moving with the wave. The steady speed of locomotion decreases with the yield stress, until it vanishes altogether above a critical yield stress. Despite the absence of locomotion above this threshold, waves still propagate along the foot, peristaltically pumping mucus in the direction of the wave. The model is next used to study the prograde strategy employed by terrestrial gastropods, wherein the muscle fibres create a forwards-travelling wave of predominantly tangential displacements of the foot surface. In this case, a finite yield stress is shown to be necessary for locomotion, with the speed of locomotion initially increasing with the yield stress. Beyond a critical yield stress, localized rigid plugs form across the depth of the mucus layer, adhering parts of the foot to the base. These stop any transport of mucus, but foot motions elsewhere still drive locomotion. As the yield stress is increased further, the rigid plugs widen horizontally, increasing the viscous drag and eventually reducing the speed of locomotion, which is therefore maximized for an intermediate value of the yield stress.
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Liu, Chunshan, Erbao Dong, Min Xu, Gursel Alici, and Jie Yang. "Locomotion analysis and optimization of actinomorphic robots with soft arms actuated by shape memory alloy wires." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 15, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 172988141878794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881418787943.
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This article presents the locomotion analysis and optimization of actinomorphic soft robots, which are composed of soft arms actuated by shape memory alloy wires. The soft arm that is a composite modular structure is actuated by a self-sensing feedback control strategy. A theoretical model was established to describe the deformation of the soft arm, combining the Euler–Bernoulli beam model of the soft arm with the constitutive model and the heat transfer model of the shape memory alloy wire. The kinematics of the actinomorphic soft robot was analyzed using the modified Denavit–Hartenberg method, and the motion equation of the actinomorphic soft robot was presented based on the quasi-static hypothesis. Results show that the actinomorphic soft robot moves with a zig-zag pattern. The locomotion of four actinomorphic soft robots with three to six arms was analyzed, and the gait parameters of each locomotion type were optimized. The optimization results indicate that the three-arm actinomorphic robot with certain gait parameters has the best performance and achieves a maximum stride length of 75 mm. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the movement performance of the three-arm actinomorphic robot in various environments.
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Kerubo Omari, Risper. "MAINSTREAMING PERSONS WITH DISABILITY AT THE WORKPLACE: AN ASSET OR A LIABILITY?" EPH - International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 1, no. 2 (February 10, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijhss.v1i2.7.
Full textAbstract:
Disability inflicts about 16% of the population in the world. Disability limits their ability to make use of all their senses or limits locomotion. The constitution provides for all to have access to equal opportunities for education and there after employment. However statistics show that the participation of people with disability at the work place still remains at a low level. The objectives of this review paper were; to establish reasons why employers shun Persons with Disabilities (PWD), analyse the benefits of mainstreaming disability in organisations and to explore strategies for incorporating PWD in organisations. The paper specifically aims to exemplify the rare advantages that having PWD brings to an organization including; incorporation of reliable employees, better corporate image, increased motivation levels, improved accommodation among others.
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Muscolo, Giovanni Gerardo, and Carmine Tommaso Recchiuto. "Flexible Structure and Wheeled Feet to Simplify Biped Locomotion of Humanoid Robots." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 14, no. 01 (March 2017): 1650030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843616500304.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents a creative design approach focused at simplifying the control of biped humanoid robots locomotion in a domestic scenario. The creative design approach is the result of intensive studies aimed at optimizing dynamic balance ZMP-based control on fully-actuated biped platforms. The innovative solution proposed in this paper is applied to the realization of a novel humanoid robot, ROLLO, which is based on the implementation of a passive flexible structure constituting the robotic legs, and of wheeled feet. The unconventional use of the cylindrical helical springs in the flexible structure of the legs allows obtaining a biped robot able to achieve an alternate leg motion having only two active motors and remaining in a standing position also when the motors are not active.
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Stock, Robert. "Mobilität und Tuning-Prozesse. Zur Reorganisation materiell-sensorischer Praktiken blinder Fußgänger:innen durch digitale Medien." Zeitschrift für Empirische Kulturwissenschaft 2022 (December 2022): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31244/zekw/2022.03.
Full textAbstract:
The mobility of blind people with long canes is currently increasingly reorganised by elements such as smartphones, voice output, apps or headphones and in this respect represents a digital media practice that requires learning, practice and a knowledge-based coordination of simultaneous practices, bodily techniques and heterogeneous things. This paper explores this form of mobility and elaborates its distributed sensory character. Locomotion flanked by long canes, smartphones and headphones is described with Pickering (1995) as a tuning process that is situated and practically produced and proves to be constitutive for the production of urban space in terms of urban practices.
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Chung, Mee-Kyung. "A Study on the Origin and Development of Clothing." Korean Association of Practical Arts Education 36, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24062/kpae.2023.36.3.115.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to provide basic humanistic data for clothing education by shedding light on
the origins and historical development of clothing. The study’s content encompassed the evolution of
mankind, the origin of clothing, and the development of clothing during the Paleolithic Age. The
study was conducted in the form of a literature review.
The study revealed several key findings. First, the evolutionary processes of Hospitalophithecus,
Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens were characterized by constitutions such as 'bipedal
locomotion (upright walking),’ 'enhanced manual dexterity and tool-making abilities,’ ‘expansion of
brain capacity', and the 'reduction of body hair'. Enemy Evolution and 'Move Out of Africa'. This
progression ultimately led to the emergence of Homo erectus, the first archaic hominid to move out
of Africa with all the hallmarks of physical evolution. Subsequently, more advanced Neanderthals
and, later, Homo sapiens arrived in Europe about 50,000 years ago. Homo sapiens exhibited modern
human attributes, including high cognitive functions and the sophisticated development of the body
and hands.
Second, considering the constitutional characteristics of human evolution, the migration of early
humans from Africa to colder regions, and the loss of body hair, it is estimated that the earliest
forms of clothing were worn by Homo erectus between 1.8 million and 1 million years ago.
Third, the evolution of clothing during the Paleolithic period saw the development of fur waist
covers by Homo erectus, followed by the adoption of sloppy fur pants and tops by Neanderthal.
Homo sapiens, characterized by their cognitive prowess, advanced clothing by tailoring clothes using
needles. In the Late Paleolithic period, marked by cultural characteristics, clothing evolved to
include not only the weaving of cellulose fibers and the basic structural elements seen in
contemporary clothing, but it also reached a level of sophistication with neat and elaborate
decorations.
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Gerhardt, Almut. "GamTox: A Low-Cost Multimetric Ecotoxicity Test withGammarusspp. forInandEx SituApplication." International Journal of Zoology 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/574536.
Full textAbstract:
Gammarusspp. represent an important taxon in running water ecosystems concerning both structural and functional aspects.Gammarusspp. are also part of several macrozoobenthos indices for assessing biological water quality. However, in ecotoxicological water quality assessment, this taxon has been used much less thanDaphniaspp. A new user-friendly and low-cost test protocol forGammarusspp. has been developed, constituting the “ecotoxicological module ”of an integrated multimetric triad-based concept for water quality assessment. The GamTox test is based on several test parameters: behavior (especially locomotion and feeding) depicts rapid and sensitive early warning indicators, survival displays an indicator of severe acute stress, and biochemical biomarkers, esp. AChE inhibition, is a sensitive marker of neurotoxic xenobiotic stress. GamTox can be performed bothin situandex situ, based either on visual or automatical recording.
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Camara, Fabiana Menezes S., Brenda Costa da Conceição, Eloise Karoline S. Cardoso, Johan Carlos C. Santiago, Carlos Alberto B. Albuquerque, Washington L. Pereira, Marta C. Monteiro, et al. "Margaritaria nobilis L.f. (Phyllanthaceae) Ethanolic Extract: Low Acute Oral Toxicity and Antinociceptive Activity." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 5 (May 3, 2023): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16050689.
Full textAbstract:
Margaritaria nobilis L.f. (Phyllanthaceae), a native Brazilian tree occurring mainly in the Amazon, is used in folk medicine for the treatment of abscesses (bark) and cancer-like symptoms (leaves). The present study evaluates the safety of its acute oral administration and its effects on nociception and plasma leakage. The chemical constitution of the leaf’s ethanolic extract is determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS. Its acute oral toxicity is evaluated in female rats at a dose of 2000 mg/kg, evaluating the occurrence of deaths and Hippocratic, behavioral, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes, as well as food and water consumption and weight gain. Antinociceptive activity is evaluated in male mice with acetic-acid-induced peritonitis (APT) and formalin (FT) tests. An open field (OF) test is performed to verify possible interferences in the animals’ consciousness or locomotion. LC-MS analysis shows the presence of 44 compounds classified as phenolic acid derivatives, flavonoids and O-glycosylated derivatives, and hydrolyzable tannins. No deaths or significant behavioral, histological, or biochemical changes are observed in the toxicity assessment. In nociception tests, M. nobilis extract significantly reduces abdominal contortions in APT, demonstrating selectivity for inflammatory components (FT second phase), not interfering in neuropathic components (FT first phase) or consciousness and locomotion levels in OF. Additionally, M. nobilis extract inhibits plasma acetic-acid-induced leakage. These data demonstrate the low toxicity of M. nobilis ethanolic extract, as well as its effectiveness in modulating inflammatory nociception and plasma leakage, possibly related to the flavonoids and tannins present in its composition.
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CARVALHO NETO, J. A. DE, and L. A. C. M. VELOSO. "Weighing in motion and characterization of the railroad traffic with using the B-WIM technique." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 8, no. 4 (August 2015): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952015000400005.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe knowledge on the active moving load of a bridge is crucial for the achievement of the information on the behavior of the structure, and thus foresee maintenance, repairs and better definition of the logistics of its active vehicles. This paper presents the development of the algorithms for the application of the Bridge-Weigh In Motion (B-WIM) method created by Moses for the weighing of trains during motion and also for the characterization of the rail traffic, allowing the obtainment of information like passage's train velocity and number and spacing of axles, eliminating the dynamic effect. There were implemented algorithms for the determination of the data referring to the geometry of the train and its loads, which were evaluated using a theoretical example, in which it was simulated the passage of the train over a bridge and the loads of its axles were determined with one hundred percent of precision. In addition, it was made a numerical example in finite elements of a reinforced concrete viaduct from the Carajás' Railroad, in which the developed system reached great results on the characterization and weighing of the locomotive when the constitutive equation of the Brazilian Standards was substituted by the one proposed by Collins and Mitchell.
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Noiri, E., T. Peresleni, N. Srivastava, P. Weber, W. F. Bahou, N. Peunova, and M. S. Goligorsky. "Nitric oxide is necessary for a switch from stationary to locomoting phenotype in epithelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 270, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): C794—C802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1996.270.3.c794.
Full textAbstract:
The restitution of epithelial integrity is accomplished in part by cell migration. Studying this process, we have found that nitric oxide (NO) release migrating epithelial BSC-1 cells displayed a biphasic response to the inflicted wounds; an initial transient release of NO is followed by a delayed sustained elevation. Whereas the constitutive endothelial NO synthase (NOS) did not show any spatial or temporal changes associated with wounding, the inducible NOS became expressed 3 h after wounding and showed higher abundance at the edges of epithelial wounds. L-Arginine (L-Arg) or NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine, exerted motogenic effect in epithelial and endothelial cells. Inhibition of NOS with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or a selective knockout of inducible NOS with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides reduced the rate of spontaneous or epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced BSC-1 cell migration. Migrating cells showed the polarized expression of NOS, suggesting a head-to-rear NO gradient. Several growth factors (EGF, insulin-like growth factor I, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor) were motogenic for BSC-1 cells, but this effect was abrogated by pretreatment with L-NAME. We conclude that endogenous NO production is a prerequisite for BSC-1 cell migration. A vectorial NO release may be essential for the spatially and temporally coordinated reciprocal phenomena that occur at the leading and trailing edge of locomoting epithelial cells. Although the exact mode of NO action remains uncertain, it is conceivable that the production of NO serves as a cellular switch from the stationary to the locomoting epithelial phenotype.
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Tytell, Eric D., and Avis H. Cohen. "Rostral Versus Caudal Differences in Mechanical Entrainment of the Lamprey Central Pattern Generator for Locomotion." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 5 (May 2008): 2408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01085.2007.
Full textAbstract:
In fishes, undulatory swimming is produced by sets of spinal interneurons constituting a central pattern generator (CPG). The CPG generates waves of muscle activity that travel from head to tail, which then bend the body into wave shapes that also travel from head to tail. In many fishes, the wavelengths of the neural and mechanical waves are different, resulting in a rostral-to-caudal gradient in phase lag between muscle activity and bending. The neural basis of this phase gradient was investigated in the lamprey spinal cord using an isolated in vitro preparation. Fictive swimming was induced using d-glutamate and the output of the CPG was measured using suction electrodes placed on the ventral roots. The spinal cord was bent sinusoidally at various points along its length. First, the ranges of entrainment were estimated. Middle segments were able to entrain to frequencies approximately twice as high as those at end segments. Next, phase lags between centers of ventral root bursts and the stimulus were determined. Two halves of the cycle were identified: stretching and shortening of the edge of spinal cord on the same side as the electrode. Stimuli at rostral segments tended to entrain segmental bursting at the beginning of the stretch phase, almost 50% out of phase with previously measured in vivo electromyography data. Stimuli at caudal segments, in contrast, entrained segments at the end of stretch and the beginning of shortening, approximately the same phase as in vivo data.
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Hewitt, Victoria L., Leonor Miller-Fleming, Madeleine J. Twyning, Simonetta Andreazza, Francesca Mattedi, Julien Prudent, Franck Polleux, Alessio Vagnoni, and Alexander J. Whitworth. "Decreasing pdzd8-mediated mito–ER contacts improves organismal fitness and mitigates Aβ42 toxicity." Life Science Alliance 5, no. 11 (July 13, 2022): e202201531. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202201531.
Full textAbstract:
Mitochondria-ER contact sites (MERCs) orchestrate many important cellular functions including regulating mitochondrial quality control through mitophagy and mediating mitochondrial calcium uptake. Here, we identify and functionally characterize the Drosophila ortholog of the recently identified mammalian MERC protein, Pdzd8. We find that reducing pdzd8-mediated MERCs in neurons slows age-associated decline in locomotor activity and increases lifespan in Drosophila. The protective effects of pdzd8 knockdown in neurons correlate with an increase in mitophagy, suggesting that increased mitochondrial turnover may support healthy aging of neurons. In contrast, increasing MERCs by expressing a constitutive, synthetic ER–mitochondria tether disrupts mitochondrial transport and synapse formation, accelerates age-related decline in locomotion, and reduces lifespan. Although depletion of pdzd8 prolongs the survival of flies fed with mitochondrial toxins, it is also sufficient to rescue locomotor defects of a fly model of Alzheimer’s disease expressing Amyloid β42 (Aβ42). Together, our results provide the first in vivo evidence that MERCs mediated by the tethering protein pdzd8 play a critical role in the regulation of mitochondrial quality control and neuronal homeostasis.
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Hewitt, D. R., and N. J. Balmforth. "Viscoplastic slender-body theory." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 856 (October 11, 2018): 870–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.726.
Full textAbstract:
The theory of slow viscous flow around a slender body is generalized to the situation where the ambient fluid has a yield stress. The local flow around a cylinder that is moving along or perpendicular to its axis, and rotating, provides a first step in this theory. Unlike for a Newtonian fluid, the nonlinearity associated with the viscoplastic constitutive law precludes one from linearly superposing solutions corresponding to each independent component of motion, and instead demands a full numerical approach to the problem. This is accomplished for the case of a Bingham fluid, along with a consideration of some asymptotic limits in which analytical progress is possible. Since the yield stress of the fluid strongly localizes the flow around the body, the leading-order slender-body approximation is rendered significantly more accurate than the equivalent Newtonian problem. The theory is applied to the sedimentation of inclined cylinders, bent rods and helices, and compared with some experimental data. Finally, the theory is applied to the locomotion of a cylindrical filament driven by helical waves through a viscoplastic fluid.
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O. V., Sanjay Sarma, Sruthi Palaparthi, and Ramana Pidaparti. "Mimicking Sub-Structures Self-Organization in Microtubules." Biomimetics 4, no. 4 (October 18, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics4040071.
Full textAbstract:
Microtubules (MTs) are highly dynamic polymers distributed in the cytoplasm of a biological cell. Alpha and beta globular proteins constituting the heterodimer building blocks combine to form these tubules through polymerization, controlled by the concentration of Guanosine-triphosphate (GTPs) and other Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs). MTs play a crucial role in many intracellular processes, predominantly in mitosis, organelle transport and cell locomotion. Current research in this area is focused on understanding the exclusive behaviors of self-organization and their association with different MAPs through organized laboratory experiments. However, the intriguing intelligence behind these tiny machines resulting in complex self-organizing structures is mostly unexplored. In this study, we propose a novel swarm engineering framework in modeling rules for these systems, by combining the principles of design with swarm intelligence. The proposed framework was simulated on a game engine and these simulations demonstrated self-organization of rings and protofilaments in MTs. Analytics from these simulations assisted in understanding the influence of GTPs on protofilament formation. Also, results showed that the population density of GTPs rather than their bonding probabilities played a crucial role in polymerization in forming microtubule substructures.
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Chew, Yee Lian, Laura J. Grundy, André E. X. Brown, Isabel Beets, and William R. Schafer. "Neuropeptides encoded by nlp-49 modulate locomotion, arousal and egg-laying behaviours in Caenorhabditis elegans via the receptor SEB-3." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1758 (September 10, 2018): 20170368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0368.
Full textAbstract:
Neuropeptide signalling has been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes in diverse organisms, from invertebrates to humans. The Caenorhabditis elegans genome has at least 154 neuropeptide precursor genes, encoding over 300 bioactive peptides. These neuromodulators are thought to largely signal beyond ‘wired’ chemical/electrical synapse connections, therefore creating a ‘wireless’ network for neuronal communication. Here, we investigated how behavioural states are affected by neuropeptide signalling through the G protein-coupled receptor SEB-3, which belongs to a bilaterian family of orphan secretin receptors. Using reverse pharmacology, we identified the neuropeptide NLP-49 as a ligand of this evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide receptor. Our findings demonstrate novel roles for NLP-49 and SEB-3 in locomotion, arousal and egg-laying. Specifically, high-content analysis of locomotor behaviour indicates that seb-3 and nlp-49 deletion mutants cause remarkably similar abnormalities in movement dynamics, which are reversed by overexpression of wild-type transgenes. Overexpression of NLP-49 in AVK interneurons leads to heightened locomotor arousal, an effect that is dependent on seb-3. Finally, seb-3 and nlp-49 mutants also show constitutive egg-laying in liquid medium and alter the temporal pattern of egg-laying in similar ways. Together, these results provide in vivo evidence that NLP-49 peptides act through SEB-3 to modulate behaviour, and highlight the importance of neuropeptide signalling in the control of behavioural states. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Connectome to behaviour: modelling C. elegans at cellular resolution’.
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Chattopadhyay, Shankhadeep. "Bruce Springsteen, Rock Poetry, and Spatial Politics of the Promised Land." Humanities 13, no. 3 (May 13, 2024): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h13030075.
Full textAbstract:
The humanistic-geographical associations of popular music foster the potential to articulate the production and reproduction of an activity-centered politicized ontology of space in the everyday social life of any creative communitarian framework where an alternative set of lifestyles, choices, and tastes engage in a constant play. A cursory glimpse at the (counter-)cultural artistic productions of the American 1970s shows that the lyrical construction of real and imaginary geographical locales has remained a distinguishing motif in the song-writing techniques of the celebrated rock poets. In the case of Bruce Springsteen, whether it is the ‘badlands’, constituting the rebellious and notorious young adults, or the ‘promised land’, which is the desired destination of all his characters, his lyrical oeuvre has numerously provided an alternative sense of place. Springsteen’s lyrical and musical characterization of fleeting urban images like alleys, hotels, engines, streets, neon, pavements, locomotives, cars, etc., have not only captured the American cities under the changing regime of capital accumulation but also contributed to the inseparability of everyday social lives and modern urban experiences. Against the backdrop of this argument, this article seeks to explore how the socio-political and cultural aesthetics of Springsteen’s song stories unfurl distinct spatial poetics through their musical language. Also, the article attempts to delineate how Springsteen’s unabashed celebration of the working-class geography of the American 1970s unveils a site of cultural struggle, wherein existing social values are reconstructed amidst imaginary landscapes and discursive strategies of resistance are weaved.
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Xu, Ping, Chengju Qu, Shuguang Yao, Chengxing Yang, and Ao Wang. "Numerical Optimization for the Impact Performance of a Rubber Ring Buffer of a Train Coupler." Machines 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9100225.
Full textAbstract:
Shock and vibration caused by mechanical motion bring huge potential threats to the service life and assembly reliability of mechanical systems. Rubber materials have been widely used in aircraft, trains, and other engineering fields, due to their excellent properties in shock and vibration absorption. This paper aimed to study the rubber ring buffer applied to a certain type of Chinese locomotive. Firstly, the finite element model was established and verified through experimental data. Based on the verified simulation model, the influence of the constitutive parameters (C01/C10 ratio height H and contour radius R) of the rubber ring on its energy absorption and peak crushing force under impact loading was studied in a numerical environment. Finally, the design of the experiment was carried out by the optimized Latin hypercube method, and the response surface model was established, which intuitively demonstrated the influence of the relevant parameters of the rubber ring on the change trend of the energy absorption and peak force. Based on the proxy model, the parameters that improve the crashworthiness of the rubber ring buffer were found quickly by the NSGA-II optimization algorithm, and the problems of a long calculation time and low optimization efficiency when using the conventional finite element method were avoided. The optimization results stated that when H = 107.57 mm and R = 85.70 mm, C01/C10 = 0.0571 of the energy absorption of the optimized buffer was increased by 59.03%, and the peak force was decreased by 14.37%, compared with the original structure. The optimized rubber ring buffer is expected to reduce the peak crushing force, enhance the energy absorption capacity, and mitigate the damage to the train system caused by shock and vibration.
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Baklaushev, V. P. "Current strategies for regenerative therapy of spinal cord injury." Genes & Cells 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 658–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/gc623401.
Full textAbstract:
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of death and severe disability amongst young people. The incidence of SCI is 0.6–1.0 per 10,000 individuals. Unfortunately, there are no effective methods of restoring locomotor function for individuals with severe SCI. To address this issue, exoskeleton technology controlled using BCI is actively being developed for prosthetic locomotion. Despite the lack of encouraging data for severe spinal cord injuries, regenerative technologies continue to hold promise for spinal cord repair. The limited options for regenerating the central nervous system in humans necessitate creating new sources of neural stem cells for regeneration. Reprogramming autologous somatic cells neurologically can effectively serve as such a source [1]. Nevertheless, the constitution of neuroglial progenitors, which are necessary for regenerating damaged axons of the pyramidal tract, still requires clarification [2]. Some interesting efforts are underway to directly reprogram glial cells in situ using a variety of biotechnological approaches [3]. Overcoming or preventing the formation of a harsh scar tissue at the injury site is the key obstacle to successful regeneration therapy for SCI. Various scaffolds are being developed to facilitate axon regeneration, and several gene therapy agents are being tested to either knock down scar formation factors or activate extracellular matrix remodeling and reparative regeneration. Neuromodulation shows promise for SCI treatment. Studies indicate that epidural stimulation of the L2-S1 spinal cord in humans and mammals activates SPG neurons, aiding spinal walking generator functions. A potentially successful treatment approach involves scaffolds with reprogrammed cells and neuromodulation [4].
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Kajzer, W., A. Kajzer, and I. Pindycki. "Biomechanical Analysis Of The Intervertebral Disc Implant Using The Finite Element Method." Advances in Materials Science 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2015-0016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Dysfunctions of the vertebral column belong to a group of civilisation diseases and they affect approximately 80% of population. The underlying cause is modern (sedentary) lifestyle, low locomotive activity of people and frequent motor vehicle and sports accidents. Despite civilisation’s progress, no injury prophylactics or prevention of dysfunctions of the vertebral column have been introduced. The key element influencing function of the vertebral column is the intervertebral disc. It enables multidimensional movements and constitutes a basic connective element between the joints of the vertebral column. It also enables performing basic daily activities. Acting as a “damper”, it cushions vibrations and transmits loads between the vertebrae. One of the diseases affecting the intervertebral disc is discopathy. This is the most common degenerative disease, which can be treated by both conservative and surgical treatment. After removal of the damaged disc, it can be replaced by an adequate implant, which will assume its function. The implant will be expected to restore the vertebral column motor function, as well as to eliminate the pain resulting from compression of the spine caused by the damaged disc. This paper presents a biomechanical analysis using the finite element method for the L2-L3 vertebrae system with natural intervertebral disc, and the L2-L3 – implant of the intervertebral disc system. Two cases of the system vertebrae-implant were analysed which differed in the placement of the artificial disc in the intervertebral space. Within the conducted analysis, the state of displacement, strain and stress of reduced analysed systems and their individual elements was determined. A comparative analysis of the results and calculations was performed, also conclusions and observations were formulated, constituting a starting point for building more advanced calculation models and further analyses of such implants.
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Giuliano, KA, and DL Taylor. "Fluorescent actin analogs with a high affinity for profilin in vitro exhibit an enhanced gradient of assembly in living cells." Journal of Cell Biology 124, no. 6 (March 15, 1994): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.124.6.971.
Full textAbstract:
Constitutive centripetal transport of the actin-based cytoskeleton has been detected in cells spreading on a substrate, locomoting fibroblasts and keratocytes, and non-locomoting serum-deprived fibroblasts. These results suggest a gradient of actin assembly, highest in the cortex at the cytoplasm-membrane interface and lowest in the non-cortical perinuclear cytoplasm. We predicted that such a gradient would be maintained in part by phosphoinositide-regulated actin binding proteins because the intracellular free Ca2+ and pH are low and spatially constant in serum-deprived cells. The cytoplasm-membrane interface presents one surface where the assembly of actin is differentially regulated relative to the non-cortical cytoplasm. Several models, based on in vitro biochemistry, propose that phosphoinositide-regulated actin binding proteins are involved in local actin assembly. To test these models in living cells using imaging techniques, we prepared a new fluorescent analog of actin that bound profilin, a protein that interacts with phosphoinositides and actin-monomers in a mutually exclusive manner, with an order of magnitude greater affinity (Kd = 3.6 microM) than cys-374-labeled actin (Kd > 30 microM), yet retained the ability to inhibit DNase I. Hence, we were able to directly compare the distribution and activity of a biochemical mutant of actin with an analog possessing closer to wild-type activity. Three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy of the fluorescent analog of actin with a high affinity for profilin revealed that it incorporated into cortical cytoplasmic fibers and was also distributed diffusely in the non-cortical cytoplasm consistent with a bias of actin assembly near the surface of the cell. Fluorescence ratio imaging revealed that serum-deprived and migrating fibroblasts concentrated the new actin analog into fibers up to four-fold in the periphery and leading edge of these cells, respectively, relative to a soluble fluorescent dextran volume marker, consistent with the formation of a gradient of actin filament density relative to cell volume. Comparison of these gradients in the same living cell using analogs of actin with high and low affinities for profilin demonstrated that increased profilin binding enhanced the gradient. Profilin and related proteins may therefore function in part to bias the assembly of actin at the membrane-cytoplasm interface.
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Skawiński, Tomasz, Grzegorz Skórzewski, and Bartosz Borczyk. "Embryonic development and perinatal skeleton in a limbless, viviparous lizard, Anguis fragilis (Squamata: Anguimorpha)." PeerJ 9 (June 17, 2021): e11621. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11621.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the long history of embryological studies of squamates, many groups of this huge clade have received only limited attention. One such understudied group is the anguimorphs, a clade comprising morphologically and ecologically very diverse lizards. We describe several stages of embryonic development of Anguis fragilis, a limbless, viviparous anguimorph. Interestingly, in several clutches we observe high morphological variation in characters traditionally important in classifying embryos into developmental stages. The causes of this variation remain unknown but environmental factors do not seem to be very important. Additionally, we describe the state of ossification in several perinatal specimens of A. fragilis. The cranial skeleton is relatively poorly ossified around the time of birth, with all of the bones constituting the braincase unfused. On the other hand, the vertebral column is well ossified, with the neurocentral sutures closed and the neural arches fused in all postatlantal vertebrae. Such an advanced state of ossification may be related to the greater importance of the vertebral column in locomotion in limbless species than in ones with fully-developed limbs. Numerous factors seem to affect the state of ossification at the time of hatching or birth in squamates, including phylogenetic position, mode of reproduction and, potentially, limblessness. However, data from a greater number of species are needed to reach firmer conclusions about the relative importance of these variables in certain clades.
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Fujii, Shinsuke, Patrick Emery, and Hubert Amrein. "SIK3–HDAC4 signaling regulates Drosophila circadian male sex drive rhythm via modulating the DN1 clock neurons." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 32 (July 25, 2017): E6669—E6677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620483114.
Full textAbstract:
The physiology and behavior of many organisms are subject to daily cycles. In Drosophila melanogaster the daily locomotion patterns of single flies are characterized by bursts of activity at dawn and dusk. Two distinct clusters of clock neurons—morning oscillators (M cells) and evening oscillators (E cells)—are largely responsible for these activity bursts. In contrast, male–female pairs of flies follow a distinct pattern, most notably characterized by an activity trough at dusk followed by a high level of male courtship during the night. This male sex drive rhythm (MSDR) is mediated by the M cells along with DN1 neurons, a cluster of clock neurons located in the dorsal posterior region of the brain. Here we report that males lacking Salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) expression in M cells exhibit a short period of MSDR but a long period of single-fly locomotor rhythm (SLR). Moreover, lack of Sik3 in M cells decreases the amplitude of PERIOD (PER) cycling in DN1 neurons, suggesting that SIK3 non–cell-autonomously regulates DN1 neurons’ molecular clock. We also show that Sik3 reduction interferes with circadian nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), a SIK3 phosphorylation target, in clock neurons and that constitutive HDAC4 localization in the nucleus shortens the period of MSDR. Taking these findings together, we conclude that SIK3–HDAC4 signaling in M cells regulates MSDR by regulating the molecular oscillation in DN1 neurons.
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Anderson, Garret R., Arthur Semenov, Joseph H. Song, and Kirill A. Martemyanov. "The Membrane Anchor R7BP Controls the Proteolytic Stability of the Striatal Specific RGS Protein, RGS9-2." Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, no. 7 (December 7, 2006): 4772–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m610518200.
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A member of the RGS (regulators of G protein signaling) family, RGS9-2 is a critical regulator of G protein signaling pathways that control locomotion and reward signaling in the brain. RGS9-2 is specifically expressed in striatal neurons where it forms complexes with its newly discovered partner, R7BP (R7family binding protein). Interaction with R7BP is important for the subcellular targeting of RGS9-2, which in native neurons is found in plasma membrane and its specializations, postsynaptic densities. Here we report that R7BP plays an additional important role in determining proteolytic stability of RGS9-2. We have found that co-expression with R7BP dramatically elevates the levels of RGS9-2 and its constitutive subunit, Gβ5. Measurement of the RGS9-2 degradation kinetics in cells indicates that R7BP markedly reduces the rate of RGS9-2·Gβ5 proteolysis. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference knockdown of the R7BP expression in native striatal neurons results in the corresponding decrease in RGS9-2 protein levels. Analysis of the molecular determinants that mediate R7BP/RGS9-2 binding to result in proteolytic protection have identified that the binding site for R7BP in RGS proteins is formed by pairing of the DEP (Disheveled, EGL-10, Pleckstrin) domain with the R7H (R7 homology), a domain of previously unknown function that interacts with four putative α-helices of the R7BP core. These findings provide a mechanism for the regulation of the RGS9 protein stability in the striatal neurons.
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Shiraishi, Hideaki, Mari Sasase, and Ayano Sakaida Nakashima. "Helicoid Morphology of Arthrospira platensis NIES-39 Confers Temperature Compensation in the Longitudinal Movement Velocity of Its Trichomes." Phycology 4, no. 1 (February 3, 2024): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/phycology4010006.
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The velocity of the gliding movement of filamentous cyanobacteria on a solid surface usually has a strong temperature dependency, and the higher the temperature, the faster the speed. Former studies on this phenomenon were conducted using filamentous cyanobacteria with straight morphology. We examined the velocity of the gliding movement of Arthrospira platensis NIES-39 along its longitudinal axis to see if the same was true for this cyanobacterium with helicoid trichomes. Experimental results showed little temperature dependency in the velocity in a wide temperature range in this cyanobacterium. However, when we examined the velocity using mutants with straight trichomes, their velocity was strongly affected by temperature, like other formerly analyzed filamentous cyanobacteria. This result indicates that the helicoid morphology of A. platensis trichomes confers temperature compensation to their migration velocity, enabling them to keep a relatively constant velocity under various temperatures. Migration of wild-type trichomes is considerably suppressed compared to the straight-trichome mutants on solid media. The temperature compensation in the locomotion of this organism appears to be established as part of such a suppression. It was also found that the velocity of this cyanobacterium depended on the trichome length when they were atypically short (<250 µm); the shorter the trichomes, the slower the gliding movement tended to be. This result indicates that the coordinated action of a high number of cells constituting the trichome is required for efficient gliding movement.
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HEGER, HENDRIK, VEIT WANK, and REINHARD BLICKHAN. "A QUASI-LINEAR VISCOELASTIC MODEL FOR THE PASSIVE PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN HIP JOINT." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 12, no. 01 (March 2012): 1250015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519412004454.
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Properties of passive elastic structures constituting the human hip joint can be exploited to increase efficiency of human locomotion. As studies estimating the passive contributions to the net joint moment often disregard damping properties of the joint such contributions overestimate the energy gained during leg retraction within swing and stance phase. We built an experimental apparatus to measure moment-angle-relations during motor guided cyclic movements over a wide range of angular velocities and step-like changes in hip angle. On the basis of the experimentally gained data set the objective of this study was to model the elastic as well as the damping characteristics of the joint in the sagittal plane utilizing the Quasi-Linear Viscoelastic theory (QLV). A double exponential function was conveniently employed to describe the elastic response. The dependency of the hip joint stiffness on biarticular muscles was incorporated by repeating the measurement protocol for different knee angles. Due to the fact that the stiffness characteristics of the elastic response were merely shifted over knee angles we introduced an equilibrium angle at the hip joint as exponential function of the knee angle eventually yielding an elastic response as a function of hip and knee angle. In order to cover the damping characteristics the reduced relaxation function comprising a continuous spectrum of relaxation was utilized. We exemplify the applicability of the QLV model on published kinematic data on human walking and estimated that approximately 27% of the energy passively stored at the hip dissipates during the gait cycle.
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Morales-Rincon, Nataly, Eduardo Morteo, and Christian Alejandro Delfín-Alfonso. "Influence of artisanal fisheries on the behaviour and social structure of Tursiops truncatus in the South-western Gulf of Mexico." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 8 (September 10, 2019): 1841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541900078x.
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AbstractBehavioural plasticity in animals is tested whenever competitive interactions for space and/or food resources occur between wildlife and human activities. This study uses the concepts of operational and non-operational interactions between bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and artisanal fisheries in Alvarado, to search for differences in behaviour, age structure and group size. We conducted 20 surveys between 2015 and 2016, and recorded 64 groups by means of scan sampling from either a research boat or a fixed vantage point. Average dolphin group size was small (${\bar{\rm x}}$ = 3.2, SD = 2.2 individuals) and fewer individuals were commonly present when interaction with fisheries occurred. Operational interactions were defined within the first 30 m and occurred mainly with lone individuals (54% recorded from the lighthouse and 82% during surveys); this benchmark also accounted for higher frequencies in locomotion and feeding (χ2 = 83.10; df = 7; P < 0.001). We found a higher rate of new behavioural events for dolphin groups furthest from human activities, as well as a decrease in behaviours that imply greater body exposure as dolphins approach the fishing spots. Age structure and dolphin group size were not different during and in the absence of interaction with fisheries, but most interactions involved male dolphins. Behavioural variations in the dolphins' repertoire are likely a strategy to reduce the risk of injuries or death when interacting with human activities; these dolphins seem to have habituated to or at least tolerate fishing activities within the study area, possibly constituting a sex-biased pressure.
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Biesieda, Volodymyr. "Peculiarities of the mental and motility state of the children suffering from mental retardation and postural disorders." Scientific bulletin of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky 2020, no. 4 (133) (December 24, 2020): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2617-6688-2020-4-7.
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Nowadays, there are numerous scientific reviews and studies devoted to the problem of psychomotor retardation of children of different ages. Though, a comprehensive solution of how to identify psychophysical characteristics demonstrated by this category of small children suffering from postural disorders has not made yet. The goal of our research was to identify features of the mental and motility state of small children suffering from psychomotor retardation and postural disorders. Summarising the research performed, these conclusions have been made: The children demonstrating psychomotor retardation have different types of mental and somatic dysontogenesis, which negatively affects their academic performance and social adaptation; in the process of pedagogical observations, the small children suffering from psychomotor retardation and postural disorders demonstrate certain mental features in comparison with their healthy as follows: reduced motor-game activity, reduced participation as a leader in collective active games; lack of speech communication with peers, emotional instability, the children constituting this category fail to respond to changes in plot collisions of a game in time, in contradistinction to their healthy peers; their responses happen to be inadequate; they do not understand the rules of a game, or details of the game plot; do not always respond correctly to the results of the game commented by their teacher in each particular case; this category of children demonstrates specific peculiarities of their motor development: a reduced total volume of their daily locomotion compared to their healthy peers; these children prefer horizontal basic motor modes (lying, crawling, sitting), avoiding vertical gravitational starting positions; in case these children take vertical positions, they reflexively try to find additional support for the upper extremities or corpora; a reduced amount of purposeful motor-game actions with increased spontaneous motor activities; the movements of the children suffering from psychomotor retardation and postural disorders are often insufficiently coordinated by them; the problems causing fusion of movements should also be noted; insufficient rationality of motor actions performed by these children according to all the parameters (space-, time- and energy-related) is revealed. The prospects of further research in this area are seen in the study of physical, psycho-somatic and mental relationships alongside their impact on the overall development of small children suffering from mental retardation and postural disorders.
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Jung, G., X. Wu, and J. A. Hammer. "Dictyostelium mutants lacking multiple classic myosin I isoforms reveal combinations of shared and distinct functions." Journal of Cell Biology 133, no. 2 (April 15, 1996): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.133.2.305.
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Dictyostelium cells that lack the myoB isoform were previously shown to exhibit reduced efficiencies of phagocytosis and chemotactic aggregation ("streaming") and to crawl at about half the speed of wild-type cells. Of the four other Dictyostelium myosin I isoforms identified to date, myoC and myoD are the most similar to myoB in terms of tail domain sequence. Furthermore, we show here that myoC, like myoB and myoD, is concentrated in actin-rich cortical regions like the leading edge of migrating cells. To look for evidence of functional overlap between these isoforms, we analyzed myoB, myoC, and myoD single mutants, myoB/myoD double mutants, and myoB/myoC/myoD triple mutants, which were created using a combination of gene targeting techniques and constitutive expression of antisense RNA. With regard to the speed of locomoting, aggregation-stage cells, of the three single mutants, only the myoB mutant was significantly slower. Moreover, double and triple mutants were only slightly slower than the myoB single mutant. Consistent with this, the protein level of myoB alone rises dramatically during early development, suggesting that a special demand is placed on this one isoform when cells become highly motile. We also found, however, that the absolute amount of myoB protein in aggregation-stage cells is much higher than that for myoC and myoD, suggesting that what appears to be a case of nonoverlapping function could be the result of large differences in the amounts of functionally overlapping isoforms. Streaming assays also suggest that myoC plays a significant role in some aspect of motility other than cell speed. With regard to phagocytosis, both myoB and myoC single mutants exhibited significant reductions in initial rate, suggesting that these two isoforms perform nonredundant roles in supporting the phagocytic process. In triple mutants these defects were not additive, however. Finally, because double and triple mutants exhibited significant and progressive decreases in doubling times, we also measured the kinetics of fluid phase endocytic flux (uptake, transit time, efflux). Not only do all three isoforms contribute to this process, but their contributions are synergistic. While these results, when taken together, refute the simple notion that these three "classic" myosin I isoforms perform exclusively identical functions, they do reveal that all three share in supporting at least one cellular process (endocytosis), and they identify several other processes (motility, streaming, and phagocytosis) that are supported to a significant extent by either individual isoforms or various combinations of them.
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Berni, Matteo, Gregorio Marchiori, Massimiliano Baleani, Gianluca Giavaresi, and Nicola Francesco Lopomo. "Biomechanics of the Human Osteochondral Unit: A Systematic Review." Materials 17, no. 7 (April 8, 2024): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17071698.
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The damping system ensured by the osteochondral (OC) unit is essential to deploy the forces generated within load-bearing joints during locomotion, allowing furthermore low-friction sliding motion between bone segments. The OC unit is a multi-layer structure including articular cartilage, as well as subchondral and trabecular bone. The interplay between the OC tissues is essential in maintaining the joint functionality; altered loading patterns can trigger biological processes that could lead to degenerative joint diseases like osteoarthritis. Currently, no effective treatments are available to avoid degeneration beyond tissues’ recovery capabilities. A thorough comprehension on the mechanical behaviour of the OC unit is essential to (i) soundly elucidate its overall response to intra-articular loads for developing diagnostic tools capable of detecting non-physiological strain levels, (ii) properly evaluate the efficacy of innovative treatments in restoring physiological strain levels, and (iii) optimize regenerative medicine approaches as potential and less-invasive alternatives to arthroplasty when irreversible damage has occurred. Therefore, the leading aim of this review was to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art—up to 2022—about the mechanical behaviour of the OC unit. A systematic search is performed, according to PRISMA standards, by focusing on studies that experimentally assess the human lower-limb joints’ OC tissues. A multi-criteria decision-making method is proposed to quantitatively evaluate eligible studies, in order to highlight only the insights retrieved through sound and robust approaches. This review revealed that studies on human lower limbs are focusing on the knee and articular cartilage, while hip and trabecular bone studies are declining, and the ankle and subchondral bone are poorly investigated. Compression and indentation are the most common experimental techniques studying the mechanical behaviour of the OC tissues, with indentation also being able to provide information at the micro- and nanoscales. While a certain comparability among studies was highlighted, none of the identified testing protocols are currently recognised as standard for any of the OC tissues. The fibril-network-reinforced poro-viscoelastic constitutive model has become common for describing the response of the articular cartilage, while the models describing the mechanical behaviour of mineralised tissues are usually simpler (i.e., linear elastic, elasto-plastic). Most advanced studies have tested and modelled multiple tissues of the same OC unit but have done so individually rather than through integrated approaches. Therefore, efforts should be made in simultaneously evaluating the comprehensive response of the OC unit to intra-articular loads and the interplay between the OC tissues. In this regard, a multidisciplinary approach combining complementary techniques, e.g., full-field imaging, mechanical testing, and computational approaches, should be implemented and validated. Furthermore, the next challenge entails transferring this assessment to a non-invasive approach, allowing its application in vivo, in order to increase its diagnostic and prognostic potential.
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Gordiychuk, S. N., E. A. Tomilova, and V. V. Kolpakov. "FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN NEWBORNS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SPONTANEOUS MOTOR ACTIVITY." Ulyanovsk Medico-biological Journal, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/2227-1848-2019-4-136-146.
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The concept of typological variability of the physiological individuality is considered to be the methodological basis of the research. It is proved that the level of habitual motor activity is a tempostabile personal and genetically programmed characteristic (in toddlehood, midchildhood, adolescence, and adulthood). In age-specific physiology and pediatrics, there is also a need to determine quantitative indicators of motor activity in the early stages of ontogenesis, in particular, in the neonatal period, since, according to modern law, indicators of psychomotor status are criteria for the harmonious development of a newborn. The knowledge of the basic key characteristic – the level of spontaneous motor activity (SMA) – allows clinicians to study morphofunctional and psychophysiological characteristics of newborns. The purpose of the paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of functional capacity of the cardiovascular system in newborns with different levels of spontaneous motor activity at rest and during the circadian cycle. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 137 newborns of health groups 1–2 (age: 10–14 days: gestation period: 38–42 weeks; second stage of nursing). According to SMA quantitative indicators, the authors identified three groups of newborns: with low, medium and high SMA. In each constitutional group, centile tables were used for anthropometric assessment; cardiovascular system functional capacity was evaluated at rest and during the circadian cycle. Results. The authors distinguished three groups of newborns: with low, medium and high spontaneous motor activity. For each group the authors determined quantitative indicators of locomotion, established individual and typological anthropometric characteristics and cardiovascular indicators. Statistically significant differences were defined in the extreme groups. Newborns with low SMA are characterized by brachymorphy, high heart rates, and the lowest blood pressure indicators; newborns with high SMA demonstrate dolichomorphy, the lowest heart rates, and high blood pressure. Circadian rhythm of cardiovascular indicators was of a typical pattern. Conclusion. Each group of newborns revealed individual typological characteristics in terms of cardiovascular indicators. The most significant differences were noted in newborns with low and high SMA, which may serve as a basis for prenosological diagnostics. Keywords: newborns, spontaneous motor activity, functional capability, cardiovascular system. Методологической основой проводимых исследований явилась концепция типологической вариабельности физиологической индивидуальности. Доказано, что уровень привычной двигательной активности является стабильным индивидуальным и генетически запрограммированным признаком (у лиц дошкольного, школьного, юношеского и зрелого возрастов). В возрастной физиологии и педиатрии также существует необходимость определения количественных показателей двигательной активности на ранних этапах онтогенеза, в частности в неонатальном периоде, так как согласно действующим приказам показатели психомоторного статуса являются критериями гармоничного развития новорожденного. Установление ведущего типового признака – уровня спонтанной двигательной активности (СДА) – позволяет в дальнейшем изучить морфофункциональные и психофизиологические особенности детей этого возрастного периода. Цель работы провести сравнительный анализ функциональных показателей сердечно-сосудистой системы новорожденных с различным уровнем спонтанной двигательной активности в покое и в течение суточного цикла. Материалы и методы. Обследовано 137 новорожденных I–II групп здоровья (возраст – 10–14 дней, срок гестации – 38–42 нед., второй этап выхаживания). По результатам определения количественных показателей СДА выделены три группы детей с низкой, средней и высокой СДА. В каждой конституциональной группе проведена антропометрическая оценка по центильным таблицам; функциональные показатели сердечно-сосудистой системы оценивали в состоянии покоя и в течение суточного цикла. Результаты. Для каждой группы определены количественные показатели локомоций, установлены индивидуально-типологические особенности антропометрических параметров и показателей сердечно-сосудистой системы. Статистически значимые различия определены в крайних группах. Для новорожденных с низкой СДА характерна брахиморфия, высокие показатели ЧСС, наименьшие показатели артериального давления, для детей с высокой СДА – долихоморфия, наименьшие показатели ЧСС, высокие показатели артериального давления. Хроноструктура суточного ритма показателей сердечно-сосудистой системы носила типовую направленность. Выводы. В каждой группе новорожденных выявлены индивидуально-типологические особенности по показателям сердечно-сосудистой системы. Наиболее существенные различия отмечены в группах новорожденных с низкой и высокой СДА, что может являться основой для выделения критериев донозологической диагностики. Ключевые слова: новорожденные, спонтанная двигательная активность, функциональные показатели, сердечно-сосудистая система.
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Chung, Taegon, Iksoo Chang, and Sangyeol Kim. "Development of equation of motion deciphering locomotion including omega turns of Caenorhabditis elegans." eLife 12 (April 29, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.92562.3.
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Locomotion is a fundamental behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Previous works on kinetic simulations of animals helped researchers understand the physical mechanisms of locomotion and the muscle-controlling principles of neuronal circuits as an actuator part. It has yet to be understood how C. elegans utilizes the frictional forces caused by the tension of its muscles to perform sequenced locomotive behaviors. Here, we present a two-dimensional rigid body chain model for the locomotion of C. elegans by developing Newtonian equations of motion for each body segment of C. elegans. Having accounted for friction-coefficients of the surrounding environment, elastic constants of C. elegans, and its kymogram from experiments, our kinetic model (ElegansBot) reproduced various locomotion of C. elegans such as, but not limited to, forward-backward-(omega turn)-forward locomotion constituting escaping behavior and delta-turn navigation. Additionally, ElegansBot precisely quantified the forces acting on each body segment of C. elegans to allow investigation of the force distribution. This model will facilitate our understanding of the detailed mechanism of various locomotive behaviors at any given friction-coefficients of the surrounding environment. Furthermore, as the model ensures the performance of realistic behavior, it can be used to research actuator-controller interaction between muscles and neuronal circuits.
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Ren, Luquan, Yulin He, Baofeng Wang, Jingyi Xu, Qian Wu, Zhenguo Wang, Wangxuan Li, et al. "4D Printed Self‐Sustained Soft Crawling Machines Fueled by Constant Thermal Field." Advanced Functional Materials, March 22, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202400161.
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AbstractEnvironmentally fueled sustainable autonomous locomotion is an advanced intelligent behavior analogous to unconscious actions in biological organisms, such as heartbeat and peristalsis. In this study, a self‐sustaining oscillating soft robot is introduced with eccentric hinge structures inspired by the crawling locomotion of mollusks. A parameter‐encoded 4D printing method is utilized to pre‐program local strain of the eccentric hinge structure, and thus endows the soft robot with sustainable crawling motions under constant thermal field. Through the coupling design of substrate friction, eccentric hinge constitution, and the substrate temperature, the soft robot can achieve tunable crawling, rolling, and oscillating. Two applications, namely an optical chopper and a power generator are presented as proof of concepts. This work offers a viable solution for soft robots for applications in constrained environments such as the aerospace and medical fields.
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Yaqoob, Basit, Emanuela Del Dottore, Alessio Mondini, Andrea Rodella, Barbara Mazzolai, and Nicola M. Pugno. "Towards the optimization of passive undulatory locomotion on land: mathematical and physical models." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 20, no. 205 (August 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2023.0330.
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The current study investigates the body–environment interaction and exploits the passive viscoelastic properties of the body to perform undulatory locomotion. The investigations are carried out using a mathematical model based on a dry frictional environment, and the results are compared with the performance obtained using a physical model. The physical robot is a wheel-based modular system with flexible joints moving on different substrates. The influence of the spatial distribution of body stiffness on speed performance is also investigated. Our results suggest that the environment affects the performance of undulatory locomotion based on the distribution of body stiffness. While stiffness may vary with the environment, we have established a qualitative constitutive law that holds across environments. Specifically, we expect the stiffness distribution to exhibit either an ascending–descending or an ascending–plateau pattern along the length of the object, from head to tail. Furthermore, undulatory locomotion showed sensitivity to contact mechanics: solid–solid or solid–viscoelastic contact produced different locomotion kinematics. Our results elucidate how terrestrial limbless animals achieve undulatory locomotion performance by exploiting the passive properties of the environment and the body. Application of the results obtained may lead to better performing long-segmented robots that exploit the suitability of passive body dynamics and the properties of the environment in which they need to move.
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Hewitt, D. R., and N. J. Balmforth. "Locomotion with a wavy cylindrical filament in a yield-stress fluid." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 936 (February 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2022.48.
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A yield stress is added to Taylor's (1952, Proc. Royal Soc. A, 211, 225-239) model of a microscopic organism with a wavy cylindrical tail swimming through a viscous fluid. Viscoplastic slender-body theory is employed for the task, generalising existing results for Bingham fluid to the Herschel–Bulkley constitutive model. Numerical solutions are provided over a range of the two key parameters of the problem: the wave amplitude relative to the wavelength, and a Bingham number which describes the strength of the yield stress. Numerical solutions are supplemented with discussions of various limits of the problem in which analytical progress is possible. If the wave amplitude is sufficiently small, the yield stress of the material inevitably dominates the flow; the resulting ‘plastic locomotion’ results in swimming speeds that depend strongly on the swimming gait, and can, in some cases, even be negative. Conversely, when the yield stress is large, swimming becomes possible at the wave speed, with the swimmer sliding or burrowing along its centreline with a relatively high efficiency.