Journal articles: 'Constituent priming'

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Nakamoto, Keiko. "Semantic Priming Effect of Metaphor Constituent Terms." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 1 (February 2003): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.1.33.

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Camac and Glucksberg reported there was no priming effect between constituent terms of a metaphor and argued that there was no prior similarity or association between the constituents. However, their study had several limitations. An important one was that they neglected the asymmetry of metaphor constituent terms. The purpose of this study is to replicate their experiment under the condition in which one of the constituents preceded the other. The experiment was conducted with Japanese participants using Japanese metaphoric sentences as stimuli. The results showed that the decision was facilitated if the vehicle served as prime and the topic served as target. In contrast, if the topic preceded the vehicle, no priming effect was found. These results are discussed in terms of the class inclusion model proposed earlier by Glucksberg and Keysar.

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Libben, Gary, Mira Goral, and R. Harald Baayen. "What does constituent priming mean in the investigation of compound processing?" Mental Lexicon 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00001.lib.

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Abstract Most dictionary definitions for the term compound word characterize it as a word that itself contains two or more words. Thus, a compound word such as goldfish is composed of the constituent words gold and fish. In this report, we present evidence that compound words such as goldfish might not contain the words gold and fish, but rather positionally bound compound constituents (e.g., gold- and -fish) that are distinct and often in competition with their whole word counterparts. This conceptualization has significant methodological consequences: it calls into question the assumption that, in a traditional visual constituent priming paradigm, the participant can be said to be presented with constituents as primes. We claim that they are not presented with constituents. Rather, they are presented with competing free-standing words. We present evidence for the processing of Hebrew compound words that supports this perspective by revealing that, counter-intuitively, prime constituent frequency has an attenuating effect on constituent priming. We relate our findings to previous findings in the study of German compound processing to show that the effect that we report is fundamentally morphological rather than positional or visual in nature. In contrast to German in which compounds are always head-final morphologically, Hebrew compounds are always head initial. In addition, whereas German compounds are written as single words, Hebrew compounds are always written with spaces between constituents. Thus, the commonality of patterning across German and Hebrew is independent of visual form and constituent ordering, revealing, as we claim, core features of the constituent priming paradigm and compound processing.

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Marelli, Marco, Davide Crepaldi, and Claudio Luzzatti. "Head position and the mental representation of nominal compounds." Mental Lexicon 4, no. 3 (December 15, 2009): 430–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.3.05mar.

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There is a significant body of psycholinguistic evidence that supports the hypothesis of an access to constituent representation during the mental processing of compound words. However it is not clear whether the internal hierarchy of the constituents (i.e., headedness) plays a role in their mental lexical processing and it is not possible to disentangle the effect of headedness from that of constituent position in languages that admit only head-final compounds, like English or Dutch. The present study addresses this issue in two constituent priming experiments (SOA 300ms) with a lexical decision task. Italian endocentric (head-initial and head-final) and exocentric nominal compounds were employed as stimuli and the position of the primed constituent was manipulated. A first-level priming effect was found, confirming the automatic access to constituent representation. Moreover, in head-final compounds data reveal a larger priming effect for the head than for the modifying constituent. These results suggest that different kinds of compounds have a different representation at mental level: while head-final compounds are represented with an internal head-modifier hierarchy, head-initial and exocentric compounds have a lexicalised, internally flat representation.

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El-Bialy, Rowan, Christina L. Gagné, and Thomas L. Spalding. "Processing of English compounds is sensitive to the constituents’ semantic transparency." Mental Lexicon 8, no. 1 (April 29, 2013): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.8.1.04elb.

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Compounds vary in terms of the extent to which the constituents’ meanings contribute to the meaning of the compound, and there is an ongoing debate about whether the semantic representations of the constituents of opaque compounds are available during compound processing. Three lexical decision experiments investigated whether semantically priming the first constituent of a compound influenced the processing of that compound. Experiment 1 found semantic priming for fully transparent (TT) compounds but not for OT compounds. Experiment 2 found semantic priming for TT compounds, but not for TO compounds. Experiment 3 found semantic priming for fully opaque (OO) compounds, but not for TO compounds. Our results suggest that semantic transparency is a property of processing, not of representation.

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JACOB, GUNNAR, KALLIOPI KATSIKA, NEILOUFAR FAMILY, and SHANLEY E. M. ALLEN. "The role of constituent order and level of embedding in cross-linguistic structural priming." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 2 (August 19, 2016): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000717.

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In two cross-linguistic priming experiments with native German speakers of L2 English, we investigated the role of constituent order and level of embedding in cross-linguistic structural priming. In both experiments, significant priming effects emerged only if prime and target were similar with regard to constituent order and also situated on the same level of embedding. We discuss our results on the basis of two current theoretical accounts of cross-linguistic priming, and conclude that neither an account based on combinatorial nodes nor an account assuming that constituent order is directly responsible for the priming effect can fully explain our data pattern. We suggest an account that explains cross-linguistic priming through a hierarchical tree representation. This representation is computed during processing of the prime, and can influence the formulation of a target sentence only when the structural features specified in it are grammatically correct in the target sentence.

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Fiorentino, Robert, and Ella Fund-Reznicek. "Masked morphological priming of compound constituents." Mental Lexicon 4, no. 2 (November 11, 2009): 159–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.2.01fio.

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Recent masked priming studies suggest that complex words are rapidly segmented into potential morphological constituents during initial visual word recognition. Much of this evidence involves affixation or other formally regular operations, leaving open the question of whether these effects rely heavily on the identification of a closed-class affix or other formal regularity. In two masked priming experiments with English transparent and opaque bimorphemic compound primes consisting solely of open-class morphemes, we find significant constituent priming, but no significant priming for purely orthographic overlap. We conclude that masked morphological priming generalizes across word-formation types to include compounds with no affix or other regular form. These results provide new evidence for across-the-board morphological-level segmentation during visual word recognition and for morpheme-based compound processing.

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Gagné, Christina L., Thomas L. Spalding, Lauren Figueredo, and Allison C. Mullaly. "Does s now man prime plastic snow?" Mental Lexicon 4, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 41–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.1.03gag.

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Three experiments were conducted to determine the extent to which relational and morphosyntactic information influence the processing of modifier-noun phrases. Processing of the target was faster when the shared constituent was in the same position in both the prime and the target, regardless of whether the relation was the same or different. In contrast, relation priming was contingent on the morphosyntactic role of the shared constituent; repeating the relation with the constituent in a different morphosyntactic role did not speed processing of the target (Experiments 1–3) whereas repeating the relation with the constituent in the same role did speed processing (Experiments 3). These results suggest that conceptual information is accessed in light of the constituent’s particular morphosyntactic role.

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Cieślicka, Anna. "Literal salience in on-line processing of idiomatic expressions by second language learners." Second Language Research 22, no. 2 (April 2006): 115–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658306sr263oa.

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This article addresses the question of how second language (L2) learners understand idiomatic expressions in their second/foreign language and advances the proposition that literal meanings of idiom constituents enjoy processing priority over their figurative interpretations. This suggestion forms the core of the literal-salience resonant model of L2 idiom comprehension, whose major assumptions are outlined in the article. On the literal salience view, understanding L2 idioms entails an obligatory computation of the literal meanings of idiom constituent words, even if these idioms are embedded in a figurative context and if their idiomatic interpretation is well-known to L2 learners. The literal salience assumption was put to the test in a cross-modal lexical priming experiment with advanced Polish learners of English. The experiment showed more priming for visual targets related to literal meanings of idiom constituent words than for targets related figuratively to the metaphoric interpretation of the idiomatic phrase. This effect held true irrespective of whether the stimulus sentence contained a literal or a non-literal idiom.

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Duñabeitia, Jon Andoni, Itziar Laka, Manuel Perea, and Manuel Carreiras. "IsMilkmana superhero likeBatman? Constituent morphological priming in compound words." European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 21, no. 4 (June 2009): 615–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09541440802079835.

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10

Grainger, Jonathan, and Arthur M. Jacobs. "Masked constituent letter priming in an alphabetic decision task." European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 3, no. 4 (October 1991): 413–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09541449108406237.

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Lorenz, Antje, Pienie Zwitserlood, Stefanie Regel, and Rasha Abdel Rahman. "Age-related effects in compound production: Evidence from a double-object picture naming task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 7 (November 9, 2018): 1667–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818806491.

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This study investigated effects of healthy ageing and of non-verbal attentional control on speech production. Young and older speakers participated in a picture-word interference (PWI) task with compound targets. To increase the processing load, the two pictures of the compounds’ constituents were presented side-by-side for spoken naming (e.g., a picture of a sun + a picture of a flower to be named with sunflower). Written distractors either corresponded to the first or second constituent ( sun or flower → sunflower), or were semantically related either to the first constituent of the target ( moon → sunflower) or to the second constituent/whole word ( tulip → sunflower). Morpho-phonological facilitation was obtained for both constituents, whereas semantic interference was restricted to first-constituent-related semantic distractors. Furthermore, a trend towards facilitation was obtained for distractors that were semantically related to the whole word. Older speakers were slower and produced more errors than young speakers. While morphological effects of first-constituent distractors were stronger for the elderly, the semantic effects were not affected by age. Non-verbal attentional control processes, measured in the Simon task, significantly contributed to morpho-phonological priming in the elderly, but they did not affect semantic interference or semantic facilitation. With a picture naming task that increases the semantic and lexical processing load, we corroborate earlier evidence that word-finding difficulties in the elderly result from deficient phonological encoding, whereas lexical-semantic and morpho-phonological representations remain stable with age.

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LI, MAN, NAN JIANG, and KIRA GOR. "L1 and L2 processing of compound words: Evidence from masked priming experiments in English." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 2 (October 28, 2015): 384–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000681.

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This study reports results from a series of masked priming experiments investigating early automatic processes involved in the visual recognition of English bimorphemic compounds in native and non-native processing. Results show that NSs produced robust and statistically equivalent masked priming effects with semantically transparent (e.g., toothbrush-TOOTH) and opaque (e.g., honeymoon-HONEY) compound primes, but no priming with orthographic controls (e.g., restaurant-REST), irrespective of constituent position. Similarly, advanced Chinese learners of English also produced robust and statistically equivalent priming effects with transparent and opaque compound primes in both positions. However, a clear orthographic priming effect was observed in the word-initial overlap position but no such effect in the word-final position. We argue that L2 compound priming originates from a different source from form priming. We conclude that these findings lend support to the sublexical morpho-orthographic decomposition mechanism underlying early English compound recognition not only in L1 but also in L2 processing.

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Wu, Zhaohong, and Alan Juffs. "What kind of priming is most effective in the processing of relative clauses in context?" Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 1 (July 6, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v1i0.3728.

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This paper examines the influence of different kinds of preceding contexts on the processing of Chinese relative clauses (RCs). We systematically compared the processing of RCs in a canonical, non-canonical, and “null” context. This paper is the first to systematically examine three accounts of priming (the thematic pattern priming account proposed by Lin (2014), in addition to both the verb phrase constituent priming account and the syntactic position sequence priming account proposed by Fedorenko, Piantadosi, and Gibson (2012)) in RC processing. Results showed discrepancies between predictions from each priming account and the actual results. None of the three priming accounts could sufficiently explain the results in Chinese. Alternative possible explanations were suggested, including: (1) having a context makes RC reading more natural and frequency effects less obvious; (2) the NPs inside the RCs are primed by the original thematic roles or grammatical functions of same NPs in the critical context sentence; (3) an interplay of all three different kinds of priming in the processing of RCs in context may occur.

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Joyce, Terry. "Constituent-morpheme priming: Implications from the morphology of two-kanji compound words." Japanese Psychological Research 44, no. 2 (May 2002): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5884.00009.

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González Alonso, Jorge, Silvia Baquero Castellanos, and Oliver Müller. "Masked constituent priming of English compounds in native and non-native speakers." Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 31, no. 8 (May 19, 2016): 1038–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2016.1179770.

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Duñabeitia, Jon Andoni, Alejandro Marín, Alberto Avilés, Manuel Perea, and Manuel Carreiras. "Constituent priming effects: Evidence for preserved morphological processing in healthy old readers." European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 21, no. 2-3 (March 2009): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09541440802281142.

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MESSENGER, KATHERINE, HOLLY P. BRANIGAN, and JANET F. McLEAN. "Is children's acquisition of the passive a staged process? Evidence from six- and nine-year-olds' production of passives." Journal of Child Language 39, no. 5 (December 19, 2011): 991–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000911000377.

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ABSTRACTWe report a syntactic priming experiment that examined whether children's acquisition of the passive is a staged process, with acquisition of constituent structure preceding acquisition of thematic role mappings. Six-year-olds and nine-year-olds described transitive actions after hearing active and passive prime descriptions involving the same or different thematic roles. Both groups showed a strong tendency to reuse in their own description the syntactic structure they had just heard, including well-formed passives after passive primes, irrespective of whether thematic roles were repeated between prime and target. However, following passive primes, six-year-olds but not nine-year-olds also produced reversed passives, with well-formed constituent structure but incorrect thematic role mappings. These results suggest that by six, children have mastered the constituent structure of the passive; however, they have not yet mastered the non-canonical thematic role mapping. By nine, children have mastered both the syntactic and thematic dimensions of this structure.

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Song, Yoonsang, Youngah Do, Arthur L. Thompson, Eileen R. Waegemaekers, and Jongbong Lee. "SECOND LANGUAGE USERS EXHIBIT SHALLOW MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42, no. 5 (June 1, 2020): 1121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263120000170.

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AbstractThe present study tests the Shallow Structure Hypothesis (SSH), which claims that compared to L1 processing, L2 language processing generally underuses grammatical information, prioritizing nongrammatical information. Specifically, this cross-modal priming study tests SSH at the level of morphology, investigating whether late advanced L2 learners construct hierarchically structured representations for trimorphemic derived words during real-time processing as native speakers do. Our results support SSH. In lexical decision on English trimorphemic words (e.g., unkindness or [[un-[kind]]-ness]), L1 recognition of the targets was facilitated by their bimorphemic morphological-structural constituent primes (e.g., unkind), but not by their bimorphemic nonconstituent primes (e.g., kindness), which were only semantically and formally related to the target. In contrast, L2 recognition was equally facilitated by both constituent and nonconstituent primes. These results suggest that unlike L1 processing, L2 processing of multimorphemic words is not mainly guided by detailed morphological structure, overrelying on nonstructural information.

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Hwaszcz, Krzysztof. "Is a Step through the Door a Way to Take a Doorstep? A Psycholinguistic Study on Polish Compound Words." Anglica Wratislaviensia 56 (November 22, 2018): 205–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.56.14.

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The present study concentrates on the organization of the mental lexicon with regard to semantic transparency in the representation of Polish compounds. Its aim was to test current approaches to the processing of morphologically complex words in a lexical decision experiment with the use of visually presented Polish compound and simple words. The existing psycholinguistic approaches centre around the same question: are complex words parsed into their constituent parts or are they stored as full-word representations in the human mental lexicon? I referred to five widely acknowledged models of morphological processing to account for the outcomes of the present study. The data reveal that: i transparent compounds primed by words semantically related to the heads of these transparent compounds elicited faster response times than opaque compounds within the same condition; and ii priming speeds up the processing for both transparent and opaque compounds. The results indicate that the processing of Polish compound words is influenced by semantic transparency and that both transparent and opaque compounds are decomposed into their constituents prior to lexical access.

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Pabst, Thomas, Edo Vellenga, Wim van Putten, Harry C. Schouten, Carlos Graux, Marie-Christiane Vekemans, Bart Biemond, et al. "Favorable effect of priming with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in remission induction of acute myeloid leukemia restricted to dose escalation of cytarabine." Blood 119, no. 23 (June 7, 2012): 5367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-11-389841.

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Abstract The clinical value of chemotherapy sensitization of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with G-CSF priming has remained controversial. Cytarabine is a key constituent of remission induction chemotherapy. The effect of G-CSF priming has not been investigated in relationship with variable dose levels of cytarabine. We randomized 917 AML patients to receive G-CSF (456 patients) or no G-CSF (461 patients) at the days of chemotherapy. In the initial part of the study, 406 patients were also randomized between 2 cytarabine regimens comparing conventional-dose (199 patients) versus escalated-dose (207 patients) cytarabine in cycles 1 and 2. We found that patients after induction chemotherapy plus G-CSF had similar overall survival (43% vs 40%, P = .88), event-free survival (37% vs 31%, P = .29), and relapse rates (34% vs 36%, P = .77) at 5 years as those not receiving G-CSF. However, patients treated with the escalated-dose cytarabine regimen benefited from G-CSF priming, with improved event-free survival (P = .01) and overall survival (P = .003), compared with patients without G-CSF undergoing escalated-dose cytarabine treatment. A significant survival advantage of sensitizing AML for chemotherapy with G-CSF was not apparent in the entire study group, but it was seen in patients treated with escalated-dose cytarabine during remission induction. The HOVON-42 study is registered under The Netherlands Trial Registry (www.trialregister.nl) as #NTR230.

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Weiller, Florent, Lorenz Gerber, Johan Trygg, Jonatan U. Fangel, William G. T. Willats, Azeddine Driouich, Melané A. Vivier, and John P. Moore. "Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030388.

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The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. This suggests cell wall tightening occurs, which may be linked to defence priming responses. The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. In this study the aim was to investigate the cell wall modulations that occurred prior to infection, which should highlight potential priming phenomena and phenotypes. Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. Significant concentrations of lignin were deposited in the stems but not the leaves of NtCAD14 overexpressing plants. Furthermore, no significant changes in monolignol composition were found between transgenic and wild type plants. The polysaccharide modifications were quantified using gas chromatography (GC–MS) of constituent monosaccharides. The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). The most significant changes appeared at the polysaccharide and protein level. The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. Pectin esterification levels have been linked to pathogen defence in the past. The most marked changes occurred in glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines. Epitopes for arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins were notably altered in transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco.

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Hannagan, Thomas, Frédéric Dandurand, and Jonathan Grainger. "Broken Symmetries in a Location-Invariant Word Recognition Network." Neural Computation 23, no. 1 (January 2011): 251–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00064.

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We studied the feedforward network proposed by Dandurand et al. ( 2010 ), which maps location-specific letter inputs to location-invariant word outputs, probing the hidden layer to determine the nature of the code. Hidden patterns for words were densely distributed, and K-means clustering on single letter patterns produced evidence that the network had formed semi-location-invariant letter representations during training. The possible confound with superseding bigram representations was ruled out, and linear regressions showed that any word pattern was well approximated by a linear combination of its constituent letter patterns. Emulating this code using overlapping holographic representations (Plate, 1995 ) uncovered a surprisingly acute and useful correspondence with the network, stemming from a broken symmetry in the connection weight matrix and related to the group-invariance theorem (Minsky & Papert, 1969 ). These results also explain how the network can reproduce relative and transposition priming effects found in humans.

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SALAMOURA, ANGELIKI, and JOHN N. WILLIAMS. "Processing verb argument structure across languages: Evidence for shared representations in the bilingual lexicon." Applied Psycholinguistics 28, no. 4 (September 28, 2007): 627–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716407070348.

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Although the organization of first language (L1) and second language (L2) lexicosemantic information has been extensively studied in the bilingual literature, little evidence exists concerning how syntactic information associated with words is represented across languages. The present study examines the shared or independent nature of the representation of verb argument structure in the bilingual mental lexicon and the contribution of constituent order and thematic role information in these representations. In three production tasks, Greek (L1) advanced learners of English (L2) generated an L1 prime structure (Experiment 1: prepositional object [PO] and double object [DO] structures; Experiment 2: PO, DO, and intransitive structures; Experiment 3: PO, DO, locative, and “provide (someone) with (something)” structures) before completing an L2 target structure (PO or DO only). Experiment 1 showed L1-to-L2 syntactic priming; participants tended to reuse L1 structure when producing L2 utterances. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that this tendency was contingent on the combination of both syntactic structure and thematic roles up to the first postverbal argument. Based on these findings, we outline a model of shared representations of syntactic and thematic information for L1 and L2 verbs in the bilingual lexicon.

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Kikumoto, Atsushi, and Ulrich Mayr. "Conjunctive representations that integrate stimuli, responses, and rules are critical for action selection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 19 (April 27, 2020): 10603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922166117.

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People can use abstract rules to flexibly configure and select actions for specific situations, yet how exactly rules shape actions toward specific sensory and/or motor requirements remains unclear. Both research from animal models and human-level theories of action control point to the role of highly integrated, conjunctive representations, sometimes referred to as event files. These representations are thought to combine rules with other, goal-relevant sensory and motor features in a nonlinear manner and represent a necessary condition for action selection. However, so far, no methods exist to track such representations in humans during action selection with adequate temporal resolution. Here, we applied time-resolved representational similarity analysis to the spectral-temporal profiles of electroencephalography signals while participants performed a cued, rule-based action selection task. In two experiments, we found that conjunctive representations were active throughout the entire selection period and were functionally dissociable from the representation of constituent features. Specifically, the strength of conjunctions was a highly robust predictor of trial-by-trial variability in response times and was selectively related to an important behavioral indicator of conjunctive representations, the so-called partial-overlap priming pattern. These results provide direct evidence for conjunctive representations as critical precursors of action selection in humans.

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Charlton, Francesca, Gabriele Bobek, Tim Stait-Gardner, William S. Price, Katrina M. Mirabito Colafella, Bei Xu, Angela Makris, Kerry-Anne Rye, and Annemarie Hennessy. "The protective effect of apolipoprotein in models of trophoblast invasion and preeclampsia." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 312, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): R40—R48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00331.2016.

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Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. It is associated with abnormal placentation via poor placental invasion of the uterine vasculature by trophoblast cells, leading to poor placental perfusion, oxidative stress, and inflammation, all of which are implicated in its pathogenesis. A dyslipidemia characterized by low plasma levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and elevated triglycerides has been described in preeclampsia. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), a constituent of HDL is an anti-inflammatory agent. This study investigated whether apoA-I protects against hypertension and adverse placental changes in a proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α)-induced model of preeclampsia. Further, this study investigated whether apoA-I protects against the inhibitory effect of TNF-α in a human in vitro model of trophoblast invasion. Administration of apoA-I to pregnant mice before infusion with TNF-α resulted in a significant reduction in the cytokine-induced increase in systolic blood pressure. MRI measurement of T2 relaxation, a parameter that is tissue specific and sensitive to physiological changes within tissues, showed a reversal of TNF-α-induced placental changes. Preincubation of endothelial cells with apoA-I protected against the TNF-α-induced inhibition of HTR-8/SVneo (trophoblast) cell integration into endothelial (UtMVEC) networks. These data suggest that a healthy lipid profile may affect pregnancy outcomes by priming endothelial cells in preparation for trophoblast invasion.

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Liu, Jianguo, Shanjin Cao, Lisa M. Herman, and Xiaojing Ma. "Differential Regulation of Interleukin (IL)-12 p35 and p40 Gene Expression and Interferon (IFN)-γ–primed IL-12 Production by IFN Regulatory Factor 1." Journal of Experimental Medicine 198, no. 8 (October 20, 2003): 1265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20030026.

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Interleukin (IL)-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine consisting of the p40 and p35 chains encoded on separate chromosomes. Coordinated expression of the two constituent genes is crucial for appropriate immune responses in timing, location, and magnitude. Interferon (IFN)-γ priming of IL-12 production by macrophages represents an important physiological process in vivo for escalated cellular response to microbial infections. We provide evidence that IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-1–deficient macrophages have a selective impairment in mRNA synthesis of IL-12 p35 but not the p40 gene, and a strong deficiency in the production of IL-12 p70 but not p40. We demonstrate that the levels of IL-12 p35 protein stimulated by IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) correspond to those of its mRNA, and that the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway is essential for the induction of IL-12 p35 transcription by LPS. IRF-1 plays a major role in the transcriptional activation of the IL-12 p35 gene, but not of the p40 gene, by physically interacting with an inverted IRF element within the IL-12 p35 promoter upon IFN-γ activation. Moreover, IRF-1–mediated transcriptional activation of the p35 promoter requires the cooperation of two adjacent Sp1 elements. Thus, IRF-1 acts as a critical component of IFN-γ signaling in the selective activation of IL-12 p35 transcription in synergy with LPS-mediated events.

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Casaday, Rebecca J., Justin R. Bailey, Suzanne R. Kalb, Edward J. Brignole, Amy N. Loveland, Robert J. Cotter, and Wade Gibson. "Assembly Protein Precursor (pUL80.5 Homolog) of Simian Cytomegalovirus Is Phosphorylated at a Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Site and Its Downstream “Priming” Site: Phosphorylation Affects Interactions of Protein with Itself and with Major Capsid Protein." Journal of Virology 78, no. 24 (December 15, 2004): 13501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.24.13501-13511.2004.

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ABSTRACT Capsid assembly among the herpes-group viruses is coordinated by two related scaffolding proteins. In cytomegalovirus (CMV), the main scaffolding constituent is called the assembly protein precursor (pAP). Like its homologs in other herpesviruses, pAP is modified by proteolytic cleavage and phosphorylation. Cleavage is essential for capsid maturation and production of infectious virus, but the role of phosphorylation is undetermined. As a first step in evaluating the significance of this modification, we have identified the specific sites of phosphorylation in the simian CMV pAP. Two were established previously to be adjacent serines (Ser156 and Ser157) in a casein kinase II consensus sequence. The remaining two, identified here as Thr231 and Ser235, are within consensus sequences for glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase, respectively. Consistent with Thr231 being a GSK-3 substrate, its phosphorylation required a downstream “priming” phosphate (i.e., Ser235) and was reduced by a GSK-3-specific inhibitor. Phosphorylation of Ser235 converts pAP to an electrophoretically slower-mobility isoform, pAP*; subsequent phosphorylation of pAP* at Thr231 converts pAP* to a still-slower isoform, pAP**. The mobility shift to pAP* was mimicked by substituting an acidic amino acid for either Thr231 or Ser235, but the shift to pAP** required that both positions be phosphorylated. Glu did not substitute for pSer235 in promoting phosphorylation of Thr231. We suggest that phosphorylation of Thr231 and Ser235 causes charge-driven conformational changes in pAP, and we demonstrate that preventing these modifications alters interactions of pAP with itself and with major capsid protein, suggesting a functional significance.

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Burstein, D. E., P. J. Seeley, and L. A. Greene. "Lithium ion inhibits nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth and phosphorylation of nerve growth factor-modulated microtubule-associated proteins." Journal of Cell Biology 101, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 862–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.3.862.

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LiCl (2.5-20 mM) reversibly suppressed nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth by cultured rat PC 12 pheochromocytoma cells. Similar concentrations of LiCl also reversibly blocked NGF-dependent regeneration of neurites by PC12 cells that had been primed by long-term pre-exposure to NGF and by cultured newborn mouse sympathetic neurons. In contrast, transcription-dependent responses of PC12 cells to NGF such as priming and induction of the NGF-inducible large external glycoprotein, occurred despite the presence of Li+. SDS PAGE analysis of total cellular phosphoproteins (labeled by 2-h exposure to 32P-orthophosphate) from neurite-bearing primed PC12 cells revealed that Li+ reversibly inhibited the phosphorylation of a band of Mr 64,000 that was barely detectable in NGF-untreated PC12 cells. However, Li+ did not appear to affect the labeling of other phosphoproteins in either NGF-primed or untreated PC12 cultures, nor did it affect the rapid increase in phosphorylation of several proteins that occurs when NGF is first added to unprimed cultures. Several criteria indicated that the NGF-inducible phosphoprotein of Mr 64,000 is a microtubule-associated protein (MAP). Of the NGF-inducible phosphorylated MAPs that have been detected in PC12 cells (Mr 64,000, 72,000, 80,000, and 320,000), several (Mr 64,000, 72,000, and 80,000) were found to be substantially less phosphorylated in the presence of Li+. Neither a phorbol ester tumor promotor nor permeant cAMP analogs reversed the inhibitory effects of Li+ on neurite outgrowth or on phosphorylation of the component of Mr 64,000. Microtubules are a major and required constituent of neurites, and MAPs may regulate the assembly and stability of neuritic microtubules. The observation that Li+ selectively inhibits NGF-induced neurite outgrowth and MAP phosphorylation suggests a possible causal relationship between these two events.

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Rahim Karim, Hevi, and Mohammad Tofiq Mohammad. "Interaction effect of primings and tobacco genotypes on some chemical constituents." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 22, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10810.

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Steel, Rona, and Tri Bui. "Contemporary Australian priming constituents for adult perfusion centres: a survey." Perfusion 35, no. 8 (March 9, 2020): 778–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659120906043.

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Aim: Evidence for the ideal/best practice priming solution remains meagre and largely historical. The aim of this survey was to determine the constituents of contemporary priming solutions in adult open-heart centres across Australia. This would provide insight on the level of variation within current Australian priming practices and inform perfusionists of how their current priming methods compare to the spectrum of Australian practice. Method: A total of 15 survey questions covering various aspects of priming constituents were sent via email to perfusionists in all 63 adult open-heart centres across Australia. Results: This prime survey received a 100% response rate across Australia. All units prime with a balanced physiological solution, 73% of units prime with Plasma-Lyte 148 and 19% with Hartmann’s solution. No synthetic colloids are used for priming in Australia. Up to 6,520 (30%) cases per annum receive heparin as the only additive to their prime base solution. All other cases had various combinations of sodium bicarbonate, mannitol and albumin added for a variety of recorded reasons. Conclusion: Contemporary Australian priming practices show a marked level of conformity between units. Variation exists in the rationale for adding sodium bicarbonate, mannitol and albumin. Further investigations into the clinical effects of these additives are required to determine if the rationale for their addition is historical or judicious in this contemporary era of low prime volumes, physiological base solutions and coated bypass circuits.

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Gold, Brian T., and Kathleen Rastle. "Neural Correlates of Morphological Decomposition during Visual Word Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 12 (December 2007): 1983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.12.1983.

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Considerable behavioral research has demonstrated that the visual word recognition system is sensitive to morphological structure. It has typically been assumed that analysis of morphologically complex words occurs only when the meaning of these words can be derived from the meanings of their constituents (e.g., hunter = hunt + er). However, results from recent behavioral research using the masked priming technique have demonstrated that morphological analysis can occur at an earlier orthographic level, in cases in which the meanings of complex words cannot be derived from their constituents (e.g., corner = corn + er). Here, we combine the logic of behavioral masked priming with the neurophysiological phenomenon of functional magnetic resonance imaging priming suppression to look for evidence of nonsemantic morphological priming at the neural level. Both behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging results indicated priming effects associated with the mere appearance of morphological structure (corner—CORN). In addition, these effects were distinguishable from lexical-semantic effects (bucket—PAIL) and orthographic effects (brothel—BROTH). Three left-lateralized occipito-temporal regions showed sensitivity to early morphological components of visual word recognition. Two of these regions also showed orthographic priming (∼BA 37, peak: −48 −60 −17; ∼BA 19, peak: −40 −77 −1), whereas one was sensitive only to morphological similarity between primes and targets (∼BA 19, peak: ∼37 ∼67 ∼7). These findings provide a neurobiological basis for a purely structural morphemic segmentation mechanism operating at early stages of visual word recognition.

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Fiorentino, Robert, Stephen Politzer-Ahles, Natalie S. Pak, María Teresa Martínez-García, and Caitlin Coughlin. "Dissociating morphological and form priming with novel complex word primes." Mental Lexicon 10, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 413–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.10.3.05fio.

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Recent research suggests that visually-presented words are initially morphologically segmented whenever the letter-string can be exhaustively assigned to existing morphological representations, but not when an exhaustive parse is unavailable; e.g., priming is observed for both hunter → HUNT and brother → BROTH, but not for brothel → BROTH. Few studies have investigated whether this pattern extends to novel complex words, and the results to date (all from novel suffixed words) are mixed. In the current study, we examine whether novel compounds (drugrack → RACK) yield morphological priming which is dissociable from that in novel pseudoembedded words (slegrack → RACK). Using masked priming, we find significant and comparable priming in reaction times for word-final elements of both novel compounds and novel pseudoembedded words. Using overt priming, however, we find greater priming effects (in both reaction times and N400 amplitudes) for novel compounds compared to novel pseudoembedded words. These results are consistent with models assuming across-the-board activation of putative constituents, while also suggesting that morpheme activation may persevere despite the lack of an exhaustive morpheme-based parse when an exhaustive monomorphemic analysis is also unavailable. These findings highlight the critical role of the lexical status of the pseudoembedded prime in dissociating morphological and orthographic priming.

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Dastborhan, Soheila, and Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani. "Influence of seed priming and water stress on selected physiological traits of borage." Folia Horticulturae 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fhort-2015-0025.

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Abstract Borage is a valuable medicinal plant with various constituents in leaves, flowers and seeds. Hence, it is important to improve the performance of this medicinal plant under different environmental conditions. Thus, two field experiments were arranged as split-plots based on a RCB design with three replications in 2012 and 2013, to evaluate the effects of seed priming and different irrigation intervals on selected physiological properties of borage leaves. Irrigation intervals (irrigation after 60, 90, 120, 150 mm evaporation from Class A pans, respectively) and priming treatments (control, water, KNO3 and KH2PO4) were allocated to the main and sub plots, respectively. The chlorophyll content index was enhanced under limited irrigation treatments, mainly due to a decrease in leaf area index and intercepting more radiation. However, the membrane stability index was stable under different irrigation intervals. Decreased relative water content and leaf area index and increased leaf temperature under lower water availability led to some reductions in the grain yield of borage. All of the priming techniques, particularly hydro-priming, enhanced the seedling emergence rate, leaf area index and consequently grain yield per unit area. Therefore, seed hydro-priming can be used to improve the field performance of borage, particularly when sufficient water is available.

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Lavric, Aureliu, Amanda Clapp, and Kathleen Rastle. "ERP Evidence of Morphological Analysis from Orthography: A Masked Priming Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 5 (May 2007): 866–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.866.

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There is broad consensus that the visual word recognition system is sensitive to morphological structure (e.g., “hunter” = “hunt” + “er”). Moreover, it has been assumed that the analysis of morphologically complex words (e.g., “hunter”) occurs only if the meaning of the complex form can be derived from the meanings of its constituents (e.g., “hunt” and “er”). However, recent behavioral work using masked priming has suggested that morphological analysis can occur at an early, orthographic level, with little influence from semantics. The present investigation examined the neurophysiological correlates of masked priming in conditions of a genuine morphological relationship (e.g., “hunter”-“HUNT”), an apparent morphological relationship (“corner”-“CORN”), and no morphological relationship (“brothel”-“BROTH”). Neural priming was indexed by the reduction of the N400 ERP component associated with targets preceded by related primes, as compared to targets preceded by unrelated primes. The mere appearance of morphological structure (“corner”-“CORN”) resulted in robust behavioral and neural priming, whose magnitude was similar to that observed in pairs with genuine morphological relationship and greater than that in the nonmorphological pairs. The results support a purely structural morphemic segmentation procedure operating in the early stages of visual word perception.

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Weges, Roelf, Elly Koot-Gronsveld, and Cees M. Karssen. "Priming relieves dormancy in lettuce seeds independently of changes in osmotic constituents." Physiologia Plantarum 81, no. 4 (April 1991): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb05095.x.

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Weges, Roelf, Elly Koot-Gronsveld, and Cees M. Karssen. "Priming relieves dormancy in lettuce seeds independently of changes in osmotic constituents." Physiologia Plantarum 81, no. 4 (April 1991): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1991.810413.x.

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S, Sumathi. "Theories of Aseevagam in Tamil Philosophy." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-8 (August 9, 2022): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s849.

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Naturally occurring minerals are grouped into five types of geological formations. Other substances that may be present in Fivefold are called constituents. The concepts of God and soul based on Vedic and Upanishad principles are not found anywhere in Tolkappiyam or Sangam literature. Nature is the unadulterated first philosophical position of the Tamils in their life. It can be seen that the attempt to search for causes and factors in the dynamic nature of nature has paved the way for the emergence of philosophy and theoretical concepts. In this way, priming the object and priming the concept is taking place through time. Although Jainism, Buddhism, and Vedicism can be found in the Tamil philosophical tradition, this article has explored the auspicious thoughts that had already strengthened.

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Abada, Adi, Smadar Levin-Zaidman, Ziv Porat, Tali Dadosh, and Zvulun Elazar. "SNARE priming is essential for maturation of autophagosomes but not for their formation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 48 (November 14, 2017): 12749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705572114.

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Autophagy, a unique intracellular membrane-trafficking pathway, is initiated by the formation of an isolation membrane (phagophore) that engulfs cytoplasmic constituents, leading to generation of the autophagosome, a double-membrane vesicle, which is targeted to the lysosome. The outer autophagosomal membrane consequently fuses with the lysosomal membrane. Multiple membrane-fusion events mediated by SNARE molecules have been postulated to promote autophagy. αSNAP, the adaptor molecule for the SNARE-priming enzyme N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) is known to be crucial for intracellular membrane fusion processes, but its role in autophagy remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that knockdown of αSNAP leads to inhibition of autophagy, manifested by an accumulation of sealed autophagosomes located in close proximity to lysosomes but not fused with them. Under these conditions, moreover, association of both Atg9 and the autophagy-related SNARE protein syntaxin17 with the autophagosome remained unaffected. Finally, our results suggested that under starvation conditions, the levels of αSNAP, although low, are nevertheless sufficient to partially promote the SNARE priming required for autophagy. Taken together, these findings indicate that while autophagosomal–lysosomal membrane fusion is sensitive to inhibition of SNARE priming, the initial stages of autophagosome biogenesis and autophagosome expansion remain resistant to its loss.

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Gilligan, Hannah M., Brunel Bredy, Hugh R. Brady, Marie-Josée Hébert, Henry S. Slayter, Yuhui Xu, Joyce Rauch, Michael A. Shia, Jason S. Koh, and Jerrold S. Levine. "Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies Interact with Primary Granule Constituents on the Surface of Apoptotic Neutrophils in the Absence of Neutrophil Priming." Journal of Experimental Medicine 184, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 2231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.6.2231.

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The pathogenic role of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) remains controversial because of the difficulty in explaining how extracellular ANCA can interact with intracellular primary granule constituents. It has been postulated that cytokine priming of neutrophils (PMN), as may occur during a prodromal infection, is an important trigger for mobilization of granules to the cell surface, where they may interact with ANCA. We show by electron microscopy that apoptosis of unprimed PMN is also associated with the translocation of cytoplasmic granules to the cell surface and alignment just beneath an intact cell membrane. Immunofluorescent microscopy and FACS® analysis demonstrate reactivity of ANCA-positive sera and antimyeloperoxidase antibodies with apoptotic PMN, but not with viable PMN. Moreover, we show that apoptotic PMN may be divided into two subsets, based on the presence or absence of granular translocation, and that surface immunogold labeling of myeloperoxidase occurs only in the subset of PMN showing translocation. These results provide a novel mechanism that is independent of priming, by which ANCA may gain access to PMN granule components during ANCA-associated vasculitis.

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Melinger, Alissa, and Alexandra A. Cleland. "The Influence of Sentential Position on Noun Phrase Structure Priming." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, no. 11 (November 2011): 2211–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.586709.

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This article explores the interaction between global sentence context and local syntactic decision making. Specifically, four noun phrase (NP) structural priming experiments investigated whether the position of an NP within a sentence increased speakers' tendency to repeat primed structure. We crossed the position of the NP with the structure of the NP, such that NPs could be sentence initial or final in prime sentences. We further manipulated whether the to-be-modified target NP was sentence initial or final. Structural persistence effects were consistently observed, but there was no influence of parallel position. Rather, sentence-initial NP primes had a stronger influence on subsequent syntactic decisions than sentence-final primes, suggesting a primacy effect. Sentence-initial target NPs contributed to this primacy effect, while sentence-final target NPs did not. We argue that this primacy effect arises as the result of greater processing demands and resources for early than for late sentence constituents as well as deeper encoding and more focused attention when processing the beginnings of sentences.

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Farhy, Yael, João Veríssimo, and Harald Clahsen. "Universal and particular in morphological processing: Evidence from Hebrew." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 1125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310917.

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Do properties of individual languages shape the mechanisms by which they are processed? By virtue of their non-concatenative morphological structure, the recognition of complex words in Semitic languages has been argued to rely strongly on morphological information and on decomposition into root and pattern constituents. Here, we report results from a masked priming experiment in Hebrew in which we contrasted verb forms belonging to two morphological classes, Paal and Piel, which display similar properties, but crucially differ on whether they are extended to novel verbs. Verbs from the open-class Piel elicited familiar root priming effects, but verbs from the closed-class Paal did not. Our findings indicate that, similarly to other (e.g., Indo-European) languages, down-to-the-root decomposition in Hebrew does not apply to stems of non-productive verbal classes. We conclude that the Semitic word processor is less unique than previously thought: Although it operates on morphological units that are combined in a non-linear way, it engages the same universal mechanisms of storage and computation as those seen in other languages.

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Kong, Lingyue, John Xuexin Zhang, Connie Suk-Han Ho, and Cuiping Kang. "Phonology and Access to Chinese Character Meaning." Psychological Reports 107, no. 3 (December 2010): 899–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/11.22.28.pr0.107.6.899-913.

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One of the central concerns in theories of reading skills is the role of phonology in access to word meaning. The present study focused on this issue in Chinese to examine the extent to which phonology affects Chinese character recognition. Two naming experiments were conducted with a phonologically mediated semantic priming paradigm, and the relative frequencies of semantic associates of the targets and their homophones were manipulated systematically. Analyses showed that a semantic associate produced robust priming on target naming at 57- and 250-msec. stimulus onset asynchronies, but only the low frequency homophones of high frequency semantic associates facilitated target naming at a 250-msec. stimulus onset asynchrony. These results indicate the role of phonology is neither obligatory nor efficient in access to Chinese character meaning, contradicting the key assumptions of the lexical constituency model. A revised parallel access model that emphasizes visual access to semantics is suggested as a more plausible account.

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Hussein, Hebat-Allah A., Shifaa O. Alshammari, Marwa E. Abd El-Sadek, Sahar K. M. Kenawy, and Ali A. Badawy. "The Promotive Effect of Putrescine on Growth, Biochemical Constituents, and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plants under Water Stress." Agriculture 13, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030587.

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Drought stress is a significant environmental variable affecting wheat growth and development. Plant stress tolerance is intimately related to growth regulators of plants as polyamines. The study assessed the impact of drought (50% water irrigation and 100% water irrigation), priming of grains in putrescine (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM), and their interactions on the growth, yield, and physiological attributes of wheat plants. Drought conditions declined plant height, fresh and dry weights, leaves and tillers numbers, and flag leaf area. However, applying putrescine, especially at (1 mM), enhanced wheat growth performance in normal or water-deficit conditions. Drought stress decreased spike length (28.6%), number of spikelets (15.6%), number of grains (30.3%), the weight of the spike (23.5%), and the weight of the grains/spike (37.5%). In addition, drought decreased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, free amino acids, and total phenols, while applying putrescine enhanced wheat plant growth performance in normal or drought conditions. Putrescine at (1 mM) achieved the highest increase in plant height (38.8%), root length (50%), leaves number (166%), tillers number (80%), flag leaf area (70.3%), shoot fresh weight (99.4%), shoot dry weight (98.4%), root fresh weight (97.8%), root dry weight (210%) compared to the untreated plants. Moreover, pretreatment with putrescine improved chlorophyll a (13.3%), chlorophyll b (70.3%), carotenoids (61.8%), soluble sugars (49.1%), amino acids (42.7%), phenols (52.4%), number of spikelets (59.3%), number of grains (81.1%), and weight of spike (45.4%). Moreover, variations in the protein profile of wheat plants were due to drought conditions and putrescine application. In conclusion, priming wheat grains with putrescine effectively induces protective mechanisms against water stress and improves wheat plants’ physiological attributes and yield components.

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Simerly, Calvin, Sara S. Zoran, Chris Payne, Tanja Dominko, Peter Sutovsky, Christopher S. Navara, Jeffery L. Salisbury, and Gerald Schatten. "Biparental Inheritance of γ-Tubulin during Human Fertilization: Molecular Reconstitution of Functional Zygotic Centrosomes in Inseminated Human Oocytes and in Cell-free Extracts Nucleated by Human Sperm." Molecular Biology of the Cell 10, no. 9 (September 1999): 2955–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.10.9.2955.

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Human sperm centrosome reconstitution and the parental contributions to the zygotic centrosome are examined in mammalian zygotes and after exposure of spermatozoa to Xenopus laevis cell-free extracts. The presence and inheritance of the conserved centrosomal constituents γ-tubulin, centrin, and MPM-2 (which detects phosphorylated epitopes) are traced, as is the sperm microtubule-nucleating capability on reconstituted centrosomes. γ-Tubulin is biparentally inherited in humans (maternal >> than paternal): Western blots detect the presence of paternal γ-tubulin. Recruitment of maternal γ-tubulin to the sperm centrosome occurs after sperm incorporation in vivo or exposure to cell-free extract, especially after sperm “priming” induced by disulfide bond reduction. Centrin is found in the proximal sperm centrosomal region, demonstrates expected calcium sensitivity, but appears absent from the zygotic centrosome after sperm incorporation or exposure to extracts. Sperm centrosome phosphorylation is detected after exposure of primed sperm to egg extracts as well as during the early stages of sperm incorporation after fertilization. Finally, centrosome reconstitution in cell-free extracts permits sperm aster microtubule assembly in vitro. Collectively, these results support a model of a blended zygotic centrosome composed of maternal constituents attracted to an introduced paternal template after insemination.

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Kakasor, Jaf, Abdulrahman Ismael, and Aziz Qarani. "Geopolymer concrete: Properties, durability and applications: Review." Reciklaza i odrzivi razvoj 15, no. 1 (2022): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ror2201063j.

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Concrete is one of the most reliable, durable, and desired construction materials. It became the second most used material after water in the world. Many studies and investigations reported that the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere is nearly 1 ton in the production of 1 ton of cement, which contributes to 5-7 % of total CO2 emissions worldwide. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a new development in the world of concrete, which does not need to use cement. The most used materials in geopolymer are by-products such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, etc. Industrial waste materials are a great problem for human health, environment, and scarcity of land, therefore, reusing them in GPC manufacturing can be seen as a great advantage. Fortunately, most of the recent research concludes that most by-products exhibit similar or better durability, mechanical and physical properties when compared to ordinary concrete. Therefore, GPC became a good sustainable engineering material with many advantages over conventional concrete, such as high early strength, excellent resistance to chemical attacks and steel reinforcement corrosion, elimination of water curing, low cost, etc. This paper reviews the process of geopolymer concrete, constituents, types, properties, durability, and particular applications.

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Ermert, M., M. Merkle, R. Mootz, F. Grimminger, W. Seeger, and L. Ermert. "Endotoxin priming of the cyclooxygenase-2-thromboxane axis in isolated rat lungs." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 278, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): L1195—L1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.6.l1195.

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Enhanced prostanoid generation has been implicated in vascular abnormalities occurring during endotoxemia and sepsis, and the lung is particularly prone to such events. Prostanoids are generated from arachidonic acid (AA) via cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or -2, both isoenzymes recently demonstrated to be expressed in different lung cell types. Upregulation of COX may underlie the phenomenon that endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]-exposed lungs show markedly enhanced vasoconstrictor responses to secondarily applied stimuli (priming). Isolated rat lungs were perfused with a physiological salt buffer solution in the absence and presence of 1.5% rat plasma and exposed to different concentrations of LPS (1,000 or 10,000 ng/ml) during a 2-h priming period. No change in physiological variables was noted during this period, although enhanced baseline liberation of both thromboxane (Tx) A2and PGI2as well as of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was evident compared with that in control lungs in the absence of LPS. LPS priming caused a significant elevation in AA-induced pulmonary arterial pressure, ventilation pressure, and lung weight gain. Concomitant increased levels of TxA2were found in the buffer perfusate. All changes were largely suppressed by three selective, structurally unrelated COX-2 inhibitors (NS-398, DUP-697, and SC-236) in both buffer- and buffer-plasma-perfused lungs. Anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibodies were ineffective under conditions of buffer perfusion. In the presence of plasma components, manyfold augmented TNF-α generation was noted, and anti-TNF-α antibodies significantly suppressed the increase in ventilation pressure but not in the vascular pressor response and lung edema formation. We conclude that the propensity of LPS-primed lungs to respond with enhanced vasoconstriction, edema formation, and bronchoconstriction to a secondarily applied stimulus proceeds nearly exclusively via COX-2 and increased Tx formation, with TNF-α generation being involved in the change in bronchomotor reactivity in the presence of plasma constituents. In context with recent immunohistological investigations, LPS-induced upregulation of the COX-2-thromboxane synthase axis in vascular and bronchial smooth muscle cells is suggested to underlie these events.

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Živanović, Bojana, Sonja Milić Komić, Nenad Nikolić, Dragosav Mutavdžić, Tatjana Srećković, Sonja Veljović Jovanović, and Ljiljana Prokić. "Differential Response of Two Tomato Genotypes, Wild Type cv. Ailsa Craig and Its ABA-Deficient Mutant flacca to Short-Termed Drought Cycles." Plants 10, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 2308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112308.

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Two tomato genotypes with constitutively different ABA level, flacca mutant and wild type of Ailsa Craig cv. (WT), were subjected to three repeated drought cycles, with the aim to reveal the role of the abscisic acid (ABA) threshold in developing drought tolerance. Differential responses to drought of two genotypes were obtained: more pronounced stomatal closure, ABA biosynthesis and proline accumulation in WT compared to the mutant were compensated by dry weight accumulation accompanied by transient redox disbalance in flacca. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis of isolated cell wall material and morphological parameter measurements on tomato leaves indicated changes in dry weight accumulation and carbon re-allocation to cell wall constituents in flacca, but not in WT. A higher proportion of cellulose, pectin and lignin in isolated cell walls from flacca leaves further increased with repeated drought cycles. Different ABA-dependent stomatal closure between drought cycles implies that acquisition of stomatal sensitivity may be a part of stress memory mechanism developed under given conditions. The regulatory role of ABA in the cell wall restructuring and growth regulation under low leaf potential was discussed with emphasis on the beneficial effects of drought priming in developing differential defense strategies against drought.

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Carrizosa, Ana M., Lindsay B. Nicholson, Michael Farzan, Scott Southwood, Alessandro Sette, Raymond A. Sobel, and Vijay K. Kuchroo. "Expansion by Self Antigen Is Necessary for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by T Cells Primed with a Cross-Reactive Environmental Antigen." Journal of Immunology 161, no. 7 (October 1, 1998): 3307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.161.7.3307.

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Abstract Cross-reactivity with environmental antigens has been postulated as a mechanism responsible for the induction of autoimmune disease. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease model inducible in susceptible strains of laboratory animals by immunization with protein constituents of myelin. We used myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) peptide 139–151 and its analogues to define motifs to search a protein database for structural homologues of PLP139–151 and identified five peptides derived from microbial Ags that elicit immune responses that cross-react with this self peptide. Exposure of naive SJL mice to the cross-reactive environmental peptides alone was insufficient to induce autoimmune disease even when animals were treated with Ag-nonspecific stimuli (superantigen or LPS). However, immunization of SJL mice with suboptimal doses of PLP139–151 after priming with cross-reactive environmental peptides consistently induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Furthermore, T cell lines from mice immunized with cross-reactive environmental peptides and restimulated in vitro with PLP139–151 could induce disease upon transfer into naive recipients. These data suggest that expansion by self Ag is required to break the threshold to autoimmune disease in animals primed with cross-reactive peptides.

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Field, S. L., M. Cummings, and N. M. Orsi. "Epithelial and stromal-specific immune pathway activation in the murine endometrium post-coitum." REPRODUCTION 150, no. 2 (August 2015): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-15-0087.

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The endometrium is a dynamic tissue, demonstrating cyclical growth/remodelling in preparation for implantation. In mice, seminal constituents trigger mechanisms to prepare the endometrium, a process dubbed ‘seminal priming’ that modifies immune system components and mediates endometrial remodelling in preparation for pregnancy. An array of cytokines has been reported to mediate this interaction, although much of the literature relates toin vitrostudies on isolated endometrial epithelial cells. This study measured changes in immune-related gene expression in endometrial epithelial and stromal cellsin vivofollowing natural mating. CD1 mice were naturally mated and sacrificed over the first 4 dayspost-coitum(n=3 each day). Endometrial epithelial and stromal compartments were isolated by laser capture microdissection. Labelled cRNA was generated and hybridised to genome-wide expression microarrays. Pathway analysis identified several immune-related pathways active within epithelial and stromal compartments, in particular relating to cytokine networks, matrix metalloproteinases and prostaglandin synthesis. Cluster analysis demonstrated that the expression of factors involved in immunomodulation/endometrial remodelling differed between the epithelial and stromal compartments in a temporal fashion. This study is the first to examine the disparate responses of the endometrial epithelial and stromal compartments to seminal plasmain vivoin mice, and demonstrates the complexity of the interactions between these two compartments needed to create a permissive environment for implantation.

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Puljko, Borna, Mario Stojanović, Katarina Ilic, Svjetlana Kalanj-Bognar, and Kristina Mlinac-Jerkovic. "Start Me Up: How Can Surrounding Gangliosides Affect Sodium-Potassium ATPase Activity and Steer towards Pathological Ion Imbalance in Neurons?" Biomedicines 10, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10071518.

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Gangliosides, amphiphilic glycosphingolipids, tend to associate laterally with other membrane constituents and undergo extensive interactions with membrane proteins in cis or trans configurations. Studies of human diseases resulting from mutations in the ganglioside biosynthesis pathway and research on transgenic mice with the same mutations implicate gangliosides in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Gangliosides are reported to affect the activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase, the ubiquitously expressed plasma membrane pump responsible for the stabilization of the resting membrane potential by hyperpolarization, firing up the action potential and ion homeostasis. Impaired Na+/K+-ATPase activity has also been hypothesized to cause seizures by several mechanisms. In this review we present different epileptic phenotypes that are caused by impaired activity of Na+/K+-ATPase or changed membrane ganglioside composition. We further discuss how gangliosides may influence Na+/K+-ATPase activity by acting as lipid sorting machinery providing the optimal stage for Na+/K+-ATPase function. By establishing a distinct lipid environment, together with other membrane lipids, gangliosides possibly modulate Na+/K+-ATPase activity and aid in “starting up” and “turning off” this vital pump. Therefore, structural changes of neuronal membranes caused by altered ganglioside composition can be a contributing factor leading to aberrant Na+/K+-ATPase activity and ion imbalance priming neurons for pathological firing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Constituent priming'

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