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1
Kelley, Brian D. "Coast Guard strategic management : law enforcement in the 1990s /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA232105.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 1990.Thesis Advisor(s): Evered, Roger D. Second Reader: Coy, Craig P. "June 1990." Description based on signature page. DTIC Identifier(s): Coast Guard operations, law enforcement, management strategy, theses. Author(s) subject terms: Coast Guard strategy; Coast Guard strategic management; Coast Guard strategic management, law enforcement. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-89). Also available online.
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Mondani, Rebecca <1988>. "Piracy off the coast of Somalia: challenges to law enforcement." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4224.
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La presente tesi tratta il tema della pirateria marittima prendendo come riferimento in particolare il caso della pirateria a largo delle coste della Somalia. La tesi è stata suddivisa in tre capitoli. Il primo capitolo affronta il tema della pirateria dal punto di vista storico e giuridico. In particolare, vengono evidenziate le lacune della definizione di pirateria marittima contenuta nella Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sul Diritto del Mare del 1982 e alcuni esempi di cooperazione per combattere la pirateria. Il secondo capitolo tratta il caso della pirateria somala. Dopo un accenno alla recente storia della Somalia e alle caratteristiche della pirateria somala, il capitolo affronta il tema dell’impegno della comunità internazionale per combattere questo fenomeno che danneggia i commerci internazionali. Il terzo capitolo verte sul tema della giurisdizione universale e del processo ai pirati somali. Il pirata che commette atti illegali in alto mare può infatti essere catturato e processato da qualsiasi Stato, ma, nel caso della pirateria somala, si è spesso assistito al rilascio dei pirati subito dopo la loro cattura senza processarli. Nel capitolo verranno quindi evidenziate le soluzioni che sono state individuate dalla comunità internazionale per aumentare il numero dei processi.
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Malmsjö, Henrik. "Patent Scope : A Law and Economics Analysis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-238882.
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Falkborn, Martin, Patrik Gustavsson, and Gustav Olsson. "Empirical cost calculation : Why do cost variations occur in the car manufacturing process?" Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Business Administration, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4043.
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Volvo Cars Corporation is a large multinational company known worldwide. The competition is constantly increasing as well as the demands and the expectations from the customers. As in most companies there are possibilities to improve performances, at least in certain areas. One part of Volvo Cars Corporation is Volvo Cars Body Components situated in Olofström. During their process of the New Car Program, where a new car model is developed, cost variations occur. Our aim in this dissertation is to identify the important factors causing cost variations and find possible ways to reduce them.
The research is conducted with mainly two sources, qualitative interviews and secondary data. The empirical findings are then combined with the theoretical framework in order to achieve an understanding of the processes and the effect on the cost variations.
In the behavioural case study several possible factors for cost variations are identified. The most important are Product Change Request’s in combination with Change Orders as well as Process Change Requests. Our main suggestion to reduce the risk that these variations occur is that more emphasis should be put on the first part of the New Car Program.
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Johnson, Laurie T. "Perceptions of cost and distribution and the demand for environmental regulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7449.
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Holmgren, Jeffrey D. Dolan James R. "Building consensus for strategic planning and implementation for Coast Guard law enforcement /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA277118.
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Holmgren, Jeffrey D., and James R. Dolan. "Building consensus for strategic planning and implementation for Coast Guard law enforcement." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/25722.
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This thesis examines the strategic planning and implementation process within the law enforcement missions of the United States Coast Guard. The Coast Guard is a unique federal agency for several reasons. Unlike many federal agencies, it has numerous missions that are not closely related. Coast Guard units are located throughout the United States and the world. There are various other political and organizational pressures that confront the Coast Guard leadership. This thesis looks at the Coast Guard law enforcement organization with an eye towards the changing dynamics that must be dealt with in strategic planning, including the various pressures that specifically affect the Coast Guard's law enforcement mission. Field interviews were conducted to identify themes and problems that relate to law enforcement strategic planning for law enforcement missions. Additionally, a survey was developed based on theme constructs, which was used for quantitative analysis and model development. Based on a literature review, qualitative analysis, model review, qualitative analysis, we then detail conclusions and recommendations that may improve strategic planning for the law enforcement mission within the Coast Guard and can be applied to many organizations that face multiple missions in a complex environment, including the United States Naval Supply Systems Command
8
Roberts, Glenn L. "Sharia law and the Arab oil bust : petrocurse or cost being muslim? /." Boca Raton : Dissertation.com, 2007. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9781581123487.
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Reis, Bruno Ricardo Lito. "Development of a low cost RF Lab." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23836.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e TelecomunicaçõesCom o aumento dos serviços de rede móvel disponíveis é necessária uma utilização mais eficiente dos recursos disponíveis. Para conseguir isso, são necessárias ferramentas de simulação e equipamentos de medida com boa precisão. A comunidade cientifica tem proposto novos equipamentos que permitem uma melhor caracterização de dispositivos de rádio frequência, como o Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Neste trabalho são desenvolvidos alguns instrumentos de medida, usando componentes comerciais versáteis e de baixo custo. Os instrumentos implementados são um medidor de Potência, um osciloscópio e um VNA. Para o medidor de Potência é utilizado um detector de Potência e uma Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) para processar e exibir o resultado. Para o osciloscópio e para o VNA é utilizado um transceiver de rádio frequência para converter para banda base o sinal de rádio frequência e para converter para rádio frequência o sinal de banda base e uma FPGA para controlar o transceiver e para processamento. Foi criada uma interface para o utilizador recorrendo ao MATLAB R Graphical User Interface (GUI). Por m, as medidas efectuadas por cada um dos sistemas implementados são discutidas. A potência medida pelo medidor de potência é comparada com os valores de referência. O osciloscópio é avaliado pelas guras de mérito comuns e os parâmetros S medidos pelo VNA são comparados com os medidos por um VNA de referência.
With the increase of available mobile network services, it is needed a more e cient management of resources. To accomplish that, accurate simulation tools and measuring equipments are required. The scienti c community have proposed new equipments that allow a better characterization of Radio Frequency (RF) devices, as the VNAs. In this work some demonstrative measuring instruments are developed, using low cost and versatile/recon gurable commercial components. The implemented instruments are a power meter, an oscilloscope and a VNA. For the power meter it is used a power detector and a FPGA to process and display the result. For the oscilloscope and VNA it is used a RF transceiver to down-convert the RF signal and up-convert the baseband signal and a FPGA to control the RF transceiver and processing. An user interface for oscilloscope and VNA was created using MATLAB R GUI. Lastly, the measurements performed by each one of the implemented systems are discussed. The power level measured by the power meter is compared with the reference values. The oscilloscope is evaluated by common respective gures of merit and the Scattering Parameters (S-parameters) measured by the VNA are compared with the ones measured by a reference VNA.
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Campbell, Jonathan. "The cost of credit in the micro-finance industry in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003182.
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This thesis analyses the cost of credit in the micro-finance industry in South Africa. The study situates micro-lending agreements within the law of contract, beginning with an examination of contractual fairness in terms of the common law: the fundamental principle of freedom of contract that underpins the common law of contract; the principle that agreements contrary to public policy should not be enforced; and the impetus given by constitutional values that inform public policy. In regard to moneylending transactions, common law usury law will be explained. The study then goes on to trace the origins and rapid growth of the micro-finance industry which was made possible by its exemption in 1992 from the Usury Act 73 of 1968. The upshot of this development was that registered micro-lenders have for nearly 14 years charged excessive interest rates, and continue to do so. The dire socio-economic impact of these high interest rates on individual consumers and lowincome communities is then demonstrated: how borrowers of small loans soon become over-indebted; the loss of billions of rands every year to low-income communities in the form of interest on micro-loans. The study then shifts to the legislative response to the need for consumer protection in regard to consumer credit. The extensive credit law review process is explained, resulting ultimately in the National Credit Act 34 of 2005, which allows the Minister to prescribe limits on interest rates and fees in all sectors of the consumer credit market. The prescribed limits on the cost of credit in the micro-finance sector are thoroughly explained and analysed, with particular reference to the implications of each element of the credit costing structure, and the combined impact of the total cost of credit on different types and sizes of loans. The envisaged maximum interest and fees will markedly alter the positions of micro-lenders and consumers, and receive careful analysis. The study closes with a summary of findings in the thesis, which includes suggested amendments to the National Credit Regulations and a review of possible legal challenges to the high cost of credit on smaller loans.
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Lotan, Gurit. "Physicians and cost containment : issues of disclosure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/MQ44207.pdf.
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Reznichenko, Elena [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Faure. "Cost-Effective Criminal Enforcement : A Law and Economics Approach / Elena Reznichenko ; Betreuer: Michael Faure." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/120010210X/34.
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Olsson, Andreas. "The claim for effective administrative handling - is it worth the cost?" Thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Social Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-8491.
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In FL some of the paragraphs consist of a different set of regulations concerning exercise of public authority towards privates then towards other parts, such as authorities. I investigate the underlying causes for this separation of norms and in this investigation I also define the term exercise of public authority. My investigation leads me to conclude that the legislator has weighed two types of claims against each other and the result of this weighing are the differentiating of regulations of exercise of public authority towards privates and other parts. The claims are efficiency and legal security. When it comes to privates the claim for legal security weighs heavier and when it comes to other parts the claim for efficiency weighs heavier, resulting in different sets of regulations for the different parts. Ensuing, effective administrative handling leads to less legal security. Is it worth it?
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Lo, Pui-leung, and 羅霈良. "Cost-benefit analysis of Chek Lap Kok Airport." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976633.
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Burck, Karl, Gustav Jönsson, and Fatmire Krasniqi. "Foregin Direct Investment to low-cost coutries - A theoretical and practical study." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Business Administration, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-3565.
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Many Swedish manufacturing companies expand their production to low cost countries through different types of foreign direct investments in an attempt to reduce costs. Mexico is one of these low cost countries and is becoming a more and more feasible alternative to Swedish companies. The reasons for this lie in different country specific factors such as closeness to the US, the Maquiladora industry and of course the low labour costs.
The purpose of our dissertation has been to find correspondence between a number of well-known internationalisation theories and some internationalised Swedish companies.
This dissertation presents different Mexico specific factors to consider before an expansion such as education level, the Mexican business culture and infrastructure.
Briefly, our conclusions are that we could not find any correlation between the internationalisation theories and the interviewed companies. We also found the Mexican market attractive for Swedish investors. However, there are a number of issues that have to be regarded in order to be successful in Mexico.
Keywords: foreign direct investment, low cost countries, Swedish manufacturing companies, internationalisation theories, Mexican business environment
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Gudicello, Dean. "Security at any Cost." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/461.
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Thesis advisor: Jennie PurnellAbstract: American policy in Latin America has been primarily motivated by a desire to keep foreign powers out of the Western Hemisphere. To this end America has pursued a policy of military intervention designed to make sure that it stays the dominant power in this hemisphere. American policymakers consider this vital to national security, and have do not let concerns over the moral implications of the interventions interfere. This paper looks at interventions during the 20th century, focusing on the imperialist era of the first few decades of the 20th century and the Cold War
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Bauer, Carolyn Marie. "Nutritional status of United States Coast Guard law enforcement detachment groups before and after a deployment." FIU Digital Commons, 2000. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1436.
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The purpose of this research was to study the nutritional status of United States Coast Guard Law Enforcement Detachment (USCG/ LEDET) personnel before and after prolonged travel at sea. To date there is no information available regarding the nutritional status of Coast Guard personnel. Forty-seven subjects were studied in total, each served as their own control. Demographic and health history data was collected at baseline. Dietary and exercise data was collected before and during the deployment. Body composition was determined before and after a deployment.
The results of this study revealed that the USCG/LEDET personnel had high cholesterol and decreased fiber intakes. Cholesterol intake during deployment (516.8±239.7 mg/day) was significantly higher (p= 0. 047) than pre-deployment (448.2 ± 144.3 mg/day).
Fiber intake was significantly lower than recommended (p
The results of this study indicate that LEDET personnel are put at higher nutritional risk while deployed and also have increased negative health behaviors associated with risk for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and other related diseases. This is crucial information for the USCG so that action can be taken to improve the physical well being of their personnel.
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ARAUJO, MARCELO DE MELO. "REACTIVE POWER SUPPORT COST ALLOCATION METHOD BASED ON CIRCUIT LAWS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=10511@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCom a implantação do novo modelo econômico nos sistemas de potência, a justa remuneração das empresas provedoras de serviços ancilares tem se tornado um assunto grande importância. O suporte de potência reativa, por se tratar também de um serviço ancilar, está inserido neste contexto. Desta forma, a factível identificação dos agentes beneficiários pelo suporte, bem como as proporções deste beneficiamento podem implicar em um mecanismo viável de remuneração para os custos de cada fonte provedora. Este trabalho apresenta um método de alocação de custos pelo suporte de potência reativa baseado nos princípios fundamentais da teoria de circuitos elétricos, buscando determinar a contribuição de potência reativa de cada fonte para cada barra de carga. Para isto, é sugerida uma modelagem de fontes de tensão, que permite levar em conta a natureza local da relação Q-V, proporcionando uma abordagem simples e clara do problema. Complementarmente é apresentado um método de alocação das perdas reativas em cada ramo de transmissão entre as fontes provedoras de potência reativa. Para validar o método proposto, são realizados testes em sistemas de potência de pequeno e médio porte, apresentado as parcelas de contribuição de cada fonte de potência reativa para cada carga, e adicionalmente para as perdas reativas em cada ramo de transmissão. Comparações são estabelecidas com um método existente, onde é constatado que o método proposto apresenta maior coerência com as propriedades elétricas dos sistemas de potência, destacando-se a verificação clara da natureza local do consumo de potência reativa. Em relação aos resultados da alocação de perdas reativas, verifica-se que o método serve como indicativo sobre o uso da rede de transmissão por parte de cada fonte de potência reativa.
After implantation of power systems` new economic model, a fair remuneration strategy of ancillary services suppliers had became an important issue. Reactive power support is also an ancillary service, thus, it belongs to this context. Then, identification of service beneficiaries as well as the benefit proportions may take a feasible remuneration mechanism for each source. This work presents a reactive power support cost allocation method based on fundamental principles of circuit theory, where reactive power contribution from each source to each load is calculated. This method suggests a modeling of voltage sources, which takes into account the Q-V relationship, providing a simple and clear treatment of the problem. Additionally, a reactive loss allocation method to each branch is presented. To validate the proposed method, tests with small and medium size systems are realized. So, there are presented results of reactive power demand and transmission losses allocation into systems` sources. Comparisons with an existent method are established, when we can verify that the proposed method brings more coherence with the electrical properties of power systems and the local nature of reactive power consumption. In the other hand, results of reactive losses allocation can indicate the transmission network usage by each reactive power source.
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Casey, Joseph. "LOCAL GOVERNMENT LAW ENFORCEMENT SERVICES: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERFORMANCE AND COST IN COLLECTIVE AND NON-COLLCTIVE BARGAINING WORKFORCES." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3247.
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High performance organizations desire to provide services in an effective and efficient manner with positive outcomes; therefore measures of performance and cost can be utilized to gauge such success. Through comparative research and analysis of local governments that have and do not have collective bargaining for law enforcement, findings and results can determine if there is any correlation between employee workforce classification (in collective or non-collective bargaining workplaces), high performance traits, costs and high performance return on costs (HPRC) for law enforcement. A HPRC composite measure was developed and utilized to compare and contrast all of the local governments to determine relationships between performance and costs. Based upon the research, the following findings were discovered for the null hypothesis which compared two forms of collective bargaining - arbitration and mediation - separately to non-collective bargaining localities: 1) Correlation between workforce classification and high performance attributes – mediation (negative – perform at a lower performance level); 2) Correlation between workforce classification and law enforcement costs - arbitration (negative – costs are at a lower level); and 3) No correlation between workforce classification and HPRC. In the preceding three areas, only the model on high performance attributes had a high r square and low variance with adjusted r square; both indicators of a parsimonious model. While correlations arose, further research in this area is warranted in developing a more enhanced and publicly accepted comparable metric of performance, costs and HPRC for law enforcement. In addition, certain control variables illustrated a correlation with the dependent variables as follows: 1) Performance - High median household incomes, density, age, survey quality of life, and city; 2) Law Enforcement Costs per Capita - Non-right-to-work state and county; and 3) HPRC - Median household income and county. A rational choice theory was utilized as the lens of framework in assessing an employee’s motivational behavior in a collective and non-collective bargaining work environment that could contribute to differentials in performance.
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Krsmanovic, Dusko <1985>. "A Law and Economics Analysis of Lobbying Regulation Towards an optimal structure through the Cost Indicator Index." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6695/4/Krsmanovic_Dusko_Tesi.pdf.
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This research primarily represents a contribution to the lobbying regulation research arena. It
introduces an index which for the first time attempts to measure the direct compliance costs of
lobbying regulation. The Cost Indicator Index (CII) offers a brand new platform for qualitative and
quantitative assessment of adopted lobbying laws and proposals of those laws, both in the
comparative and the sui generis dimension. The CII is not just the only new tool introduced in the
last decade, but it is the only tool available for comparative assessments of the costs of lobbying
regulations.
Beside the qualitative contribution, the research introduces an additional theoretical framework for
complementary qualitative analysis of the lobbying laws. The Ninefold theory allows a more
structured assessment and classification of lobbying regulations, both by indication of benefits and
costs. Lastly, this research introduces the Cost-Benefit Labels (CBL). These labels might improve an
ex-ante lobbying regulation impact assessment procedure, primarily in the sui generis perspective.
In its final part, the research focuses on four South East European countries (Slovenia, Serbia,
Montenegro and Macedonia), and for the first time brings them into the discussion and calculates
their CPI and CII scores. The special focus of the application was on Serbia, whose proposal on the
Law on Lobbying has been extensively analysed in qualitative and quantitative terms, taking into
consideration specific political and economic circumstances of the country.
Although the obtained results are of an indicative nature, the CII will probably find its place within
the academic and policymaking arena, and will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of
lobbying regulations worldwide.
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Krsmanovic, Dusko <1985>. "A Law and Economics Analysis of Lobbying Regulation Towards an optimal structure through the Cost Indicator Index." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6695/.
Full textAbstract:
This research primarily represents a contribution to the lobbying regulation research arena. It
introduces an index which for the first time attempts to measure the direct compliance costs of
lobbying regulation. The Cost Indicator Index (CII) offers a brand new platform for qualitative and
quantitative assessment of adopted lobbying laws and proposals of those laws, both in the
comparative and the sui generis dimension. The CII is not just the only new tool introduced in the
last decade, but it is the only tool available for comparative assessments of the costs of lobbying
regulations.
Beside the qualitative contribution, the research introduces an additional theoretical framework for
complementary qualitative analysis of the lobbying laws. The Ninefold theory allows a more
structured assessment and classification of lobbying regulations, both by indication of benefits and
costs. Lastly, this research introduces the Cost-Benefit Labels (CBL). These labels might improve an
ex-ante lobbying regulation impact assessment procedure, primarily in the sui generis perspective.
In its final part, the research focuses on four South East European countries (Slovenia, Serbia,
Montenegro and Macedonia), and for the first time brings them into the discussion and calculates
their CPI and CII scores. The special focus of the application was on Serbia, whose proposal on the
Law on Lobbying has been extensively analysed in qualitative and quantitative terms, taking into
consideration specific political and economic circumstances of the country.
Although the obtained results are of an indicative nature, the CII will probably find its place within
the academic and policymaking arena, and will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of
lobbying regulations worldwide.
22
Tassano, Velaochaga Hebert Eduardo. "The convergence between competition law and intellectual property rights." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116244.
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Indecopi has within its functions the defense of free competition and the protection of intellectual property. This institutional design has the advantage of being able to see more clearly what are the points of convergence between the two subject-matter, harmonize them and achieve the goals they have in common. Within this convergence, there are sensitive issues as the granting of compulsory licenses. In this work, we highlight that compulsory licenses are exceptional measures and, to consider its granting, the State must have a procedure that provides confidence and predictability to citizens and clear definitions of what is meant by public interest, emergency and national security. Finally, it is proposed that the granting of compulsory licenses should be justified by a cost benefit analysis showing that is the best choice.El Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intelectual (IndecopI) tiene entre sus funciones tanto la defensa de la libre competencia como la protección de la propiedad intelectual. Este diseño institucional tiene la ventaja de permitir apreciar con mayor claridad cuáles son los puntos de convergencia entre ambas materias, armonizarlos y conseguir los objetivos que tienen en común. Dentro de esta convergencia, existen temas sensibles, como el otorgamiento de licencias obligatorias, por lo que en el presente trabajo se destaca su carácter de medida excepcional y se plantea que, para considerar su otorgamiento, el Estado debe contar con un procedimiento que brinde confianza y predictibilidad a la ciudadanía y con definiciones claras sobre qué debemos entender por interés público, emergencia y seguridad nacional. Finalmente, se propone que su otorgamiento tenga justificación en un análisis costo beneficio que arroje como resultado que, en efecto, era la opción más adecuada.
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Zollars, Mary Catherine. "Texas Public School District Legal Costs and Preventive Law Practices." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331664/.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the legal costs of Texas public school districts during the school years 1980-81, 1981-82, and 1982-83 with the preventive law practices utilized by those districts. A survey was made of Texas superintendents' knowledge of school law. The data were contrasted with legal costs and the preventive law practices of the district. Two survey instruments were developed, and the case study approach was utilized. A survey was sent to the 1,101 Texas public school superintendents. The twenty-five item instrument was designed to solicit information regarding the amount of money spent by districts and the types of preventive law practices that school districts use to reduce legal costs. A legal awareness questionnaire was developed and administered to 72 of the 542 superintendents who responded to the first survey instrument. Three school districts were selected to be case study sites. The data from the instruments were analyzed to determine if a relationship existed between a district's legal costs and its preventive law practices, a district's legal costs and the superintendent's knowledge of school law, and a superintendent's knowledge of school law and the district's preventive law practices. The major conclusions of the study were as follows: (1) The larger the school district, the more money the district spends on legal costs. (2) Districts that incorporate preventive law activities do not necessarily have lower legal costs. (3) The differences in legal costs of a district and the types of preventive law activities utilized by the district are generally associated with district size, rather than with the absence of presence of the specific preventive law activity. (4) The legal knowledge possessed by the superintendent does not have an impact on the legal costs of the district. (5) The superintendent's knowledge of school law does not affect the number of preventive law activities used in the district.
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Levin, Greer. "The Cost of Racial Innocence in Kent v. United States and In re Gault: How Liberals Created America's Juvenile "Superpredator"." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1354.
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Juvenile justice reforms in America today closely resemble the ones that occurred over a century ago. The reforms of both eras aim to separate juveniles from adults and emphasize rehabilitation over punishment. Why is policy repeating itself? In search of an answer, I look to a monumental series of liberal Supreme Court decisions made in the 1960s that constituted what is now known as the Civil Rights Era’s “due process revolution.” In these cases, the Supreme Court provided juveniles with procedural protections in attempt to prevent the manifestation of racial bias in the juvenile court. It is commonly agreed upon that the due process revolution failed in its mission to protect minority youth. However, scholars are divided on why it failed. Some claim that states simply did not implement the protections properly. Others argue that a conservative backlash obstructed their proper implementation. In this thesis, I put forth that the decisions themselves — specifically, Kent v. United States and In Re Gault — criminalized youth by mistakenly presuming that racism could be regulated out of the court by enhanced procedures of due process. The liberal decisions made in Kent and Gault ultimately paved the way for the conservative carceral agenda of the late twentieth century and subjected minority youth to unprecedented punitive policy. I refer to Naomi Murakawa’s “racial innocence” theory to illuminate this interpretation of events and suggest that communities look inwards for alternatives to institutional reform.
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Ma, Weitao. "Cost modelling for manufacturing of aerospace composites." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6279.
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The application of composites has been increasing dramatically in aerospace structures recently, for example, composites have contributed over 50 percent of the structure mass of large transport airplanes Boeing 787 and Airbus 350XWB. However, the further usage has been restricted because of the high material and manufacturing costs. Hence, it is essential to utilize cost estimation tools for accurate cost estimation in the early design stages, and then efficient decisions and design optimizations could be made to reduce the cost of composite products. This research project aims to develop a cost model for aerospace carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites, which will help designers and cost engineers with the cost estimation for composites manufacturing in the early development stages. The main objectives of the research are to: (i) recognise the standard manufacturing stages and activities of CFRP components; (ii) identify the cost drivers of composites manufacturing; (iii) identify the cost estimation relationships; (iv) develop a cost model that can assist designers and engineers with manufacturing cost estimation for CFRP components; (v) validate the developed cost model through case studies and expert judgements. The process of model development was carried out through four main steps: firstly, conducting an integrated understanding of cost modelling for composites manufacturing; secondly, collecting data for cost modelling from industry and existing literature and databases; thirdly, developing the cost model with several function modules and databases; and finally, taking a validation of the developed model. The developed cost model consists of several modules: material selection, process planning, cost estimation, cost reporting and a user friendly interface. Moreover, the selection and planning modules are combined with databases including material and process. The developed model enables the user to estimate the manufacturing cost and process time of CFRP composites, and it can also help designers realize the impact of design changes on the manufacturing cost. The process planning can efficiently help estimators with manufacturing process understanding and accurate time estimation. Quality control activities are time consuming and investment sensitive in composites manufacturing.
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Lahouasnia, Abdelaziz. "The delimitation of internal waters along the Mediterranean coast of the Mahgreb with particular reference to historic bays." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330321.
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Ogunkah, Ibuchim. "Rethinking low-cost green building material selection process in the design of low-impact green housing developments." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2015. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9qvy7/rethinking-low-cost-green-building-material-selection-process-in-the-design-of-low-impact-green-housing-developments.
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Since 1950, the world population has increased by more than double. The sprawling demographic shift due to continuous migration from rural to urban areas in developing countries imposes socio-economic and environmental pressures to the urban areas. Apparently, the high demand for housing and the unsustainable construction practices underlying its production in recent times constitute issues that merit the attention of low-impact green housing developments. The feasibility of such developments also lies in the effective use of low-cost green building materials and components (LCGBMCs),primarily because of their potential to conserve energy use, reduce life-cycle cost, lessen ecological footprints, and revive lost cultural traditions. Until recently however, only very few of these products have been widely established in mainstream, on account that most designers are constrained by their vaguely informed knowledge as to their sustainability impacts during the early stages of the design decision-making process, when most of the important decisions relating to sustainability are made. With the scale of complexity on how to incorporate sustainability principles in the early stages of the material selection decision-making process, and quest to stimulate the motivation for their use in a wider industry context, a clear gap is identified. Drawing on the concept of sustainability, this research aims to narrow the underlying gap by exploring and evaluating the significance of an integrated modular-oriented mode of assessment that is able to assist designers in developing an improved capability to make early-informed choices, when formulating decisions to select LCGBMCs at the early conceptual stages of the design process. With results derived from the relevant literature, industrywide surveys, and through empirical evidence gathered from interviews with a cross-section of house build stakeholders in Nigeria, key sustainability principle indicators impacting the selection of building materials are identified, analysed, grouped and ranked according to the relative importance that each decision factor holds, using a suite of statistical analytical methods. The information gathered from the analysis with inputs elicited from experienced professionals are used to develop a Multi-Criteria Material Selection Decision Support System (MSDSS), and later refined with feedbacks obtained from selected builder and developer companies. The above integration is enhanced using Macro-in-Excel Database Management System (DBMS), while the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model is adopted as the ideal assessment methodology, given its ability to transform objective and subjective variables into weighted scores. Expert surveys are then used to demonstrate the usefulness of the suggested decision support system. The applicability and validity of this model are further illustrated using an ongoing housing project in Nigeria. By comparing the outputs from the model to monitored data from the case study, it would emerge that LCGBMCs, when properly assessed with consideration of the key sustainability principle indicators (influential factors) at the early stages of the design decision-making process, could reduce the potential life-cycle carbon embodied energy of a typical residential housing project by nearly 40% and yield energy savings of roughly 30-50% per year, when compared to their conventional carbon-embodied equivalents. This study concludes that by addressing integration of sustainability principles into the material selection decision making processes at the early stages of the design, better support will be provided to key decision makers with the expectation of improved understanding and better informed choices, hence stimulate the motivation for more use of LCGBMCs in a wider industry context. The limitations of the study are highlighted and future research directions to better exploit the model capabilities are proposed.
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Gutti, Krishna. "Low cost secure network connectivity for a municipal organization." Thesis, KTH, Mikroelektronik och Informationsteknik, IMIT, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-92266.
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Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) based on 802.11 technology were initially conceived with the aim of providing wireless connectivity to client devices in limited areas, such as office buildings, homes, etc. or in places where wires are too expensive to be placed. This ‘anywhere’ connectivity is said to have improved worker’s productivity by allowing one to work flexibly from various places besides one’s desk. Currently we are witnessing the growth of both public and private networks based on WLAN technology. Such hotspots are usually limited to the network owner’s premises such as her office, campus, etc. This limits the total coverage area of this network. It is often not economically feasible for a network access provider to install Access Points at all places that a network user might go. This has become a problem for many network access providers; a sensible solution would be to collectively address the problem by entering into roaming agreements as is already done by most Wide Area Wireless Network providers. Such operator specific roaming agreements can provide nearly continuous coverage over a much wider area such as an entire city. One of the goals of this project was to study potential cost effective technical solutions that provide WLAN access to City of Stockholm’s network based on 802.11 technologies; including evaluation from different technical aspects (e.g., capacity enhancements, improvements in handover latency, etc). Proper deployment and management strategies were also evaluated. Technologies permitting differentiated services for users, enabling provisioning of Voice over Wireless Local Area Network (VoWLAN) services and other interactive services were studied. Technologies for authentication, authorization and accounting were studied. Additionally technical means of providing secure access to the wireless network were investigated. Evaluation of architectures that allow inter-operator roaming were made. Today’s corporate users are increasingly mobile and there is a need to provide secure access to corporate data to these mobile users. The coverage offered by WLAN networks even with large roaming agreements would still have coverage gaps which can be reduced by relying on the 3G networks which are being widely deployed. Virtual Private Network technologies are successfully used for providing secure remote access to data and Mobile IP technology provides application persistence to mobile users even while switching between networks (e.g., WLAN to 3G). There is a need for them to co-exist in order to provide secure, mobile access to data. Such secure mobile access could also be provided without relying on the above, standardised solutions. A goal of this master’s thesis was to evaluate the technical solutions to enable such secure, mobile access to data. Current products were evaluated and a suggestion of suitable products for the City of Stockholm was given. The above solutions together would provide the City of Stockholm with secure wireless network connectivity[.]Trådlös Lokal Areal Nätverken (WLANs) baserat på 802.11 teknologien var i början uppfattade med det sikta med av skaffande trådlös anslutning till klienten anordningen i inlemmat områdena , sådan som kontor byggnad , hemmen etc. eller på platsen var tråden är alltför dyr till vara placerat. Den här ‘var som helst’ anslutning är sa till har förbättrat arbetaren produktiv vid tillåt en till verk böjlig från olika ställen for resten en’s skrivbord. Just nu vi er vittne växten av båda allmänhet och privat nätverken baserat på WLAN teknologien. Sådan hotspots är vanligtvis inlemmat till nätverken ägare lokalerna sådan som henne kontor, läger etc. Den här gränsen den räkna samman täckningen areal av de här nätverken. Den er ofta inte ekonomisk genomförbar till installera Tillträde Meningen i det hel tåt ställen så pass nätverken förbrukaren makt gå. Den här har bli ett problem för många nätverk skaffa; en förståndig lösande skulle bli till samlad adress problemet vid inlåtande in i att ströva avtalen så är redan gjort vid mest Vid Areal Trådlös Nätverken skaffa. Sådan operatör bestämd ströva avtalen kanna skaffa nästan kontinuerlig täckningen över en mycket vid areal sådan som en hel stor stad. En om målarna av det här projektet var till att studera potential kostnad effektiv teknisk lösandet så pass skaffa WLAN tillträde till Stor stad av Stockholm nätverken baserat på 802.11 teknologerna inklusive bedömningen från olik teknisk aspekterna (e.g., utrymme förstärkningarna , förbättringarna i handover latent tillstånd etc). Rätt spridandeen och företagsledning strategisk var också värderat ut. Teknologerna tillåt skilj tjänsten för förbrukaren, sättande i stånd till tillhandahållande av Röst över Trådlös Lokal Areal Nätverken (VoWLAN) tjänsten och annan interaktiv tjänsten var studier. Teknologerna för authentication, bemyndigandena och räkenskapen var studier. Ytterligare tekniskt medel av skaffande befästa tillträde till trådlös nätverken var undersöka. Bedömningen av arkitekturen så pass tillåta begrava - operatör ströva var gjord. Idag gemensam förbrukaren är alltmer rörlig och där er en behov till skaffa befästa tillträde till gemensam datan till de här rörlig förbrukaren. Täckningen erbjudande vid WLAN nätverken evn med stor ströva avtalen skulle stilla har täckningen öppning vilken kanna bli nedsatte vid användande den 3G nätverken vilken er vida spridde. Verklig Privat nätverk teknologerna ni är lyckosam använd för skaffande befästa avlägsen tillträde till datan och Rörlig IP teknologien skaffar applicering hårdnackenheten till rörlig förbrukaren jämn fördriva tiden kopplande emellan nätverken WLAN till 3G). Där er ett behov för dem till tillpass - finnas for att skaffa befästa, rörlig tillträde till datan. Sådan befästa rörlig tillträde kunde också bli försynt utan tillit till den över, standardiserat lösandet. En målet av den här övervinna teorin var till att bedöma den teknisk lösandet till möjliggöra sådan befästa, rörlig tillträde till daton. Ström produkten var värderat ut och en förslagen av passande produkten för staden av Stockholm var givit. Den över lösandet tillsammans skulle skaffa staden av Stockholm med befästa trådlös nätverken anslutning[.]
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Klopson, Jadon E., and Stephen V. Burdian. "Collaborative applications used in a wireless environment at sea for use in Coast Guard Law Enforcement and Homeland Security missions." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2311.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedThis thesis analyzes the potential impact of incorporating wireless technologies, specifically an 802.11 mesh layer architecture and 802.16 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, in order to effectively and more efficiently transmit data and create a symbiotic operational picture between Coast Guard Cutters, their boarding teams, Coast Guard Operation Centers, and various external agencies. Two distinct collaborative software programs, Groove Virtual Office and the Naval Postgraduate School's Situational Awareness Agent, are utilized over the Tactical Mesh and OFDM network configurations to improve the Common Operating Picture of involved units within a marine environment to evaluate their potential impact for the Coast Guard. This is being done to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of Coast Guard units while they carry out their Law Enforcement and Homeland Security Missions. Through multiple field experiments, including Tactical Network Topology and nuclear component sensing with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we utilize commercial off the shelf (COTS) equipment and software to evaluate their impact on these missions.
Lieutenant Commander, United States Coast Guard
Lieutenant, United States Coast Guard
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Klopson, Jadon E. Burdian Stephen V. "Collaborative applications used in a wireless environment at sea for use in Coast Guard Law Enforcement and Homeland Security missions /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FKlopson.pdf.
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Anderson, Rod Wesley. "Measuring the effects of sales below cost laws in retail gasoline markets." Thesis, Montana State University, 1995. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/1995/anderson/AndersonR1995.pdf.
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The retail gasoline market in some states is regulated by laws that prohibit the sale of gasoline at prices below the retailer's cost. The stated purpose of these laws is to offer protection from predatory pricing, a practice whereby one firm seeks to eliminate its competition through loss inducing prices. However, the assumption that predatory pricing is occurring in the retail gasoline business is questionable. If predatory pricing is not occurring, the laws may instead protect less efficient firms by establishing a price floor that results in higher prices for consumers. To test this hypothesis, retail margins in states with and without such laws are examined. The results suggest that retail margins tend to be slightly higher in states where sales below cost laws are effective. These results are not consistent with the idea that predatory pricing is a frequently occurring phenomenon in the retail gasoline sector.
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Jones, Curtis J. "Supported employment : predictors of initial success and cost." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1137474.
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This study was designed to identify correlates of success in Supported Employment (SE) programs for persons with psychiatric disabilities. Indiana policy-makers are seriously considering a managed care, or "capitated," system of payment to make SE provider programs more efficient economically. However, many agencies are concerned about providing services to more severely impaired individuals because of the potentially higher costs of serving these individuals. Two studies are included in this project. The goals of the first study were to identify SE consumer (clinical) characteristics that predict (1) successful outcomes, defined as whether the consumer achieves gainful work, and (2) program costs, defined as the amounts of SE service hours utilized by consumers who obtain work. In two large samples of SE consumers with serious mental illness, no clinical characteristics (e.g., diagnosis, rated functioning, hospitalization history) were associated with vocational outcome or service costs. The goal of the second study was to describe the types and amounts of services utilized by SE consumers who obtain work. Specific service categories associated with obtaining work were travel, training, and advocacy that was unrelated to the consumer's job. The implications of these findings are discussed in the framework of the debate over clinical versus empirical prediction. The need for a theoretical model of SE services that allows the use of predictive clinical and consumer driven services is also discussed.Department of Psychological Science
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Mabote, Keneilwe Lynette. "Compulsory licensure as a cost-containment measure for essential medicines: a comparative study of South Africa, the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32405.
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This minor dissertation investigates alternative compulsory licencing (CL) policy approaches for the South African context. The purpose is to support the country's aspirations to reform certain components of its intellectual property (IP) regime, ensuring alignment with the country's development prerogatives. Homing in on technical barriers with the operationalisation of the existing CL mechanism; this paper investigates remedial recommendations to support South Africa's reform efforts. The paper also hopes to gauge whether it is feasible to leverage compulsory licensure as a cost-containment tool to circumvent price dominance in the sale of essential pharmaceutical commodities. The South African Patents Law provides for CL under three grounds. These are dealt with in chapter 2. The abuse of patents rights as a result of excessive pricing is one of these grounds. Yet, attempting to use this provision abuse of patents rights is procedurally and administratively cumbersome. This is notwithstanding the litigation costs. The 2018 national IP Policy aspires to reform the CL policy to ensure that it is a 'workable mechanism'. A comparative analysis of the CL policy landscapes in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Russian Federation will be taken to inform South Africa's discourse. These two countries are strategic because they have either reformed and/ or in the process of renovating their intellectual property rights (IPR) landscapes and both have interesting approaches to the way in which they have reformed their CL mechanisms. The findings of this paper reveal that Russia and China have undertaken extensive IPR reforms over the last three decades. They have both taken different policy approaches in adapting their CL instruments. Russia's CL reform proposals are underway and aim to advance a CL mechanism that can effectively regulate the abuse of patents, especially for essential pharmaceutical commodities. China has installed specific Implementing Measures which offer policy guidance on the applicability CLs. In the case study of China, the Measures imposed are not necessarily advanced as cost-containment tools. Rather they support the country's pharmaceutical agenda. The recommendations in this paper offer interesting insights to the feasibility exercises that will be advanced in South Africa's IPR reform process.
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Lordh, Hanna. "Quality control in trade mark licensing - a privilege or an obligation? : With a law and economic perspective it is examined how EU trade mark law deals with quality control within trade mark licensing." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353685.
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Licensing agreements are commonly used when, for instance, exploiting new areas or countries. Trade mark licences are one such example. A trade mark licence gives the proprietor the opportunity to keep its exclusive rights at the same time as another party uses the trade mark in commercial purposes. When licensing an EUTM to a third party, it is possible to include quality control clauses in the agreement in order for the licensor to control that the licensee uses the trade mark correctly. The possibility to include quality control implies that there is no such obligation within EU trade mark law. Yet, in the US, quality control is not only a possibility but also an obligation in order to keep the trade mark registered. Therefore, it is of interest to examine European trade mark law in relation to quality control in licensing. The American view of quality control is examined for illustrative purposes. Within the EU, the essential function of an EUTM means the ability to identify the origin. In addition, one single undertaking is responsible for the quality that is needed for the trade mark to fulfil its essential role in the system of undistorted system. Quality is seen as an economic function of the trade mark and therefore it should not be an obligation to include quality control in trade mark licences. The proprietor should bear the responsibility him- or herself when not including quality control. As a contrast, in the US, the consumers must be protected from deception and therefore it is a requirement for the proprietor to control and maintain the quality by including quality control in trade mark licences. If a trade mark licence does not include quality controls, the licence is considered invalid and the trade mark is considered abandoned. Furthermore, a law and economics perspective is included in the thesis and specifically the theory of TCE and the belonging terms or bounded rationality, opportunism, uncertainty and trust. While the EU seems to value trust more when settling licence agreements, the US seems to value opportunism and uncertainty more due to de fact that consumers must be protected from the proprietors. Since quality control within trade mark licensing appears to lock the proprietor into a situation where it is difficult to differentiate and change the direction of the trade mark, it should not be an obligation to include quality controls in trade mark licences. It should be a privilege for the proprietor to decide on whether to use or not and bear the consequences of that choice.
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Svensson, Rebecca. "Internprissättning vid utveckling av immateriella tillgångar genom cost contribution arrangements : Nya riktlinjer för deltagare." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Affärsrätt, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-136468.
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Företag inom en koncern kan vid utvecklande av immateriella tillgångar använda sig av cost contribution arrangements för att dela på kostnader och risker samt slippa korslicenser eftersom alla företag i ett CCA får rätt att nyttja tillgångarna. Hur stor del av vinsten som ska fördelas mellan företagen beror på hur mycket de bidrog med vid starten och fördelningen måste överensstämma med armlängdsprincipen. I 14 kap 19 § IL finns en regel som innebär att fördelningen kan korrigeras om det inte överensstämmer med vad ett oberoende företag gått med på under samma förhållanden. OECD:s riktlinjer för internprissättning är vägledande för svensk rätt och den reviderade versionen från 2010 har haft svagheter som företag kunnat utnyttja för att komma undan med oriktiga vinstöverflyttningar till länder med låg skattesats. OECD kom år 2015 ut med den slutgiltiga BEPS-rapporten där åtgärdspunkt 8-10 har som syfte att motverka oriktiga vinstfördelningar genom otillbörliga överflyttningar av risker och immateriella tillgångar mellan företag i intressegemenskap. Åtgärdspunkterna kommer troligtvis göra företag mindre benägna att, samt ge dem mindre möjlighet att, skatteplanera genom att oriktigt flytta vinster till lågskatteländer. Åtgärdspunkterna kommer dock troligtvis medföra fler tvister och nya tolkningsproblem. Målet med åtgärdspunkt 13 är att försäkra att företagen tar hänsyn till de krav som finns för att en transaktion ska vara armländsmässig samt underlätta för Skatteverket att avgöra om transaktionen överensstämmer med armlängdsprincipen. Åtgärdspunkten har fått kritik eftersom den lägger en stor börda på företagen, men OECD hävdar att den på sikt kommer att förenkla för företagen. De nya dokumentationskraven kommer att underlätta för Skatteverket att göra en internprisbedömning och minska möjligheterna att komma undan med felaktiga prissättningar.
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Ghosh, Somnath. "A cost effective token bus architecture for terminal support local area networks." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250652.
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Chanthavilay, Phetsavanh. "Cost-effectiveness of prevention strategies against cervical cancer in women, Vientiane, Lao PDR." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26655.
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Introduction: En RDP Lao, le cancer du col de l’utérus est une des causes principales de morbidité et mortalité dues aux cancers. Le cancer du col peut être prévenu par des interventions de prévention primaire (vaccination) et secondaire (dépistage). Afin de réduire le fardeau de cette maladie, nous devrions considérer le coût et efficacité des diverses options de prévention pertinentes compte tenu des spécificités du contexte Lao. Objectives : l’objectif principal de ce travail est de simuler le coût-efficacité de stratégies préventives contre le cancer du col de l’utérus en RDP Lao. La thèse est basée sur trois études. La première étude a pour but de déterminer la sensibilité et la spécificité de la combinaison test à l’acide acétique (IVA) et frottis du col comme outil de dépistage. Ces paramètres ont été utilisés dans la troisième étude. La deuxième étude a pour but de déterminer le coût-efficacité de modalités de vaccination. La troisième étude a pour but de déterminer le coût-efficacité d'options de dépistage. Méthodologie : Une revue systématique et une méta-analyse ont été réalisées pour la première étude. Pour la deuxième et troisième étude, un modèle dynamique de la population a été établi pour refléter l’histoire naturelle du cancer du col de l’utérus. Le modèle a été calibré pour tenir compte de la structure d’âge de la population de la Capitale de Vientiane, ainsi que l'incidence du cancer du col de l’utérus et sa mortalité en RDP Lao. La principale issue d’intérêt était le coût incrémental des Années de vie ajustées pour l'incapacité (DALY), dans la perspective du système de santé publique. Le seuil utilisé pour définir si l'investissement requis devrait être considéré comme coût-efficace était celui proposé par l'OMS, soit un ratio coût-efficacité incrémental (ICER) de moins de un PNB per capita par DALY évité. Résultats : L’estimation moyenne de la sensibilité et de la spécificité de la combinaison des tests pour les cas de positivité (un de deux tests est positive) étaient de 0.87 (95% CI: 0.83-0.90) et 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63-0.89) respectivement. La deuxième étude a montré que la vaccination des jeunes filles âgées de 10 ans est très coût-efficace. Ajouter au programme de vaccination des jeunes filles un rattrapage vaccinal pour les femmes de 11 à 25 ans est plus coût-efficace qu'ajouter les garçons. Cependant, il faut augmenter l’âge maximal du rattrapage vaccinal à 75 si la couverture vaccinale est moins de 50% ou bien si la durée de protection du vaccin ou l’immunité naturelle ne dure pas plus que 10 ans ou si l’incidence de cancer du col de l’utérus est supérieure à 40% de l’estimation de Globocan, soit 17.5 cas pour 100 000 femmes. De plus, ajouter le dépistage à la vaccination des jeunes filles est une option plus coût-efficace que la vaccination seule. Parmi les stratégies de dépistage, l’IVA pour les femmes âgées de 30-65 ans tous les trois ans est l'option la plus coût-efficace. Elle est suivie par le test rapide de détection d’ADN-VPH tous les trois ans et la combinaison IVA-frottis conventionnel tous les cinq ans. La probabilité d'être coût-efficace pour ces stratégies est de 73%. Conclusion : Les décideurs devraient considérer d’étendre le programme de vaccination des jeunes filles actuellement mis en place à la capitale de Vientiane à l'ensemble du pays et de considérer l'ajout d’un composant de rattrapage vaccinal et un dépistage par IVA ou un test rapide de détection d’ADN-VPH.Introduction: In Lao PDR, cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Cervical cancer can be prevented by primary (vaccination) and secondary (screening) interventions. To reduce the burden of this disease, we need to consider both the cost and effectiveness of the various prevention options that are relevant to the Lao context. Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to simulate the cost-effectiveness of prevention strategies against cervical cancer in Lao PDR. The thesis is based on three studies. The first study aimed to determine the average sensitivity and specificity of combined Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) and cytology testing. Theses parameters were used for the third study. The second study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of various vaccination modalities. The third study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of screening strategies. Methodology: A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted for the first study. For the second and third studies, a population-based compartment and dynamic model of the natural history of cervical cancer was built. The model was calibrated to the age structure of the Vientiane capital population, and the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in Lao PDR. The main outcome of interest was the incremental cost per Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted, under a public health care system perspective. The threshold for declaring an option very cost-effective was an Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) lower than one GDP per capita per DALY averted, based on WHO recommendations. Results: The pooled estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the combined VIA and cytology testing (with a positive result in at least one of them) were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.83-0.90) and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63-0.89), respectively. The second study showed that a 10-year-old girl vaccination program is very cost-effective. Adding a catch-up vaccination element for 11-25 year old women to a girl vaccination program was more cost-effective than adding a boy vaccination component. However, the catch-up should be extended to a higher age if vaccination coverage is lower than 50% or if the duration of the natural immunity or the duration of vaccine protection is no longer than 10 years or if the incidence of cervical cancer is higher than 40% of the Globocan estimates, i.e 17.5 cases per 100 000 women. Additionally, adding a screening strategy to a girl vaccination program is more cost-effective than vaccination alone. Among the screening strategies, a three-yearly VIA screening program for 30-65 year-old women is the most cost-effective strategy, followed by the three-yearly rapid HPV DNA testing option and the five-yearly combined VIA and conventional cytology option, respectively. The probability of cost-effectiveness for these strategies is around 73%. Conclusion: Decision makers should consider expanding the girl vaccination program currently implemented in Vientiane capital nationwide and adding a catch-up vaccination element and a VIA or rapid HPV DNA testing program as appropriate.
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Lanier, Alan Boyd. "Irrigation cost models to assess the feasibility and potential expansion of large-scale riparian irrigation in Virginia." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11072008-063330/.
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Tshitangano, Funanani. "Cost of financial distress model for JSE listed companies : a case of South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26385.
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The idea behind the study was to answer the question: how costly is financial distress and what is an appropriate model in quantifying these costs for JSE listed entities? The objective was to find a sample of companies that were purely financially distressed on the bases of interest coverage and then to follow those through the resolution of the distress, to see what happened to them and to quantify how costly those factors were. The analysis was conducted through a robust regression exercise and a time series investigation. Quality control was done through outlier investigations and Benford law distribution to determine human influence on the financial statements. It was found that the average costs of financial distress for JSE listed companies is approximately 16.7% market value per annum. The South African appropriate model for JSE listed companies resulted in the cost of financial distress being inversely related to the change in investment policy, holding of liquid assets, size of an entity and Tobin’s Q ratio, but directly related to the economic effect, probability of financial distress and change in employment policy.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
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Thiracharoenpanya, Thapana. "Why do corporations across industry incur cost to disclose ethical and environmental information and how does it matter? An exploratory study of four Swedish corporations across industry." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, School of Health and Society, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4728.
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The recognition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has increasingly become a key issue for today’s corporations. There is increasing public interest as a result of globalization in the world economy. Corporations adjust to rapid changes by extending beyond the traditional business model that is dominated by short-run profit maximization with the focus on economic aspects of company’s activities. It appears that corporations move beyond that extent to enhance both accountability and transparency in social and environmental commitment by internalizing such concerns into their operation. Not only are these designed to prevent potential criticism and pressure from media and public activists that play a crucial role shaping community awareness, but also to enhance their relations with key stakeholders. This research aims to gain a deeper understanding of corporate implementation of social and environmental responsibility and to become familiar with why organizations incur the cost to publish their operational activities that impact on social and environment. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, an exploratory study will be used as a key to examine through different characteristic of four Swedish corporations across industry. The research found that the benefits of having a CSR engagement are numerous and include strengthening profits, enhancing brand recognition and reputation as well as boosting employment relations. This study also examines the theoretical importance of stakeholder analysis and the motive behind the efforts to disclose information arising from different factors. This paper draws a conclusion to the extent to which communicating information voluntarily to public or disclosure about firms undertaking such activities can significantly affect stakeholders’ decision-making and contribute to the public’s perception.
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Beardsell, Michael G. "Decreasing the cost of hauling timber through increased payload." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53617.
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The potential for decreasing timber transportation costs in the South by increasing truck payloads was investigated using a combination of theoretical and case-study methods. A survey of transportation regulations in the South found considerable disparities between states. Attempts to model the factors which determine payload per unit of bunk area and load center of gravity location met with only moderate success, but illustrated the difficulties loggers experience in estimating gross and axle weights in the woods. A method was developed for evaluating the impact of Federal Bridge Formula axle weight constraints on the payloads of tractor-trailers with varying dimensions and axle configurations.
Analysis of scalehouse data found log truck gross weights lower on average than the legal maximum but also highly variable. Eliminating both overloading and underloading would result in an increase in average payload, reduced overweight lines, and improved public relations. Tractor-trailer tare weights were also highly variable indicating potential for increasing payload by using lightweight equipment.
Recommendations focused first on taking steps to keep GVW’s within a narrow range around the legal maximum by adopting alternative loading strategies, improving GVW estimation, and using scalehouse data as a management tool. When this goal is achieved, options for decreasing tare weight should be considered. Suggestions for future research included a study of GVW estimation accuracy using a variety of estimation techniques, and field testing of the project recommendations.Ph. D.
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Grecos, Christos. "Low cost algorithms for image/video coding and rate control." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2001. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/low-cost-algorithms-for-imagevideo-coding-and-rate-control(40ae7449-3372-4f21-aaec-91ad339907e9).html.
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Krsmanović, Duško [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Faure. "A Law and Economics Analysis of Lobbying Regulation : Towards an Optimal Structure Through the Cost Indicator Index / Duško Krsmanović ; Betreuer: Michael Faure." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1133262155/34.
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Segal, Andy. "The High Cost and Value of Patents: Finding the Appropriate Balance Between the Rights of the Inventor and the Advancement of Society." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/400.
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Property rights are the backbone of Western Civilization. Capitalism can only be successful if individuals feel secure about the ownership of their assets. Patents are the property rights granted to the inventor by the government. Without these rights, inventors will find it extremely difficult monetizing their contributions to society. Thus, in an effort to incentivize innovation and commit society to human progress, our Founding Fathers built our country on a strong set of intellectual property rights.
At the same time, nothing impedes innovation like a monopoly and, in essence, all a patent amounts to is a monopoly, the right to exclude others from monetizing a specific innovation over an extended period of time. Hence, at the margin, patents increase the incentive to create new patentable knowledge, while simultaneously also stifling the dissemination of that knowledge. A good patent system strikes the right balance between innovation and a government-granted, anti-competitive monopoly.
After a 20-year period of an unprecedentedly pro-patent environment in the United States, the value of patents has never been higher. Patents, as opposed to their intended use of incentivizing innovation, are now seen as a form of protection against litigation, and also a weapon to litigate patent infringements to extract license fees and royalty payments from companies who are supposedly in violation of these patents. The pendulum has swung, and patents are now stifling innovation to an extent not conceived of by our Founding Fathers. This thesis will explore the reasons for the extreme increase in the value of patents over the years and will attempt to propose a plan of action to swing the pendulum back where our Founding Fathers originally intended it to be.
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Farré, Albendea Francisco Javier. "Valoración económica de bienes turísticos en las Terres de l'Ebre: análisis de casos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/81716.
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La tesis analiza la evolución reciente de la actividad turística de les Terres de l’Ebre y pone de manifiesto la importancia de los recursos naturales y culturales que presenta. La aportación práctica consiste en la primera valoración económica de dos recursos de dichas características en el territorio.
Con la metodología del coste de viaje en sus variantes zonal e individual estima el valor del uso recreativo del Parc Natural del Delta de l‘Ebre, explora la evolución del valor en la última década así como singularidades en los resultados anuales. La variante individual adicionalmente revisa problemas metodológicos en la construcción del término de coste y sugiere la distinción de diferentes colectivos al espacio natural según el motivo de la visita.
El impacto económico de la Festa del Renaixement de Tortosa supone una adaptación a modo de guía metodológica de todas las fases de cálculo en un acontecimiento local. Se aportan estimaciones de los impactos económico y turístico, para cada tipología de asistente y para cada partida del gasto. El resultado obtenido por la reconstrucción parcial de la TIO, pone en entredicho la escasa importancia atribuida en la literatura a los impactos indirectos en los eventos locales.La tesi analitza l'evolució recent de l'activitat turística de les Terres de l'Ebre i posa de manifest la importància dels recursos naturals i culturals que presenta. L'aportació pràctica consisteix en la primera valoració econòmica de dos recursos d'aquestes característiques en el territori. Amb la metodologia del cost de viatge en les seves variants zonal i individual estima el valor de l'ús recreatiu del Parc Natural del Delta de l'Ebre, explora l'evolució del valor en l'última dècada així com singularitats en els resultats anuals. La variant individual addicionalment revisa problemes metodològics en la construcció del terme de cost i suggereix la distinció de diferents col • lectius a l'espai natural segons el motiu de la visita. L'impacte econòmic de la Festa del Renaixement de Tortosa suposa una adaptació a manera de guia metodològica de totes les fases de càlcul en un esdeveniment local.
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Tothill, Alexander M. "Developing a proof of principle 3D-printed lab-on-a-disc assay platform." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2017. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/13496.
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A 3D-printed microfluidic lab-on-a-disc (LOAD) device was designed and manufactured using a low cost ( ̃£1600) consumer grade fused deposition modelling (FDM) Ultimaker 2+ 3D printer with imbedded microfluidic channels 1 mm wide, 400 μm depth and with a volumetric capacity of approximate 23 μl. FDM printers are not typically used, or are capable, of producing the fine detailed structures required for microfluidic fabrication; in addition 3D-printed objects can suffer from poor optical transparency. However, in this work, imbedded microfluidic channels were produced and the optical transparency of the device was improved though manufacture optimisation to such a point that optical colourimetric assays can be performed in a microfluidic cuvette device with sample path length of 500 μm and volumetric capacity of 190 μl. When acetone vapour treatment was used, it was possible to improve transparency of plastic samples by up to a further 30%. The LOAD device is capable of being spun using an unmodified optical disc drive (ODD), demonstrating the centrifugation based separation of plasma from whole blood in a low-cost FDM 3D-printed microfluidic LOAD device. A cholesterol assay and glucose assay was developed and optimised using cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) or glucose oxidase (GlOx) respectively and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the oxidative coupling of chromotropic acid (CTA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (AAP). This produced a blue quinoneimine dye with a broad absorbance peaking at 590 nm for the quantification of cholesterol/glucose in solution. The colourimetric enzymatic cascade assays were developed for use within low-cost FDM 3D-printed microfluidic devices to demonstrate the capabilities and functionality of the devices. For comparison, the assay was run in standard 96 well plates with a commercial plate reader. The results demonstrated that the quantification of 0-10 mM glucose solution using a 3D-printed microfluidic optical device had a performance comparable to a plate reader assay; glucose assay in whole blood samples R2 = 0.96.
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Bruneaux, Luke Julien. "Multiple Unnecessary Protein Sources and Cost to Growth Rate in E.coli." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11041.
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The fitness and macromolecular composition of the gram-negative bacterium E.coli are governed by a seemingly insurmountable level of complexity. However, simple phenomenological measures may be found that describe its systems-level response to a variety of inputs. This thesis explores phenomenological approaches providing accurate quantitative descriptions of complex systems in E.coli. Chapter 1 examines the relationship between unnecessary protein production and growth rate in E.coli. It was previously unknown whether the negative effects on growth rate due to multiple unnecessary protein fractions would add linearly or collectively to produce a nonlinear response. Within the regime of this thesis, it appears that the interplay between growth rate and protein is consistent with a non-interacting model. We do not need to account for complex interaction between system components. Appendix A describes a novel technique for real-time measurement of messenger RNA in single living E.coli cells. Using this technique, one may accurately describe the transcriptional response of gene networks in single cells.Physics
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Del, Pino Espinoza Tathiana Kelen, and Sanchezconcha Erick Sebastián Villalobos. "Aplicación de los lineamientos del PMBOK en la gestión del tiempo y las comunicaciones en un proyecto inmobiliario." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2015. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/1341.
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El presente trabajo titulado “Aplicación de los Lineamientos del PMBOK en la gestión de Tiempo y Comunicaciones de un Proyecto Inmobiliario” estuvo basado en el análisis de la gestión de tiempo y comunicación durante la ejecución del proyecto “Infinito – Jesús María”, el cual se constituyó por un edificio de 10 pisos de 986.50 m2 de área techada. Es una investigación de tipo cuantitativa de diseño no experimental, cuyo problema son de sobrecostos generados por incumplimiento de plazos en ejecución, debido a la mala gestión de tiempo y comunicación. El objetivo fue proponer un procedimiento basado en los lineamientos del PMBOK 5ta Edición, con la finalidad de optimizar los beneficios, los tiempos y los sobrecostos en una obra de construcción. Finalmente se tuvo como resultado de la investigación que debido a la mala gestión de tiempo y comunicación implementada para el proyecto se tuvo un sobrecosto al programado inicialmente para el proyecto.
This paper entitled "Implementation of the Guidelines of the PMBOK in managing time and communications of a real estate project" was based on the analysis of time management and communication during project implementation "Infinite - Jesus Maria", which is It constituted by a 10-story building of 986.50 m2 of covered area. It is a type of quantitative research is not experimental design, the problem of cost overruns are generated by running missed deadlines due to poor time management and communication. The aim was to propose a procedure based on the guidelines of the PMBOK 5th Edition, in order to optimize the benefits, time and cost overruns on a construction site. Finally she had as a result of the investigation because of poor time management and communication implemented for the project, a project initially scheduled to be held overrun.
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Larson, Jeffrey B. "Framework for descriptive and comparative cost analysis of public and nonpublic special education programs." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53884.
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Determining the costs of special education in public and nonpublic settings is an important undertaking necessary for policy formulation and implementation. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (P.L. 93-112) and the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (P.L. 94-142) require that all handicapped children receive a free, appropriate, publicly supported education. Further, P.L. 94-142 mandates: education in the least restrictive environment, a continuum of alternative placements, and that handicapped children in private schools be provided special education and related services at no cost to their parent(s) or guardian(s) provided that such children are referred or placed by the public agency.
In the context of fiscal accountability, the issue of providing comparable services for the least amount of expenditure in special education has become a critical one. Local education agencies (LEAs) are continually faced with decisions of whether to pay for nonpublic placements of handicapped pupils or provide public placements often at the expense of starting new programs and services for a small number of pupils. To date, most LEAs have been unable to accurately analyze and compare these costs.
This study developed a framework to be used for descriptive and comparative analysis of costs of public and nonpublic programs and services utilized for handicapped pupils. Borg's model of research and development procedures was used with modifications to include expert panel review at preliminary product development and product revision stages. The framework was tested in six LEAs within Virginia which represent county and city divisions in high, medium, and low population settings. Ten nonpublic day and residential programs utilized by the LEAs were selected for analysis. Analyzed public per-pupil costs by handicapping condition and environment were compared to the analyzed per-pupil costs to the LEA for nonpublic special education programs by handicapping condition and environment. The product of this study may assist LEAs in policy formulation and implementation concerning the placement of handicapped pupils.Ed. D.
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Jacobs, Olivia. "The Simple Truths of Safety at Sea for Alaskan Tender Vessels: Feasible Regulatory Changes to Prevent Vessel Casualties in the 17th Coast Guard District Tender Fleet." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/908.
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Tender vessels in the United States will soon need to comply with new safety regulations as mandated by the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2010. This thesis focuses specifically on assisting in the formation of an Alternative Safety Compliance Program (ASCP) for the unique tender vessel fleet and seeks to understand why tender vessels experience fatalities and vessel casualties. By analyzing data of tendermen fatalities and tender vessel casualties between 2000 and 2012, the report sheds light on the realities of these incidents. Among other findings, the data show that the most common cause of vessel casualty was striking rocks or the ocean floor, and the most common human error was falling asleep at the helm. This thesis then proposes potential regulations that would be economically feasible and realistic for tenders by comparing the casualty data to the reported financial realities of current tender vessels. Notably, the analysis indicates that applying the current Alternative Compliance and Safety Agreement (ACSA) to tenders would not be beneficial. Ultimately, the proposed regulations herein should act as a foundation for a discussion regarding an alternative compliance agreement, as the final agreement will be reached through a much greater dialogue between many involved parties, including tendermen, regulators, safety compliance experts, and others.