Journal articles: 'Consolidation of fabric'

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Adamcewicz, Amy S., Balasingam Muhunthan, and Eyad Masad. "Soil Fabric Changes During Consolidation." Geotechnical Testing Journal 20, no. 3 (September 1997): GTJ19970010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj19970010.

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Griffiths, Fred J., and Ramesh C. Joshi. "Clay fabric response to consolidation." Applied Clay Science 5, no. 1 (May 1990): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1317(90)90005-a.

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Realff, M. L., M. C. Boyce, and S. Backer. "A Micromechanical Model of the Tensile Behavior of Woven Fabric." Textile Research Journal 67, no. 6 (June 1997): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706700609.

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This work takes a micromechanical approach to fabric tensile modeling. The entire uniaxial tensile stress-strain behavior of the fabric is modeled from the constitutive yarn properties (tensile, bending, flattening, and consolidation behavior) and the original fabric geometry. Techniques for measuring these yarn properties are described. In most cases, there is good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results for several fabrics of differing weave and yarn construction. Modified approaches are suggested for those cases where prediction of fabric stress-strain behavior deviates from the experimental data.

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Lou, Ching Wen, Ching Wen Lin, Chia Chang Lin, S. J. Li, I. J. Tsai, and Jia Horng Lin. "The Effects of Thermal Consolidation Methods on PET Nonwoven Composites for Thermal Insulation Use." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.405.

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As available energy sources have grown increasingly scarce, people have started paying attention to their energy consumption. Although many methods for power generation are being actively investigated, efficient methods for solving energy problems must be based on reducing energy consumption. Thermal insulation can decrease heat energy loss and conserve energy waste, especially in the construction, transportation and industrial fields. In this study, polyester (PET) hollow fibers were blended with various ratios of low-melting-point PET fibers (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). The fibers were blended using opening, carding, laying and needle punching (150 needles/cm2, 225 needles/cm2 and 300 needles/cm2) to prepare PET nonwoven fabrics. The PET nonwoven fabrics were thermally plate pressed (TPP) and air-through bonding (ATB). Thermal conductivity, physical properties and air permeability were investigated to identify the influence of manufacturing parameters on the PET nonwoven fabrics. The experimental results show that needle punching density, TPP and ATB would influence the thermal conductivity of PET nonwoven fabric, because the structure of PET nonwoven fabric was changed. The optimal parameters of PET nonwoven fabric clipped with an aluminum foil was used to evaluate the influence of aluminum foil on thermal conductivity. The PET nonwoven composite in this study can be used in industrial thermal insulation applications.

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Denkena, Berend, Carsten Schmidt, Simon Werner, and Dietmar Schwittay. "Development of a Shape Replicating Draping Unit for Continuous Layup of Unidirectional Non-Crimp Fabrics on Complex Surface Geometries." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040093.

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The manufacturing of large-scale structural components is still dominated by manual labor in many sectors of the modern composite industry. Efforts are being made to establish an automated layup technology for complex structural elements. Processing dry non-crimp fiber fabrics (NCF) offers great cost opportunities and high deposition rates, compared to prepreg-based technologies like automated fiber placement (AFP). Here, the fabric architecture is considered during the draping of the plane textile on curved surfaces. In this paper, the development of a draping unit for balancing fabric tension and consolidating continuously across the layup width is presented. We introduce a geometrical process model to achieve a fabric-friendly draping of the used unidirectional NCF. The shape of the resulting draping front depends on the surface geometry, the shearing of the previously laid-up textile, and the positioning of the material feed. To consolidate the fabric at the altering draping front in an automated layup process, the shape of the continuous consolidation element can be controlled by the elongation of serial soft actuators, manipulated by parallel robot kinematics. The shape replication ability of the draping unit is promising for the implementation of a continuous, fabric-friendly draping process for complex surface geometries.

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Estabragh, A. R., A. A. Javadi, and J. C. Boot. "Effect of compaction pressure on consolidation behaviour of unsaturated silty soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-007.

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The effect of compaction pressure on subsequent soil behaviour during isotropic consolidation has been investigated by conducting controlled-suction triaxial tests on samples of an unsaturated compacted silty soil. A comprehensive set of laboratory experiments was carried out in a double-walled triaxial apparatus on samples of unsaturated soil that were prepared using two different compaction pressures. The axis translation technique was used for creating the desired suctions in the samples. In the experiments, the soil samples were subjected to isotropic consolidation under constant suctions. The results show that different compaction pressures produce different fabrics in a soil and therefore affect the behaviour of the soil. The results also show that the value of yield stress and the location of the loadingcollapse (LC) yield curve are functions of soil fabric. Furthermore, it is shown that the slopes of normal consolidation lines for densely and loosely compacted samples differ in unsaturated conditions but are the same in saturated soils. A comparison is made between the behaviour of the dense and loose samples, and the difference in the behaviour is explained.Key words: suction, unsaturated soil, compaction, consolidation, soil fabric.

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Rezak, Richard, and Dawn L. Lavoie. "Consolidation-related fabric changes of periplatform sediments." Geo-Marine Letters 10, no. 2 (June 1990): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02431027.

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Borazghi, Hossein, David Trudel-Boucher, Johanne Denault, and Bo Fisa. "Continuous Consolidation of Polypropylene/Glass Fibre Commingled Fabric." Polymers and Polymer Composites 16, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110801600101.

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Hong, Moon-Kyung, Soon-Wha Bae, and Mee-Sik Lee. "Study of Consolidation of Excavated Fabric with Golden Thread." Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 33, no. 8 (August 31, 2009): 1315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2009.33.8.1315.

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Day-Stirrat, Ruarri J., Peter B. Flemings, Yao You, Andrew C. Aplin, and Ben A. van der Pluijm. "The fabric of consolidation in Gulf of Mexico mudstones." Marine Geology 295-298 (February 2012): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.12.003.

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Blewett, J., W. J. McCarter, T. M. Chrisp, and G. Starrs. "An automated and improved laboratory consolidation system." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 738–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-029.

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A novel hydraulic consolidation cell has been developed. The cell is designed to simplify sample preparation and test assembly procedures thus minimizing fabric disturbance. A fully automated control and acquisition system has also been developed to work in association with the cell.Key words: consolidation, hydraulic loading, data acquisition and control.

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López-Osorio, J. M., and P. Bel-Anzué. "EXPERIMENTAL CONSOLIDATION WORKS IN RAMMED EARTH WALLS: THE CASE OF THE BAÑUELO IN GRANADA (SPAIN)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 1103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-1103-2020.

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Abstract. Between 2015 and 2018, different restoration works were carried out on the dividing walls of the Bañuelo in Granada. They affected rammed earth, masonry and brick fabrics of different chronological periods, corresponding to medieval structures (12th–15th centuries), Modern Age repairs (16th–18th centuries) and contemporary restoration works conducted by F. Prieto-Moreno and L. Torres Balbás (20th century). In this article are presented the works carried out on the west dividing wall, which separate the Arab bath from the garden of the adjoining house. This fabric corresponds to a recent chronology and is not related to the founding fabrics of the Andalusian building; this fact has allowed the development of experimental methodologies avoiding any alteration on structures of a high historical value. Nevertheless, this wall preserves a layered structure of repairs or restorations of Modern and Contemporary Age, which has been factored in the consolidation works. Accordingly, the intervention has not been limited to a strict preservation or a volumetric reintegration of the rammed earth fabric, but aims to offer a range of solutions according to the state of conservation of the structures and the erosion level of the surfaces, on the basis of a previous laboratory tests. Consequently, the conservation works present different intervention techniques and surface coating treatments, which facilitate the execution and contribute to the legibility and the integration of the intervention in the general context of the building.

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Trudel-Boucher, David, Bo Fisa, Johanne Denault, and Patrick Gagnon. "Thermoforming Complex Parts from Unconsolidated and Consolidated Polypropylene/Glass Fibre Fabrics." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 6 (September 2005): 543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300601.

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Thermoforming of unconsolidated and consolidated polypropylene/glass fibre fabrics was studied for two mould geometries, i.e. a square mould and a mould with three studs. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of direct thermoforming of unconsolidated fabrics in complex moulds, since this process offers the potential of reducing the cost of the raw material by eliminating the separate consolidation step performed prior to moulding. In this work, the unconsolidated and consolidated fabrics plies were heated in a convection oven and then quickly transferred to a press to be simultaneously conformed and (re-)consolidated using a rubber punch and a metal cavity. Results show that similar product quality (evaluated by the void content) can be obtained with unconsolidated and consolidated fabrics once conformation to the mould shape is achieved. A minimal forming temperature of 215 °C is required to achieve conformation to the mould shape, while minimal forming pressures of 2 and 3 MPa must be applied to achieve the same objective for the consolidated and unconsolidated fabric, respectively. Increasing the punch hardness, varying the fabric orientation and increasing the number of vents could reduce the pressure necessary to produce conformation to the mould shape.

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Griffiths, Fred J., and Ramesh C. Joshi. "Change in pore size distribution owing to secondary consolidation of clays." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t91-003.

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The preliminary results of a study using mercury-intrusion porosimetry on freeze-dried samples of clayey soils are presented. The amount of secondary consolidation has been varied for several samples of three soil types by holding the consolidation stress steady at 120 kPa for different durations. Examination of the pore size distribution curves reveals that secondary consolidation cannot be due solely to the deformation of micropores. The relative degree of change in total, free and entrapped porosity appears to be related to the proportion of each initially in the sample. Key words: clays, consolidation, compressibility, fabric-structure of soils, secondary compression.

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Zhou, Hongtao, Xueliang Xiao, Kun Qian, and Qian Ma. "Numerical simulation and experimental study of the bursting performance of triaxial woven fabric and its reinforced rubber composites." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 5-6 (August 29, 2019): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519871943.

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In this paper, the bursting performance of triaxial woven fabric and its reinforced rubber composites are studied by the finite element method and the experimental approach, and compared with plain woven fabric and its reinforced rubber composites. The bursting morphologies and load–displacement curves of the specimens during the bursting process are obtained. The results indicate that the rubber matrix has a protective and consolidation effect on the inner fabric, significantly improving the bursting strength of the fabric. Triaxial woven fabric shows a steeper load–displacement slope, higher maximum bursting load, and smaller initial damage displacement than plain woven fabric. The bursting morphologies of the specimens indicate that the structure of triaxial woven fabric is more stable and exhibits good expansion resistance to bursting damage. The bursting process of triaxial woven fabric can be divided into four stages: yarn straightening, yarn slippage, yarn breakage, and breakage extension.

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Guo, Xiao Xia, and Bo Ya Zhao. "Thermodynamic-Based Modified Cam-Clay Constitutive Model Considering the Effect of Fabric." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1073.

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In order to construct a constitutive model taking into the effect of both the fabric tensors and their evolution modes, this paper links modern ideas of thermomechanics opinion to the theory of fabric tensors. The anisotropic dissipation incremental function of modified Cam-clay constitutive model considering the effect of fabric characteristic can be obtained by establishing the relation between microstructure and plastic volume strain. After discussing the yield surfaces in the dissipative and the true stress space from the viewpoint of the evolution mode of the fabric tensors, the results indicate that the slope of the normal consolidation line and the critical state line will be governed by changes of void fabric. The model successfully captures most salient behaviors of granular materials related to fabric issues. In the dissipative stress space, the void of granular materials can rearrange and show more anisotropic. In the true stress space, fabric not only affects the deflection of the yield surface, but also affects the hardening rule.

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Zhao, Yi, Nabeel Mahmood, and Richard A. Coffman. "Soil Fabric and Anisotropy as Observed Using Bender Elements during Consolidation." International Journal of Geomechanics 20, no. 4 (April 2020): 04020029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001630.

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McCarter, W. J., J. Blewett, T. M. Chrisp, and G. Starrs. "Electrical property measurements using a modified hydraulic oedometer." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-107.

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The work presented focuses on modifying a hydraulic oedometer (Rowe cell) to facilitate monitoring of the electrical conductivity of soil, in conjunction with loaddeformation characteristics. Technical issues are addressed and data presented to show the change in the electrical properties of saturated clay, both parallel and normal to the direction of loading, taken through a loadingunloadingreloading cycle. The electrical response can be interpreted in terms of bulk changes in porosity void ratio and fabric features such as pore tortuosity and particle alignment. The modified cell and testing methodology offer scope for development as a noninvasive, real time monitoring technique to study fabric changes in soil.Key words: clay, electrical conductivity, consolidation, porosity, fabric, anisotropy.

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Hou, Meng, Lin Ye, and Yiu-Wing Mai. "Effect of Moulding Temperature on Flexure, Impact Strength and Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of CF/PEI Composite." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 15, no. 11 (November 1996): 1117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168449601501104.

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The effects of processing conditions on the mechanical properties of a CF/PEI woven fabric composite have been investigated. A compression moulding procedure using a hot press was applied to simulate the effects of various processing conditions. The mechanical properties of the CF/PEI composite were characterised by flexure, impact strength and interlaminar fracture tests in relation to the consolidation quality. Consolidation quality was studied through void content and density measurement. The results indicated that the consolidation quality of the composites was highly dependent on the processing temperature. The flexure properties. Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness for crack initiation and Mode II interlaminar fracture growth resistance correlated directly with consolidation quality. However, the Charpy impact strength and Mode I interlaminar fracture growth resistance both increased as the void content was increased because of a “multiple-crack” failure mechanism.

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Wang, Qiu Mei, Xin Yi Hu, Lei Tan, and Jing Gao. "Effect of Hot Press Parameters on the Consolidation Quality of Biaxial Knitted Composites from Commingled Yarn." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 2069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.2069.

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A GF/PP commingled yarns knitted fabric was processed into laminates composites by hot press and a processing parameters investigation had been carried out to determine the most suitable values of processing pressure, holding time and cooling condition. The consolidation quality was characterized by means of void content and tensile strengths. It was found that the void content decreases while the tensile strength increases with the increasing of holding time, and under the gradually cooling rate with pressure in hot press. Optimal processing conditions for manufacturing of commingled GF/PP biaxial knitted fabric composites were suggested.

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MURRAY, R., and J. QUIRK. "Comment on “Clay fabric response to consolidation” by F.J. Griffiths and R.C. Joshi." Applied Clay Science 6, no. 5-6 (June 1992): 411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1317(92)90008-b.

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Wu, C. M., C. Y. Chang, C. C. Wang, and C. Y. Lin. "Optimum consolidation of all-polyester woven fabric-reinforced composite laminates by film stacking." Polymer Composites 33, no. 2 (December 29, 2011): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.22146.

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Jakob, Fabian, Joshua Pollmeier, and Hans-Peter Heim. "Influences on the mechanical properties of SRCs in a combined compacting and back injecting process." International Polymer Processing 37, no. 2 (March 3, 2022): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2021-4151.

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Abstract In this research paper, the effects of the combined compacting and back-injection process to produce back-injected self-reinforced composites on the mechanical properties of the self-reinforced composites (SRCs) are investigated. For this purpose, the parameters barrel temperature, time of injection and holding pressure were varied for the back injection. Tensile and bending tests were carried out on the SRCs. The results show that the mechanical properties depend to a large extent on the process parameters. The measured tensile strength varies between approx. 186 and 86 MPa, the stiffness between approx. 3500 and 2000 MPa. The flexural strength is measured between approx. 75 and 5 MPa, the flexural modulus between approx. 5480 and 650 MPa. Flexural tests are more suitable for evaluation of the consolidation, as tensile tests cannot evaluate the adhesion of the fabric layers to each other in the SRCs. Microscopic examinations show that consolidation by the back-injected melt can lead to smaller cross-sections in the SRCs compared to an area that was not back-injected. At high barrel temperatures, melting of individual fabric layers can occur, which explains, among other things, the drop in the mechanical properties of the SRCs.

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Guo, Guang Ling. "Experimental Investigation of Large Eccentrically Compressed Reinforced Concrete Column Consolidated with FRP Sheets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1309.

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According to the experiment of 11 eccentrically compressed reinforced concrete columns and 1 comparative column under the monotonic loading, the bearing capacity，ductility，and the destruction mode of the columns before and after their consolidation have been compared and analyzed．The experimental results illustrates that external coherence of FRP could effectively enhance their bearing capacity and the improvements have relation to many aspects, such as the number of fiber layers, the category of fiber, approaches of how fiber sheet paste, the width of FRP and consolidation space and so on; the ductility of consolidation column mainly depends on how fabric pasted. Longitudinal pasting fiber sheets can greatly improve the bearing capacity of the column, but its ductility declined; the longitudinal-horizontal pasting fiber sheets can enhance column’s the bearing capacity and ductility and this brings about the best consolidation effects. Additionally, based on the analysis of experimental results, a formula for the bearing capacity of the normal section of the large eccentric loading reinforced concrete column consolidated with FRP sheets has been proposed, and the calculation results tally with the experimental results.

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Rashidi, Armin, Jonathan P. H. Belnoue, Adam J. Thompson, Stephen R. Hallett, and Abbas S. Milani. "Consolidation-driven wrinkling in carbon/epoxy woven fabric prepregs: An experimental and numerical study." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 143 (April 2021): 106298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106298.

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Jadda, Koteswaraarao, and Ramakrishna Bag. "The fabric evaluation of two Indian bentonites subjected to different suctions and consolidation pressures." Engineering Geology 298 (March 2022): 106535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106535.

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Yamashita, Satoshi, Shosuke Toki, and Seiichi Miura. "Change of Liquefaction Behaviour in Sand with Anisotropic Fabric due to Anisotropic Consolidation History." Soils and Foundations 30, no. 2 (June 1990): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.30.2_167.

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Chow, Jun Kang, Zhaofeng Li, and Yu-Hsing Wang. "An Experimental Microstructural Characterization of High-quality, Load-preserved Fabric 1-D Consolidated Kaolinite Samples." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199201006.

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This paper describes a microstructural characterizations of high-quality, load-preserved fabric 1-D consolidated kaolinite samples, which covers from the beginning stage of clay sample preparation to the final stage of the microstructural analyses. To achieve this goal, a tailor-made oedometer is produced using the 3-D printing technique. First, a uniform kaolinite sample is prepared from a slurry state and then positioned into the 3-D printed oedometer for 1-D consolidation tests. Then, together with the applied loadings, the whole oedometer containing the consolidated kaolinite sample is submerged into the liquid nitrogen. This aims for preparing the dry sample by freeze drying, and at the same time, preserving the fabric associations for the subsequent microstructural characterizations. Afterwards, the sample is cut in half while frozen. An observation plane along the centre with the morphological information preserved is used for the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, and the remaining section is undergone the mercury intrusion porosimetry to obtain complementary information on the pore-size distribution. By ensuring the position and orientation of the SEM images taken, the number of SEM images, as well as the amount of particles and voids identified are maximized to enhance the statistical representation of the analysed results. In each sample, at least 3000 particles are identified, and the voids are segmented using proper binary images, of which their irregular shapes are further described using an equivalent ellipse. Fabric tensors are used to quantify the directional behaviour of the voids and particles. In addition, the shape evolution of the pores is examined to further understand the associated deformation mechanism. These comprehensive analyses provides quantitative evidences that the loading response of clay under 1-D consolidation is mainly governed by the inter-aggregate pores.

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Fakharian, Kazem, and Farzad Kaviani Hamedani. "Influence of Initial Anisotropy, Stress Path and Principal Stress Rotation on Monotonic Behavior of Clean and Mixed Sands." Key Engineering Materials 857 (August 2020): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.857.417.

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It is widely accepted that soil behavior is complicated taking into account soil anisotropy owing to the fact that this phenomenon arises from oriented soil fabric or structure forged in the deposition stage. In this study, a review of major findings of authors’ previous studies are presented with the main focus on soil anisotropy using extensive experimental results incuding Triaxial (TXT), Simple Shear (SSA), and Hollow Cylinder (HCA) apparatus. Effects of initial anisotropy, fabric evolution, stress path, principal stress rotation and intermediate stress state are evaluated for a crushed silica sand. In addition, the effects of Portland cement content and granulated rubber contents on anisotropic behavior of the sand are investigated. Bender elments are mounted on triaxial specimens both in vertical and horizontal directions to measure the shear wave velocity and hence maximum shear modulus at the end of consolidation as well as during shearing up to large strains at critical state condition, as an index of evaluating the fabric evolution. The effects of principal stress rotation and stress paths reveals the crucial role of soil anisotropy on the behavior of clean sand. However, adding either cement or granulated rubber to the sand has considerably decreased anisotropy.

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Yang, Z. X., T. T. Xu, and Y. N. Chen. "Unified Modeling of the Influence of Consolidation Conditions on Monotonic Soil Response Considering Fabric Evolution." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 144, no. 8 (August 2018): 04018073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001499.

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GRIFFITHS, F., and R. JOSHI. "Reply to comment by R.S. Murray and J.P. Quirk on “Clay fabric response to consolidation”." Applied Clay Science 6, no. 5-6 (June 1992): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1317(92)90009-c.

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Varga, László József, and Tamás Bárány. "Development of Polypropylene-Based Single-Polymer Composites With Blends of Amorphous Poly-Alpha-Olefin and Random Polypropylene Copolymer." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061429.

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We developed polypropylene-based single-polymer composites (PP-SPC) with blends of amorphous poly-alpha-olefin (APAO) and random polypropylene copolymer (rPP) as matrix material and polypropylene (PP) woven fabric as reinforcement. Our goal was to utilize the lower melting temperature of APAO/rPP blends to increase the consolidation of the composites and decrease the heat load of the PP reinforcement. We produced the composites by film-stacking at 160 °C, and characterized the composites with density, peel, static tensile and dynamic falling weight impact tests, and by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that consolidation can be enhanced by increasing the APAO content of the matrix. We found that the APAO content of 50% is optimal for tensile properties. With increasing APAO content, the perforation energy decreased, but even the well-consolidated composites showed very high perforation energy. In the case of a pure APAO matrix, fiber content can be increased up to 80 wt% without a severe loss of consolidation, resulting in good tensile properties. The PP-SPCs developed possessed excellent mechanical properties, and well-consolidated composites can be produced with APAO/rPP blends as a matrix with high fiber content.

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Mahmood, Amjed Saleh, John Summerscales, and Malcolm Neil James. "Resin-Rich Volumes (RRV) and the Performance of Fibre-Reinforced Composites: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6020053.

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This review considers the influence of resin-rich volumes (RRV) on the static and dynamic mechanical and physical behaviour of fibre-reinforced composites. The formation, shape and size, and measurement of RRV in composites, depending upon different fabric architectures and manufacturing processes, is discussed. The majority of studies show a negative effect of RRV on the mechanical behaviour of composite materials. The main factors that cause RRV are (a) the clustering of fibres as bundles in textiles, (b) the stacking sequence, (c) the consolidation characteristics of the reinforcement, (d) the resin flow characteristics as a function of temperature, and (e) the composite manufacturing process and cure cycle. RRV are stress concentrations that lead to a disproportionate decrease in composite strength. Those who are considering moving from autoclave consolidation to out-of-autoclave (OOA) processes should be cautious of the potential effects of this change.

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Potluri, Prasad, Raj Ramgulam, Marco Chilo, and Haseeb Arshad. "Tow-Scale Mechanics for Composite Forming Simulations." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.255.

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Abstract. Composites are processed by a variety of forming techniques at both preforming and consolidation stages; ranging from hand draping, diaphragm forming, vacuum infusion to Resin Transfer Molding. During these processes, individual fabric or prepreg layers are subjected to inplane tension and shear, inter-ply shear, transverse compression and out-of-plane bending forces. These forming forces are translated into individual tow-level forces leading to tow deformations. Each tow is subjected to tension, transverse compaction (in the plane of the fabric due to shear and normal to the fabric plane due to consolidation force), bending and torsion. The resulting tow geometry and local fibre volume fractions (within a tow) would have a significant impact on resin flow as well as mechanical properties of the composite. In this paper, we present computational as well as experimental approaches to predicting tow deformations, when subjected to various loading conditions. The test rigs, shown in figure 1, can measure stress-strain behaviour of a tow in bending, torsion and transverse compression respectively. Figure shows buckling of carbon tow – bending stiffness can be computed from the post-buckling behavior. Torsional moments at monotonically increased twist angle were measured using a very sensitive torque sensor. An anvil, nearly same size as a tow, is used to compress a tow (under controlled axial tension) and the cross-sectional shape is computed from the flattened image (recorded using a high resolution camera). A mechanics-based model has been developed to predict tow-scale deformations under transverse compression, tension, bending and torsion modes of deformation. Individual fibres in a tow are modeled as ‘3D elastica’ and a simple inter-fibre friction model has been incorporated. Initially developed for twisted fibre bundles, the elastic-based model works reasonably well for untwisted fibre tows (by assuming an extremely small twist level for convergence). Full paper will present comparison between experimental and theoretical results.

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Colella, Abner, Ilaria Capasso, and Fabio Iucolano. "Comparison of Latest and Innovative Silica-Based Consolidants for Volcanic Stones." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102513.

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This research explores the new perspectives in conservation and protection of two macroporous tuff stones, widely employed in the architectural heritage of Campania region, characterized by highly heterogeneous rock fabric and texture and a variable mineralogical composition that represent crucial factors responsible for their weak durability. The consolidation treatments were performed with a recently and widely used suspension of nano-silica crystals in water and with a lithium silicate solution that has received up to now scarce attention as a consolidant agent. Physical investigations (open porosity, Hg porosimetry, water absorption), morphological observations (SEM analyses) and visual appearance test (colorimetric measurements), along with assessments of performance indicators such as ultrasonic pulse velocity, surface cohesion test (peeling test) and durability test (salt crystallization), were carried out to investigate the consolidation effectiveness. Overall, lithium silicate consolidant showed a better behavior in terms of superficial cohesion, a most successful strengthening action and a considerable enhancement of salt resistance.

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Hooyer, Thomas S., and Neal R. Iverson. "Flow mechanism of the Des Moines lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet." Journal of Glaciology 48, no. 163 (2002): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756502781831160.

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AbstractRapid flow of the Des Moines lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet may have been related to its unlithified substrate. New reconstructions of the lobe, based on moraine elevations, sediment subsidence during moraine deposition, and flow-direction indicators, indicate that the lobe may have been ∼3 times thicker than in previous reconstructions. Nevertheless, implied basal shear stresses are <15 kPa, so internal ice deformation was not significant. Instead, the lobe likely moved by a combination of sliding, plowing of particles through the bed surface, and bed shear. Consolidation tests on basal till yield preconsolidation stresses of 125–300 kPa, so effective normal stresses on the bed were small. A model of sliding and plowing indicates that at such stresses most particles gripped by the ice may have plowed easily through the till bed, resulting in too small a shear traction on the bed to shear it at depth. Consistent with this prediction, measurements of orientations of clasts in basal till yield a weak fabric, implying pervasive bed shear strain less than ∼2, although some stronger fabrics have been reported by others. We infer, tentatively, that movement was principally at the bed surface by plowing.

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SUSAMI, Ayaka, Hirofumi TOYOTA, and Susumu TAKADA. "Effects of fabric anisotropy induced by anisotropic consolidation on strength properties of saturated and unsaturated cohesive soils." Japanese Geotechnical Journal 10, no. 2 (2015): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgs.10.277.

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Zhang, Ruquan, Nanping Deng, Bowen Cheng, Shangyong Zhang, and Ying Wu. "Method of Structure Design and Heat Treatment of an Integrated Consolidation Sensor and Embedded Temperature Sensing Fabric." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 24, no. 5(119) (September 1, 2016): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12303666.1215530.

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Miller, Heather J., Pedro de Alba, and Kenneth C. Baldwin. "Cyclic Simple Shear Apparatus for Low-Strain Soil Tests." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1548, no. 1 (January 1996): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154800102.

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A testing system has been developed to study the behavior of saturated sand under low-level cyclic shearing strains. The system has been used to determine threshold shear strain levels for fabric destruction in sand aged for different time periods. The system includes a special soil chamber and a direct simple shear (DSS) machine. To impose very small shearing strains, the DSS machine was designed to apply and measure horizontal deformations as small as 0.0005 mm (2 × 10−5 inches). Data obtained to date support the results of previous investigators who performed triaxial tests on freshly deposited samples, indicating a threshold cyclic shear strain level of approximately 0.01 percent. At strains in excess of those levels, destruction of the sand fabric occurred, as evidenced by a reduction in shear modulus at low strain levels. Subsequent modest increases in shear modulus were observed after the specimens were allowed to recover for 24 hours and then tested again. During the recovery period, drainage valves were left open to allow for dissipation of excess pore pressures and for potential consolidation during the short aging period. The DSS system was found to work well for low strain measurements. Furthermore, since shear strains are measured directly under DSS conditions (as opposed to triaxial conditions), the DSS system shows much promise as a device for studying parameters that may influence threshold shear strain levels and fabric evolution and destruction in sands.

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Wang, Y. H., and W. K. Siu. "Structure characteristics and mechanical properties of kaolinite soils. II. Effects of structure on mechanical properties." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 601–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-027.

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This paper reports the effects of structure on the mechanical responses of kaolinite with known and controlled fabric associations. The dynamic properties and strength were assessed by resonant column tests and undrained triaxial compression tests, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that interparticle forces and associated fabric arrangements influence the volumetric change under isotropic compression. Soils with different structures have individual consolidation lines, and the merging trend is not readily seen under an isotropic confinement up to 250 kPa. The dynamic properties of kaolinite were found to be intimately related to the soil structure. Stronger interparticle forces or higher degrees of flocculated structure lead to a greater small-strain shear modulus, Gmax, and a lower associated damping ratio, Dmin. The soil structure has no apparent influence on the critical-state friction angle (ϕ′c = 27.5°), which suggests that the critical stress ratio does not depend on interparticle forces. The undrained shear strength of kaolinite is controlled by its initial packing density rather than by any interparticle attractive forces, and yet the influence of the structure on the effective stress path is obvious.Key words: interparticle forces, shear modulus, damping ratio, stressstrain behavior, undrained shear strength, critical state.

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Moos, E., and J. Karger-Kocsis. "Effects of Knit Stretching and Matrix Crystallinity on the Fatigue Behaviour of Knitted Fabric-Reinforced Gf/Pet Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 6, no. 3 (May 1997): 096369359700600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359700600303.

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In this study the tension-tension fatigue behaviour of weft-knitted glass fibre fabric-reinforced polyethylene terephthalate (GF/PET) composites was studied as a function of the stretching ratio of the knit The knits were stretched prior to consolidation in wale direction in 0, 25, 50 and 73%, respectively, in order to increase the anisotropy and to alter the mechanical properties of the composites. The influence of the matrix morphology (crystalline, amorphous) on the fatigue response was also investigated by using a composite with unstretched knit reinforcement. The results, displayed in normalized maximum fatigue stress Ms number of cycles (S-N) diagrams showed that the fatigue endurance limit of the GF/PET composites did not depend either on the knit stretching or the matrix crystallinity. The fatigue endurance limit, normalized to the static tensile strength, was found at ≍27 and ≍50 % for the knitted fabric-reinforced composite sheets tested in wale (W) and course (C) direction, respectively. The damage zone seemed to be localized for 1 and 2 rows of loops in C-and W-directions, respectively. This failure mode reflects the stress transfer and redistribution capability of the plain weft-knit reinforcement

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Ashley, R., J. L. Bertrand-Krajewski, and T. Hvitved-Jacobsen. "Sewer solids—20 years of investigation." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0063.

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Knowledge about sewer solids has advanced rapidly in the last few decades due to academic research triggered by an emerging renewed interest from sewer operators. It is now known that sewer solids are implicated in: loss of conveyance; potential for acute and chronic pollution of watercourses and effects inside sewers such as generation of malodorous gases and fabric corrosion. Despite this advance in knowledge, there is much that still needs to be understood, particularly the details of some of the mechanisms of flow-solids interactions, such as deposition, consolidation, erosion, biochemical interactions and processes. The history of knowledge development is outlined and areas where there is a need for further elucidation are highlighted.

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Hinchberger, Sean D., and Guangfeng Qu. "Viscoplastic constitutive approach for rate-sensitive structured clays." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 46, no. 6 (June 2009): 609–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t08-133.

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This paper extends an existing elastic–viscoplastic (EVP) constitutive model using a state-dependent viscosity parameter to describe the engineering response of undisturbed structured clay. The term structure refers to the effects of fabric and weak cementation bonds between clay particles. The extended constitutive model is coupled with the Biot consolidation theory and is formulated to describe the intrinsic or unstructured response of clay using overstress viscoplasticity, an elliptical cap yield surface, Drucker–Prager failure envelope, and a hardening law from critical state theory. The clay structure is mathematically accounted for by assuming that the initial fluidity of structured clay at yield and failure is very low and that the fluidity increases with increasing plastic strain. This process is usually referred to as “destructuration.” The formulation is evaluated using Saint-Jean-Vianney (SJV) clay by comparing calculated and measured behaviour during consolidated isotropically undrained triaxial compression, triaxial creep, and constant rate-of-strain Ko′-consolidation tests. The comparisons indicate that the EVP constitutive model can describe most of the rate-sensitive behaviour of SJV clay during both drained and undrained laboratory tests involving either constant-volume shear or predominantly volumetric compression of the soil skeleton.

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Schuster, Valerian, Erik Rybacki, Audrey Bonnelye, Johannes Herrmann, Anja M. Schleicher, and Georg Dresen. "Experimental Deformation of Opalinus Clay at Elevated Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Mechanical Properties and the Influence of Rock Fabric." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 54, no. 8 (May 11, 2021): 4009–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02474-3.

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AbstractThe mechanical behavior of the sandy facies of Opalinus Clay (OPA) was investigated in 42 triaxial tests performed on dry samples at unconsolidated, undrained conditions at confining pressures (pc) of 50–100 MPa, temperatures (T) between 25 and 200 °C and strain rates ($$\dot{\varepsilon }$$ ε ˙ ) of 1 × 10–3–5 × 10–6 s−1. Using a Paterson-type deformation apparatus, samples oriented at 0°, 45° and 90° to bedding were deformed up to about 15% axial strain. Additionally, the influence of water content, drainage condition and pre-consolidation was investigated at fixed pc–T conditions, using dry and re-saturated samples. Deformed samples display brittle to semi-brittle deformation behavior, characterized by cataclastic flow in quartz-rich sandy layers and granular flow in phyllosilicate-rich layers. Samples loaded parallel to bedding are less compliant compared to the other loading directions. With the exception of samples deformed 45° and 90° to bedding at pc = 100 MPa, strain is localized in discrete shear zones. Compressive strength (σmax) increases with increasing pc, resulting in an internal friction coefficient of ≈ 0.31 for samples deformed at 45° and 90° to bedding, and ≈ 0.44 for samples deformed parallel to bedding. In contrast, pre-consolidation, drainage condition, T and $$\dot{\varepsilon }$$ ε ˙ do not significantly affect deformation behavior of dried samples. However, σmax and Young’s modulus (E) decrease substantially with increasing water saturation. Compared to the clay-rich shaly facies of OPA, sandy facies specimens display higher strength σmax and Young’s modulus E at similar deformation conditions. Strength and Young’s modulus of samples deformed 90° and 45° to bedding are close to the iso-stress Reuss bound, suggesting a strong influence of weak clay-rich layers on the deformation behavior.

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Birmpilis, Georgios, Reza Ahmadi-Naghadeh, and Jelke Dijkstra. "Towards a methodology for the characterisation of the fabric of wet clays using X-ray scattering." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199201005.

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X-ray scattering is a promising non-invasive technique to study evolving nano- and micromechanics in clays. This study discusses the experimental considerations and a successful method to enable X-ray scattering to study clay samples at two extreme stages of consolidation. It is shown that the proposed sample environment comprising flat capillaries with a hydrophobic coating can be used for a wide range of voids ratios ranging from a clay suspension to consolidated clay samples, that are cut from larger specimens of reconstituted or natural clay. The initial X-ray scattering results using a laboratory instrument indicate that valuable information on, in principal evolving, clay fabric can be measured. Features such as characteristic distance between structural units and particle orientations are obtained for a slurry and a consolidated sample of kaolinite. Combined with other promising measurement techniques from Materials Science the proposed method will help advance the contemporary understanding on the behaviour of dense colloidal systems of clay, as it does not require detrimental sample preparation

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Dr. Mamoona Yasmeen and Dr. Waleed Khan. "Towards Inclusive India: State Legislation for Inter-Faith CoExistence during the Period of Emperor Akbar." Al Basirah 10, no. 01 (June 30, 2021): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52015/albasirah.v10i01.64.

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The current research focuses on the state legislation during the period of Mughal Emperor Akbar, his attempt to reconcile religion and state legislation and his practical efforts to bring inter-faith co-existence in India of that time. The presupposition of Akbar was based on account of Hindu majority and presence of minorities of various other faiths along with the ruling and martial race of the Muslims. Seeking holistic political and legal legitimacy, Akbar presented Dīn-i-Ilāhī, a divine theory of his own, to introduce a new religious cultural after bringing various religious figures together. The regal attempts for religiosity of the social fabric and holiness of the emperor brought social growth and legal innovations in state legislation and vice versa with the purpose to bring political and legal stability. The present study highlights the long period during which its various acts were promulgated, its impacts on the consolidation of power and social fabric in India during the period of Akbar specifically in terms of inter-faith co-existence and its impacts on the future Mughal administration. The future Mughal administration included Jahāngīr and Shāh Jahān after which it lost its worth as well as application. The study finally concludes that Akbar‟s attempts in the shape of Dīn-i-Ilāhī bore fruits in the shape of the progress and development during the era of two later Mughal emperors.

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Yang, Liping, Minjing Gu, Wenjian Li, Hailing Zheng, Zhiqin Peng, Bing Wang, Zhiwen Hu, Junmin Wan, and Yang Zhou. "The colour and micro-structure change of the aged madder- dyed silk fabric adding with consolidation material of EGDE/Ala." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 167 (January 2017): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/167/1/012059.

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Du, Guangbo, Nina Liu, Zhao Xia, and Xin Kang. "Laboratory Investigation on the Stress-Dependent Anisotropic Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) and Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest (K0) of Granular Materials." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 22, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6639178.

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The stress-dependent K0, Vs, and Vs anisotropy and their correlations with sand for 1D consolidation stress were tested with a custom-designed floating-wall consolidometer-type Bender Element (BE) testing apparatus. K0 of a soil sample was calculated using stress measurements through soil pressure transducers installed at the midsection of the consolidometer. The Vs and Vs anisotropy were measured by the bender elements installed in three orthogonal directions in the consolidometer, i.e., vh, hv, and hh. Granular soils with different sizes and shapes were tested. The effects of the stress level, overconsolidation ratio (OCR), particle size and shape on the Vs anisotropy, and K0 of the granular soils during one-dimensional consolidation were investigated. The laboratory investigations suggested (1) the K0 showed a constant value during loading, while it increased as the OCR increased during unloading, (2) soils with smaller particle sizes, rough surfaces, and angular geometry tended to have a lower value of K0, and vice versa, (3) both the anisotropic stress state and the anisotropic fabric (geometry) could lead to the Vs anisotropy, but the Vs anisotropy was manifested due to the horizontal stress-lock during unloading stage, and (4) the published correlation between Vs and K0 was modified by introducing the influence of the OCR, which could effectively reduce the variation and improve the prediction accuracy. Therefore, the modified correlation could be used as a robust approach to estimate K0 for both normally consolidated and highly overly consolidated granular soils.

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Bake, Ieva, Silvija Kukle, and Dana Belakova. "Surface characteristics of sol-gel treated single jersey plated socks." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 16 (January 2021): 155892502199671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925021996711.

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This study examines properties of the cotton/polyamide plain plated commercial socks (CO 81%/PA 19%) and pure polyamide fabric subjected to the multifunctional treatment by a sol-gel coating technique where tetraethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS) and zinc acetate dihydrate (ZAD) were used as precursors. Commercially available sock is produced on a single cylinder sock knitting machine which results in two surfaces (cotton and polyamide), with dissimilar characteristics thus leading to necessity of their separate studies. Experimental part examines surface structural clarification and compound identification using infrared spectroscopy. To assess the impact of modification such properties as air permeability must be tested and analysed. Pilot tests of antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis mscL 1141 and Staphylococcus aureus mscL 334 where carried out. Due to the modification consolidation treatment temperature below the destruction of material and the chemical compounds vibrational modes overlap, but in regions 1170–1650 cm−1 and 3200–3395 cm−1 show the presence of bounds corresponding to sol-gel coating presence on the surface.

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Elmajzoub, Yasmine. "Beirut Heritage Initiative: Safeguarding the City’s Built Heritage After the August 4, 2020, Port Explosion." Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi2.518.

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The devastating explosion in Beirut’s port on August 4, 2020 will forever be engraved in the memory of the Lebanese people. Within moments, a city with over 5,000 years of history was in ruins. Aside from the terrible casualties, the blast impacted one of the largest concentrations of heritage buildings in the city, dating from the 19th and 20th centuries. For this reason Beirut Heritage Initiative (BHI) was established in an attempt to help restore the city’s built heritage and to preserve both the urban and the social fabric of the damaged neighborhoods. BHI’s first mission was focused on emergency works such as rapid sheltering and consolidation of damaged buildings to prevent further damage due to the winter weather. After this emergency phase, BHI has engaged in partial reconstructions to enable vulnerable inhabitants to return to their homes, and a third phase has focused on full restoration projects for highly damaged buildings.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Consolidation of fabric'

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