Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conservation Laboratory'

Thesis (M.S.)--Building Construction, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004.
Richard W. Trent, Committee Member; Felix T. Uhlik, Committee Member; Linda M. Thomas-Mobley, Committee Chair. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-81).

This thesis describes a series of laboratory and field experiments that quantify the population dynamics of the heather beetle (Lochmaea suturalis Thomson), in relation to temperature and its host plant heather (Calluna vulgaris (L. ) Hull). The sex ratio, fecundity, egg laying threshold temperature, emergence threshold temperature, life stage development periods, and life stage mortalities were investigated. It was shown that the life stages were significantly dependent on temperature, whilst it was shown that there was no significant relationship between larval growth and Calluna vulgaris plants sourced from the study sites. The results of the population dynamics experiments were incorporated into a temperature driven, cohort based, and daily looped, stochastic population dynamics computer model. The temperature component of the model was derived from temperature data collected from nine moorland sites, at different altitudes, where there was shown to be a significant relationship between temperature and altitude. The population dynamics model was run for a fifty year period with a population of I million beetles at seven temperature regimes and five different altitudes. The model predicted that as daily mean temperatures rose, so there was a greater chance of increasing populations and that as altitude increases, so the chance of increasing populations decreases. At a predicted daily mean temperature rise of 2-3'C there was evidence of considerable population increases at lower altitudes, and with a daily mean temperature rise of 4-6'C the beetle population exhibited persistent, large, fluctuating populations in the region of three to sixty fold increases at all modelled altitudes over a number of years. An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the model was undertaken utilising a Latin Hypercube Swnpling regime, where it was shown that fecundity, egg mortality and pupal mortality were the most important life history variables in i contributing to the model output imprecision. The thesis discussesth eser esults in the light of predicted climate change and their use as an aid to moorland and heathland managers.

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Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Comunidades perifíticas (especialmente diatomáceas) constituem um sistema rico em informações para o monitoramento ambiental, colocando-as entre os indicadores mais importantes das condições ecológicas em sistemas lóticos. Nesta tese, os estudos de campo e experimentos de laboratório foram realizados para esclarecer os confusos efeitos da seleção do substrato, eutrofização, poluição orgânica, força iônica, padrões de uso do solo e poluição por metais pesados nas comunidades bentônicas de diatomáceas. Características das comunidades bentônicas de diatomáceas em relação ao nível e tipo de poluição foram analisadas através de critérios gerais (clorofila a, peso seco, peso seco de cinza e densidade celular no caso dos experimentos de laboratório) e critérios específicos (método de valor de indicador, técnicas de análise multivariada e índices baseados nas diatomáceas). Para estudos de campo, as comunidades de diatomáceas epilíticas, epífitas, epipsâmicas e epipelicas, além das que crescem em tijolos e vidros, foram avaliadas, assim como a qualidade da água. Um gradiente decrescente da qualidade da água foi observado a partir da área agrícola/florestal até a área urbana. A estrutura da comunidade de diatomáceas refletiu este gradiente. Pontos em áreas de nascentes, com boa qualidade da água, foram caracterizados por espécies como Eunotia bilunaris, E. intermedia, Aulacoseira alpigena, Cymbopleura naviculiformis e Stauroneis phoenicenteron. Pontos em áreas urbanas, com média à baixa qualidade da água foram caracterizados por espécies como Frustulia rhomboids, Nitzschia linearis, Cyclotella pseudostelligera, Pinnularia gibba e Achnanthidium minutissimum e os pontos em áreas urbanas próximo à jusante, com baixa qualidade da água, por espécies como Luticola geoppertiana, Nitzschia palea, Sellaphora pupula, Planotidium lanceolatum e Fallacia monoculata. Espécies comuns de diatomáceas não foram restritas em um único substrato, embora a preferência fosse geralmente alta para natural (especialmente macrófitas) em comparação com substratos artificiais. Os resultados da análise multivariada da qualidade da água baseados em diatomáceas amostradas em diferentes substratos demonstraram ser intercambiáveis. Variância nos dados das diatomáceas foi dividida entre dois conjuntos de variáveis exploratórias, ou seja, força iônica (26,9%), outras variáveis como, eutrofização e poluição orgânica (23,0%), variância compartilhada (11,3%) e variação não explicada (38,8%). Finalmente, 17 índices desenvolvidos em outras regiões provaram ser úteis para fornecer uma indicação da qualidade das águas estudadas. 4 Para os experimentos de laboratório, os efeitos do cádmio, cromo III e chumbo sobre as comunidades perifíticas naturais amostradas no rio Monjolinho, foram estudados. Hormese foi demonstrado com um EC50 de 0,077 mgL-1 Cd registrado. Boa capacidade de acumulação de metal (total e intracelular) pelo perifíton foi demonstrada, dependendo da concentração do metal e duração da exposição. Pb e Cr III diminuíram os efeitos da toxicidade de Cd em comunidades perifíticas sugerindo antagonismo. Finalmente, os efeitos combinados de freqüência, duração, período de recuperação, tipo de produto químico e tempo de pulsos com elevadas concentrações de Cd, Cr III e Pb em comunidades perifíticas foram avaliados. Quanto mais a freqüência e a duração do pulso se aproximam de uma exposição contínua, maiores serão os efeitos dos contaminantes sobre a vida aquática. Quanto maior a freqüência de pulsos de curta duração, mais provável é a produção de efeitos semelhantes aos das exposições de longa duração. A luminosidade mostrou ter um papel importante na modulação dos efeitos de toxicidade de metais sobre a vida aquática. Mudanças na composição de espécies (desenvolvimento de espécies mais resistentes como A. minutissimum e redução das espécies mais sensíveis, como Navicula viridula, Navicula cryptocephala e E. bilunaris), diminuição da riqueza e diversidade, alterações morfológicas (deformidade) das células de diatomáceas, aumento da concentração de metais, duração de exposição e diferentes cenários de exposição foram observados.
Periphyton communities (especially diatoms) constitute a system rich in information for environmental monitoring, placing them among important indicators of ecological conditions in lotic systems. In this thesis, field studies and laboratory experiments were conducted to elucidate the confounding effects of substrate selection, eutrophication, organic pollution, ionic strength, land-use patterns, and heavy metal pollution on benthic diatom communities. Characteristics of benthic diatom communities in relation to pollution level and type were analysed through general criteria (chlorophyll a, dry weight, ash-free dry weight, and cell densities in the case of laboratory experiments) and specific criteria (indicator value method, multivariate techniques and diatom-base indices). For field studies, epilithic, epiphytic, epipsammic and epipelic diatom communities and those growing on bricks and glasses and water quality were assessed. A gradient of decreasing water quality was observed from the agricultural/forested area to the urban area. Diatom community structure closely reflected this gradient. Upstream sites with good water quality were characterized by such species as Aulacoseira alpigena, Cymbopleura naviculiformis, Eunotia bilunaris, E. intermedia and Stauroneis phoenicenteron. Urban sites with medium to bad water quality were characterised by such species as Frustulia rhomboids, Nitzschia linearis, Cyclotella pseudostelligera, Pinnularia gibba and Achnanthidium minutissimum. Downstream urban sites with very bad water quality were characterised by such species as Luticola geoppertiana, Nitzschia palea, Sellaphora pupula, Planotidium lanceolatum and Fallacia monoculata. Common diatom species were not restricted to a single substrate, though preference was generally high for natural (especially macrophytes) compared to artificial substrates. The results of diatom-based multivariate water quality assessment based on different substrates were shown to be interchangeable. Variance in diatom data was partitioned between two sets of exploratory variables, i.e. ionic strength (26.9%), other variables, particularly eutrophication and organic pollution (23.0%), shared variance (11.3%) and unexplained variance (38.8%). Finally, 17 indices developed in other regions proved useful in providing an indication of the quality of the investigated waters. For laboratory experiments, effects of cadmium, chromium III and lead on natural periphyton community sampled from the Monjolinho River were studied. Hormesis was demonstrated with a Cd EC50 of 0.077 mg.L-1 being recorded. High metal accumulation 2 capacity (total and intracellular) by periphyton was demonstrated depending on metal concentration and exposure duration. Pb and Cr III were shown to decrease the toxicity effects of Cd on periphyton communities suggesting antagonism. Finally, combined effects of frequency, duration, recovery period, chemical type and timing of pulses with elevated Cd, Cr III and Pb concentrations on periphyton communities were assessed. The closer the frequency and duration of the pulse is to a continuous exposure, the greater the effects of the contaminant on aquatic life. The higher the frequency of short duration pulses the more likely they are to produce effects similar to that of long duration exposures. Light was shown to have a potential role in modulating the effects of metal toxicants on aquatic life. Shifts in species composition (development of more resistant species like A. minutissimum and reduction of sensitive ones like Navicula viridula, Navicula cryptocephala, and Eunotia bilunaris), decreases in species richness and diversity and morphological alterations (deformities) of diatom cells with increasing metal concentration and exposure duration and different exposure scenarios were observed.

Thesis (MScAgric (Conservation Ecology and Entomology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Pseudococcidae), is one of the common and serious pests of apples and pears in South Africa. The management of this pest in South Africa is dominated by the use of insecticides, while research into using natural enemies for biological control of mealybugs is still ongoing. Increasing concern over the environmental impact, pesticide residues in fruits, resistance, and expense associated with frequent use of insecticides make it necessary to investigate alternative biological control methods, such as the use of entomopathogenic nematodes, for the control of mealybugs. Entomopathogenic nematodes have proven comparable or even superior to chemicals in controlling certain insect pests, without residue problems or a harmful effect on the environment. An important aspect of using endemic nematodes includes the identification of species of nematodes and their symbiotic bacterial cells. A study was carried out to describe a new species of Steinernema, which was recovered during a previous survey in citrus orchards in three provinces of South Africa. Morphometrics, morphology, crossbreeding, drawings, light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) photographs were used to describe the new species. A cryopreservation method has been simplified and optimised for the long-term storage of Steinernema khoisanae (SF87) and Heterorhabditis zealandica (J34). Different cryoprotectants used included 15% glycerol, 8% ethylene glycol and 8% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), in which S. khoisanae was incubated at room temperature for periods of two, three, four and five days, followed by a methanol wash. An optimum survival rate of 69% was obtained for S. khoisanae after a four-day incubation period in 15% glycerol. This technique has been used for the cryopreservation of H. zealandica, with a 78% survival rate. The thawed nematodes of both species were able to infect Galleria mellonella larvae after 42 days of cryopreservation (-196ºC) and were able to complete their life cycles.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ligrooswitluis, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Pseudococcidae), is een van die algemene en ernstige peste van appels en pere in Suid-Afrika. Die bestuur van hierdie pes word tans in Suid-Afrika deur die gebruik van insekdoders gedomineer terwyl navorsing oor die gebruik van natuurlike vyande vir die beheer van P. viburni nog aan die gang is. Die verhoogde kommer oor die omgewing, residue in vrugte, weerstand, en die koste verbonde aan die gereelde gebruik van chemiese middels maak dit nodig om alternatiewe biologiese metodes van beheer, soos die gebruik van entomopatogeniese nematodes vir die beheer van witluis, te ondersoek. In ander lande is reeds aangetoon dat entomopatogeniese nematodes onder sekere omstandighede en vir sekere insekte gelykwaardige of selfs beter beheer kan gee as chemiese middels. ʼn Belangrike aspek van die gebruik van endemiese nematodes vir die beheer van insekte sluit die korrekte identifikasie van die spesies met hul geassosieerde bakteriese simbionte in. ʼn Nuwe spesie van Steinernema is uit ʼn vorige opname van entomopatogeniese nematodes in sitrusboorde in drie provinsies van Suid-Afrika geïsoleer. Morfometrie, morfologie, kruisteling, ligmikroskoop en SEM fotografie is gebruik om ʼn nuwe spesies te beskryf. ʼn Kriopreserveringsmetode is ontwikkel en ge-optimaliseer vir die langtermyn bewaring van Steinernema khoisanae (SF87) en Heterorhabditis zealandica (J34). Verskillende kriobeskermingsmiddels insluitend 15% gliserol, 8% dimetiel sulfokied (DMSO) en 8% etileen glikol, waarin S. khoisanae vir periodes van twee, drie, vier, en vyf dae geïnkubeer is, is teen kamertemperatuur, getoets, gevolg deur ʼn metanolbad. Optimum oorlewing van 69% is verkry vir S. khoisanae nadat die infektiewe larwes (IJ) vir vier dae in 15% gliserol gehou is. Hierdie tegniek is ook toegepas op H. zealandica, met 78% oorlewing van die IJ. Die ontvriesde nematodes van beide spesies was in staat om Galleria mellonella larwes suksesvol te infekteer en hulle lewensiklus te voltooi nadat hulle vir 45 dae onder kriopreservering gehou is teen -196ºC.

Le musée des Antiquités nationales (MAN) a été créé sous l'impulsion de l'Empereur Napoléon III en 1862. Avec le projet de création du musée s'est imposée la nécessité de le doter d'ateliers de moulage et de restauration. Abel Maitre, sculpteur de formation, est le premier chef d'atelier de 1866 à la fin du 19e siècle. Rouage Indispensable du MAN, Il s'est avéré être un véritable précurseur de la restauration des objets archéologiques telle qu'on la conçoit de nos jours. Son successeur, Benoit-Claude Champion, dirige les ateliers durant toute la première moitié du 20e siècle et œuvre à la professionnalisation de cette discipline, à une période où la question de la formation des restaurateurs est au centre des débats. A travers l'exemple concret des ateliers du MAN, cette recherche se propose de montrer comment a émergé la spécialité archéologie dans l'univers très artistique de la restauration, et comment le développement de cette activité en discipline est Intimement lié à la politique Internationale de sauvegarde du patrimoine, qui prend toute son ampleur après la première guerre mondiale
The National Museum of Antiquities (MAN) was created at the instigation of Emperor Napoleon Ill in 1862. With the proposed creation of the museum has become the need to equip the workshops of molding and restoration. Abel Maître, a sculptor by training, is the first leader of workshop in the late 19th century. Indispensable part of the MAN, Il proved to be a !rue precursor of the restoration of archaeological objects as it conceives today. His successor, Benoit-Claude Champion, leads workshops throughout the first half of the 20th century and works to professionalize the discipline, at a time when the Issue of training for restorers is central to the debate. Through concrete example of MAN workshops, this research alms to show how archeology has emerged as a specialty in the highly artistic restoration, and how the development of this discipline is closely linked to International politics Heritage Preservation, which comes into its own after World war 1

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Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-09T16:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA16MA203.pdf: 927094 bytes, checksum: ed95c2a7a51b51406194ad3ba5a5d585 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-04
Capes
The Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), considered as Near Threatened by the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN), is an annual visitor of Southern Brazil’s coastal waters during their natural austral winter migration. Due to growing anthropogenic threats, an increasing number of debilitated juvenile individuals is rescued in the coast of Santa Catarina and taken to rehabilitation centers to be clinically treated and evaluated for re-introduction. This constitutes an essential step for this species conservation, allowing rescued groups a safe return to their breeding colonies, in South Argentina. Biochemical analysis is an important tool to assist in the health evaluation and disease diagnostics of wild birds because the clinical signs in these animals are often inexpressive. A field manual compiled by Brazilian environmental and marine authorities in 2010 proposed standardizing the diagnostic methods applied in penguin rehabilitation facilities. These guidelines recommend plasma with heparin or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) for hematology and serum for biochemistry analysis. In this work we tested the viability of plasma for biochemistry analysis in an attempt to minimize blood sampling volume and material, favoring a faster recovery and maximizing resources. The samples of serum and 14 plasma with two anticoagulants, EDTA 3% and sodium heparin, were obtained from 34 rescued penguins considered for re-introduction evaluation at the Wild Animal Screening Center (CETAS) of Florianópolis. Fifteen biochemical analytes were determined at the laboratory of Clinical Pathology in the Agro-Veterinary Sciences Center of the University of the State of Santa Catarina (LPC-CAV-UDESC), namely: uric acid (ACU), albumin (ALB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol (CHOL), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (FA), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glucose (GLU), globulins, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total proteins (PT), triglycerides (TG), urea (UR) and free hemoglobin (HB). Hemolysis was assessed by two different methods; and sample values outside of referenced HB limits, proposed by either the reagent manufacturer or previous avian biochemistry studies, were excluded. Results showed that EDTA was less efficient than heparin in minimizing in-vitro hemolysis. Statistical differences between serum and plasma samples were fewer in heparinized samples. All mean values of heparinized plasma samples from healthy individuals fell within AZA (Association of Zoos and Aquariums) reference intervals, in contrast to serum and plasma with EDTA. As a conclusion, we verified that for the adopted methodology, despite some limitations in albumin and triglycerides measurement, heparinized plasma, unlike plasma/EDTA, is a reliable sample in determining most analytes evaluated in Magellanic penguins during rehabilitation
O pinguim-de-Magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus), animal considerado como Quase Ameaçado pela União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (IUCN), visita anualmente as águas costeiras do Sul do Brasil durante a sua migração natural de inverno. Devido às crescentes ameaças antropogênicas, tem aumentado o número de indivíduos juvenis debilitados que são resgatados na costa de Santa Catarina e levados para centros de reabilitação para serem clinicamente tratados e avaliados para soltura. Este pensa-se ser um importante passo na conservação desta espécie, permitindo aos grupos resgatados um retorno seguro às suas colónias de reprodução, no sul da Argentina. A bioquímica clinica é uma importante ferramenta no diagnóstico laboratorial para auxiliar na avaliação da saúde de aves selvagens, uma vez que os sinais clínicos nestes animais são muitas vezes pouco expressivos. Em 2010, as autoridades ambientais e marinhas brasileiras compilaram um manual de campo propondo a padronização dos métodos de diagnóstico a aplicar em centros de reabilitação de pinguins, com vista a melhorar o sucesso na sua reintrodução. Estas diretrizes recomendam o plasma com heparina ou ácido 10 etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) para a hematologia e o soro para a análise bioquímica. No presente trabalho pesquisou-se a viabilidade da utilização de plasma na análise bioquímica, no sentido de tentar minimizar o volume de sangue amostrado e material dispendido, favorecendo uma recuperação mais rápida e maximizando recursos. Recolheram-se amostras de soro e plasma com dois anticoagulantes, EDTA 3% e heparina de sódio, de 34 pinguins resgatados e em estágio de avaliação para reintrodução no Centro de Triagem de Animais Selvagens (CETAS) de Florianópolis. Os valores de 15 analitos bioquímicos foram determinados no laboratório de Patologia Clínica do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (LPC-CAV-UDESC), nomeadamente: Ácido Úrico (ACU), Albumina (ALB), Alanina Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartato Aminotransferase (AST), Colesterol (CHOL), Creatinaquinase (CK), Fosfatase Alcalina (FA), Gamma Glutamiltransferase (GGT), Glicose (GLU), Globulinas, Lactato Desidrogenase (LDH), Proteinas totais (PT), Triglicérides (TG), Ureia (UR), e hemoglobina livre (HB). A hemólise foi avaliada por dois métodos diferentes e excluíram-se os valores das amostras localizados fora dos limites de HB de referência propostos quer pelo fabricante do reagente ou por estudos anteriores sobre a influência da hemólise na bioquímica de aves. Os resultados mostraram que o EDTA foi menos eficiente do que a heparina na minimização da hemólise in vitro. Encontrou-se um menor número de diferenças significativas entre amostras de soro e plasma heparinizado. Todos os valores médios de indivíduos saudáveis medidos no plasma heparinizado situaram-se nos intervalos de referência da Associação de Zoológicos e Aquários (AZA), em contraste com o soro e 11 o plasma com EDTA. Como conclusão, verificou-se que, para a metodologia adotada, apesar de algumas limitações na medição de albumina e triglicérides, o plasma heparinizado, ao contrário do plasma com EDTA, é uma amostra confiável na determinação da maioria dos analitos avaliados em pinguins-de-Magalhães de reabilitação

Ce travail étudie les composants de l’évolution territoriale et socio-économique de la région du Jari, située au nord de l’Amazonie brésilienne, en identifiant les différents processus de transformation ainsi que les structures spatiales actuelles. Longtemps à l’écart des dynamiques nationales du peuplement et du développement, celle-ci connait, au XXe siècle, un développement socioéconomique en deux étapes : Le premier, au début du siècle, à partir d’une occupation conditionnée par l’extractivisme (exploitation de ressources naturelles de la forêt, comme le caoutchouc ou la noix du Brésil), et organisée autour d’un latifundiaire sur environ 2 millions d’hectares. Le deuxième, plus important, à la fin des années 1960, à partir de l’installation, sur ce même territoire, d’une grande entreprise agro-industrielle, le "projet Jari", par l’entrepreneur et multimillionnaire Américain D.K. Ludwig, qui visait à la production de la cellulose à grande échelle, et entraînait la construction d’une première infrastructure urbaine et industrielle dans une région de forêt primaire jusque-là intacte. Désormais indissociablement liées, les transformations socioéconomiques et territoriales de la région du Jari se sont depuis produites en tant qu’influence ou interaction directe avec l’évolution du projet Jari. Celui-ci, toujours en fonction dans la région aujourd’hui, a lui-même connu des transformations significatives depuis son installation en 1967: fortement polémiquée pour la non rentabilité économique, l’impact environnemental, et le gaspillage en ressources humaines de ses activités d’agrobusiness, le projet Jari du XXIe siècle émerge aujourd’hui, sous une nouvelle gestion (Orsa), comme une entreprise viable, certifiée, et pionnière en matière de responsabilité sociale et environnementale des entreprises en contexte amazonien. Les nouvelles stratégies territoriales développées par celle-ci et basées dans un discours de responsabilité sociale et environnementale des entreprises, ont permis à la Jari non seulement de conquérir une place stable sur le marché national et international de la cellulose, mais aussi à atténuer une conflit foncier de long date dans la région du Jari, qui a durablement marqué les relations entre l’entreprise, le gouvernement et les populations locales, dont plusieurs ont été déplacées de leurs terres lors de la transformation de larges parties de forêt primaire en plantations d’eucalyptus. La création, par la "nouvelle" entreprise, d’une Fondation sociale, censée de mettre en œuvre des petits projets socio-économiques dans la région, a en outre permis d’avancer le processus d’intégration territoriale visant à inclure enfin les communautés locales et les acteurs politiques à la gestion régionale et à l’utilisation des ressources, jusque-là monopolisée par l’entreprise. Sans être achevé, ce processus forme aujourd’hui la base solide pour une transformation "durable" du Jari, d’une vieille "enclave" économique de l’Américain à une région intégrée dont le potentiel est partagé parmi ses habitants
This thesis studies the components and phases of the socioeconomic and territorial evolution of the Jari river region, located at the north of the Brazilian Amazon, by identifying its different transformation processes and contemporary spatial structures. Longtime left aloof from national population and development dynamics, the region experiences a two-step economic and social evolution in the XX century: A first occupation, at the beginning of the century, that was conditioned by the exploitation of natural resources (rubber, Brazil nut) and led to the establishment of a "latifundium" covering about 2 million ha; and a second, more important occupation at the end of 1960ies by the an American businessman and multimillionaire D.K. Ludwig. The initiation, by the latter, of a huge agro-industrial enterprise, the "Jari project", aiming at a large-scale production of cellulose, lead to the construction of first urban infrastructures and industrial facilities in a region until then covered with intact primary forest. The socio-cultural, economical and political development of the Jari River region has since been intrinsically linked to the evolution of the Jari project. The project itself, which is still active in the region, has itself known significant change since its building up in 1967: strongly criticized during the 1970ies and 1980ies due to the lack of economic viability of its agro-industrial activities, as well as its ecological impact and its waste of human resources, the project of the XXI century, revived by a new management (Orsa), presents itself as an innovative, lucrative and certified firm, henceforth conscious of its social and environmental responsibility and thus of its pioneer role for the socioeconomic development of the Jari River region where it operates. The territorial strategies developed in this context by the company, which are embedded in a discourse of social and environmental corporate responsibility, have indeed permitted the company not only to establish itself on the national and international pulp market, but also to mitigate the long-standing land conflict between the Jari firm, the government and the local populations, who had been partly displaced from their lands by the transformation of huge parts of the rainforest into eucalyptus plantations. The creation of a firm-interne social Foundation in 2000, commissioned to carry into action small socioeconomic projects in the region, has also allowed to accelerate a process of territorial integration, aiming at including the local communities and political actors into the management of the region and its use of its natural resources, until then monopolized by the company. Not yet fully achieved, this process of territorial integration constitutes today a solid basis for a sustainable transformation of the region in the future, from the old "enclave" of the American into an integrated region whose potential is commonly shared by its habitants

In this study, the effects of the neonicotinoid pesticide, thiamethoxam, are examined through the Proboscis Extension Response (PER) in honey bees (Apis mellifera). PER is a form of classical conditioning applied to honey bees through scent and reward association which quantifies learning rates. Results between groups treated with thiamethoxam did not differ significantly from untreated control groups. Potential reasons for these results are discussed. The method and experimental apparatus for testing the PER assay are also discussed.

This study presents findings from survey and interview data investigating replication of green building measures by Commercial Building Partnership (CBP) partners that worked directly with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL partnered directly with 12 organizations on new and retrofit construction projects, which represented approximately 28 percent of the entire U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) CBP program. Through a feedback survey mechanism, along with personal interviews, quantitative and qualitative data were gathered relating to replication efforts by each organization. These data were analyzed to provide insight into two primary research areas: 1) CBP partners' replication efforts of green building approaches used in the CBP project to the rest of the organization's building portfolio, and, 2) the market potential for technology diffusion into the total U.S. commercial building stock, as a direct result of the CBP program. The first area of this research focused specifically on replication efforts underway or planned by each CBP program participant. The second area of this research develops a diffusion of innovations model to analyze potential broad market impacts of the CBP program on the commercial building industry in the United States. Findings from this study provided insight into motivations and objectives CBP partners had for program participation. Factors that impact replication include motivation, organizational structure and objectives firms have for implementation of energy efficient technologies. Comparing these factors between different CBP partners revealed patterns in motivation for constructing energy efficient buildings, along with better insight into market trends for green building practices. The optimized approach to the CBP program allows partners to develop green building parameters that fit the specific uses of their building, resulting in greater motivation for replication. In addition, the diffusion model developed for this analysis indicates that this method of market prediction may be used to adequately capture cumulative construction metrics for a whole-building analysis as opposed to individual energy efficiency measures used in green building.

Thesis; Thesis information not provided; 17 Jul 2003.
Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "UCRL-LR-154423" Maxwell, R M; Tompson, A F B; Richardson, J H; El-Naser, H; Rihani, J. F F; Subah, A.; El Sha'r, W A; Al-Hadidi, Khair; Al-Awamleh, M; Al-Foqaha, M; Abu-Eid, O; Hayyaneh, R A. 07/17/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

Preservare la qualita delle acque sotterranee e di primaria importanza nel contesto della gestione delle risorse idriche. Al fine di interpretare in modo corretto i processi di trasporto di contaminanti all'interno di mezzi porosi saturi, e utile analizzare esperimenti a scala di laboratorio, in cui le condizioni al contorno e iniziali sono sufficientemente controllate. In questo lavoro, si e interpretato un esperimento di trasporto conservativo presente in letteratura, al fine di valutare l'accuratezza di un modello advettivo-dispersivo e di individuare tecniche appropriate per la stima dei parametri chiave del modello stesso.

Le projet IFEPAR s’intéresse à l’impact des nouvelles concentrations de polluants atmosphériques sur le patrimoine restauré de la ville de Reims afin d’évaluer les cinétiques d’altération actuelles et d’anticiper les restaurations futures des monuments. A l’échelle de monuments rémois restaurés, un suivi continu de la température, de l’humidité relative et des polluants atmosphériques grâce au développement d’un réseau de capteurs autonomes en énergie et en transfert de données (3G), et un suivi périodique de l’état de surface des pierres des façades ont été mis en place. A l’échelle d’échantillons de pierres de construction et de leur réseau poreux, des tests de vieillissement accéléré par des expositions en atmosphères et solutions acides ont été réalisés. Le suivi micro-environnemental en direct des monuments est désormais possible. Il a mis en évidence l’existence des concentrations plus élevées que les données de fond (ATMO) et des différences importantes entre deux façades d’un même monument. Les suivis de l’état de surface par NDT ont montré que les surfaces restaurées sont moins réactives que les surfaces déjà altérées. Les tests de vieillissement simulant différents rapports de concentrations en NOx et SO2 et illustrant l’inversion constatée ces dernières décennies, montrent que la concentration en SO2 reste déterminante dans les processus et les cinétiques d’altération. L’étude à l’échelle microscopique sous HRXCT permet une prédiction du comportement microstructural des pierres à long-terme. Cette étude montre l’importance de coupler le suivi in situ à des études approfondies en laboratoire
The IFEPAR project focuses on the impact of new concentrations of atmospheric pollutants on the restored heritage of Reims (France) in order to assess the current alteration kinetics and to anticipate the future restorations on monuments. For this purpose, a multi-scale approach was carried out. At the scale of restored monuments, a continuous monitoring of temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pollutants through the development of a network of autonomous sensors network and data transfer (3G), and a periodic monitoring of the surface conditions of the façade stones have been set. At the scale of the samples and the porous network of the original and the restoration stones, laboratory accelerated ageing tests by atmospheric deposition and acid solutions were carried out. The micro-environmental monitoring of monuments is now possible. It pointed out the existence of significant differences between two façades of the same monument and sometimes higher values compared to background data (ATMO). Monitoring of the surface conditions by NDT showed little differences in 2 years, even if the restored surfaces appear less reactive than the altered surfaces. The ageing tests simulating different ratios of NOx and SO2 and illustrating the inversion observed in recent decades show that the concentration of SO2 remains decisive in the processes and kinetics of alteration. The microscopic study under HRXCT allowed a prediction of the microstructural behavior of stones in the long term. This study demonstrates the importance of linking in situ monitoring with in-depth laboratory studies

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
A presente pesquisa busca refletir sobre a importância da documentação e do gerenciamento de informações como encadeamentos da musealização de acervos arqueológicos. Para isso travou-se um diálogo entre as áreas de interesse - arqueologia, Museologia e Conservação -, entendendo-as como disciplinas que devem atuar conjuntamente na preservação do patrimônio arqueológico. No Brasil a não interação entre essas áreas, somada à falta de normatização na documentação dessa tipologia de acervo, vem trazendo danos à sua preservação. A preocupação com essa temática resultou neste estudo de caso, que tem como foco principal a análise da coleção do sítio Santa Bárbara (Pelotas-RS), escavada e salvaguardada pela equipe do Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Investigação Arqueológica (Lâmina) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL). Com isso, buscou-se observar as ações das três áreas durante essa empreitada, acompanhando-as por meio das suas documentações e de seus mecanismos de gerenciamento da informação, visando propor como produto, um modelo de documentação e gerenciamento aplicável à referida coleção.
This research seeks to reflect on the importance of documentation and management information as linkage of archaeological collection’s muzealization. This was initiated with a dialogue between the areas of interest - archeology, museology and conservation - understanding them as disciplines that must work together for the preservation of the archaeological heritage. In Brazil, no interaction between these areas, coupled with the lack of standardization in the documentation of this type of library, is bringing harm to their preservation. Concern over this issue resulted in this case study, which focuses mainly on the analysis of the collection site Santa Barbara (Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), excavated and protected by the Lâmina Laboratory (Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Archaeological Research) University of Pelotas’s team. Thus, we attempted to observe the actions of the three areas during this endeavor, following them through their documentation and their mechanisms of information management, aiming to propose as a product, a model of documentation and management applicable to that collection.

La conservation du patrimoine constitué par les grottes ornées paléolithiques, fragile car très ancien, est un enjeu capital. Dans ce cadre, une approche taphonomique de l’état de surface des parois est envisagée à travers l’étude des concrétions qui recouvrent les parois de grottes. Ceci est primordial pour la compréhension de leurs mécanismes de genèse et de développement qui s’opèrent à l’échelle d’une grotte, d’une salle, d’une paroi ou d’un panneau orné. En effet, ces concrétions peuvent recouvrir de manière partielle ou totale des peintures ou gravures sous-jacentes. L’étude réalisée ici porte sur la caractérisation multiphysique et la variabilité spatiale de deux types de concrétions calcitiques, le mondmilch et les coralloïdes, qui sont fréquemment retrouvés dans les grottes ornées. Elle a été menée principalement dans une grotte laboratoire, la grotte de Leye, à Marquay (Dordogne, France), dépourvue d’intérêt archéologique et située dans la vallée de la Vézère, l’une des régions les plus riches en grottes ornées de France. La composition chimique et la structure des revêtements calcitiques ont été déterminées par l’utilisation conjointe de méthodes de caractérisation physico-chimique comme la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS) et la spectroscopie Raman, couplées à des observations morphologiques en microscopies optique et électronique. Les coralloïdes, qui ont été très peu étudiés jusqu’à aujourd’hui, ont fait l’objet d’une attention particulière. La mise en perspective des résultats des analyses physico-chimiques portant sur les concrétions, avec d’une part des données concernant l’environnement souterrain telles que le comportement climatique et hydrologique de la cavité, la présence de micro-organismes, et d’autre part des données relatives à l’isotopie et à la datation de la calcite, permet de discuter les hypothèses de formation des faciès. Enfin, l’analyse statistique d’une base de données de cavités constituée à l’échelle de la vallée de la Vézère contribue à alimenter la réflexion sur les paramètres corrélés à la présence des concrétions
Paleolithic ornated cave conservation is an issue of major interest for curators who are facing several kinds of alterations. The study of speleothems covering cave walls is crucial to have a better understanding of their formation processes at the scale of a cave, a wall, or a panel. They can indeed, partially or totally, cover paintings and engravings. The present work focuses on the physicochemical characterization and spatial variability of two calcitic concretions, moonmilk and coralloids, that are frequently found in prehistoric caves. This study was conducted in a laboratory-cave called the Leye cave (Marquay, France), a cavity affected by these two types of concretions, but without archeological art and located in the Vézère valley (Dordogne, France), a region with a high density of prehistoric caves. Chemical composition and internal structure of these concretions were obtained by combining physicochemical characterization methods like Raman spectroscopy and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) coupled with morphological observations. We pay particular attention to coralloids, which were far less studied than moonmilk up to now. Environmental conditions such as climatology and hydrology of the cave, as well as the presence of microbial activity are taken into account in order to interpret the results. Putting these results in perspective with dating and isotopic data allows to discuss different assumptions regarding the formation scenario of these concretions. Finally, a statistical analysis on a database of caves established at the scale of the Vézère valley provides information regarding the correlation between some particular parameters and the presence of the concretions

Les encres noires ferrogalliques, mélange de tannin (extrait de noix de galle), de vitriol (sulfate de fer) et d'une substance liante (gomme), ont été très utilisées pour l'écriture jusqu'au début du XXe siècle et ont, avec le temps, des comportements très divers : elles peuvent brunir, pâlir ou encore altérer le papier qui devient brun et cassant. Cette dégradation du support est attribuée à une oxydation de la cellulose catalysée par des ions ferreux, et à des mécanismes d'hydrolyses provoqués par l'acidité des encres utilisées. Cependant, les différents aspects visuels rencontrés sur les manuscrits anciens restent encore mal expliqués, rendant délicat l'établissement d'un diagnostic de conservation-restauration. Ce travail a pour but de mieux interpréter ces différents aspects et s'articule autour de deux démarches parallèles. Nous avons d'abord essayé d'établir, pour l'étude d'échantillons originaux, une méthodologie d'analyse qui soit la plus complète possible, que nous avons ensuite appliquée à une trentaine d'échantillons sélectionnés pour leur aspect visuel " type ". Nous avons également préparé des éprouvettes de laboratoire constituées de papiers imprégnés de différentes solutions et soumis à un vieillissement artificiel, de manière à évaluer l'influence du tannin et de la gomme sur la dégradation du papier. Ces différentes mesures nous ont permis de constater que la teneur en fer n'est pas le seul paramètre significatif de l'état de dégradation du papier. Le tannin et le liant agissent également, et de manières opposées, sur les mécanismes d'oxydation de la cellulose catalysés par les ions ferreux : le tannin semble accélérer ces mécanismes, probablement en réduisant les ions ferriques en ions ferreux. En revanche la gomme protège le papier et participe au brunissement des zones encrées. Ces différents comportements nous conduisent alors à proposer une interprétation des différents aspects visuels rencontrés sur les manuscrits anciens.

Lo studio di questa tesi nasce dal crescente interesse nei confronti del restauro del moderno e del contemporaneo, analizzato a partire dal documento di Madrid redatto dall'ICOMOS che ne evidenzia le problematiche peculiari. Il restauro dei materiali cementizi presenta difficoltà di natura culturale, data la tendenza a considerare i beni del XX secolo meno pregevoli di quelli più antichi. Anche sotto il profilo del metodo di restauro è difficile capire come rapportarsi con ciò che è stato costruito qualche decennio fa, non essendoci unanime consenso sul valore artistico. Contemporaneamente esistono sfide per la conservazione dovute al fatto che si tratta spesso di materiali e metodi di costruzione sperimentali, ancora non del tutto compresi. Si ripercorre l'evoluzione dell'uso dei materiali cementizi nella storia per evidenziare che non attengono solo alla sfera funzionale dell'architettura ma anche a quella di una ricerca espressiva che la eleva a forma d'arte; si rileva inoltre che il tema della loro trama superficiale è parte integrante del materiale e dell'intento architettonico, quindi è fondamentale da considerare nel restauro. Si propone quindi un nuovo trattamento autopulente a base di biossido di titanio per proteggerne la tessitura superficiale. Mediante prove di misurazione dell'angolo di contatto e di scolorimento di macchie di blu di metilene, è stata testata l'efficacia fotocatalitica di vari trattamenti, basati sull'utilizzo di silicato di etile o idrossiapatite, come matrici per tenere il TiO2 adeso al substrato. L'utilizzo di TEOS e HAP sul calcestruzzo in combinazione con il TiO2 rappresenta ad oggi una frontiera inesplorata. È stato simulato un invecchiamento dei campioni mediante dilavamento e le prove sono state ripetute per valutare la permanenza del TiO2 nelle varie matrici. Lo scopo è stato selezionare trattamenti da applicare su supporti di diversa scabrezza superficiale per capire quanto questa incida sulla loro efficacia.

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung von zeitabhängigen Verfestigungseffekten in Sandböden. Dies geschieht im Rahmen des Leitthemas „Modifizierung und Optimierung von Baugrund zur Ressourcenschonung“ bei der G²-Gruppe Geotechnik. Die bereits in Feld- und Laborversuchen beobachtete und untersuchte Zunahme von Festigkeits- und Steifigkeitsparametern in grobkörnigen Böden über Zeit, die nicht auf die Setzung zurückzuführen ist, wird anhand von zwei Versuchsmethoden unter Laborbedingungen untersucht. Die Versuche werden unter Betrachtung verschiedener Einflussfaktoren durchgeführt. Die verwendeten Methoden sind eine Labor-Drucksondierung und eine Ultraschalluntersuchung, deren Prüfgeräte für die Untersuchung der zeitabhängigen Verfestigungseffekte entwickelt wurden. Die Kontrolle der Geeignetheit für den Nachweis der zu untersuchenden Effekte und die damit verbundenen Anpassungen der Prüfgeräte sollen die Erstellung und Optimierung eines Versuchsprogramms ermöglichen.:Einleitung 1 Überblick 1.1 Hinweis zum Ultraschallversuch 2 Ziele 3 Grundlagen und Stand der Wissenschaft 3.1 Beschreibung des Effekts 3.2 Abgrenzung zu zeitabhängigen Verfestigungseffekten in bindigen Böden 3.3 Sand in der Geotechnik 3.3.1 Makroskopische Betrachtung geotechnischer Eigenschaften 3.3.2 Mikroskopische Betrachtung geotechnischer Eigenschaften 3.4 Kenntnisstand der Wissenschaft zum Aging-Effekt in grobkörnigen Böden 3.5 Labor- und Feldversuche zur Untersuchung von Aging-Effekten in Sandböden 4 Versuchsmethodik 4.1 Einführung 4.2 Untersuchung des Versuchsmaterials 4.2.1 Bodenkenngrößen 4.2.2 Mikroskopische Bodenuntersuchung 4.3 Labor-Drucksondierung 4.3.1 Versuchsaufbau 4.3.2 Übersicht der Versuchsreihen 4.3.3 Versuchsauswertung 5 Ergebniszusammenstellung und Auswertung 6 Fazit und Ausblick 7 Literaturverzeichnis Erklärung
The subject is the investigation of time-dependent consolidation effects in sandy soils. This takes place within the framework of the main theme 'Modification and optimization of subsoil to conserve resources' at the G²-Gruppe Geotechnik. The increase in strength and stiffness parameters in granular soils over time, which has already been observed and investigated in field and laboratory tests, and which is not due to settlement, is investigated using two testing methods under laboratory conditions. The tests are carried out considering various parameters. The methods used are a Mini-CPT and an ultrasonic examination, the test equipment of which was developed for the examination of the Aging-effect of soils. The control of the suitability for the verification of the effects to be examined and the related adaptations of the test devices should enable the designing of a test routine.:Einleitung 1 Überblick 1.1 Hinweis zum Ultraschallversuch 2 Ziele 3 Grundlagen und Stand der Wissenschaft 3.1 Beschreibung des Effekts 3.2 Abgrenzung zu zeitabhängigen Verfestigungseffekten in bindigen Böden 3.3 Sand in der Geotechnik 3.3.1 Makroskopische Betrachtung geotechnischer Eigenschaften 3.3.2 Mikroskopische Betrachtung geotechnischer Eigenschaften 3.4 Kenntnisstand der Wissenschaft zum Aging-Effekt in grobkörnigen Böden 3.5 Labor- und Feldversuche zur Untersuchung von Aging-Effekten in Sandböden 4 Versuchsmethodik 4.1 Einführung 4.2 Untersuchung des Versuchsmaterials 4.2.1 Bodenkenngrößen 4.2.2 Mikroskopische Bodenuntersuchung 4.3 Labor-Drucksondierung 4.3.1 Versuchsaufbau 4.3.2 Übersicht der Versuchsreihen 4.3.3 Versuchsauswertung 5 Ergebniszusammenstellung und Auswertung 6 Fazit und Ausblick 7 Literaturverzeichnis Erklärung

The goal of the PhD thesis is to investigate the role of behavioural economics considerations for the performance of conservation auctions. The findings of the three scientific articles suggest that behavioural economics considerations like social (distributional) preferences and reference-dependent preferences may affect the attractiveness and economic performance of conservation auctions, respectively. The results of the first and second articles are based on laboratory experiments conducted with university students, in Germany. The third article implements a field experiment to measure farmers’ preferences over Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) allocation mechanisms and the role of fairness therein, in the context of agrobiodiversity loss in Benin.