Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conservation des ressources naturelles – Chine'
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Li, Guoqiang. "L'homme et l'arbre dans la Chine antique : Connaissance naturaliste et contexte social." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0051.
Full textThis thesis analyzes, according to the methods of the "historical ethno-botanic", the first knowledge of the trees in ancient China (14th and 3th century before Christianity era), with the very varied sources, from the first data of a Chinese writing, oracular inscriptions on bone and carapace, to the documents written such as collections of poems, vocabulary, codex of rites etc. Synchronously, the written data observed with each specific aspect are, for all of them a trail of the tree knowledge. They reflect the concept of nature, the social organization, cultural phenomena and elements of the techniques, notably linked to the national resources management and to the agricultural development. Diachronically, the Antique botanic advancement and more specifically the denominative and classificatory systems have known a internal evolution linked from the cognitive reflection of a primary gathering to a sorting increasingly organized in a hierarchy
Zhu, Bin. "Impact des barrages sur la génétique des populations d'esturgeon chinois (Acipenser sinensis) : contribution du repeuplement des juvéniles à la diversité des populations naturelles." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30069.
Full textCarneiro, Ferreira Francisco Antônio. "Les réserves de biosphère : une réponse pour concilier développement urbain et conservation de la biodiversité ? : Expériences comparées d’urbanisation et de protection dans trois réserves de biosphères (Brésil, France Chine)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA030019.
Full textUrban development is an important driver of environmental change on a global scale, which has exerted enormous pressure on ecosystems thanks to rapidly changing population densities and displacement, particularly migration from rural to urban areas. In this context, in which conservation and development objectives have historically been antagonistic, nature reserves have emerged as the main global strategy for biodiversity conservation. In order to verify the limits and possibilities of reconciling environmental protection and urban development, this study used the perspective of socio-environmental assessment studies, focusing on the issue of relations between society and the environment in urbanization processes around biosphere reserves. In this sense, it identifies different points of intersection between the theme of urban planning experiences and the notion of sustainable development. In the comparative analysis of three biosphere reserve cases - Mata Atlântica (Brazil), Yancheng (China) and Camargue (France) - we examine the experience of occupying of the transition zones of these biosphere reserves, located in coastal areas. The case studies offer additional information to reinforce the hypothesis that the urban development process in transition zones of the reserves has involved the reinforcement of predatory social and ecological strategies of urban and peri-urban occupation. The socio-economic and socio-cultural fragmentation of nature and local communities has contributed to the intensification of environmental pollution indices and the reduction of biological productivity in coastal regions. Finally, the work recognized the importance of strengthening an integrated and participatory planning system capable of correcting and preventing the deterioration of the natural and built environment caused by urban and peri-urban ocupation. it is considered essential to open up interdisciplinary research efforts to explore alternative policies for the sector, such as ecotourism
O desenvolvimento urbano é um importante motor da mudança ambiental em escala global, que tem exercido uma enorme pressão sobre os ecossistemas, graças à rápida mudança das densidades populacionais e deslocamentos, particularmente a migração das áreas rurais para as áreas urbanas. Neste contexto, em que os objetivos de conservação e de desenvolvimento tem sido historicamente antagônicos, as reservas naturais apresentam-se como a principal estratégia global de conservação da biodiversidade. A fim de verificar os limites e possibilidades de conciliar a proteção ambiental e o desenvolvimento urbano, neste estudo utilizou-se a perspectiva dos estudos de avaliação socioambiental, centrando-se na questão das relações entre a sociedade e o ambiente nos processos de urbanização em torno das reservas da biosfera. Nesse sentido, identifica diferentes pontos de intersecção entre o tema da planejamento urbano e a noção de desenvolvimento sustentável. Na análise comparativa dos três casos de Reservas da Biosfera - Mata Atlântica (Brasil), Yancheng (China) e Camargue (França) - examina a experiência de ocupação das áreas de transição dessas reservas biosfera, situadas em regiões costeiras. Os estudos de caso fornecem informações adicionais que reforçam a hipótese de que o processo de desenvolvimento urbano em zonas de transição das reservas envolvem o fortalecimento de estratégias sociais e ecológicas predatórias de ocupação urbana e periurbana. A fragmentação sócio-econômica e sociocultural da natureza e das comunidades locais tem contribuído à intensificação dos índices de poluição ambiental e a diminuição da produtividade em regiões costeiras. Finalmente, o trabalho reconheceu a importância de fortalecer um sistema de planejamento integrado e participativo que possa corrigir e prevenir o agravamento dos verdadeiros focos de deterioração do ambiente natural e construído induzido pela ocupação urbana e peri-urbana. Considera-se imprescindível a abertura do esforço de pesquisa interdisciplinar, para a exploração de políticas alternativas para o setor, como o ecoturismo. Palavras-chave: Urbanização, desenvolvimento urbano-turístico, ocupação periurbana, desenvolvimento sustentável, reservas da biosfera, ecoturismo
Kjaergaard, Thorkild. "Den danske Revolution 1500-1800 : en økohistorisk tolkning /." Kobenhavn : Gyldendal, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35523075z.
Full textTorri, Maria Costanza. "La conservation et l'utilisation durable des ressources naturelles et la gestion participative, le cas de la région de la réserve naturelle des tigres de Sariska, Rajasthan, Inde /." Montpellier : CIHEAM-IAMM, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39950244c.
Full textBibliogr. p. 210-215. Résumé en français et en anglais. CIHEAM = Centre international des hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes. IAMM = Institut agronomique méditerranéen de Montpellier.
Fan, Xiaohong. "L'économie circulaire en Chine." Troyes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TROY0031.
Full textThe linear economy is characterized by mass production, mass consumption and mass generation of waste. The consumption of natural resources has exceeded the capacity for regeneration and renewal. Ecosystems have been quickly and severely damaged. Being aware of the environmental problems caused by its rapid development, China has deployed a new strategy: circular economy. The objective is to use resources as efficiently as possible and protect the environment. To reach this objective, China is constructing a regulatory and normative framework. The present research introduces the Chinese initiative of building a circular economy, its essential concepts and its regulatory outcomes. The long-term effectiveness of circular economy, the conditions and obstacles to its success are also discussed. The reforms of the management system of resources and the environment and the related difficulties, as well as the risks induced by the «vein» industries involved in the use of wastes as raw materials or sources are also analyzed. Some of the pilot experiences of circular economy, particularly eco-cities and industrial eco-parks, have been studied. Finally, the researches present a number of thoughts on the perspective of the eco-consumption and eco-culture, and attempts to trace the origins of the circular economy concept back to the roots of the Chinese traditional culture
Rossignol, Raphaël. "Dimensions stratégiques et sécuritaires de I'exploitation des ressources naturelles d'Afrique subsaharienne par la Chine." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0140.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to consider the economic and political relations between China and sub-Saharan Africa to the extent that they involve security issues. The selected angle is used to link three perspectives, starting from a classical approach measuring the real importance and describing the mechanisms of China-Africa economic relations. Then follows a more detailed discussion about the terms of the exploitation of African natural resources by Chinese publicly owned companies. Finally ensues an analysis of the role played by those of these Chinese enterprises that work in the defense industry at large. This thesis examines how China deploys strategic thinking around the competition between Beijing and the Western powers for the operation and control of African natural resources. In this context, the risks faced by Chinese companies are represented as well by the political instability of some of the countries where they operate, and by the interventions of foreign powers in these conflicts to protect competing interests of those in Beijing. These conflicts are indeed likely to break Chinese supplies to prevent Chinese companies to operate and even to overthrow or weaken political allies of Beijing. To counter those risks, China is increasing its military commitment to the continent by selling its trading partners defenses in the form of weapons and military training. These exchanges involve the Chinese defense industries, which are also conglomerates operating in the exploitation of natural resources. These companies are therefore at the heart of this competition between China and the Western powers, as part of their activities (arms transfers) is expected to offset the destabilization caused by the other party (the exploitation of natural resources)
Dje, Yao. "Conservation des ressources génétiques des races locales de sorgho en Afrique du Nord occidentale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211888.
Full textBarrière, Olivier. "Gestion des ressources naturelles renouvelables et conservation des écosystèmes au Sahel : le foncier-environnement." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010299.
Full textThe objet of the study is related to the research on a coviability between humans and ecosystems within a sahelian context whose environmental, socioeconomical and political data have deeply evolued since at least twenty years. An approach based on the anthropo-juridical study of the various exploitation systems and their interactions infers the fundamental imbrication of the land (defined as the substrate support of the biotic elements and the ecological process) and of the environment (composed in particular of the renewed resources as stakes of power relations). This approach in environmental law is made from a methodological attitude taking into account three observation scales : the village territory, the province and the region. Constituing the binomial spaceresource as unit of observation and as operative concept in every scales, it explores the relation man-natural environment by decorticating the land tenure frame of each of the exploitation systems taken individually and in interaction with the others. The aim is to think the principles of a right considering the interactions which weigh on the behaviour of individuals, on their decision and their action in terms of management of natural resources and which integrate the necessity of the longterme coviability of the biodiversity and of the cultural diversity. This right should constitute a change lever and allow to move from the conflicting and disorganized situation that the analysis of the social structures shows to a juridical situation where the liberty margin of the social actors and their respective responsability shares are clarified in accordance with the rights they have on the space-resources and in which they must be, in other respects, secured
Rodary, Estienne. "Les espaces naturels : l'aménagement par la participation ? : mise en réseau et territorialisation des politiques de conservation de la faune en Zambie et au Zimbabwe." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE1041.
Full textGorsse, Benoît. "Les landes sèches des monts de Lacaune /." [Nages] (Ferme de Rieumontagné, 81320) : Centre de recherches du patrimoine de Rieumontagné, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40081133m.
Full textGangloff, Benoît. "Systematics and phylogeography in gadfly petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes) and implications for conservation." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Gangloff-Benoit/2010-Gangloff-Benoit-These.pdf.
Full textProcellariiformes are seabirds showing a set of characters rendering them particularly attractive to research. They are the most diverse seabird group, and probably also the most threatened, with 44. 7% species classified Vulnerable or worse under IUCN criteria. As many seabirds, they are fascinating models to study patterns and processes of population and species differentiation, being under contradictory evolutionary forces: on the one hand being extremely vagile allow them to disperse very far, which is supposed to enhance gene flow between populations, thus reducing their differentiation and diversification ; on the other hand, being extremely philopatric, they often return to breed in their natal colony, a pattern supposed to enhance population differentiation. Living in the ocean, they also constitute good models to investigate differentiation processes in the absence of physical barrier to gene flow. In addition, partly as a result of the opposite evolutionary forces just described, their taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships are complex, have proved very frustrating over the decades and have therefore been in a state of flux over the years. The development of molecular ecology in the last two decades have provided some new powerful tools to elucidate some of the phylogenetic uncertainties, to understand the observed phylogeographic patterns and have a better grasp at the underlying processes promoting diversification in these birds. These tools also allow a better understanding of population structure and relationships and can greatly help to the prioritisation and design of conservation actions directed at conserving these organisms. In this thesis, by means of molecular ecology tools, I investigated the phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of several taxa belonging to family Procellariidae, the most speciose in order Procellariiformes. I studied these at two levels: first at the genus level by describing phylogenetic relationships in genus Pseudobulweria, probably the most endangered seabird genus in the world; and second at the taxon and population level I focused on the Macaronesian group of gadfly petrels and on the Gould’s petrel complex, in particular regarding the relationships between its Australian and New Caledonian subspecies. Using a multiloci approach for each of these investigations provided a mean to improve our understandings : in Pseudobulweria the species tree approach used allowed inferring the phylogenetic relationships between all the taxa in the genus for the first time and to solve a taxonomic issue regarding the status of Beck’s petrel ; in Northeast Atlantic gadfly petrels, I showed that the divergence of the three taxa living in that region is much more recent than previously thought and that the three populations deserve at least the status of Evolutionary Significant Units ; in Gould’s petrel I showed that the two population currently recognised as subspecies are not structured genetically and the lineages have not diverged. These investigations underline the necessity to incorporate new methods and multiple loci when investigating the phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns in organisms to fully capture their complexity
N'Dui-Yabela, Alexis. "La Contribution internationale à la sauvegarde des ressources naturelles en Afrique Centrale." Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE0044.
Full textIn the right heart of the african continent, the sub-region of Central Africa has important natural resources. Unfortunately, those resources are lately facing an irrational exploitation, portending an environnemental situation of crisis in a short term. Aware of those threats, Central African's States and international community multiply many-sided strategies in order to reverse the tend. Many initiatives are recorded during the last years as much at the level of management political review as regards operational activities. This study tries to review some of them and show how Central African's States and civil society work hard, with the help of many internationals partners, to safeguard natural resources in prospect of a sustainable development. In this part of the world, the international environmental law doesn't stay on a theoretical level, but found expression in some concrete and field realizations
Le, Hardy Magali. "Problèmes juridiques posés par l'exploitation des ressources biologiques de la haute mer." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE0033.
Full textRafaly, Vonintsoa. "La conservation des ressources halieutiques en haute mer : du régime classique de la responsabilité à la responsabilisation des états." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT3003.
Full textDoes everything have to change for everything to stay as it is ? The Law of the Sea is subject to continuous development to maintain the balance between freedom of resource exploitation and emerging environmental pressure. But does everything has to change ? The aim of this study is to get to the heart of the matter, especially regarding state responsibility in the conservation of marine biological resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Between crisis and evolution, the law of the sea has to find its feet regarding the challenges the international community is facing. In order to maintain a sustainable conservation of resources, the consideration of common interest and environmental requirements has led to a reconceptualisation of state responsibility, where international cooperation has its importance. The Law of the Sea has thus made their own and updated some international law and environmental law concepts, through emerging mechanisms to initiate new forms of state responsibility
Zarrella, André-Dominique. "La politique internationale des pêcheries en Méditerranée : exploitation, gestion et conservation des ressources naturelles de la mer." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON10008.
Full textMediterranean sea is actually suffering from an overfishing of its resources because of a lack of an international control policy of its fisheries. There is urgency and at the same time difficulties to cure this delicate situation, so many are the conflicts between traditional fisheries and states in Mediterranean sea. It seems impossible to adapt the oceanic fisheries control policy to the Mediterranean sea. The only solution is to create a project of partition of its natural resources from the new international law of the sea and concept of enclosed sea
Mobaied, Samira. "La dynamique spatiotemporelle de la végétation et l'organisation de la biodiversité des interfaces lande-forêt tempérée : implication pour la gestion conservatoire des réserves naturelles." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0004.
Full textEuropean heathlands were maintained by traditional agro-pastoral practices over the last 3000 years. Since 1950s, these traditional land uses have almost completely disappeared. As a result, heathland areas have been drastically reduced and have been overrun by grasses and woody species. Heathlands conservation requires consistent and permanent management action to control the natural succession. The ‘Trois Pignons’ forest (Fontainebleau, France) consists of a mosaic of heathlands and forests which are integrated into the Managed Biological Reserves (RBD). Since 1992, the managers of this RBD aim to maintain heathlands. In this context, we study in a first part, heathland vegetation dynamics at different spatial and temporal scales. Results show a gradual change from Ericaceae species in pure stand to a mosaic of grasses and Ericaceae, despite the application of measures to maintain this habitat in managed heathland. The development of grasses is correlated with thinness of the spatial variability of soil properties and the spatial variability of reforestation. In a second part, we assess changes in forest cover between 1946 and 2003. Results show the loss of 60% of heathlands during 1946–2003 associated to a similar increase in forest areas and the persistence of C. Vulgaris in coniferous stands and young mixed stand. We also study relationship between landscape spatio-temporal heterogeneity and biodiversity in mosaic-landscapes. The results indicate that in the areas of high spatio-temporal heterogeneity, a general increase is observed in species richness, in particular for vascular plants, bryophytes and carabids. The study demonstrates how spatial methods can contribute to the design of reliable management methods of habitats such as the heathlands, and enable us to offer recommendations as to how to better manage heathland semi-natural habitats of the Fontainebleau forest and elsewhere in Europe
Houfaidi, Jamila. "L'exercice de la souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles et les activités économiques : le cas du Maroc." Nancy 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NAN20006.
Full textDeybe, Daniel. "Politiques pour une agriculture durable : essai sur la gestion des ressources naturelles renouvelables." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010033.
Full textNatural resources depletion and increasing food requirements of world population generate a problem of sustainability of agricultural production systems. The notion of "sustainable agriculture" tries to bring an answer to this problem. This work is focused on the soil, a renewable and depletable resource. Fundamental for agricultural production. After discussing the characteristics of this resource, a "bio-economic" model, considering bio-physical and socio-economic aspects of the different production systems, is utilized to evaluate short and long-term effects of different alternative policies at the individual as well as regional or village level
Talla, Tene Marius Rostand. "Le droit positif camerounais face aux impératifs de conservation de la faune sauvage et de promotion des populations autochtones." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS025S.
Full textThe environment’s protection does not have any more cease to be a priority for the subjects of the International law. Since the Summit of Rio de Janeiro on the environment and the development, this concern caused at the international level was taken more and more into account by the States. Cameroun did not remain with the margin of this process since many legal provisions were taken in order to protect nature and its resources in fact those consisted wild fauna. Indeed, while taking as a starting point the International law of the environment, the Cameroonian legislator devoted the principle of conservation of wildlife by recommending the control of hunting activities, by attaching a major importance to the protected areas and by controlling the use of the faunal resources at commercial purposes. These measurements were also combined with the other supposed ones to improve the living conditions of the autochthon communities like the facilitation of the access to the natural resources and the implication of those in the management of wild fauna. However, this regulation knows important limits primarily made up by the restriction of the principle of participation and the multiple difficulties of a functional nature. All these limits result in to relativize the results obtained by the policies of conservation of fauna and promotion of the rights of the autochthon communities to Cameroun. To ameliorate the situation, of important measures should be taken in particular the improvement of decentralization’s policy, the participation’s principle reinforcement, the reinforcement of the control of the commercial exploitation of the wildlife resources and the at last, the equipment of autochthon communities of a clear statute taking that is taking in consideration their particularities
Michelot, Agnès. "Le principe de l'utilisation rationnelle en droit de l'environnement : une approche critique internationale et comparative à partir de la faune." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOD009.
Full textAn important step in the elaboration of a new juridical logic essential to the construction of an order respectful of ecological balance was taken with the acknowledgement of the principle of rational use in international law and its introduction into the internal law of numerous countries. If one bears in mind the evolution of the relationship between men and wildlife, an analysis of the principle enables one to apprehend critically the way human societies make use of nature. Born of the collective realization of the fading of wildlife resources and the necessity of regulating the activities responsible for the destruction of species, the principle of rational use reveals, on one hand, its importance and, on the other hand, its limits and inadequacies when it comes to exploiting efficiently wildlife and considering more globally the protection of the biosphere. Whereas the prevailing economic logic is called into question, wildlife, when it is regarded as an underrated and overexploited natural resource, must be reconsidered in an ecological rationality. The thought of wildlife being a mere economic resource seems to be outmoded. The principle of rational use must develop around an "enriched vision" of wildlife, likely to make use of all its potentialities, while securing its preservation in the long term. Reappraised in an order within which values are not only economic any more, wildlife can be part of a model for "sustainable" development for the environment. Thus, the fact that countries which work with the international community, enforce principles of action, which aim at finding a new balance between men and nature, contributing to the construction of a new ecologic order which acknowledges the intrinsic value of natural elements without abandoning a humanistic conception
Le, Viol Isabelle. "Dynamique et répartition de la diversité : contribution pour une meilleure intégration dans les actions de conservation : l'exemple des dépendances vertes autoroutières." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0004.
Full textIn the current context of biodiversity erosion, understanding processes controlling spatial and temporal distribution of diversity is a major challenge if we are to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic factors and propose efficient conservation policies. In this thesis, I focused on identifying mechanisms controlling different biodiversity components (populations and communities, taxonomic and functional diversity), using various tools to quantify biodiversity. The two aims were to: (1) improve our understanding of the relative impact of deterministic and stochastic processes in community assembly and (2) propose conservation strategies for two types of areas: protected areas (Iroise sea) and wider countryside (highway verges). My results show contrasted diversity patterns, depending whether the focus is on taxonomic or functional diversity (e. G. Specific richness vs. Species specialisation), or depending upon the taxonomic group (e. G. Plants vs. Spiders). Those results have direct implications in identifying underlying mechanisms but also in terms of conservation. I show that, while highway verges (ponds and embankment) can play a functional part in maintaining biodiversity, this part mainly depends upon management choices enhancing spatial biodiversity within those areas (e. G. Planting hedges). Finally, my results highlight the importance of taking into account the dynamic aspects of biodiversity to finetune management advices. In protected natural areas (Iroise sea), we have observed an impact of human activities on biodiversity (tourism, abandonment of farmlands) that can work against conservation objectives. However, we show that some management practices (concerted management of tourism, eradication of introduced species) can enhance the maintenance of protected species and ecosystems
Fontaine, Benoît. "La connaissance taxonomique des espèces rares : outil ou handicap pour la conservation de la biodiversité ?" Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0028.
Full textThe abundance of rare and small species is a characteristic of biodiversity, and these species are the least known. Moreover, ca. 1. 75 million species are known, but the global magnitude of biodiversity is probably over 10 million species, maybe many more. Last but not least, we are experiencing a major extinction crisis. Documenting biodiversity is thus a priority, if only to preserve it. Taxonomists are responsible for this documentation, as these are the ones who discover and describe species, but they suffer from a lack of manpower and infrastructure. Considering these facts (lack of knowledge on biodiversity, extinction crisis, taxonomic impediment), we examine the role taxonomists could play in conservation. The core of taxonomical work is double: discriminating species, and naming them. Discriminating species, before naming, gives data on species richness, rarity and size patterns, and could help the choice of conservation areas. When species are named, assessing endemism and threat status is possible, which also allows to orientate conservation actions. We illustrate these contributions to conservation with papers presenting results of terrestrial mollusc inventories in Gabon and French Polynesia. We then analyze the Fauna Europaea database, compiled by taxonomists, which shows that the indicators usually used to measure the state of biodiversity are missing most species and give a partial image of the situation. This thesis ends with an assessment of the interest and possibility of having a French scientific nomenclature for the molluscs of France, to facilitate conservation of poorly-known threatened species. Only taxonomists can deliver data on specific richness and patterns of endemism for the most numerous and least known species. Their contribution allows to take into account all biodiversity, and not only large vertebrates and flowering plants. In this framework, their role is crucial in conservation biology, together with population biologists, geneticists and ecologists
Roumeau, Renalto. "Les fondements historiques du développement durable." Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0196.
Full textThe goal of that study is to demonstrate that the substructures of the concept of sustainable development have been part of history and that two centuries of economic development have given birth to that notion, which has just emerged following the people's awareness of the existence of questionable means of development. The present social and economic concerns which set up the notion of sustainable development originate from the questioning of those who fathered the economic doctrine. We have then steered our analysis around to the genealogical recording of the sustainable development, and around to the consequences that sorne economic theories generate in terms of moral questioning. The chosen theories number five : Growth and development, in other words the emergence of the concept ofsustainable development, by taking the human aspect into account (chapter one) The place of social relations, or social transformation in the chain of history (chapter two). The strength of demographic constraints, that is to say the understanding of the importance of the population, which is in the heart of the worries concerning sustainable development (chapter three). The place granted to natural resources, that is to say the analysis of the relation to nature among the economists (chapter four). The environmental question, which amounts to asking the question: how to hold an arguable position in the relation between environment and economy ? (chapter five). And finally, the last chapter (chapter six) will be dedicated to environmental, social and economic issues, applying a concept, sustainable tourism, as an element of measure
Fache, Élodie. "Impérialisme écologique ou développement ? : Les acteurs de la gestion des ressources naturelles à Ngukurr en Australie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3037.
Full textIn Northern Australia, a new category of Indigenous social actors emerged in the 1990s: “rangers”. Their jobs and programmes are based on the professionalization and formalization of “traditional” responsibilities for the land and sea. They are presented as natural resource management and biodiversity conservation mechanisms controlled by Indigenous communities and as a basis for local “development”.This thesis proposes a critical view of the ranger system, starting from the following question: is this system a form of “ecological imperialism”? The ethnography (2009-2010) of the social interactions at work in the activities of the Ngukurr community's ranger group (Arnhem Land, Northern Territory) is combined with a contextualization and an analysis linking local, regional and national levels with the international discourse.The ranger system reflects various endogenous and exogenous logics that go beyond its stated aims of environmental and socioeconomic resilience. It is based on complex power relations and negotiations between the different actors involved (including the Australian State), between “traditional ecological knowledge” and science, and between local and bureaucratic social relationships. This study reveals the bureaucratization process and the many external interventions and ambivalences inherent in this system which (re)produces social distinctions and tensions. It also highlights the mediator or broker role played by the rangers as well as the ambiguous position of the researcher in such a context
Nduwimana, André. "Caractérisation du paysage naturel de la Malagarazi (Burundi) et approche de conservation durable de sa biodiversité." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0026.
Full textThis thesis aims to characterize on biophysics and human level the natural landscape of Malagarazi and to propose a contextualized mode of conservation of the biodiversity and local sustainable development. The work consists of a study of the floristic composition and spatial organization of the vegetation, an analysis of the demographic and socio-economic aspects of the households and the cartography of the state and evolution of the land cover/land use of the Malagarazi landscape. By combining different methods such as the study of the vegetation, the socio-economic study and the remote sensing, this work constitutes a systemic approach of apprehension of the problem of sustainable conservation of the Malagarazi natural landscape biodiversity. The reserve of biosphere is chosen and justified like a good approach to reconcile conservation and local development to be put in work at Malagarazi landscape
Thomas, Mathieu. "Gestion dynamique à la ferme de l'agrobiodiversité : relation entre la structure des populations de blé tendre et les pratiques humaines." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077201.
Full textBiodiversity provides lots of ecosystem services doing of its management a crucial issue. In situ conservation allows the continuous adaptation of populations to global changes. Subsistence farming Systems carry out this type of management maintaining a high level of agrobiodiversity thanks to seed exchanges among farmers. Such functioning reappears in industrialized countries. These types of Systems could expand their role in the landscape of the conservation of genetic resources. This interdisciplinary project at the interface between population genetics and ethnology sought to evaluate the relevance of such a model, characterizing the structure of the genetic and phenotypic diversity of population-varieties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) exchanged within a network of French farmers. The structure of these populations are simultaneously shaped by human action and environmental conditions; we identified and prioritized the impact of different evolutionary forces acting on this System. This study showed that : i) on-farm management of populations of wheat have a composite and complex genetic structure, which is important to take into account in management strategies; ii) the seed exchange networks submit populations to genetic drift, migration or selection in uneven ways depending on the context; iii) distributed and decentralized Systems have the emergent property of maintaining global diversity. Such social organizations are relevant to the management of agrobiodiversity because they allow the cultivated populations to maintain evolvability to rapid global changes
Lacoeuilhe, Aurélie. "Gestion de la biodiversité sur les sites anthropisés : de l'échelle des sites d'entreprises à celle du paysage." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0006.
Full textJobbitt, Steve. "Re-civilizing the land, conservation and postwar reconstruction in Ontario, 1939-1961." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ64723.pdf.
Full textBoillet, Nicolas. "La mise en valeur du patrimoine naturel et culturel en droit public." Lorient, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LORIL141.
Full textThe promotion of the natural and cultural heritage is today an integral part of public policies enacted by both the state and local authorities. The stated objectives of these policies gather together a number of areas including the promotion of cultural heritage, along with the economic and territorial development of the regions in question. Once the interest, the objectives and the functions of the notion of promoting national heritage have been clearly defined it is possible to identify a set of rules and legal procedures which guarantee the actual substance of the aforementioned notion. The different features making up natural and cultural heritage have therefore come under the jurisdiction of property law. This French property law raises a number of questions centred on the economic reality of promoting national heritage. The idea of economic development outlined the French Code général de la propriété publique has also itself contributed to a debate on the matter of national heritage. Developments in environmental and cultural law have helped to shape the framework within which the promotion of national heritage is to be found. However, the aforementioned framework also includes a number of specific rules of a purely incentive nature. Promoting national and cultural heritage consequently provides an element of coherence and harmony regarding, on the one hand aspects of natural heritage, and on the other hand aspects of environmental, cultural and property law
Lozachmeur, Olivier. "La consécration du concept de "gestion intégrée des zones côtières" en droit international, communautaire et national." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT4012.
Full text"Integrated coastal zone management" (ICZM) is a dynamic process in which a coordinated strategy is developed and implemented for the allocation of environment, socio-cultural and institutional resources to achieve the conservation and sustainable multiple use of the coastal zone. After its recognition during the Rio Conference in 1992, the concept was took up by the international community and international organisations. In Europe, this approach was made concrete by the publication of a European strategy of ICZM in 2000 and by a Recommendation to the states members in 2002. Following the dedication of the ICZM concept by the french Government in 2001 and by the french Parliament in 2002, France prepare a national ICZM strategy since 2003. So certain instruments (SMVM, DTA, SDAGE, SAGE, bay contracts. . . ) fit partially in a prospect for ICZM, many efforts and legal adaptation still remain to make so that this concept is truly implemented in our country
Deroche, Frédéric. "Les peuples autochtones et leur relation originale à la terre : un questionnement pour l'ordre mondial /." Paris : l'Harmattan, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb412705839.
Full textTorri, Maria Costanza. "La conservation participative de la biodiversité et l'utilisation durable des ressources naturelles : l'étude de cas de la réserve de tigres de Sariska, India, Rajasthan." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010537.
Full textRazafindrakoto, Tiana Eva. "Quel mécanisme de qualification pour les filières de valorisation de la biodiversité : l'exemple de la soie sauvage de la communauté rurale d'Arivonimamo, Madagascar?" Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS008S.
Full textThis thesis analyses the effect of the proximity of the actors in the economic valorization of the territories, the biodiversity and the patrimony, in a sustainable view. Moreover, we will analyze the role of the qualification of a biodiversity channel in the promotion of collective action dynamics, which underlies these strategies of territorial development. The results show that the management of the territory – by the means of tools for indication – could bring an elegant solution to the safeguarding of the biodiversity and socio-cultural and artisanal practices of the territories, while developing them on the market. Indication accounts to us for the relation existing between the productive system of the biodiversity channel and its territorial anchoring. The examination of the conditions of definition and mechanism installation of qualification adapted to the wild silk channel of Arivonimamo includes the “AOC” for the safeguard of the local practice, the “fair-trade labeling” for the improvement of the good being and the reduction of the poverty of the local actors and the silk- SPL at the rural District of Arivonimamo. Those local and private measures must be connected with a public political choice, for the sustainability of the mechanism. In addition, the requirements for the qualification of the wild silk products could be used as a basis for the step of qualification of the other biodiversity channels for Madagascar
Cristino, Frota Mont'alverne Tarin. "Vers un régime international sur l’accès et le partage des avantages dans le droit de la biodiversité ?" Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05D008.
Full textThis study aims to determine the need, despite the variety of obstacles, of an international regime on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. The question is what measures might be most appropriate to harmonize the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity regarding the access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from their use, the national laws on access and benefit-sharing, the Bonn Guidelines and the rules on intellectual property. The need for an adequate and coherent legal framework arises to resolve conflicts. The main issue is what kind of international regime on access and benefit-sharing is under formation
Sandoz, Alain. "Proposition d'une méthodologie adaptée au suivi de l'occupation du sol d'une zone humide aménagée : application au bassin du Fumemorte (Grande Camargue,France)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX10023.
Full textThe objective was the development of a methodology adapted to the monitoring of land use in wetlands, which should be applied for various space and time units. Two main tools are used for this purpose : satellite remote sensing and georeferenced data bases. The experiment was conducted on a drainage basin, the fumemorte catchment in the rhone delta. The use of historical or newly acquired data is illustrated with some examples concerning the agricultural sector of the catchment and marshes of the tour du valat estate. In these examples, data from satellite images processing are integrated with other spatialized data. Results demonstrate the capabilities of the method for the monitoring of this particular environment, and for the interpretation of the data
Massuard, Marie. "Les ressources naturelles du Nitassinan de Nutashkuan : rapports de pouvoir et avenir de la Première nation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23858/23858.pdf.
Full textBraiki, Houssem. "Construction d’une démarche participative pour améliorer la gestion de l’eau et du sol. Une application aux politiques des aménagements de conservation des eaux et des sols en Tunisie Centrale." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0003/document.
Full textIIn central Tunisia, the agricultural intensification of irrigated agriculture generates local and regional environmental impacts, linked to an increased consumption of inputs and resources, including water and soil. In favor of a more sustainable agriculture and in order to inform public policies of agricultural development, it is necessary to assess the impacts of agricultural practices and water and soil conservation planning (WSCP), and this at the territory scale. The question is how to implement an environmental assessment approach in a context of 1) scarcity of reliable data including statistics, and complexity of farming practices, 2) prominence of socio-economic issues over environmental concerns 3) lack of knowledge of the perception of local actors on these issues and therefore of difficulty in identifying relevant indicators (scientific and of the stakeholders) and mobilizable. We propose an innovative approach to design and implement a participative approach involving different types of actors, to enable them to get more insights into each other's logic and perceptions of the impacts of agricultural practices and WSCP. This approach is designed to produce quality information by valuing local knowledge, share and take into account the perceptions of different stakeholders, and finally, build a consensus to contribute to the development of more effective WSCP policies. This approach has been structured in two main stages: the design of a community of practices articulated to a participatory systemic rapid diagnosis and the implementation of participatory workshops. The evaluation mobilized a dual mechanism including external observers and a satisfaction survey among participants. The survey is based on an evaluation grid of this approach, its outcomes and its short term induced effect. Sharing and taking into account the information and data collected, as well as the expertise and perceptions of the various stakeholders, has made possible to produce information deemed satisfactory or very satisfactory by all the participants. This nourished the knowledge of almost all the stakeholders and contributed to a constructive dynamic of collective learning. Our approach has contributed significantly to the evolution of perceptions and to a stronger mutual understanding between government officials and farmers. A dashboard grouping the indicators mobilized by each stakeholder was discussed and allowed to highlight convergences and differences in their analysis grids. The gradual and adaptive structuring of the approach, the choices of the stakeholders, the venues for the workshops and the use of a neutral facilitator were very important factors for the commitment and the mobilization of the stakeholders, in particular at the central scale, in this operational space for consultation on territorial issues, agricultural practices and WSCP. This work demonstrates the interest of integrating the engineering of consultation and environmental assessment within one approach and its feasibility in a difficult context for the ACES policies implementation
Rambaud, Maëlle. "Impact des activités anthropiques sur la dynamique et l’état de conservation d’un habitat naturel : exemple de la chenalisation des Rivières à renoncules (UE 3260)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0024.
Full textFrance must assess the state of conservation of its natural habitats in reply to Directive Habitats. We therefore looked at the impact of pressures such as channelization, on physico-chemistry and on 3 communities (birds, plants, invertebrates) of the habitat EU 3260, or “Streams with Water Crowfoot”. 17 reaches (6 control/11 channelized) in 4 rivers, were monitored seasonally in 2006-07. Channelization led to physical changes of the habitat in several spatial scales: reach, riffle-pool sequence, and microhabitat. For the 3 communities, richness was lower in channelized reaches than in control reaches. Dominant taxa were ubiquitous and resistant. Plants was an informative community because they reacted to the 3 spatial scales. Adaptive strategies of plant taxa were more diverse in channelized reaches due to the modifications of the dynamic of the EU 3260 habitat. Our study clears tools and measurements of management to preserve the state of conservation of the habitat EU 3260
Grenier, Christophe. "Réseaux contre nature : conservation, tourisme et migrations aux îles Galapagos (Équateur)." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010685.
Full textThe Darwinian theory explains Galapagos nature peculiarity, whose islands were used along history as an open space by foreigners. Ecuador strengthened its sovereignty on the archipielago thanks to international laws, but the creation of a national park led to a process of destruction of galapagos singularity. For once nature was valued by a mediatic conservation policy, tourism networks could link galapagos to the world : today, islands nature is sold as a show for hurried visitors, and national park management ensures the profitability of the network tourism enterprises, most of them coming from abroad. Galapagos being a new province of Ecuador, the governments of the 1970' and the 1980' developed the islands economy. But the actual policy aims to reduce the insular touristic supply and thus the attraction of this booming market for the ecuadorians immigrants, because the fast growth of Galapagos population is dangerous while an increasing part of the archipielago conservation relies on funds provided by "ecotourism". The loss of insular patterns in the landscapes as in the way of life of the population is a strong process in the four inhabited islands as in the national park : the population is becoming poorer because it is kept off tourism economy, and a growing part of the islanders relying on export fisheries jobs reject conservation. Though the elaboration of many management plans, conservationnist organisations have little means, so numerous and profitable lootings take place in the national park. This failure is also nature conservation's one : only a geodiversity preservation policy, disconnecting galapagos from some networks, could stop the continentalisation of the islands and save their ecological and human characteristics
Abla, Safia. "Les politiques forestières en Algérie et la gestion durable des ressources naturelles : Cas du programme emploi rural dans la région de Medea." Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30028.
Full textAfter its independence, Algeria was confronted with a situation of very advanced degradation characterized by a significant regression of plant place setting an intensification of the erosive phenomena of the mountainous zones and the appearance of the landscapes become depopulated in the steppe. This situation is the outcome of a set of historic and natural factors. Considering the vital importance of the national heritage and its biological variety, Algeria leads a steady policy of development of the forest sector which was characterized through the various national plans and special programs. This thesis suggests detecting the elements which made failed this policy, to plan to recommend better one management of the Algerian forest and to determine the existing links between natural resources, rural population and development policy. A series of qualitative investigations on the basis of a guide of interview was made with the agents who participate in the elaboration of the forest politics and its implementation and the rural population to be able to loosen the failures connected to this last one. This present document redraws the product in which we ended in the term of our work on the ground, however and after a presentation of the frame and our problem, said document includes three essential parts: situation of the forest sector in Algeria, situation of the forest sector in Algeria, the Program of Rural Employment for the long-lasting management of the resources
Viallon, Alain. "Protection et développement dans trois parcs nationaux de l'arc alpin. Le cas de Berchtesgaden (Allemagne), Hohe Tauern (Autriche) et Mercantour (France)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX10028.
Full textDurand, Stéphanie. "Éléments théoriques et empiriques sur la valeur d'existence : application à trois espèces menaçées régionales." Bordeaux 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR40011.
Full textDiarra, Marimantia. "L'opération de développement intégré du Kaarta (O. D. I. K. ) vue à travers les territoires de Diaman Konkan et de Kourougue : une étude des problèmes de conservation des ressources naturelles dans le cadre des opérations de développement rural (ODR) du Mali." Caen, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985CAEN1013.
Full textKilensele, Muwele Thérèse. "Limites des stratégies de conservation forestière en République Démocratique du Congo, cas de la réserve de Luki." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209069.
Full textL'objectif de notre étude est de mener une réflexion sur les problèmes rencontrés par les gestionnaires d’une aire protégée dans la mise en œuvre de la stratégie de conservation par zonage.
Nous avons d'abord travaillé sur l’identification des modes d'appropriation et de gestion des terres, avant et après l'implantation de l'aire protégée. Nous avons procédé à l’analyse des modalités de prise en compte des structures endogènes dans la mise en œuvre des stratégies de conservation appliquées. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené des entretiens avec des personnes ressources, des acteurs au sein des populations locales, des personnes choisies en fonction de la représentativité qu’elles incarnent. Les résultats de ces entretiens ont été couplés aux relevés de terrain réalisés dans le but de cartographier les parcours de déplacement des populations en identifiant les éléments humains d'occupation de l'espace.
Nous avons ainsi identifié et cartographié l'état de la réserve de Luki en termes de surfaces exploitées avant et après l'implantation de l'aire protégée. Ce travail nous a conduit à découvrir les inconforts fonciers subis par les populations lors de l'implantation de l'aire protégée. Des situations d’inconfort le plus souvent ignorées par les acteurs de conservation.
Après l’étude sur les modes d'appropriation et de gestion des terres, l’analyse des modalités de prise en compte des structures endogènes et la cartographie des espaces exploités, nous avons poursuivi la recherche par l’examen des effets du zonage sur le développement et sur la conservation. L'évaluation des effets du zonage sur le développement a été faite sur base des données socio-économiques relatives aux activités introduites par les projets. L'évaluation des effets du zonage sur la conservation a été faite grâce au logiciel Envi 4.6, par l'analyse de trois images satellites. Ces observations ont été mises en parallèle avec les résultats des entretiens et des enquêtes par questionnaires effectués auprès des populations de la réserve. Les entretiens ont porté sur la carbonisation du bois et sur la chasse du gibier, deux activités que nous avons jugées destructrices de la réserve.
Les résultats de nos enquêtes montrent que les structures endogènes de gestion de la terre n’ont pas été impliquées, ni dans la création de la réserve, ni dans la mise en œuvre du zonage. Il existe pourtant un comité de concertation avec un représentant de la population, mais celui-ci n’est pas représentatif de l’ensemble des lignages. Les éléments qui caractérisent l’occupation de l’espace par les populations avant la création de la réserve n’ont pas non plus été pris en compte. Dans un tel contexte, les objectifs de conservation sont difficiles atteints à cause du manque d’appropriation du zonage par les acteurs locaux. Le zonage est motivé par la conservation et la conformité au modèle de réserve de la biosphère, le souci de développement socioéconomique restant secondaire. Le premier zonage réalisé en 1937 a initié des pratiques de gestion favorables à la conservation forestière, mais les effets socioéconomiques qui en ont découlé, ont contribué à accélérer la dégradation de la forêt. Le nouveau zonage effectué en 2004 n’a pas davantage permis de maîtriser la dégradation qui s’accélère encore.
L’étude débouche sur de suggestions permettant aux aménagistes de prendre en compte les besoins des populations locales avant tout intervention d'aménagement.
Doctorat en Sciences
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Hakizimana, Paul. "Analyse de la composition, de la structure spatiale et des ressources végétales naturelles prélevées dans la forêt dense de Kigwena et dans la forêt claire de Rumonge au Burundi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209727.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
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Deshaies, Marie-Ève. "Expérimentation d'une nouvelle approche de conservation : l'aire protégée polyvalente et le rôle d'un comité d'experts." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25597.
Full textStahl, Lucile. "Le droit de la protection de la nature et de la diversité biologique dans les collectivités françaises d'Outre-mer." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_stahl_l.pdf.
Full textThanks to its overseas collectivities, France enhances its heritage with a great diversity of species and ecosystems, often rare and sometimes unique. However, there are rather serious threats which weigh on this exceptional heritage. In this context, it is essential to evaluate the accuracy of the law of nature protection and biodiversity. The characteristics and legal status of the protection of nature, as well as its influence on the environmental, overseas and public laws, have been analyzed here. It will be shown that in contact with collectivities’ legal diversity – and a fortiori since the 28 March 2003 revision of the Constitution related to the decentralized organization of the Republic – a specific law on nature’s conservation is emerging. However, the efficiency of the overseas law, whether it is an exact copy of the law in Continental France or elaborated in a more autonomous way, still remains limited for the protection of biodiversity. It therefore appears necessary to strengthen the law on nature protection, both in its conception and enforcement. In this respect, an increase in awareness of certain ecological overseas’ specificities (such as being an island, extreme sensitivity to exotic invasive species, coral reef and endemic species, etc. ) could effectively contribute to this reinforcement
Blaney, Sonia. "Contribution des ressources naturelles à la sécurité alimentaire et à l'état nutritionnel d'une population rurale d'une aire protégée du Gabon." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25351/25351.pdf.
Full textGautier, Denis. "De la gestion centralisée des savanes d'Afrique de l'Ouest aux territoires de conservation et de développement dans un contexte de globalisation environnementale." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812879.
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