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Academic literature on the topic 'Conservation des ressources marines – Pacifique (océan ; sud)'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conservation des ressources marines – Pacifique (océan ; sud)"
André, Laure Vaitiare. "Planification spatiale systématique pour la gestion des lagons perlicoles dans le Pacifique selon une approche multicritère (biodiversité, ressources, usages, ciguatéra)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS382.pdf.
Full textEffective conservation and sustainable resource management are critical. Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) identifies the areas that best meet the trade-offs between conservation objectives and costs, providing managers with a transparent decision support. However, our state of the art indicates a tendency for marine SCP in Oceania to be too generic regarding local needs, revealing several orphaned themes, yet crucial locally. This thesis aims to fill this gap by examining four research questions, applied to three lagoons in French Polynesia. 1. How can ciguatera be integrated into SCP? 2. Can SCP guide pearl farming management? 3. Can SCP make a useful contribution to traditional management? 4. How can strategies for diversifying activities be designed with SCP? Connected to the problems of managers, to local criteria and based on spatial data from surveys of fishers, this thesis formalizes a new method for integrating ciguatera into the SCP and produces original results with optimized costs. Two strong aspects emerge: optimizing traditional fisheries management and identifying areas for reintroducing pearl oysters. This confirms the practical interest and the initial choice of a “think globally, act locally” approach. In a context where commitments for conservation and sustainable management are multiplying, the SCP proves to be a precious tool to reduce the gap between research and action by translating, in conjunction with the managers, international ambitions into adapted local responses
Bittner, Lucie. "Phylogénie des Corallinales (Rhodophyta) et analyse de leur diversité génétique dans le Pacifique Sud." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0043.
Full textCorallinales algae are characterized by the calcification of their cell wall, which contributes to the edification of coral reef. Due to their abundance and their wide distribution, they are good candidates to study present environments and to reconstitute coral paleo- environment. Nevertheless, the study of this order is hampered by a convoluted alpha-taxonomy history and complex histological preparation. The objective of this dissertation was therefore to develop molecular analyses to i) infer from multimarkers the phylogenetic relationships among the Corallinales and test the significance of morpho anatomical characters in an evolutive framework, and ii) delineate ‘species’ based on the delimitation of genetic clusters, as usually done in barcode of Life initiative. Toward these aims, a comprehensive taxa sampling was done in the south Pacific: Vanuatu, Fidji, French Polynesia (Moorea) and New Caledonia (second largest coral reef in the world and hot spot of biodiversity). Phylogenetic results presented in the first part of this dissertation supported a new delineation of the Corallinales within the Corallinophycidae (Corallinales and Rhodogorgonales) based on nuclear genes (SSU, LSU, EF2). The new order Sporolithales was proposed for the Sporolithaceae, which constituted a third lineage in the Corallinophycidae characterized by cruciately arranged tetraspores. Phylogenetic relationships among the Corallinales (as previously emended in excluding the Sporolithaceae) have been inferred from four molecular markers (SSU, LSU, CO1, psbA). Phylogenetic analyses recovered the monophyly of the Corallinales and the two families currently recognized within the order, the Corallinaceae and the Hapalidiaceae as well as three out of the four subfamilies of the Corallinaceae (Corallinoideae, Lithophylloideae, and Metagoniolithoideae). The Mastophoroideae, the fourth subfamily of the Corallinaceae, was resolved as four distinct lineages. We therefore proposed to restrict the Mastophoroideae to the genera Mastophora, Metamastophora, and possibly Lithoporella, in the aim of rendering this subfamily monophyletic. Our phylogenies resolved the genus Hydrolithon in two unrelated lineages, one containing the generitype H. Reinboldii and the second containing H. Onkodes, which was previously the generitype of the genus Porolithon. We therefore proposed to resurrect the genus Porolithon for the second lineage encompassing species with monomerous thallus and trichocyte arrangement in horizontal rows. Moreover, our phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of cryptic diversity in several taxa, in particular in the genera Mesophyllum and Neogoniolithon, suggesting the need of further study to better circumscribe species frontiers in this diverse order. In the second part of this dissertation, a large taxa sampling of Corallinales (over than 830 specimens were collected for this study) was analyzed in the attempt of finding accurate methods to evaluate actual diversity within the order as this aspect is crucial for managing and conserving ecosystems. Two markers (psbA and the 5’end of the CO1- the standard DNA barcode) were amplified and sequenced prior to test methods of delimitation of ‘genetic species’ in the aim of estimating the number of species in the taxa sample analysed. Two published methods were tested and two were developed during the course of this PhD thesis. Moreover, simulated datasets and rhodophytean data available on GenBank were studied. The number of ‘genetic species’ inferred is method-dependent, marker-dependent, and locality-dependent. In the seldom cases where the two markers leaded to the same estimate of ‘genetic species’, only 27. 5% of this genetic species were identical. These results revealed distinct coalescent properties between plastid and mitochondrial genomes and rise the issue of arbitrary marker choice for exploratory studies of species delineation. Moreover results highlighted a strong incongruence between the genes CO1 and psbA suggesting hybridization and/or recombination events. Supplementary analyses have shown that when samples are restricted to a local scale it seems possible to delineate ‘genetic species’ however such clear delineation is only due to a sampling artefact. Lately, our data have highlighted the long scale dispersion capacity of the Corallinales in South Pacific (more that 6300km between Fiji and Philippines). This dissertation ends by a discussion on the various approaches developed by taxonomists to explore biodiversity depending on the species concepts they follow. Perspectives on future Corallinales studies should focus on the understanding of the evolutionary processes at the origin of the diversity of this order
Postaire, Bautisse. "Connectivité et endémisme d'espèces marines dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien : le cas des Aglaopheniidae." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0006/document.
Full textDesigning biodiversity conservation plans requires knowledge on the biogeographic distribution of taxa but also accurate estimates of species richness and diversification processes. However, measuring the phyletic richness can be biased by the use of inappropriate taxonomical characters, leading to erroneous species delimitation and diversity estimates. This work explores the phyletic richness at several taxonomic levels (generic, specific and intraspecific) of the hydrozoan family Aglaopheniidae (Agassisz, 1862), with a particular focus on the South-Western Indian Ocean. Firstly, using several newly constructed phylogenies based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers, this study reveals that the phyletic diversity of this family is at underestimated by at least 50%: all studied genera are polyphyletic or with doubtful monophyletic status. Then, using several species delimitation methods based on molecular markers, it sheds light on the richness of cryptic diversity of this family, enlightening the potential of using an integrative taxonomic approach on these morphologically simple organisms. Finally, the population genetics of an Aglaopheniidae brooding species shows a high populations structuring with pervasive pattern of isolation by distance at several geographic scales (several to thousands of kilometres), implying a potentially high cryptic diversity existing in this family. The results of this work provide new insights on Aglaopheniidae diversity, underlining the potential influence of reproductive mode on the phyletic diversity and diversification processes of brooding hydrozoan brooders. This thesis further highlights the relevance of using several complementary species delimitation procedures to study the diversity of morphologically simple organisms
Dalleau, Mayeul. "Écologie spatiale des tortues marines dans le Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien : apport de la géomatique et de la modélisation pour la conservation." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0037/document.
Full textAnimal movement is crucial to the ecology of spatially structured population, particularly for highly mobile species. Marine turtles’ life cycle is indeed closely related to spatial and environmental factors. This work analyses the spatial ecology of marine turtles, from early juvenile to adult stages, in the Southwest Indian Ocean, primarily through the use of two methods: satellite tracking and individual-based modeling. Firstly, this analysis argues that green turtle’s reproductive phenology across the region is mainly related to the sea surface temperature in the vicinity of the nesting site. Then, it shows how drifting trajectories of hatchlings in oceanic currents unevenly influence their life history traits depending on the position of the natal site. By tracking late juvenile stage, this work also suggests a trans-equatorial developmental cycle for loggerhead turtle in the Indian Ocean. At adult stage, it describes migratory corridors and connectivity for green turtle across the region. Finally, an integrative approach considering all these results allows for an understanding of the regional migratory patterns and their influence on population dynamics. The results of this work provide a practical policy decision tool for management and conservation of marine turtles in the Southwest Indian Ocean and highlight the need for a large-scale approach in the protection of biological resources and heritage shared by multiple nations
Bourjea, Jérôme. "Structure et connectivité de la mégafaune marine à l'échelle d’une région océanique : enjeux pour la gestion durable des tortues vertes dans l'océan Indien occidental." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0015/document.
Full textThis thesis is a comprehensive work aiming to improve scientific knowledge on the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in order to provide key scientific evidences needed for the implementation of coherent and effective management measures to protect at the Western Indian Ocean scale this threatened species. In a first step, this work aimed to established baseline data on the abundance of green turtles nesting females and long term trends of some key nesting populations of the region by applying different modelling methods. In a second step, this work determined the regional genetic structure of this species and the relationships that exists between the different populations. Finally, the conservation of marine turtles being closely dependant to external pressures, this work tried to characterize theanthropogenic pressures they face, more specifically those related to fishing activities. All these results allowed unraveling some key gaps on the biology and ecology of the green turtle in the region and led to a global vision of the conservation status of this species in the Western Indian Ocean. The compilation of the results enabled the identification of regional priority areas for protection, but also some more specific threatened sites such as Europa. Finally, this synthesis shedslight on research priorities and scientific approaches to be promote in the future to unlock other keyscientific issues and refine conservation priorities, not only of marine turtles, but also of marine megafauna as a whole