Journal articles on the topic 'Conservation biology Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)'
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Turner, Lucy M., J. Paul Hallas, Michael J. Smith, and Stephen Morris. "Phylogeography of the Christmas Island blue crab,Discoplax celeste(Decapoda: Gecarcinidae) on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 3 (May 25, 2012): 703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315412000598.
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The land crab,Discoplax celeste(Gecarcinidae) is endemic to Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. Due to a freshwater-dependant life history, in which the megalopae migrate from the ocean up freshwater streams to their adult terrestrial/freshwater habitat,D. celesteinhabits only a few isolated locations on the island. This restricted distribution is one of a number of factors which has previously highlighted the vulnerability of this species to outside threats. A number of anthropogenic factors including the introduction of multiple invasive species and habitat destruction have led to drastic ecosystem change on Christmas Island. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the restricted geographical distributions ofD. celestepopulations contribute to significant genetic structuring across Christmas Island, with an objective to inform future conservation strategies for this species on Christmas Island. Fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and the control region were sequenced from 95 individuals collected from all five locations on Christmas Island known to be inhabited byD. celeste. Analyses using analysis of molecular variance revealed no evidence of population sub-structuring, indicating that despite any geographical isolation, there is a single population ofD. celesteon Christmas Island. This lack of population differentiation is probably explained by the oceanic dispersal of larvae, rather than terrestrial migration ofD. celeste. Therefore, based on these results, for conservation purposes,D. celesteon Christmas Island can be considered a single management unit.
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Dunlop, J. N., C. A. Surman, and R. D. Wooller. "The marine distribution of seabirds from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Emu - Austral Ornithology 101, no. 1 (March 2001): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu00060.
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ELDRIDGE, MARK D. B., PAUL D. MEEK, and REBECCA N. JOHNSON. "Taxonomic Uncertainty and the Loss of Biodiversity on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Conservation Biology 28, no. 2 (November 27, 2013): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12177.
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Anagnostou, C., and C. D. Schubart. "Evidence for a single panmictic and genetically diverse population of the coconut crab Birgus latro (Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) on Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 6 (2017): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16031.
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For the coconut crab Birgus latro, Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean may be one of the last retreats where populations of this declining species are not threatened by overharvesting, as on many other mostly tropical Indo-Pacific islands within the species’ wide range. Nevertheless, the population on Christmas Island has experienced severe losses during the past decade owing to habitat destruction and road mortality. To assess the population’s evolutionary potential and identify the number of conservation units, we conducted a combined morphometric and population genetic analysis using microsatellite markers. The findings suggest that the population is genetically diverse and panmictic. Neither genetic nor morphometric analyses revealed any population substructuring. There was no genetic evidence for sex-biased dispersal. Single-sample estimators for the effective population size (Ne) ranged from 492 to infinity, with very wide confidence intervals; they should therefore be viewed with caution. It would be advisable to reanalyse Ne, preferably by temporal methods. Despite mixed results, there is stronger evidence against rather than for the occurrence of a recent genetic bottleneck. So far, the population of B. latro on Christmas Island may be considered as a single conservation management unit, this way simplifying future conservation efforts taken for this magnificent species.
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Andrew, Paul, Hal Cogger, Don Driscoll, Samantha Flakus, Peter Harlow, Dion Maple, Mike Misso, et al. "Somewhat saved: a captive breeding programme for two endemic Christmas Island lizard species, now extinct in the wild." Oryx 52, no. 1 (November 30, 2016): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001071.
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AbstractAs with many islands, Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean has suffered severe biodiversity loss. Its terrestrial lizard fauna comprised five native species, of which four were endemic. These were abundant until at least the late 1970s, but four species declined rapidly thereafter and were last reported in the wild between 2009 and 2013. In response to the decline, a captive breeding programme was established in August 2009. This attempt came too late for the Christmas Island forest skink Emoia nativitatis, whose last known individual died in captivity in 2014, and for the non-endemic coastal skink Emoia atrocostata. However, two captive populations are now established for Lister's gecko Lepidodactylus listeri and the blue-tailed skink Cryptoblepharus egeriae. The conservation future for these two species is challenging: reintroduction will not be possible until the main threats are identified and controlled.
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Wyatt, Kelly B., Paula F. Campos, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis, Wayne H. Hynes, Rob DeSalle, Peter Daszak, Ross D. E. MacPhee, and Alex D. Greenwood. "Historical Mammal Extinction on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) Correlates with Introduced Infectious Disease." PLoS ONE 3, no. 11 (November 5, 2008): e3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003602.
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Krieger, Jakob, Ronald Grandy, Michelle M. Drew, Susanne Erland, Marcus C. Stensmyr, Steffen Harzsch, and Bill S. Hansson. "Giant Robber Crabs Monitored from Space: GPS-Based Telemetric Studies on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)." PLoS ONE 7, no. 11 (November 14, 2012): e49809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049809.
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GOLDARAZENA, ARTURO, BRUNO MICHEL, and FRED JACQ. "Copidothrips octarticulatus recorded from Tahiti, with first description of the male and larvae (Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Panchaetothripinae)." Zootaxa 4949, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.10.
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Heliothrips (Parthenothrips) octarcticulatus was originally described by Schmutz (1913) from Sri Lanka. Subsequently, Hood (1954) described from Taiwan a new genus and species Copidothrips formosus, and then Stannard and Mitri (1962) described a further new genus and species, Mesostenothrips kraussi, from Kiribati and Gibert Islands. Bhatti (1967, 1990), recognized that only a single genus and species was involved amongst these names, established the resultant synonymies, and recorded the species octarcticulatus from various localities between the Seychelles and five different Pacific Island groups. It has also been recorded from Northern Australia, and Thailand (ThripsWiki 2021) as well as Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean (Mound 2019). Despite these records, there is little reliable information about host plants and biology apart from Piper myristicum on Pohnpei island (Micronesia), and also damage caused to the leaves of Aglaonema and Spathoglottis at Darwin in Australia (Mound & Tree 2020). In this note, we add a further interesting host record and describe the previously unknown male as well as the larvae of this species.
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Dietrich, Muriel, Gildas Le Minter, Magali Turpin, and Pablo Tortosa. "Development and characterization of a multiplex panel of microsatellite markers for the Reunion free-tailed bat Mormopterus francoismoutoui." PeerJ 7 (December 12, 2019): e8036. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8036.
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The ecology and conservation status of many island-restricted bats remain largely unexplored. The free-tailed bat Mormopterus francoismoutoui is a small insectivorous tropical bat, endemic to Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Despite being widely distributed on the island, the fine-scale genetic structure and evolutionary ecology of M. francoismoutoui remain under-investigated, and therefore its ecology is poorly known. Here, we used Illumina paired-end sequencing to develop microsatellite markers for M. francoismoutoui, based on the genotyping of 31 individuals from distinct locations all over the island. We selected and described 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci with high levels of heterozygosity, which provide novel molecular markers for future genetic population-level studies of M. francoismoutoui.
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Falcón, Wilfredo, and Dennis M. Hansen. "Island rewilding with giant tortoises in an era of climate change." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1761 (October 22, 2018): 20170442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0442.
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Replacing recently extinct endemic giant tortoises with extant, functional analogues provide the perhaps best examples of island rewilding to date. Yet, an efficient future application of this conservation action is challenging in an era of climate change. We here present and discuss a conceptual framework that can serve as a roadmap for the study and application of tortoise rewilding in an uncertain future. We focus on three main ecological functions mediated by giant tortoises, namely herbivory, seed dispersal and nutrient cycling, and discuss how climate change is likely to impact these. We then propose and discuss mitigation strategies such as artificial constructed shade sites and water holes that can help drive and maintain the ecosystem functions provided by the tortoises on a landscape scale. The application of the framework and the mitigation strategies are illustrated with examples from both wild and rewilded populations of the Aldabra giant tortoise, Aldabrachelys gigantea , in the Western Indian Ocean. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change’.
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Panetta, F. Dane, and Alasdair Grigg. "A weed risk analytical screen to assist in the prioritisation of an invasive flora for containment." NeoBiota 66 (July 9, 2021): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.66.67769.
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Prioritising weeds for control and deciding upon the type of control and its associated investment are fundamental to weed management planning. Risk analysis is central to this process, combining the activities of risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Risk assessment methodology has a rich history, but management feasibility has typically been a secondary matter, dealt with separately or not at all. Determinants of management feasibility for weeds include the stage of invasion, weed biology, means of control and cost of weed control. Here, we describe a simple weed risk analytical screen that combines risk assessment with species traits that influence management feasibility. We consider stage of invasion, species biological/dispersal characteristics and plant community invasibility in a preliminary analysis of the risk posed by the non-native plant species on Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. For each of 31 high-risk species considered to be ineradicable under existing funding constraints, we analyse the risk posed to two major plant communities: evergreen closed-canopy rainforest and semi-deciduous scrub forest. Weed risk ratings are combined with ratings for species-intrinsic feasibility of containment (based on a measure that combines time to reproduction with potential for long distance dispersal) to create preliminary rankings for containment specific to each community. These rankings will provide a key input for a more thorough analysis of containment feasibility – one that considers spatial distributions/landscape features, management aspects and the social environment. We propose a general non-symmetric relationship between weed risk and management feasibility, considering risk to be the dominant component of risk analysis. Therefore, in this analysis species are ranked according to their intrinsic containment feasibility within similar levels of risk to produce an initial prioritisation list for containment. Shade-tolerant weeds are of particular concern for the closed-canopy evergreen rainforest on Christmas Island, but a greater diversity of weeds is likely to invade the semi-deciduous scrub forest because of higher light availability. Nevertheless, future invasion of both communities will likely be conditioned by disturbance, both natural and anthropogenic. The plant communities of Christmas Island have undergone significant fragmentation because of clearing for phosphate mining and other purposes. With a substantial number of invasive plant species firmly established and having the potential to spread further, minimising future anthropogenic disturbance is paramount to reducing community invasibility and therefore conserving the island’s unique biodiversity.
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Pirog, Agathe, Hélène Magalon, Thomas Poirout, and Sébastien Jaquemet. "New insights into the reproductive biology of the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier and no detection of polyandry in Reunion Island, western Indian Ocean." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 10 (2020): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19244.
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The reproductive biology of the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier remains poorly documented because it is difficult to obtain data on a sufficient number of mature individuals to conduct appropriate analyses and thus to adequately investigate its population biology. In this study, the reproductive traits of 150 individuals caught during a shark control program in Reunion Island (western Indian Ocean), including five gravid females, were investigated. Specific microsatellite loci were used to investigate the occurrence of polyandry. The total length (TL) of the studied individuals was 130–415cm for males and 175–429cm for females. Sizes at maturity were estimated at 278.5cm for males and 336cm for females. Although the length–weight relationships differed between both sexes (analysis of covariance (ANCOVA): intercept, n=49, F1,45=0.95, P=0.34; slope, n=49, F1,45=8.39, P=0.01), the TL–frequency distributions did not differ significantly. Parturition likely occurs during the warm season, in December–January. No evidence of genetic polyandry was detected, and this supports recently published results. This absence of polyandry in the species likely reflects both a long reproductive cycle and a specific reproductive behaviour related to the oceanic nature of the tiger shark. These results are valuable for improving conservation and management plans for this species.
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Linton, S. M., L. Barrow, C. Davies, and L. Harman. "042. THE EFFECT OF THE INSECTICIDE PYRIPROXYFEN ON OVARY SYNTHESIS IN THE CHRISTMAS ISLAND RED CRAB, GECARCOIDEA NATALIS; A POSSIBLE CASE OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION?" Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs042.
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The yellow crazy ant, Anopholepis gracilipes is an invasive species on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean whose population needs to be controlled before there is irrevocable environmental damage. The insecticide, pyriproxyfen, a compound which mimics juvenile hormone of insects, has been proposed to do this. Before it can be used in the field, its effects on non target species such as the endemic red crab, Gecarcoidea natalis, need to be investigated. Land crabs, like all decapods, may utilise a similar hormone called methyl farnesoate which is thought to be involved in controlling early ovary development. Pyriproxyfen may also mimic methyl farnesoate and thus disrupt this process. The effect of pyriproxyfen on early ovary synthesis in G. natalis was investigated by feeding crabs a mixture of leaf litter and bait containing 0.5% pyriproxyfen (experimental groups) or a mixture of leaf litter and bait containing no pyriproxyfen (control groups) at simulated baiting doses (2 kg ha–1 and 4 kg ha–1). Two additional groups of crabs were fed ad libitum, either bait containing 0.5% pyriproxyfen or the control bait. Experiments were conducted from July to September of 2007. Red crabs synthesise their ovaries annually over two months (July to September) in the dry season. This situation of high nitrogen demand is funded from small excesses of nitrogen assimilated from a mainly leaf litter diet. Pyriproxyfen affected early ovary development. Ovaries from crabs in the experimental groups at all baiting levels had a higher total nitrogen content and dry mass than that of the control animals. The ovaries from the experimental animals were also more mature; they contained more previtellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes, of a larger diameter, than ovaries of the control animals. Significant amounts of pyriproxyfen were accumulated in the target tissues, the midgut gland and ovary. Minor amounts of pyriproxyfen were accumulated in muscle, a non-target tissue. By mimicking methyl farnesoate, pyriproxyfen may have caused endocrine disruption in G. natalis. In particular it may have stimulated early ovary development and synthesis of yolk protein.
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Pirog, Agathe, Sébastien Jaquemet, Antonin Blaison, Marc Soria, and Hélène Magalon. "Isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite loci fromGaleocerdo cuvier(tiger shark) and cross-amplification inCarcharhinus leucas, Carcharhinus brevipinna,Carcharhinus plumbeusandSphyrna lewini." PeerJ 4 (May 17, 2016): e2041. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2041.
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The tiger sharkGaleocerdo cuvier(Carcharhinidae) is a large elasmobranch suspected to have, as other apex predators, a keystone function in marine ecosystems and is currently considered Near Threatened (Red list IUCN). Knowledge on its ecology, which is crucial to design proper conservation and management plans, is very scarce. Here we describe the isolation of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci using 454 GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing of enriched DNA libraries. Their characteristics were tested on a population of tiger shark (n= 101) from Reunion Island (South-Western Indian Ocean). All loci were polymorphic with a number of alleles ranging from two to eight. No null alleles were detected and no linkage disequilibrium was detected after Bonferroni correction. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.03 to 0.76 and from 0.03 to 0.77, respectively. No locus deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the globalFISof the population was of 0.04NS. Some of the eight loci developed here successfully cross-amplified in the bull sharkCarcharhinus leucas(one locus), the spinner sharkCarcharhinus brevipinna(four loci), the sandbar sharkCarcharhinus plumbeus(five loci) and the scalloped hammerhead sharkSphyrna lewini(two loci). We also designed primers to amplify and sequence a mitochondrial marker, the control region. We sequenced 862 bp and found a low genetic diversity, with four polymorphic sites, a haplotype diversity of 0.15 and a nucleotide diversity of 2 × 10−4.
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Cooke, Andrew, Michael Bruton, and Minosoa Ravololoharinjara. "Coelacanth discoveries in Madagascar, with recommendations on research and conservation." South African Journal of Science 117, no. 3/4 (March 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/8541.
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The presence of populations of the Western Indian Ocean coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) in Madagascar is not surprising considering the vast range of habitats which the ancient island offers. The discovery of a substantial population of coelacanths through handline fishing on the steep volcanic slopes of Comoros archipelago initially provided an important source of museum specimens and was the main focus of coelacanth research for almost 40 years. The advent of deep-set gillnets, or jarifa, for catching sharks, driven by the demand for shark fins and oil from China in the mid- to late 1980s, resulted in an explosion of coelacanth captures in Madagascar and other countries in the Western Indian Ocean. We review coelacanth catches in Madagascar and present evidence for the existence of one or more populations of L. chalumnae distributed along about 1000 km of the southern and western coasts of the island. We also hypothesise that coelacanths are likely to occur around the whole continental margin of Madagascar, making it the epicentre of coelacanth distribution in the Western Indian Ocean and the likely progenitor of the younger Comoros coelacanth population. Finally, we discuss the importance and vulnerability of the population of coelacanths inhabiting the submarine slopes of the Onilahy canyon in southwest Madagascar and make recommendations for further research and conservation.
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Kryvomaz, T. I. "Fuligo septica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 222 (August 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20203309878.
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Abstract A description is provided for Fuligo septica, a myxomycete which occurs on litter, fallen leaves, bark, decorticated branches, rotten stumps, fallen trunks, rotten wood and burnt logs of a very wide range of plants. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, interactions and habitats, economic impacts, intraspecific variation, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (AFRICA: Algeria, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mayotte, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe; NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming), Mexico; CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Maranhão, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe), Chile, Ecuador (including Galapagos), French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; ASIA: Brunei, China (Fujian, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Zhejiang), Georgia, India (Assam, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand), Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan (Akmola, Aktobe, Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Karaganda, former Kokshetau, Kostanai, North Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, former Tselinograd, West Kazakhstan), Malaysia, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Russia (Altai Krai, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast), Singapore, South Korea, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam; ATLANTIC OCEAN: Spain (Canary Islands); AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Zealand; CARIBBEAN: American Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago; EUROPE: Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Astrakhan Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Chuvash Republic, Kaliningrad Oblast, Komi Republic, Krasnodarsk Krai, Kursk Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Republic of Karelia, Stavropol Krai, Tver Oblast, Volgograd Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK; INDIAN OCEAN: Christmas Island, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles; PACIFIC OCEAN: French Polynesia, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, USA (Hawaii)).
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Kryvomaz, T. I. "Arcyria cinerea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 222 (August 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20203309874.
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Abstract A description is provided for Arcyria cinerea, one of the most consistently abundant and widespread myxomycete species associated with lianas, aerial woody remnants, leaves and inflorescences in tropical and mangrove forests. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, interaction and habitats, infraspecific variation, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (AFRICA: Algeria, Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mayotte, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe; NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan), Mexico, USA (Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia); CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador (including Galapagos), French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela; ANTARCTICA: Antarctica; ASIA: China (Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong, Jiangsu, Kwangtung, Yunnan), Christmas Island, Georgia, India (Assam, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan (Aktobe, Atyrau, Pavlodar, West Kazakhstan), Laos, Nepal, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Russia (Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Irkutsk Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Republic of Buryatia, Sakhalin Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam. Atlantic OCEAN: Ascension Island, Spain (Canary Islands); AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Zealand, Raoul Island; CARIBBEAN: American Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago; EUROPE: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Astrakhan Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Kalinigrad Oblast, Komi Republic, Krasnodar Krai, Kursk Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Perm Krai, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Karelia, Rostov Oblast, Smolensk Oblast, Tver Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Volgograd Oblast, Vologda Oblast), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; Indian OCEAN: Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles; Pacific OCEAN: French Polynesia, New Caledonia, USA (Hawaii)).
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Minter, D. W. "Ganoderma applanatum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 230 (December 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20210499499.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Ganoderma applanatum. Sporophores of this fungus are found on both living and dead trees, where the fungus causes a decay of heartwood resulting in a white soft spongy heart and butt rot. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Angola, Benin, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique, São Tomé and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo), Asia (Azerbaijan, Brunei Darussalam, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Christmas Island, Cyprus, Georgia, India (Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan (Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Kostanay, South Kazakhstan), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia (Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Irkutsk Oblast, Kamchatka Krai, Kemerovo Oblast, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sakha Republic, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, YamaloNenets Autonomous Okrug), Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam), Australasia (Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Zealand), Caribbean (American Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago), Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama. Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast, Belgorod Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Chuvash Republic, Ivanovo Oblast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Kirov Oblast, Kostroma Oblast, Krasnodar Krai, Kursk Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Mari El Republic, Moscow Oblast, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Oryol Oblast, Penza Oblast, Perm Krai, Pskov Oblast, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Tatarstan, Samara Oblast, Smolensk Oblast, Tula Oblast, Tver Oblast, Udmurt Republic, Vladimir Oblast, Vologda Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Yaroslavl Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK), Indian Ocean (Seychelles. North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming)), Pacific Ocean (American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Tuvalu, USA (Hawaii)), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela)).