Relevant bibliographies by topics / Consensus (Social sciences)

Academic literature on the topic 'Consensus (Social sciences)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 March 2023

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Consensus (Social sciences)":

1

Collins, Randall. "Why the social sciences won't become high-consensus, rapid-discovery science." Sociological Forum 9, no. 2 (June 1994): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01476360.

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KLEMENTEWICZ, TADEUSZ. "ELSEVIER’S SLAVES: THE WASHINGTON CONSENSUS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES?" Society Register 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2020.4.4.09.

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This paper investigates the mechanisms of subordinating the system of science and higher education to the needs of boosting capital in the conditions of a new business model characteristic of neoliberal capitalism. The author uses as a theoretical framework of critical studies of science and higher education systems developed in Poland by Krystian Szadkowski based on political economy (Simon Marginson and Gigi Roggero). The weakness of the recently implemented reform of Polish education, the essence of which is making the status of ‘scientist’ dependent on publication in high-ranking journals belonging to publishing corporations’ oligopoly, is that the natural and technical disciplines have been places on an equal evaluation footing with social sciences and humanities. This practice impoverishes the educational and critical functions of humanities, impoverishes the research questions, impoverishes the research methodology, and consequently, their cognitive values. The assessment of the quality of a social researcher’s work, to be reliable, should include several other components—the presence of an “invisible university” in international networks (e.g. measured by selected citation indicators), but also problematization and interpretative innovation, as well as an original contribution to the achievements of the discipline. Monographs mainly document this. Qualitative expert assessment is required for evaluation. Therefore, the publication of monographs in reputable Polish and foreign publishing houses should become a showcase of the Polish social researcher, rather than contributing journal papers. In the paper, the author synthesizes his various analyses of contemporary capitalism and the role that science and the research and development sector play in accumulating capital.
3

Palacios-Núñez, Guadalupe, Miguel Ángel Pérez-Angón, and Pedro Simón Quiroz Armada. "A framework for research assessment in social sciences through Big Data." INCEPTUM 16, no. 31 (October 14, 2022): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33110/inceptum.v16i31.410.

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The scarce public policy funds demand cost-effective outputs and more innovative forms to inform decision making. During the last years, there has been increasing use of Big Data for research and policymaking by international development institutions. For this reason, the main objective of the present work is to propose a framework to apply Big Data in a high-relevance program for science policy in Mexico, which assesses the researchers' performance. Social sciences are considered the most difficult area to assess, due to there is no theoretical-methodological consensus and the academic impact is difficult to determine because social sciences do not exhibit long term development. Instead, there are a plurality of paradigms or changing topics that do not have consensus among the academic community. In this regard, this work outlines a framework, which includes indicators of the social contribution of science since computational tools should have an orientation.
4

Mamedov, Agamali Kulamovich. "SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE: THE AMBIVALENCE OF DEVELOPMENT MODELS." National Association of Scientists 1, no. 31(58) (September 14, 2020): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2020.1.58.275.

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The article declares the position of dissensus and consensus as basic models for the development of social sciences. The demarcation of natural sciences and social sciences is carried out. Attempts are being made to identify the features of "acceptance" by the scientific community. The article analyzes L. Laudan's concept of consensus in modern social knowledge.
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Timmins, Adam. "Kuhnian Consensus & Historiography." Journal of the Philosophy of History 7, no. 1 (2013): 82–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18722636-12341245.

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Abstract Thomas Kuhn’s conception of paradigms has proved tremendously popular with the social sciences, in spite of the fact that Kuhn himself stopped using the concept by the time of his death; and the idea has come in for some fairly harsh treatment by philosophers of science. In this article I examine the historiography of the Second World War, paying specific attention to internal and external mechanisms of maintaining consensus – or lack therefore – within the field to see if anything like paradigms can be said to exist in historical writing.
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Rolin, Kristina. "Diversity and Dissent in the Social Sciences." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 41, no. 4 (September 8, 2010): 470–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393110381212.

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I introduce a case study from organization studies to argue that social epistemologists’ recommendation to cultivate diversity and dissent in science is unlikely to be welcomed in the social sciences unless it is coupled with another epistemic ideal: the norm of epistemic responsibility. The norm of epistemic responsibility enables me to show that organization scholars’ concern with the fragmentation of their discipline is generated by false assumptions: the assumption that a diversity of theoretical approaches will lead to fragmentation and the assumption that an imposed consensus on a theoretical approach is needed to maintain the unity of the discipline.
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Dezalay, Yves, and Bryant Garth. "Le "Washington consensus"." Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 121-122, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/arss.p1998.121n1.0003.

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Dezalay, Yves, and Bryant Garth. "Le "Washington consensus"." Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 121, no. 1 (1998): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arss.1998.3241.

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Loewer, Barry, and Robert Laddaga. "Destroying the consensus." Synthese 62, no. 1 (January 1985): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00485388.

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Van Bouwel, Jeroen, and Michiel Van Oudheusden. "Participation Beyond Consensus? Technology Assessments, Consensus Conferences and Democratic Modulation." Social Epistemology 31, no. 6 (August 2017): 497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2017.1352624.

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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Consensus (Social sciences)' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Consensus (Social sciences)":

1

Taylor, Dominic Alexander. "David Hume and the Search for Social Consensus." W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625817.

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Brubaker, Dale M. "Predicting strength of consensus in small groups." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222009-040244/.

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Morrow, Jeffrey A. "Tracking consensus in product development teams /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10694.

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Bal, Ravtosh. "Public participation in science and technology policy: consensus conferences and social inclusion." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44773.

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This study looks at the National Citizens' Technology Forum (NCTF), a modified version of the consensus conference, which took place in March, 2008 in six cities across the U.S. to understand how inclusive these methods of public participation are in practice. The research focused on two of these sites. Inclusion of participants was defined in terms of presence, voice and being heard. Transcripts of the audio-visual recordings of the proceedings were the main data of analysis. By focusing on the talk within these deliberative forums, the study looked at how the rules of engagement and status (ascribed and achieved) differences between participants can affect inclusion. The analysis did not reveal any substantial effects of ascribed characteristics on deliberation. Facilitation and the presence of expertise among the participants were found to influence inclusion and equality among participants. These findings suggest that organizers and facilitators of deliberative exercises have to be reflexive of their role as well as aware of the group dynamics. The results also address the larger questions within science and technology policy like the role of expertise and the public in decision making, the institutional design of participatory exercises, and their relation to the political culture and the policy process.
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Verlhiac, Jean-François. "L'effet de faux consensus et jugement social : une contribution expérimentale." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF20085.

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L'auteur entreprend une revue de questions de la littérature concernant l'effet de faux consensus (F. C. E), qui est l'a priori des sujets selon lequel leurs goûts ou leurs comportements sont appropriés, tandis qu'ils jugent déviantes les réponses qui divergent des leurs. Il montre que les processus cognitifs relativement généraux oeuvrent pour l'apparition du FCE. Mais, il plaide pour une large prise en compte de ce phénomène comme stratégie d'adaptation sociale du sujet aux propriétés changeantes du milieu dans lequel il est placé. C'est dans ce cadre que l'auteur montre l'importance du contexte qui conditionne l'actualisation et le renforcement ou l'affaiblissement du FCE. Plus précisément, il montre que l'ajustement des jugements de consensus aux propriétés du milieu dépend du contexte de présentation des informations à propos du consensus que les sujets croient avoir en leur possession. Enfin, l'auteur montre dans quelle mesure le contexte social génère des dynamiques de raisonnement spécifiques aux configurations qu'il prend
The author undertakes a review of questions of the literature concerning the false consensus effect (f. C. E. ), that is the tendency of a subject to think that his opinions are appropriated, while he judges opinions of others rather abnormal when they differ from its point of view. He shows that relatively general cognitive processes entail the presence of the f. C. E. But he pleads for a large taken into account of this phenomenon as social adaptation strategy of the subject to changing properties of the context in which he is placed. In this framework, the author shows the importance of the context that determines the strengthening or the weakening of the f. C. E. . More precisely, he notes that the adjustment of consensus judgements to properties of the environment depends on the context of presentation of information to purpose of the consensus that subjets believe to have in their possession. Finally, the author shows how the social context generates specific reasoning dynamics to configurations that it takes
6

Polk, John W. "The effects of an expert on the small-group consensus process." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10222009-125127/.

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Bassin, Genevieve School of Politics &amp International Relations UNSW. "The agony of human rights a discussion and eveluation of the illusive consensus." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Politics and International Relations, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30516.

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How can a normative consensus on human rights develop out of a plurality of different and conflicting ethico-cultural discourses? It is frequently assumed that any agreement on universal human rights must necessarily occur in spite of pluralism from which conflict might arise. Consequently, various images of consensus have been proposed wherein pluralism is viewed as something to be mitigated or overcome. However, such images of consensus fail to offer a satisfactory response to the original question since they fail to fully recognise the political and contestational nature of human rights discourse. This thesis aims to address questions as to how conflict and contingency, both commonly associated with pluralism, can be mediated in a way that is constructive of a particular political community, and constitutive of a vital and innovative discourse on human rights. Hence, theories on agonistic pluralism are discussed and evaluated since they address this very issue ??? the potential for struggle to act as a constructive force. Also in this thesis, a historical analysis of key milestones in the development of a human rights discourse is presented wherein it is argued that human rights have indeed been contingent upon particular instances of struggle and have found expression in a plurality of distinct ethico-cultural discourses. Finally, in order to further illustrate the adaptability of human rights to more than one ethical discourse, examples are presented in which various Muslim scholar-activists justify human rights norms according to Islamic doctrinal principles. Overall, it is the argument of this thesis that it is possible to imagine a human rights consensus, not as a ???world consensus???, but in terms of a sectional political association whose membership is culturally pluralist. In saying this, it must be acknowledged that this construction is necessarily always precarious, precisely because of the contestational, contingent and transformative nature of the discourse of human rights. Also, although only sectional in terms of its support base, the ???consensus??? I describe necessarily strives to become a universal consensus. While universal respect for human rights is ultimately illusive, in view of the universalism of human rights as a discourse, to strive for anything less is unacceptable. In the end, the constant struggle to establish a universal consensus on human rights is precisely that which effects positive, practical change.
8

Lai, Wing-pang. "Consensus building in planning in Hong Kong : a case study of Southeast Kowloon development /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25248388.

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Campos, Thiago Manchini de 1981. "Brasil, um pais de todos : lingua, liberdade e cidadania (por uma analise dos discursos e politicas publicas educacionais)." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269026.

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Orientador: Carolina Maria Rodriguez Zuccolillo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T05:38:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_ThiagoManchinide_M.pdf: 786161 bytes, checksum: 9d189f5dd27c5c93bb7a5f293eea5696 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os sentidos das noções de liberdade e cidadania no discurso político educacional brasileiro, de forma a verificar o sentido destas no processo de construção e funcionamento do consenso. Sendo estas noções provenientes da Grécia Antiga, acreditamos que contribuiria para a pesquisa acompanhar o seu percurso histórico, passando pela Idade Média, Revolução Francesa e Revolução Industrial, desembocando no Brasil do século XX. Tendo em vista explicitar o histórico na constituição de sentidos, o corpus foi constituído por recortes das Leis de Diretrizes e Bases de 1961, 1971 e 1996; das Constituições de 1946, 1967 (e a respectiva Emenda Constitucional de 1969) e 1988; e dos PCNs de Língua Portuguesa do Ensino Fundamental e as Bases Legais dos PCNs do Ensino Médio. Lançando mão a algumas ferramentas propostas pela Análise de Discurso, decidimos focar nos capítulos e artigos que dizem respeito à temática do projeto, de forma a fazer uma análise caracterizada pela verticalidade. Concluímos que os sentidos de liberdade e cidadania são apresentados nos respectivos documentos como a priori, nunca sendo discutidos. A análise mostrou que, no que diz respeito à cidadania, os documentos são contraditórios, sendo esta apresentada como um direito constitucional, mas também como algo a ser "conquistado" via instrução, sendo que o domínio da "Língua Nacional" tem um papel importante. Neste sentido, a escola, metáfora da cidade urbanizada, espaço de visibilidade, de produção de saberes sobre o indivíduo, é o espaço onde o aluno pode "vir a ser cidadão". Operando dentro de uma lógica consensual de apagamento das diferenças, a escola disciplina o indivíduo, tratando todos como iguais. Desta forma, a análise mostrou que cidadão é o indivíduo escolarizado, sendo liberdade e cidadania práticas ideológicas às quais este tem que se submeter, ocasionando a produção de uma divisão entre o cidadão e o não-cidadão brasileiro
Abstract: The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the meanings of the notions of freedom and citizenship in the Brazilian political educational discourse, allowing to verify the meaning of these in the process of construction and functioning of the consensus. The fact that these notions proceed from ancient Greece, we believed that it would contribute to this research to follow their historical course, passing by the Middle Ages, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution and ending in Brazil on the 20th century. With the objective of expliciting the role of the historical in the constitution of meanings, the corpus was constituted by clippings of the "Leis de Diretrizes e Bases" of 1961, 1971 and 1996; the Federal Constitutions of 1946, 1967 (and the respective Constitutional Amendment of 1969) and 1988; the PCNs of Portuguese Language of Basic School and the Legal Bases of the PCNs of High School. Using some tools proposed by the Discourse Analysis, we decide to focus on the chapters and articles that are connected to the thematic of the project, vertically characterizing the analysis. We concluded that the meanings of freedom and citizenship are presented "a priori" in the respective documents, never being discussed. The analysis showed that the documents are contradictory in what says respect to the citizenship. It is presented as a constitutional right, but also as something "to be conquered" by way of instruction. In this process, the domain of the "National Language" has an important role. The school, metaphor of the urbanized city, space of visibility, production of knowledge about the individual, is the space where the student can "come to be a citizen". Operating inside a consensual logic of deletion of the differences, the school disciplines the individual, treating all as equal. In such a way, the analysis showed that the citizen is the schoolarized individual, being freedom and citizenship ideological practices, to which the individual has to submit itself, causing to the production of a division between the citizen and the Brazilian non-citizen
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística
10

Grosso, Laura Margaret. "Computing collaboration : a study of the potential of model building to facilitate urban water supply planning in selected cities of Zimbabwe, Estonia, and Sweden /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10804.

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Books on the topic "Consensus (Social sciences)":

1

Kumar, Rahul. Consensualism in principle: On the foundations of non-consequentialist moral reasoning. New York: Routledge, 2001.

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Janusz, Kacprzyk, Nurmi Hannu, and Fedrizzi Mario 1949-, eds. Consensus under fuzziness. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1997.

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Ferenczi, Thomas. Défense du consensus. [Paris]: Flammarion, 1989.

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Kuśmierek, Józef. Consensus tak, ale--. Warszawa: Przedświt, 1986.

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Butler, C. T. Lawrence. On Conflict and Consensus: A Handbook on Formal Consensus Decisionmaking. 2nd ed. Portland, ME: Food Not Bombs, 1991.

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D, Clark Jon Ph, Modgil Celia, and Modgil Sohan, eds. Robert K. Merton: Consensus and controversy. London: Falmer Press, 1990.

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A, Melanson Richard, and Thompson Kenneth W. 1921-, eds. Foreign policy and domestic consensus. Lanham. MD: University Press of America, 1985.

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Sen, Amartya Kumar. Delivering the Monterrey consensus, which consensus? London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2002.

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Kuśmierek, Józef. Consensus tak, ale. Wrocław: Oficyna Niepokornych, 1987.

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1970-, Joseph Jonathan, ed. Social theory: A reader. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Consensus (Social sciences)":

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Martini, Carlo. "Seeking Consensus in the Social Sciences." In Ethical Economy, 115–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08551-7_6.

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Van Bouwel, Jeroen. "The Problem With(out) Consensus: The Scientific Consensus, Deliberative Democracy and Agonistic Pluralism." In The Social Sciences and Democracy, 121–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230246867_7.

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Pruzan, Peter, and Ole Thyssen. "Conflict & Consensus: Ethical Operational Research." In Operational Research and the Social Sciences, 579–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0789-1_86.

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Manera, Karine, Camilla S. Hanson, Talia Gutman, and Allison Tong. "Consensus Methods: Nominal Group Technique." In Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences, 737–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_100.

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Manera, Karine, Camilla Hanson, Talia Gutman, and Allison Tong. "Consensus Methods: Nominal Group Technique." In Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences, 1–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2779-6_100-1.

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Ouattara, Hadja F., Daouda Ahmat, Fréderic T. Ouédraogo, Tegawendé F. Bissyandé, and Oumarou Sié. "Blockchain Consensus Protocols." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 304–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98827-6_29.

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Tavares, L. Valadares, and R. Ferreira dos Santos. "Conflict Management in Cooperative Games: Searching for Consensus and Convergence." In Operational Research and the Social Sciences, 597–602. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0789-1_89.

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de Oca, Marco A. Montes, Eliseo Ferrante, Alexander Scheidler, and Louis F. Rossi. "Binary Consensus via Exponential Smoothing." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 244–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03473-7_22.

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Hoskova-Mayerova, Sarka, and Antonio Maturo. "Decision-making Process Using Hyperstructures and Fuzzy Structures in Social Sciences." In Soft Computing Applications for Group Decision-making and Consensus Modeling, 103–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60207-3_7.

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Le Cadre, Hélène, Enrique Rivero Puente, and Hanspeter Höschle. "Consensus Reaching with Heterogeneous User Preferences." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 151–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16989-3_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Consensus (Social sciences)":

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Pestean, Valeria. "Consensus and tendencies in learning approach management." In 4th Annual International Conference on Cognitive - Social, and Behavioural Sciences. Cognitive-crcs, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.05.18.

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Mishuchkov, Andrey, and Sergei Nizhnikov. "Equivational Consensus as a Principle Dialogical Communication." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cesses-18.2018.82.

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Soshnev, Aleksandr. "A CONSENSUS INDICATOR OF SOCIAL HEALTH IN THE FRAMEWORK OF STATE POLICY." In 4th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/33/s12.001.

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Coroiu, Petruta-Maria. "THE PSALMS OF DAVID � TEXTUAL CONSENSUS IN THE MUSIC OF THE 20TH CENTURY." In 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/hb61/s16.62.

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Roro Maha Kalyana Mitta Anggoro, Raden, and Harpang Yudha Karyawanto. "Patrol Music as an Interaction Bond in Pandalunganese People: A Functional-Structural and Consensus Study." In Proceedings of the Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Conference (SoSHEC 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/soshec-19.2019.45.

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Mertha Sujana, I. Putu Windu, Sukadi Sukadi, Si Ngurah Ardhya, I. Made Riyan Cahyadi, and Ni Made Widya Sari. "Consensus State of The Hindu Community in Bali." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Law, Social Sciences, and Education, ICLSSE 2021, 09 September 2021, Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.9-9-2021.2313657.

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Li, Gang, and Jing Cao. "Study on Reaching a Consensus in the Collaborative Network-editing -- A Case Study of Wikipedia." In 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.357.

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Fu, Jingwen. "Can Entrepreneurial Team Heterogeneity Promote Innovation Performance: The Moderating Effects of Strategic Consensus and Team Cohesion." In 2022 7th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220405.040.

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Arsyad, Rahmad, and Endang Sari. "Peace Consensus of The Political Identity In Mamasa District." In Proceedings of the 1st Hasanuddin International Conference on Social and Political Sciences, HICOSPOS 2019, 21-22 October 2019, Makassar, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-10-2019.2291528.

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Huang, Wenli. "The Realistic Enlightenment of "Harmony and Integration" Thought on Consensus of Core Socialist Values." In Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Education, Culture and Social Sciences (ECSS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ecss-19.2019.85.

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Reports on the topic "Consensus (Social sciences)":

1

Daudelin, Francois, Lina Taing, Lucy Chen, Claudia Abreu Lopes, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, and Hamid Mehmood. Mapping WASH-related disease risk: A review of risk concepts and methods. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/uxuo4751.

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The report provides a review of how risk is conceived of, modelled, and mapped in studies of infectious water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) related diseases. It focuses on spatial epidemiology of cholera, malaria and dengue to offer recommendations for the field of WASH-related disease risk mapping. The report notes a lack of consensus on the definition of disease risk in the literature, which limits the interpretability of the resulting analyses and could affect the quality of the design and direction of public health interventions. In addition, existing risk frameworks that consider disease incidence separately from community vulnerability have conceptual overlap in their components and conflate the probability and severity of disease risk into a single component. The report identifies four methods used to develop risk maps, i) observational, ii) index-based, iii) associative modelling and iv) mechanistic modelling. Observational methods are limited by a lack of historical data sets and their assumption that historical outcomes are representative of current and future risks. The more general index-based methods offer a highly flexible approach based on observed and modelled risks and can be used for partially qualitative or difficult-to-measure indicators, such as socioeconomic vulnerability. For multidimensional risk measures, indices representing different dimensions can be aggregated to form a composite index or be considered jointly without aggregation. The latter approach can distinguish between different types of disease risk such as outbreaks of high frequency/low intensity and low frequency/high intensity. Associative models, including machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI), are commonly used to measure current risk, future risk (short-term for early warning systems) or risk in areas with low data availability, but concerns about bias, privacy, trust, and accountability in algorithms can limit their application. In addition, they typically do not account for gender and demographic variables that allow risk analyses for different vulnerable groups. As an alternative, mechanistic models can be used for similar purposes as well as to create spatial measures of disease transmission efficiency or to model risk outcomes from hypothetical scenarios. Mechanistic models, however, are limited by their inability to capture locally specific transmission dynamics. The report recommends that future WASH-related disease risk mapping research: - Conceptualise risk as a function of the probability and severity of a disease risk event. Probability and severity can be disaggregated into sub-components. For outbreak-prone diseases, probability can be represented by a likelihood component while severity can be disaggregated into transmission and sensitivity sub-components, where sensitivity represents factors affecting health and socioeconomic outcomes of infection. -Employ jointly considered unaggregated indices to map multidimensional risk. Individual indices representing multiple dimensions of risk should be developed using a range of methods to take advantage of their relative strengths. -Develop and apply collaborative approaches with public health officials, development organizations and relevant stakeholders to identify appropriate interventions and priority levels for different types of risk, while ensuring the needs and values of users are met in an ethical and socially responsible manner. -Enhance identification of vulnerable populations by further disaggregating risk estimates and accounting for demographic and behavioural variables and using novel data sources such as big data and citizen science. This review is the first to focus solely on WASH-related disease risk mapping and modelling. The recommendations can be used as a guide for developing spatial epidemiology models in tandem with public health officials and to help detect and develop tailored responses to WASH-related disease outbreaks that meet the needs of vulnerable populations. The report’s main target audience is modellers, public health authorities and partners responsible for co-designing and implementing multi-sectoral health interventions, with a particular emphasis on facilitating the integration of health and WASH services delivery contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3 (good health and well-being) and 6 (clean water and sanitation).
2

Clinical research in resource-limited settings. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.56759/cyqe7288.

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Evidence generated through responsible clinical research is one of the major pillars of the advancement of health care. In past decades there has been tremendous progress in the clinical research and development (R & D) environment globally, with increasing attention being paid to the health needs of people in resource-limited settings, where most of the preventable morbidity and mortality occurs. However, financial, social, ethical and regulatory challenges persist in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and most clinical research today is still being conducted in and for high-income countries (HICs). The aim of this report is to provide balanced arguments to promote scientifically sound good quality clinical research in low-resource settings. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) is an international, non-governmental, non-profit organization with the mission to advance public health through guidance on health research and policy including ethics, medical product development and safety. This report reflects the consensus opinion of the CIOMS Working Group on Clinical Research in Resource-Limited Settings, and was finalized in line with comments received during public consultation. The report is intended for governments and regulatory authorities, the research community and sponsors, as well as international organizations involved in funding or conducting research. The report provides a comprehensive set of recommendations to all major stakeholders. While it builds on the 2016 CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research Involving Humans, it is not intended to supersede those guidelines.
3

Advancing integrated social and behavior change programming. Population Council, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2019.1000.

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In recent years, social and behavior change (SBC) programming has experienced a notable shift away from a vertical approach focusing on one health or development topic to integrated approaches concerning multiple health or development issues or outcomes under the same program. To help address important evidence gaps in SBC programming, Breakthrough RESEARCH worked with a range of SBC experts to generate a research and learning agenda that includes a core set of consensus-driven, prioritized implementation science questions. Implementation science research is well-suited to the challenges of SBC because it assesses interventions taking place in real-world contexts and factors in various social, structural, economic, and political realities from multiple perspectives. Implementation science research also examines the process and results of implementation. It has an explicit focus on how to introduce potential solutions into a health system or promote large-scale use and sustainability. This research and learning agenda builds on longstanding investments to improve SBC. It is designed to generate knowledge that can help focus the global SBC community, development partners, and donors on the most important questions related to the effectiveness and efficiency of integrated SBC programs.
4

Advancing provider behavior change programming. Population Council, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2019.1001.

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Service providers play a fundamental role in health promotion and disease prevention, care, and overall well-being of their clients and communities. Effective client-provider interaction is pivotal for consistent demand and uptake of health services. Various approaches such as training, supportive supervision, and financial incentives have been used to address improving client-provider interaction with mixed results. Although there are examples of innovative and effective ways to influence provider behavior, opportunities exist to explore and expand the knowledge base. To help address important evidence gaps, Breakthrough RESEARCH worked in partnership with a range of social and behavior change (SBC) and service delivery partners to generate a research and learning agenda that includes a core set of consensus-driven, prioritized implementation science questions related to provider behavior change (PBC). This brief highlights: 1) the importance of addressing provider behavior to improve behavioral and health outcomes; 2) gaps in the existing evidence base for PBC programming; 3) the priority research and learning questions and the consensus-driven process used to derive them; and 4) the roles of key stakeholders for putting the learning agenda into action.
5

Exploring the Prospects of Using 3D Printing Technology in the South African Human Settlements. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0074.

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South Africa is a country with significant socio-economic development challenges, with the majority of South Africans having limited or non-existent access to basic infrastructure, services, housing and socio-economic opportunities etc. The urban housing backlog currently exceeds 2.4 million houses, with many families living in informal settlements. The Breaking New Grounds Policy, 2014 for the creation of sustainable human settlements, acknowledges the challenges facing human settlements, such as, decreasing human settlements grants allocation, increasing housing backlog, mushrooming of informal settlements and urbanisation. The White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), 2019 notes that South Africa has not yet fully benefited from the potential of STI in addressing the socio-economic challenges and seeks to support the circular economy principles which entail a systematic change of moving to a zero or low waste resource-efficient society. Further to this, the Science and Technology Roadmap’s intention is to unlock the potential of South Africa’s human settlements for a decent standard of living through the smart uptake of science, technology and innovation. One such novel technology is the Three-Dimensional (3D) printing technology, which has produced numerous incredible structures around the world. 3D printing is a computer-controlled industrial manufacturing process which encompasses additive means of production to create 3D shapes. The effects of such a technology have a potential to change the world we live in and could subsequently pave the roadmap to improve on housing delivery and reduce the negative effects of conventional construction methods on the environment. To this end, the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), in partnership with the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and the University of Johannesburg (UJ) hosted the second virtual IID seminar titled: Exploring the Prospects of Using 3D Printing Technology in the South African Human Settlements, on 01 March 2021 to explore the potential use of 3D printing technology in human settlements. The webinar presented preliminary findings from a study conducted by UJ, addressing the following topics: 1. The viability of 3D printing technology 2. Cost comparison of 3D printed house to conventional construction 3. Preliminary perceptions on 3D printing of houses Speakers included: Dr Jennifer Mirembe (NDoHS), Dr Jeffrey Mahachi, Mr Refilwe Lediga, Mr Khululekani Ntakana and Dr Luxien Ariyan, all from UJ. There was a unanimous consensus that collaborative efforts from all stakeholders are key to take advantage of this niche technology. @ASSAf_Official; @dsigovza; @go2uj; @The_DHS; #SA 3D_Printing; #3D Print_Housing; #IID

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