Relevant bibliographies by topics / Consensus guidance

Academic literature on the topic 'Consensus guidance'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Consensus guidance"

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Serruys, Patrick W. "Positioning consensus for guidance." EuroIntervention 10, no. 9 (January 2015): 1013–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/eijv10i9a173.

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Alsifri, Saud, Hussein Elbadawi, Fahad Alsabaan, Abdulraouf Almahfouz, Khalid Alyahya, Eman Shesha, Laila Abu Esba, et al. "Saudi Consensus for GLP-1 RAs Switching Guidance: Consensus Report." International Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 01 (2022): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2022.131002.

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Liu, Hongfu, Ming Shao, and Yun Fu. "Feature Selection with Unsupervised Consensus Guidance." IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 31, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 2319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2018.2875712.

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Siwiec, Jacek, Magdalena Konieczna, and Magdalena Koperny. "Good practice for guidance development – review of consensus methods." Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie 17, no. 4 (2019): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20842627oz.19.023.12185.

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Introduction. The process of synthesizing scientific evidence and translating elaborate scientific research findings into recommendations for clinical practice is one of the most complex and significant initiatives in health care. In connection with the increasing number of recommendations, previously unformalised elements such as the process of consensus decision-making require developing a methodological approach. The use of consensus methods serves to reduce the impact of psychosocial factors in the formulation of recommendations and to increase the degree of process transparency. The aim of the publication is to present formal methods of achieving consensus used in the process of developing clinical practice guidelines. Materials and methods. The review focuses on results of reports analyzing the procedure and methods of developing clinical recommendations, with particular emphasis on the identification of consensus methods. Results. Many international and national organizations and institutions develop recommendations or adapt guidelines developed by others. They use both informal and formal instruments to deal with divergent expert opinions. The most popular formal methods of achieving consensus identified in the review are the Delphi method, the nominal group technique, the RAND/UCLA method, the consensus conference, and the combinations of individual approaches. Formal methods have been shown to lead to less biased and more reliable recommendations. Regardless of the method used, the guidelines should clearly define the quorum and document the process of agreeing a common standpoint on recommendations, guidelines and recommendations. Conclusions. Clinical guidelines have become an important tool influencing clinical practice. The participation of many experts representing the opinions and interests of different groups makes it necessary to apply a methodological and structured approach so that all participants have the opportunity to voice their opinion and to ensure process transparency, deal with misunderstandings and achieve a consensual position. The consensus methods allow to provide a wide range of stakeholders clinicians, policy makers, patients – with agreed rules of conduct in a given topic. The formal consensus methods and recommendations based on these methods combine scientific evidence with the practice and experience of experts.
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He, Shaoming, Wei Wang, Defu Lin, and Hongbo Lei. "Consensus-Based Two-Stage Salvo Attack Guidance." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 54, no. 3 (June 2018): 1555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2773272.

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Pitkin, Joan. "BMS – Consensus statement." Post Reproductive Health 24, no. 3 (September 2018): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053369118795349.

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Urogenital atrophy is more common than it would first appear and women do not always seek advice and guidance. Confusion still exists between systemic hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and local estrogen preparations but new treatment modalities have emerged that extend the range of options beyond lubricants, moisturisers and vaginal estrogen preparations.
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Ma, Wenhui, Xiaogeng Liang, Yangwang Fang, Tianbo Deng, and Wenxing Fu. "Three-Dimensional Prescribed-Time Pinning Group Cooperative Guidance Law." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2021 (December 30, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4490211.

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In order to overcome the drawbacks of the convergence time boundary dependent on tuning parameters in existing finite/fixed-time cooperative guidance law, this paper presents a three-dimensional prescribed-time pinning group cooperative guidance scheme that ensures multiple unpowered missiles to intercept multiple stationary targets. Firstly, combining a prescribed-time scaling function with pinning group consensus theory, the prescribed-time consensus-based cooperative guidance law is proposed. Secondly, the prescribed-time convergence of the proposed pinning group consensus-based cooperative guidance law proves that the convergence can be achieved at a specified time, regardless of initial conditions and parameters. Furthermore, the design steps including two stages of the proposed guidance law are given for engineering application. Extensive simulations are carried out in three cases to verify the properties. Simulation results show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed prescribed-time consensus-based cooperative guidance scheme.
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Sanders, Donald B., Gil I. Wolfe, Michael Benatar, Amelia Evoli, Nils E. Gilhus, Isabel Illa, Nancy Kuntz, et al. "International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis." Neurology 87, no. 4 (June 29, 2016): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000002790.

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Ohki, Motofumi, Yukiyoshi Hyo, Yuji Yoshiyama, Hiroshi Takano, Junko Takahata, Motohiko Suzuki, Sachio Takeno, et al. "Consensus guidance of nebulizer therapy for acute rhinosinusitis." Auris Nasus Larynx 47, no. 1 (February 2020): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2019.08.007.

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Howell, Simon J. "Consensus statements and expert guidance: interpret with care." British Journal of Anaesthesia 122, no. 6 (June 2019): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.03.013.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Consensus guidance"

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Witt, Claudia, Mikel Aickin, Daniel Cherkin, Chun Che, Charles Elder, Andrew Flower, Richard Hammerschlag, et al. "Effectiveness guidance document (EGD) for Chinese medicine trials: a consensus document." BioMed Central, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610258.

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BACKGROUND:There is a need for more Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) on Chinese medicine (CM) to inform clinical and policy decision-making. This document aims to provide consensus advice for the design of CER trials on CM for researchers. It broadly aims to ensure more adequate design and optimal use of resources in generating evidence for CM to inform stakeholder decision-making.METHODS:The Effectiveness Guidance Document (EGD) development was based on multiple consensus procedures (survey, written Delphi rounds, interactive consensus workshop, international expert review). To balance aspects of internal and external validity, multiple stakeholders, including patients, clinicians, researchers and payers were involved in creating this document.RESULTS:Recommendations were developed for "using available data" and "future clinical studies". The recommendations for future trials focus on randomized trials and cover the following areas: designing CER studies, treatments, expertise and setting, outcomes, study design and statistical analyses, economic evaluation, and publication.CONCLUSION:The present EGD provides the first systematic methodological guidance for future CER trials on CM and can be applied to single or multi-component treatments. While CONSORT statements provide guidelines for reporting studies, EGDs provide recommendations for the design of future studies and can contribute to a more strategic use of limited research resources, as well as greater consistency in trial design.
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Witt, Claudia, Mikel Aickin, Trini Baca, Dan Cherkin, Mary Haan, Richard Hammerschlag, Jason Hao, et al. "Effectiveness guidance document (EGD) for acupuncture research - a consensus document for conducting trials." BioMed Central, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610363.

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BACKGROUND:There is a need for more Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) to strengthen the evidence base for clinical and policy decision-making. Effectiveness Guidance Documents (EGD) are targeted to clinical researchers. The aim of this EGD is to provide specific recommendations for the design of prospective acupuncture studies to support optimal use of resources for generating evidence that will inform stakeholder decision-making.METHODS:Document development based on multiple systematic consensus procedures (written Delphi rounds, interactive consensus workshop, international expert review). To balance aspects of internal and external validity, multiple stakeholders including patients, clinicians and payers were involved.RESULTS:Recommendations focused mainly on randomized studies and were developed for the following areas: overall research strategy, treatment protocol, expertise and setting, outcomes, study design and statistical analyses, economic evaluation, and publication.CONCLUSION:The present EGD, based on an international consensus developed with multiple stakeholder involvement, provides the first systematic methodological guidance for future CER on acupuncture.
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Floris, Valentina <1997&gt. "Disabilità e consenso informato: riflessioni bioetiche guidate dall'etica della cura." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20436.

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L’etica della cura vede l’individuo in una costante relazione di interdipendenza con il mondo e le persone. L’approccio degli autori e delle autrici ispirati dai suoi principi mette in discussione la preminenza dell’autonomia umana come motore per l’azione politica ed economica, nonché per le decisioni di carattere sanitario. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di applicare i principi dell’etica della cura alla pratica medica, per dimostrare che è possibile concepire un modo di esprimere il consenso informato ai trattamenti sanitari anche senza la presenza di una autonomia decisionale assoluta. Un impianto teorico che concepisce uomini e donne come ugualmente vulnerabili, e rifiuta la gerarchia epistemica che anima la medicina ippocratica, può permettere l’utilizzo con successo di nuove risorse che assicurano la partecipazione alle scelte sanitarie anche per le persone con disabilità intellettive. Le prospettive individuate offrono un quadro in cui l’eventualità di una pratica medica inclusiva si rende possibile, grazie al lavoro collettivo e condiviso degli organi specialistici e di tutte le persone coinvolte. Le relazioni che ogni persona vive diventano non più ostacolo alla realizzazione dell’autodeterminazione, ma strumenti fondamentali per prendere decisioni consapevoli e complete, e per esercitare la propria libertà in relazione.
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Anisi, David A. "Online trajectory planning and observer based control." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Optimization and systems theory, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4153.

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Saif, Osamah. "Reactive navigation of a fleet of drones in interaction." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2269/document.

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De nos jours, les applications utilisant des quadrirotors autonomes sont en plein essor. La surveillance et la sécurité de sites industriels ou sensibles, de zones géographiques pour l’agriculture par exemple sont quelques-unes des applications les plus célèbres des véhicules aériens sans pilote (UAV). Actuellement, certains chercheurs et scientifiques se concentrent sur le déploiement multi-drones pour l’inspection et la surveillance de vastes zones. L’objectif de cette thèse est de concevoir des algorithmes afin de réaliser une commande de vol en formation distribuée/décentralisée de multi-UAVs en temps réel dans une perspective de systèmes de systèmes. Tout d’abord, nous avons passé en revue certains travaux récents de la littérature sur la commande de vol en formation et la commande de quadrirotors. Nous avons présenté une brève introduction sur les systèmes de systèmes, leur définition et leurs caractéristiques. Ensuite, nous avons introduit la commande de vol en formation avec ses structures les plus utilisées dans la littérature. Nous avons alors présenté quelques travaux existants traitant du flocking (comportement de regroupement en flotte), les méthodes de modélisation les plus utilisés pour les quadrirotors et quelques approches de commande les plus utilisées pour stabiliser des quadrirotors. Deuxièmement, nous avons utilisé la structure de la commande comportementale pour réaliser un vol en formation de plusieurs UAVs. Nous avons conçu un comportement pour réaliser le vol en formation de multi-UAVs sans fragmentation. Le comportement proposé traite le problème flocking dans une perspective globale, c’est-à-dire, nous avons inclus une tendance dans chaque drone pour former une formation. Les défis des Systèmes de systèmes nous a motivés à chercher des algorithmes de flocking et de consensus introduits dans la littérature qui peuvent être utiles pour répondre à ces défis. Cela nous a amenés à proposer quatre lois de commande en visant à être compatibles avec le modèle non linéaire des quadrirotors et pouvant être expérimentés sur des plates-formes réelles. Les lois de commande ont été exécutées à bord de chaque quadrirotor dans la formation et chaque quadrirotor interagit avec ses voisins pour assurer un vol en formation sans collision. Enfin, nous avons validé nos lois de commande par des simulations et des expériences en temps réel. Pour la simulation, nous avons utilisé un simulateur de multi quadrirotors développé au laboratoire Heudiasyc. Pour les expériences, nous avons mis en œuvre nos lois de contrôle sur des quadrirotors ArDrone2 évolués dans un environnement intérieur équipé d’un système de capture de mouvement (Optitrack)
Nowadays, applications of autonomous quadrotors are increasing rapidly. Surveillance and security of industrial sites, geographical zones for agriculture for example are some popular applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Nowadays, researchers and scientists focus on the deployment of multi-UAVs for the inspection and the surveillance of large areas. The objective of this thesis is to design algorithms and techniques to perform a real-time distributed/decentralized multi-UAVs flight formation control, from a system of systems perspective. Firstly, we reviewed recent works of the literature about flight formation control and the control of quadrotors. We presented a brief introduction about systems of systems, their definition and characteristics. Then, we introduced the flight formation control with its most used structures in the literature, some existing works dealing with flocking. Finally, we presented the most used modeling methodologies for quadrotors and some control approaches that are used to stabilize quadrotors. Secondly, we used the behavioral-based control structure to achieve a multiple UAV flocking. We conceived a behavior intending to address the control design towards a successful achievement of the flocking task without fragmentation. The proposed behavior treats the flocking problem from a global perspective, that is, we included a tendency of separated UAVs to form a flock.System of systems challenges motivated us to look for flocking and consensus algorithms introduced in the literature that could be helpful to answer to these challenges. This led us to propose four flocking control laws aiming at being compatible with the nonlinear model of quadrotors and at being implemented on experimental platforms. The control laws were run aboard each quadrotor in the flock. By running the control law, each quadrotor interacts with its neighbors to ensure a collision-free flocking. Finally, we validated our proposed control laws by simulations and real-time experiments. For the simulation, we used a PC-based simulator of flock of multiple quadrotors which was developed at Heudiasyc laboratory. For experiments, we implemented our control laws on ArDrone2 quadrotors evolved in an indoor environment equipped with an Optitrack motion capture system
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Gray, D., C. Acton, P. Chadwick, S. Fumarola, D. J. Leaper, C. Morris, D. Stang, Kath Vowden, Peter Vowden, and T. Young. "Consensus guidance for the use of debridement techniques in the UK." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6858.

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C, Bruni. "To develop a definition and validated expert recommendations to diagnose primary heart involvement in systemic sclerosis - preliminary pathway to a T2T approach." Doctoral thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1264311.

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Systemic sclerosis related primary heart involvement (SSc-pHI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality during the disease course. Despite the availability of Expert opinion papers on its detection and evaluation, there is heterogeneity regarding its definition, as well as granularity of data regarding the use of diagnostic tests for its evaluation in SSc. The aim of our study was to create a data- and consensus-driven definition of SSc-pHI and start its valiidation process. Consequently, we aimed at creating a consensus guidance to support clinicians in the screening, diagnosis and monitoring of SSc-pHI. Finally we applied the Consensus guidance retrospectively in a real-life cohort of SSc patients. Two different systematic literature reviews (SLRs) were carried on, the first aimed at identifying the different features of the possible manifestations of SSc-pHI, the second at gathering information on the diagnostic tests and related parameters used for the evaluation of cardiac involvement. The data derived from the two SLRs were used in Expert meetings, including specialists from the rheumatology, immunology, cardiology, pathology fields, as well as a patient research partner. The first meeting lead to the creation of a definition of SSc-pHI, which was partially validated for faesibility, criterion validity and reliability. The subsequent five meetings lead to the creation of a consensus guidance, composed of overarching principles and guidance statements, covering both the screening, diagnosis and monitoring assessments of SSc-pHI. In addition, SSc-specific echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance protocols were proposed, both for clinical core assessments and for optional/research agenda evaluations. The real-life retrospective evaluation of the Consensus guidance showed the added value of identifying at risk SSc-patients and regularly applying screening/diagnostic core evaluations, supporting their role in the detection of SSc-related cardiac events and complications. Future steps will include the prospective application of the consensus statements and the proposed ecocardiography/cardiac magnetic resonance protocol, leading the basis for a standardized detection of SSc-pHI and future testing of medications for its prevention and treatment.
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CHANG, KAI-LING, and 張愷凌. "The Girls Entering in the Fog—The Experiences of Junior High School Guidance Teachers in Dealing with Consensual Sexual Behaviors of Girls." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q23jmp.

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碩士
國立臺中教育大學
諮商與應用心理學系碩士班
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The purposes of the study was to explore the dilemma and experience faced by junior high school guidance teachers when counseling with the girl students having consensual sexual behavior. The qualitative research approach was adopted in the study. The researcher collected the data by interviewing four junior high school counseling teachers who had counseling experience with the cases having consensual sexual behavior. Furthermore, thematic analysis was used to identify and analyze the themes. The results were shown as follows: Believed by the junior high school guidance teachers, the reasons why the girl students had sexual behaviors include the lack of family love, the influence of peer values, and the pursuit of stable love or the proof of their love for boyfriend. After the case had consensual sex, some influences that she might go through included (1) self-blame and guilt; (2) lower self-worth; (3) parent-child conflict; (4) worse interpersonal relationship due to the rumors of sexual behavior; (5) If pregnant or miscarried, her daily life might be seriously influenced. The difficulties faced by the guidance teachers in consensual sexual counseling were (1) the mandatory report deteriorating the trust between the case and the guidance teacher; (2) the lack of parental function and the lack of proper gender equality of the parents; (3) the recurrence of consensual sexual behaviors; (4) the school not paying attention to gender education; (5) insufficient gender equality concept of teachers. The guidance teachers believed that the mandatory report may reduce the trust between the case and the guidance teacher. Therefore, the restoration of the trust relationship became an important goal of counseling work. Through empathy and assistance in solving the immediate difficulties and persistent concerns of the case, the sense of trust could be restored. The guidance teachers suggested that the more flexible the mandatory report time limitation is, the less resistance and distrust the case has. The guidance teachers adopted client-centered when setting their counseling goals, which including (1) assisting her to explore the value of love; (2) realizing their needs in relationships; (3) increasing the concept of gender equality, safe sex and ways of self-protection; (4) helping her to deal with negative emotions, accepting themselves, expressing themselves, and achieving self-assertion. The followings were the effective counseling strategies proposed by the guidance teachers, (1) establishing the relationship between the case and the teacher; (2) utilizing the media to help the case explore the value of love, and her thoughts and feelings; (3) leading the case to perceive the pattern of being with the other half and clarify the needs in the relationship; (4) through teacher’s self-disclosure or examples, the guidance teachers guide the cases to come up with more appropriate ways to get along with each other; (5) helping the case express emotions with art therapy media and try to deal with her own emotions; (6) maintaining a long-term companion and giving concerns. The guidance teachers suggest that the resources in the system should be mutually assisted and adjusted. The guidance teachers can help the support system around the case to understand the reasons behind. When the client is understood and accepted, she will become self-assertive. This study found that the content not mentioned in the previous literature contains (1) the rumors of consensual sexual behavior tend to make girls' interpersonal relationship worse; (2) if the guidance teacher and the case have sufficient trust relationship, the relationship will be less damaged after the mandatory report; (3) the guidance teachers should adopt client-centered when setting their counseling goals, rather than the consensual sexual behavior event. Finally, there is little literature discussing consensual sexual behavior in western research, as is the domestic literature, which needs further study in the future.
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Books on the topic "Consensus guidance"

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Cavarocchi, Francesca, and Valeria Galimi, eds. Firenze in guerra 1940-1944. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-737-1.

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Il volume riproduce il percorso documentario della mostra Firenze in guerra 1940-1944 promossa dall’Istituto Storico della Resistenza in Toscana in occasione del 70° anniversario della Resistenza e della Liberazione. I contributi introduttivi illustrano il work in progress che ha accompagnato il progetto espositivo e intendono guidare il lettore attraverso una serie di questioni storiografiche al centro della mostra: la centralità della fase 1940-1943, finora rimasta sullo sfondo, le trasformazioni economiche, i nodi del consenso e del controllo sociale, i caratteri dell’occupazione tedesca, il ruolo della Chiesa e la complessa trama della Resistenza fiorentina. Obiettivo della ricerca è stato quello di indagare da vicino l’impatto della guerra sulla popolazione di una grande area urbana, provando a evidenziarne specificità e connessioni con la cornice nazionale.
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Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team. Consensus guidance on the management of acute stroke. Belfast CREST, 1999.

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Baerg, Nicole. Crafting Consensus. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499488.001.0001.

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In the early 2000s, the US monetary policy committee, as well as other central banks around the world, began using “forward guidance,” or changes in their statement language, to signal policy changes. Underlying this shift toward clearer communication was the idea that more comprehensible monetary policy would lead to better economic performance and lower inflation. The first three chapters of this book argue that, rather than being a lofty goal set by altruistically motivated policy makers, transparency depends on the configuration of committee members’ preferences. Monetary policy committees that have central bankers with opposing preferences are argued to communicate more precisely compared to either a single decision maker or central bankers with more similar preferences. Precise communication is then shown to have positive effects by lowering inflation. Shifting focus and using data from the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), chapter 4 presents evidence that committees with opposing preferences use a lower share of uncertainty words in policy statements and make more numerous changes to public announcements. Chapter 5 shows that households in Germany change their inflation expectations when given more precise central bank information. And chapter 6 shows that the level of precision in inflation-related news articles is negatively related to inflation in a sample of countries from Latin America. In conclusion, this book offers a new way of thinking about central bank committees and transparency. It finds that appointing a more policy-diverse central bank committee can encourage intercommittee governance and accountability as well as better economic performance.
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Regional Task Force for the Reduction of Maternal Mortality (GTR). Interagency Strategic Consensus for the Reduction of Maternal Morbidity and Mortality: Strategic Guidance for the 2020-2030 Decade. Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University Affiliate, 2021.

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Foster, Brogan, and Paul A. Brogan. Systemic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738756.003.0004.

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This chapter covers the full spectrum of systemic diseases in paediatric rheumatology including: the systemic vasculitides (HSP, Kawasaki disease, PAN, ANCA-associated vasculitis, Takayasu arteritis, Behçet's disease, cerebral vasculitis, and many others); juvenile SLE; scleroderma; JDM; overlap syndromes; antiphospholipid syndrome; sarcoid; and paediatric uveitis. In addition, it provides updated descriptions and treatment approaches for autoinflammatory diseases, including recently described diseases such as DADA, SAVI, CANDLE, and many others. Other systemic diseases described in detail include mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses; musculoskeletal features of chromosomal abnormalities; cystic fibrosis; and inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment guidelines for all these systemic diseases have been fully updated, and aligned with recent evidence-based/consensus European guidance.
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Nichols, Thomas M. U.S. Nuclear Strategy. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.24.

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Because of their awesome destructive capability, nuclear weapons require national security policymakers to carefully evaluate how they fit within a country’s national security posture. No consensus exists as to whether the use of such weapons is in fact an option for decision makers to consider or whether the goal is to ensure that they can never be used. The different strategies that have been developed since 1945 for U.S. nuclear strategy—massive retaliation, flexible response, a fatalistic acceptance of the logic of mutually assured destruction, and the search for the most effective ways of stemming nuclear proliferation in unstable or unpredictable actors—all reflect attempts to provide guidance for policymakers as to the strategic purpose of these weapons.
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Marzouka, George R., Lynda Otalvaro-Orozco, and Robert C. Hendel. Guidelines and Appropriate Use Criteria. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0033.

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Multiple documents have been published regarding the use of radionuclide imaging which attempt to outline the applications of SPECT and PET cardiac imaging and to offer guidance in not only how these techniques are performed but also when these tests should be used. These guidance documents, which include position papers, consensus documents, white papers, clinical practice guidelines (CPG), and appropriate use criteria (AUC) serve a number of purposes and are applicable to various health care providers. The focus of this chapter is on CPG and AUC, as these provide the basis for care optimization and reimbursement decisions and are the most widely accepted documents regarding radionuclide-imaging utilization. Throughout this book, each chapter has focused on the best practice of nuclear cardiology, emphasizing methods that will not only improve image quality but also provide significant clinical value. This chapter will emphasize the selection of patients for radionuclide imaging and focus on how best to use these resources to improve the outcome of patients with known or suspected heart disease.
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Fagan, Abigail A., J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, and David P. Farrington. Improving Community Capacity to Conduct Comprehensive Prevention Needs Assessments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0005.

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Prevention science emphasizes the need for data-driven prevention, but communities often face significant challenges in determining how to collect and analyze data to inform their prevention efforts. Based on the guidance provided to community coalitions in the CTC system, this chapter describes the ways that communities can gather and assess data on risk and protective factors and behavioral health problems experienced by local youth. The advantages and disadvantages of using archival and self-reported data are compared and the benefits of conducting the CTC Youth Survey with middle and high school students are highlighted. Methods for analyzing these data and creating community consensus on the prioritized risk and protective factors that should be targeted by EBIs are also discussed.
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Proctor, Kim. Measuring Group Consciousness. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.33.

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Although group consciousness is an important concept in explaining political behavior, both theoretical guidance on how to measure group consciousness and empirical consensus regarding its operationalization are lacking. This has the potential to lead to both diverging results and inaccurate empirical conclusions, which greatly limits the ability to understand the role that group consciousness plays in politics. Using data from Pew’s 2013 “Survey of LGBT Americans,” this analysis provides a foundation for measuring group consciousness using item response theory (IRT). Through an examination of dimensionality, monotonicity, model fit, and differential item functioning, the results demonstrate that many assumptions about measuring group consciousness have been incorrect. Further, the findings suggest that previous conclusions about subgroup differences may be the result of survey bias, rather than actual between-group differences. Moving forward, scholars of political behavior should use IRT to measure latent constructs.
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Hanretta, Sean. New Religious Movements. Edited by John Parker and Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0016.

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The late twentieth century saw the rise of new forms of religiosity and a growing consensus about the utility of the concept of ‘religion’ to describe a wide range of beliefs and practices. The idea that Africa was perpetually in need of modernization and socio-economic ‘development’ influenced the theological and practical evolution of Christianity, Islam, and various ‘indigenous’ spiritual traditions. Pentecostalism and reformist Islam shared a turn towards the personalization of spiritual quests and a sense of rupture with the recent past. New movements attacked existing institutions, paths to religious knowledge and authority, and the perceived routinization of spiritual guidance. New patterns of connection between Africa and the rest of the world produced complex mixings and inventions separate from the movement of peoples or the territorial expansion of empires. Further research is needed into the links between the political and financial institutions shaping recent forms of globalization and the intellectual and social content of new religious movements.
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Book chapters on the topic "Consensus guidance"

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Yankah, Ekua, and Peter Aggleton. "The Manufacture of Consensus: The Development of United Nations Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education." In The Palgrave Handbook of Sexuality Education, 53–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-40033-8_3.

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Kombe, Wilbard Jackson, and Samwel S. Alananga. "Is Climate Change Knowledge Making a Difference in Urban Planning and Practice: Perspectives from Practitioners and Policymakers in Tanzania." In The Urban Book Series, 119–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06550-7_7.

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AbstractThe magnitude and effects of Climate Change (CC) such as floods and storms are projected to increase in the future. There is also a consensus among scholars that rich CC knowledge in urban planning can lead to better Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Mitigation (CCM) outcomes. However, generally the role of planners and plans in responding to Climate Change (CC) challenges has been disappointing and increasingly questioned. This chapter analyses the role of planning education, experience and/or practice among professional planners in addressing climate adaptation and mitigation issues. Field studies involving face to face interviews were conducted in Arusha Municipality in 2019. Questionnaires were completed by practitioners and policymakers. The findings highlight the gaps in CC knowledge and capacity among planners and policymakers. Also, the extent of informality, the major force transforming urban land use and development is overlooked. Most importantly, there is insensitivity, lack of accountability and political commitment by the Local Government Authority (LGA) on CC issues in planning, budgeting, and management. We argue that improving the role of urban planning in CCA and CCM requires: a recognition of the indispensable role of LGAs; substantive engagement of stakeholders; acknowledgement of socio-cultural and economic barriers to CCA/CCM at the local level; guidance on informality; and adaption of multi-level governance and integration of spatial and economic planning at city and community levels.
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"Regulations, Directives, Guidance, Laws and Consensus Documents." In Cobert's Manual of Drug Safety and Pharmacovigilance, 51–57. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813278851_0007.

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Ryan, Sheryl A., and Seth D. Ammerman. "Counseling Parents and Teens About Marijuana Use in the Era of Legalization of Marijuana." In Medical Risks of Marijuana, 58–63. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610022767-counseling.

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Many states have recently made significant changes to their legislation making recreational and/or medical marijuana use by adults legal. Although these laws, for the most part, have not targeted the adolescent population, they have created an environment in which marijuana increasingly is seen as acceptable, safe, and therapeutic. This clinical report offers guidance to the practicing pediatrician based on existing evidence and expert opinion/consensus of the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding anticipatory guidance and counseling to teenagers and their parents about marijuana and its use. The recently published technical report provides the detailed evidence and references regarding the research on which the information in this clinical report is based.
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"Section 4. Water Chemistry Parameters." In Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater and Boiler Water Chemistry in Industrial and Institutional Boilers, 14–27. ASME Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.885093_ch4.

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The maintenance of specified feedwater and boiler water chemistry must be well regulated and documented by frequent analysis and record keeping. Normally, a combination of online analyzers and grab sample measurements is used to ensure proper chemistry control. Guidance on sample collection and conditioning is provided in “Consensus on Operating Practices for the Sampling and Monitoring of Feedwater and Boiler Water Chemistry in Modern Industrial Boilers” [7].
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Spence, Dingle, Kari Brown, Steven Smith, Dorothy Grant, and David Picking. "Jamaican Cultural and Spiritual Guidance in Caring for Cancer Patients, Jamaica." In Global Perspectives in Cancer Care, 454–74. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197551349.003.0045.

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Jamaica’s geographic location and place in modern history has made the country a nest for the development of rich and diversely informed cultural traditions and beliefs, and these traditions continue to influence attitudes toward health in Jamaican society today. Many Jamaican people rely on traditional knowledge, unique dietary practices, and the use of medicinal plants for their health care. Interestingly, many of these practices occur unknown to, and without guidance from, conventional health care providers, highlighting the lack of consensus and acceptance within the medical community of integrative approaches to care. In cancer care, this disparity is brought into even sharper focus. Equally important is the value of understanding the roles played by religion and spirituality and their influence on how people respond to a diagnosis of cancer. This chapter explores the cultural and religious factors modifying cancer care in Jamaica, providing a review of the current understanding of these factors and possible solutions to a culturally targeted holistic approach to cancer care.
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Zahidy, Abd Hamid, Noor Azlinna Azizan, and Shahryar Sorooshian. "An Analytical Algorithm for Delphi Method for Consensus Building and Organizational Productivity." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 62–79. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0654-6.ch004.

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The Delphi technique is being increasingly used in many complex areas where a consensus is to be reached. In such an environment, the Delphi technique allows researchers to acquire high quality, unbiased information from a panel of certified experts. Despite its vast uses, the Delphi method has seen a lack of consistent procedural guidance for its application. A review of literature revealed a significant variation in methodological approach of the method. The purpose of this paper is to develop a practical algorithm for the Delphi study application based on the literature review and the authors' practiced experiences. A few modifications are suggested to make the Delphi study more practical in research and decision making. Using the guidelines provided by this paper, it is expected that the reader may better understand the appropriate application and procedure of the modified Delphi process.
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"Section 1. Introduction." In Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater and Boiler Water Chemistry in Industrial and Institutional Boilers, 1–2. ASME Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.885093_ch1.

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This document has been prepared by the Water Technology Subcommittee of the ASME Research and Technology Committee on Steam and Water in Thermal Systems as a consensus of proper current operating practices for the control of feedwater and boiler water chemistry in the operation of industrial and institutional, high duty, primary fuel fired boilers. These practices are aimed at minimizing corrosion, deposition, cleaning requirements, and unscheduled outages in the steam generators and associated condensate, feedwater and steam systems for boilers, and steam system components which are currently available. This publication is an expansion and revision of the operating practice consensus documents previously issued by the Committee [1-3]. The tabulated values herein update and replace the ones previously published. Titles have been edited and clarified. The text has been reordered and modified where necessary. THE TEXT IS OF PRIME IMPORTANCE AND SHOULD BE CONSIDERED FULLY BEFORE USING THE TABULATED VALUES. One Appendix has been added to provide additional guidance.
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Galinkin, Jeffrey, and Jeffrey Lee Koh. "Recognition and Management of Iatrogenically Induced Opioid Dependence and Withdrawal in Children." In Opioid Addiction, 109–12. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610022798-recognition.

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Opioids are often prescribed to children for pain relief related to procedures, acute injuries, and chronic conditions. Round-the-clock dosing of opioids can produce opioid dependence within 5 days. According to a 2001 Consensus Paper from the American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Pain Society, and American Society of Addiction Medicine, dependence is defined as “a state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist.” Although the experience of many children undergoing iatrogenically induced withdrawal may be mild or goes unreported, there is currently no guidance for recognition or management of withdrawal for this population. Guidance on this subject is available only for adults and primarily for adults with substance use disorders. The guideline will summarize existing literature and provide readers with information currently not available in any single source specific for this vulnerable pediatric population.
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Paul Kramer, Michael, Linda Bitsch, and Jon H. Hanf. "The Significance of Blockchain Governance in Agricultural Supply Networks." In Sustainable Agricultural Value Chain [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101873.

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Firms in the agri-food sector have started implementing blockchain technology to both provide transparency over the supply chain transactions and to make trust attributes visible to consumers. Besides the well-known public blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, private- and consortium-type blockchain platforms exist. The latter ones are being operated in the agri-food ecosystem contributing to the vertically cooperated supply networks that are coordinated by a focal firm. Stakeholders’ attitude and behavioral intentions toward the use of the blockchain technology impact their use behavior. The results show that permissioned blockchain governance mechanisms with consensus and incentives to motivate stakeholders are lacking in private and consortium blockchains. This study closes a research gap as understanding how the stakeholder management approach can compensate for the lack of consensus mechanisms can provide managerial guidance toward the development of an effective stakeholder management strategy, which eventually can be provided for a competitive advantage. As there is little research on the role of blockchain as a novel governance mechanism, this research will contribute to the scholarly discussion toward a common understanding.
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Conference papers on the topic "Consensus guidance"

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Ma, Wenhui, Yangwang Fang, Zhikai Wang, Wenxing Fu, and Xiaogeng Liang. "Prescribed-time Group Consensus Cooperative Guidance." In 2021 40th Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ccc52363.2021.9550661.

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Chen, Yadong, Lan Wei, Jianan Wang, Chunyan Wang, Dandan Wang, Jiayuan Shan, and Ming Xin. "Consensus Based Cooperative Guidance with a Leader." In 2020 IEEE 16th International Conference on Control & Automation (ICCA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca51439.2020.9264457.

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Sinha, Abhinav, Shashi Ranjan Kumar, and Dwaipayan Mukherjee. "Consensus based Nonlinear Guidance for Cooperative Salvo." In 2019 Sixth Indian Control Conference (ICC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc47138.2019.9123223.

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Porfiri, Maurizio, and Daniel Stilwell. "Consensus Seeking over Random Digraphs." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-6204.

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Wang, Jianan, and Ming Xin. "Consensus Filter on Networked Double-Integrator Systems." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-8324.

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Chen, Hao, Jianan Wang, Zhang Jun, Chunyan Wang, and Jiayuan Shan. "Composite Weighted Average Consensus Filtering." In 2018 IEEE CSAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference (GNCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gncc42960.2018.9018865.

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Shen Kang, Jianan Wang, Guang Li, and Jiayuan Shan. "MPC-consensus based optimal cooperative guidance law design." In 2016 IEEE Chinese Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference (CGNCC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cgncc.2016.7828807.

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Sharma, Rajnikant, Clark Taylor, David Casbeer, and Randal Beard. "Distributed Cooperative SLAM using an Information Consensus Filter*." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-8334.

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Fraser, Cameron, Luca Bertuccelli, and Jonathan How. "Reaching Consensus with Imprecise Probabilities over a Network." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-5655.

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Lin, Zhongjie, and Hugh H. T. Liu. "Consensus based on learning game theory." In 2014 IEEE Chinese Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference (CGNCC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cgncc.2014.7007464.

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Reports on the topic "Consensus guidance"

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Rioux, Nathalie. Twenty-Fifth Annual Report on Federal Agency Use of Voluntary Consensus Standards and Conformity Assessment. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8438.

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In FY 2021, the 22 federal agencies that reported did not add or rescind any GUS in lieu of VCS, therefore there remains a total of 80 previously reported GUS in lieu of VCS still in use. This analysis does not reflect the use of standards by the Department of Defense (DoD) or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as they report their use of GUS on a categorical basis via a different reporting mechanism. Agencies demonstrate the effectiveness of the NTTAA and Circular A-119 by their continuous review of opportunities to rescind GUS in favor of using VCS, and their involvement with the private sector through the VCS process. These activities suggest that federal agencies are cognizant of the benefits of meeting their mission needs by actively seeking to use VCS developed by the private sector. In accordance with its coordination role as defined in the NTTAA and OMB A-119, NIST continues to assist federal agencies and their stakeholders with standards and conformity assessment information, program support, guidance, and policy concerns. NIST hosts http://standards.gov, which offers ongoing practical guidance and information needed by agencies to implement the NTTAA successfully and report standards activities as required by the NTTAA and OMB Circular A-119. This report fulfills the annual reporting requirements of both the NTTAA and OMB Circular A-119.
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Marold, Juliane, Ruth Wagner, Markus Schöbel, and Dietrich Manzey. Decision-making in groups under uncertainty. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/361udm.

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The authors have studied daily decision-making processes in groups under uncertainty, with an exploratory field study in the medical domain. The work follows the tradition of naturalistic decision-making (NDM) research. It aims to understand how groups in this high reliability context conceptualize and internalize uncertainties, and how they handle them in order to achieve effective decision-making in their everyday activities. Analysis of the survey data shows that uncertainty is thought of in terms of issues and sources (as identified by previous research), but also (possibly a domain-specific observation) as a lack of personal knowledge or skill. Uncertainty is accompanied by emotions of fear and shame. It arises during the diagnostic process, the treatment process and the outcome of medical decision making. The most frequently cited sources of uncertainty are partly lacking information and inadequate understanding owing to instability of information. Descriptions of typical group decisions reveal that the individual himself is a source of uncertainty when a lack of knowledge, skills and expertise is perceived. The group can serve as a source of uncertainty if divergent opinions in the decision making group exist. Three different situations of group decisions are identified: Interdisciplinary regular meetings (e.g. tumor conferences), formal ward meetings and ad hoc consultations. In all healthcare units concerned by the study, only little use of structured decision making procedures and processes is reported. Strategies used to handle uncertainty include attempts to reduce uncertainty by collecting additional information, delaying action until more information is available or by soliciting advice from other physicians. The factors which ultimately determine group decisions are hierarchy (the opinion of more senior medical staff carries more weight than that of junior staff), patients’ interest and professional competence. Important attributes of poor group decisions are the absence of consensus and the use of hierarchy as the predominant decision criterion. On the other hand, decisions judged to be effective are marked by a sufficient information base, a positive discussion culture and consensus. The authors identify four possible obstacles to effective decision making: a steep hierarchy gradient, a poor discussion culture, a strong need for consensus, and insufficient structure and guidance of group decision making processes. A number of intervention techniques which have been shown in other industries to be effective in improving some of these obstacles are presented.
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Rada, Maria Patricia, Alexandra Caseriu, Roxana Crainic, and Stergios K. Doumouchtsis. A critical appraisal and systematic review of clinical practice guidelines on hormone replacement therapy for menopause: assessment using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) Instrument. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0089.

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Review question / Objective: To assess the quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPC) on hormone replacement therapy for menopause using the AGREE II instrument and to provide a summary of recommendations. Information sources: Literature searches using MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research from inception to date will be searched. The search terms include guidelines / guidance / recommendation and hormone replacement therapy related keywords and MeSH terms. National and international organizations websites will be searched individually. Additional searches on the references of the primary included items may help identify any guidelines missed on the primary searches. In the case of more than one published guideline from the same national or international association, only the latest version of the guidelines will be included and evaluated. Any disagreements on inclusion criteria will be addressed through discussion and consensus meeting within the research team. Guidelines published in languages other than English will be considered on an individual basis. Guidelines must be publicly available on a website or in a peer-reviewed publication.
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Saldanha, Ian J., Andrea C. Skelly, Kelly Vander Ley, Zhen Wang, Elise Berliner, Eric B. Bass, Beth Devine, et al. Inclusion of Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions in Systematic Reviews of Intervention Effectiveness: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsguidenrsi.

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Introduction: Nonrandomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) are observational or experimental studies of the effectiveness and/or harms of interventions, in which participants are not randomized to intervention groups. There is increasingly widespread recognition that advancements in the design and analysis of NRSIs allow NRSI evidence to have a much more prominent role in decision making, and not just as ancillary evidence to randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Objective: To guide decisions about inclusion of NRSIs for addressing the effects of interventions in systematic reviews (SRs), this chapter updates the 2010 guidance on inclusion of NRSIs in Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) SRs. The chapter focuses on considerations for decisions to include or exclude NRSIs in SRs. Methods: In November 2020, AHRQ convened a 20-member workgroup that comprised 13 members representing 8 of 9 AHRQ-appointed EPCs, 3 AHRQ representatives, 1 independent consultant with expertise in SRs, and 3 representatives of the AHRQ-appointed Scientific Resource Center. The workgroup received input from the full EPC Program regarding the process and specific issues through discussions at a virtual meeting and two online surveys regarding challenges with NRSI inclusion in SRs. One survey focused on current practices by EPCs regarding NRSI inclusion in ongoing and recently completed SRs. The other survey focused on the appropriateness, completeness, and usefulness of existing EPC Program methods guidance. The workgroup considered the virtual meeting and survey input when identifying aspects of the guidance that needed updating. The workgroup used an informal method for generating consensus about guidance. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. Results: We outline considerations for the inclusion of NRSIs in SRs of intervention effectiveness. We describe the strengths and limitations of RCTs, study design features and types of NRSIs, and key considerations for making decisions about inclusion of NRSIs (during the stages of topic scoping and refinement, SR team formation, protocol development, SR conduct, and SR reporting). We discuss how NRSIs may be applicable for the decisional dilemma being addressed in the SR, threats to the internal validity of NRSIs, as well as various data sources and advanced analytic methods that may be used in NRSIs. Finally, we outline an approach to incorporating NRSIs within an SR and key considerations for reporting. Conclusion: The main change from the previous guidance is the overall approach to decisions about inclusion of NRSIs in EPC SRs. Instead of recommending NRSI inclusion only if RCTs are insufficient to address the Key Question, this updated guidance handles NRSI evidence as a valuable source of information and lays out important considerations for decisions about the inclusion of NRSIs in SRs of intervention effectiveness. Different topics may require different decisions regarding NRSI inclusion. This guidance is intended to improve the utility of the final product to end-users. Inclusion of NRSIs will increase the scope, time, and resources needed to complete SRs, and NRSIs pose potential threats to validity, such as selection bias, confounding, and misclassification of interventions. Careful consideration must be given to both concerns.
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Ying, Hongan, Jinfan Shao, Xijuan Xu, Wenfeng Yu, and Weiwen Hong. Perineural Invasion is an Indication of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Node Negative Colorectal cancer. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.12.0103.

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Review question / Objective: Perineural invasion (PNI) is a possible route for metastatic spread in various cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). PNI is linked to poor prognosis. For patients with lymph node positive colorectal cancer, a number of large-scale RCT studies have confirmed that they can benefit from chemotherapy, but there are still many controversies about whether colorectal patients with negative lymph nodes need adjuvant chemotherapy. At present, there is a general consensus that patients with stage II colorectal cancer who have risk factors such as PNI+ need chemotherapy. However, there are many recent literatures that show that patients with stage II colorectal cancer with nerve invasion risk factors can not prolong the OS and DFS of patients. At the same time, chemotherapy increases the toxicity, economic and mental burden of patients. Therefore, we hope to write this review to summarize the current research findings and provide some clinical guidance on whether patients with lymph node negative colon cancer who have perineural invasion should receive chemotherapy. Condition being studied: Patients with high-risk such as PNI+ stage II colon cancer (CC) are recommended to undergo adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT). However, whether such patients can benefit from ACT remains unclear. And recently studies shown that, ACT had no significant benefit among patients with PNI.
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Michel, Bob, and Tatiana Falcão. Taxing Profits from International Maritime Shipping in Africa: Past, Present and Future of UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.023.

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International maritime shipping is an essential part of global business. Since the establishment of the current international tax regime in the 1920s, there has been a consensus that profits generated by this business are taxable only in the residence state –the state where the shipowners are located. Source states – the port states where business physically takes place – are generally expected to exempt income from international shipping. This standard is currently reflected in Article 8 of the OECD Model and Article 8 (Alternative A) of the UN Model, and is incorporated in the vast majority of bilateral tax treaties currently in force. Exclusive residence state taxation of shipping profits is problematic when the size of mercantile fleets and shipping flows between two states are of unequal size. This is often the case in relations between a developed and developing country. The latter often lack a substantial domestic mercantile fleet, but serve as an important revenue-generating port state for the fleet of the developed country. To come to a more balanced allocation of taxing rights in such a case, a source taxation alternative has been inserted in UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). From its inception, Article 8B has been labelled impractical due to the lack of guidance on core issues, like sourcing rules and profit allocation. This gap is said to explain the low adoption rate of Article 8B in global tax treaty practice. In reality, tax treaty practice regarding Article 8B is heavily concentrated and flourishing in a handful of countries in South/South-East Asia – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All these countries subject non-resident shipping income to tax in their domestic income tax laws. Except for India, all countries are able to exercise these domestic tax law rules in relation to shipping enterprises located in the biggest shipowner states, either because they have a treaty in place that provides for source taxation or because there is no treaty at all and thus no restriction of domestic law. None of the relevant tax treaties contain a provision that incorporates the exact wording of Article 8B of the UN Model. If other countries, like coastal countries in sub-Saharan Africa, are looking to implement source taxation of maritime shipping income in the future, they are advised to draw on the South/South-East Asian experience. Best practice can be distilled regarding sourcing rule, source tax limitation, profit attribution and method of taxation (on gross or net basis). In addition to technical guidance on tax, the South/South-East Asian experience also provides important general policy considerations countries should take into account when determining whether source taxation of maritime shipping profits is an appropriate target for their future tax treaty negotiations.
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Clinical research in resource-limited settings. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.56759/cyqe7288.

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Evidence generated through responsible clinical research is one of the major pillars of the advancement of health care. In past decades there has been tremendous progress in the clinical research and development (R & D) environment globally, with increasing attention being paid to the health needs of people in resource-limited settings, where most of the preventable morbidity and mortality occurs. However, financial, social, ethical and regulatory challenges persist in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and most clinical research today is still being conducted in and for high-income countries (HICs). The aim of this report is to provide balanced arguments to promote scientifically sound good quality clinical research in low-resource settings. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) is an international, non-governmental, non-profit organization with the mission to advance public health through guidance on health research and policy including ethics, medical product development and safety. This report reflects the consensus opinion of the CIOMS Working Group on Clinical Research in Resource-Limited Settings, and was finalized in line with comments received during public consultation. The report is intended for governments and regulatory authorities, the research community and sponsors, as well as international organizations involved in funding or conducting research. The report provides a comprehensive set of recommendations to all major stakeholders. While it builds on the 2016 CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research Involving Humans, it is not intended to supersede those guidelines.
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