Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Connaissances contextuelles'
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Defer, Alexis. "Développement et utilisation de connaissances dans l’apprentissage de régularités contextuelles de scènes naturelles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS530.
Full textThe mechanisms involved in the development and use of contextual regularities were studied using the contextual cueing paradigm. In our research, we argue that learning contextual regularities from natural scenes occur unintentionally and implicitly during visual search. We showed that learning of contextual regularities and conscious awareness depend on how selective attention is allocated toward natural scenes (Experiments 1 and 2a). However, the mechanisms supporting the learning of contextual regularities remained unaffected by the presence of an interfering, working memory task (Experiment 5 and 6). Our studies also indicated that awareness of regularities improves performance on the visual search task (Experiments 1 and 2a). We also found that rugby expertise improved conscious awareness of regularities from rugby scenes, while visual search performance of experts was no better than performance of novices (Experiment 4). Finally, the procedure used in Experiments 1-6 does not allow to precisely determine what knowledge is used during visual search. Consequently, we have applied the paradigm of inter-trial temporal contextual cueing to natural scenes. We found evidence indicating that categorical regularities of natural scenes can be extracted and used quickly and without attentional efforts for natural scenes, independently of expertise level (7a Experience 7a - 8)
Sarapuk, Anna. "Connaissances culturelles et contextuelles dans la traduction lors du passage du polonais en français." Thesis, Lille 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL30019/document.
Full textLinguistic skills are essential for translators. However, a profound knowledge of source andtarget cultures is also fundamental for transmitting all the richness of a work. Researchershave been working on the importance of translating culture for thirty years, and the criteriathey define are more and more precise. However, translation from Polish into French has beenlittle studied. Therefore, we examine the expression of cultural and contextual knowledge inPolish-to-French translations. To do that, we mainly use a corpus of broadcasting texts andquestion the importance of both individual and national culture when the primary goal of textis not cultural transmission: how to translate such cultural elements? We focus our researchon the works of the famous Polish fantasy writer Andrzej Sapkowski and their Frenchtranslations. We also include thrillers and historical novels in our research. In Polish textswhere the primary objective is not transmitting culture but entertaining a wide range of public,what kind of cultural and contextual knowledge is expressed, what importance does it haveand how is it translated into French? We also question the impact of the absence of suchcultural elements in the translations. To answer all these questions, we establish aclassification of cultural references that can be considered as a possible typology for thecultureme in translation from Polish into French that may apply to other types of texts. Foreach category and subcategory, we analyze specific examples from our corpus of texts. Thisallows us to recognize most frequent practices in broadcasting literature translations, andperhaps offer new approaches
Saker, Ilham. "Modélisation des connaissances contextuelles pour la conception d'un Système d'Aide aux opérateurs en cas d'incidents." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066631.
Full textZouinar, Moustapha. "Contribution à l'étude de la coopération et du partage d'informations contextuelles dans les environnements de travail complexes." Paris, CNAM, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2001CNAM0368.
Full textBillet-Coat, Sophie. "Apports à l'acquisition interactive de connaissances contextuelles : SAPIENS, un système pour la translittération de textes hiéroglyphiques." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20213.
Full textTraoré, Assitan. "Catégorisation des comportements de conduite en termes de consommation en carburant : une méthode de découverte de connaissances contextuelles à partir des traces d’interactions." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1012/document.
Full textThis thesis proposes an engineering method of contextual knowledge that allows identification and modelling of explanatory context of observed criteria. The context consists of located explanatory knowledge allowing valid representation of an object in the covered situation. This knowledge is generally elicited when observing the activity performance in which the object is involved. They are therefore difficult to describe in the beginning of activity analysis but are necessary for the definition, explanation and effective understanding of an activity according to an observed criterion characterizing this activity. This thesis proposes a progressive definition of adequate context to explain an observed criterion during activity observation. The research mobilizes interaction traces of the analysed activity, clarify context notion and uses data mining methods for classification or categorization of an observed criterion by distinguishing contextual parameters and no contextual parameters. The developed environment, based on interaction traces principles, allows to assist explanatory context discovery by interactive approach, using context analyst knowledge. We demonstrate that it’s possible to build a valid context, by discovering it and by formulating it in a generic form as proposed in literature. An application of the method was performed in driving situation to identify and model the explanatory context of fuel consumption. The method validation is performed by studying produced knowledge on fuel consumption, qualitatively by relying on existing domain knowledge and quantitatively by applying classification rules established trough data collected from driving activity. This illustration of driving activity analysis with the contextual knowledge discovery method to determine explanatory context of fuel consumption was conducted at Ifsttar on real data, collected during driving activity in natural driving situation. The led experiments show encouraging results and allows considering the integration of contextual knowledge discovery method in Ifsttar analyst practices
Da, Kelling. "Plateforme d’adaptation autonomique contextuelle à base de connaissances." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3018/document.
Full textThe ubiquitous applications development is not a trivial task. Beyond the dynamic aspect of suchapplications, the evolution of computer science toward the proliferation of mobile devices does not make things easier. A solution to simplify the development and operation of such applications is to use software platforms dedicated to deployment and adaptation of applications and managing heterogeneous devices. Such platforms allow designers to focus on business issues and facilitate reuse. Context management is a key element for making context-aware pervasive applications. Contextual information comes from many different distributed sources. It is generally raw information with no interpretation. It may be meaningless. Based on ontologies, it is possible to construct semantic models that would be powered by the raw information. This does not only increase the level of semantic representation but it can also be used to make automatic decisions for adapting context-based applications at runtime. Devices’ democratization allows a user to have multiple devices including personal computer, mobile phones, tablets, box, etc. for his personal use. It is desirable that the set of resources will be available to him from everywhere and at any time. Similarly, public resources (storage, services, etc.) would also be accessible to him. However, protection of privacy and intrusion risks cannot be ignored. Our proposal is to define, for each user, an adaptation domain that contains all his resources. Users can access their resources without limits. Users can agree on sharing resources with other users. Thus the notion of context is related to the user and includes all the resources he can access. All these resources will be exploited to offer him services adapted to his preferences, his features, his location, etc.We propose a context management middleware Kali2Much to provide services dedicated to the management of distributed context on the domain. This middleware is accompanied by Kali-Reason module for building reasoning chains in BPMN. The reasoning chains provide context information reasoning functionality. They reason about context information in order to identify situations that might require a reconfiguration of the application or of the platform itself. Thus the autonomic aspect related to decision making is introduced. Situations detected allow to identify when there is a need to trigger adaptation. The consequence is to ensure continuity of service and thus constantly adapt to the current context. The reconfiguration applications work is dedicated to Kali-Adapt service whose role is to implement the adaptations deployment/redeployment of application services and/or platform. A working prototype based on Kalimucho-A platform validates the proposals
Mong-Hy, Cédric. "Le monde et Bataille. Études textuelles, contextuelles et prospectives." Thesis, La Réunion, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LARE0030/document.
Full textThe abstract is available in French only
Jguirim, Ines. "Modélisation et génération d'itinéraires contextuels d'activités urbaines dans la ville." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0074/document.
Full textThe city is an urban aggregation allowing to offer diverse services to his city-dwellers. She establishes a complex system which depends on several social and economic factors. The configuration of the space influences in a important way the accessibility to the various features of the city. The spatial analysis of the urban structure is realized on cities to study the characteristics of the space and be able to estimate its functional potential. The aim of the thesis is to propose an approach to spatial analysis which takes into account the various structural and semantic aspects of the city. A model based on the graphs was proposed to represent the multimodal transport network of the city which guarantees the accessibility to the various points of interest. Super-networks were used to integrate the possibility of an intermodal transfer into the model of transport by links of interdependence between the sub-graphs associated to the various means of transportation. The temporal aspect was represented in the model by attributes specifying the temporal constraints characterizing the itinerary of every node and every edge such as the time of exploration, the waiting time and the time required for the road penalties. The functional aspect is introduced by the concept of activity. We proposed a conceptual model which aims to model the various contextual elements which can affect the planning and the execution of the urban activities such as the spatiotemporal frame and the profile of the user. This model was enriched by knowledge management which aims to represent information about individual behaviors. The extracted knowledge are represented by a management system of rules allowing the contextual planning of the activity
Lecuyer, Jacques. "Rappel et reconnaissance de connaissances de type script : influences comparées d'éléments contextuels liés à l'humeur et à la motivation." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT3002.
Full textRauffet, Philippe. "Prise en compte des facteurs formels et contextuels dans la gestion des capacités organisationnelles : application aux organisations matricielles." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00562580.
Full textChaibou, Salaou Mahaman Sani. "Segmentation d'image par intégration itérative de connaissances." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IMTA0140.
Full textImage processing has been a very active area of research for years. The interpretation of images is one of its most important branches because of its socio-economic and scientific applications. However, the interpretation, like most image processing processes, requires a segmentation phase to delimit the regions to be analyzed. In fact, interpretation is a process that gives meaning to the regions detected by the segmentation phase. Thus, the interpretation phase can only analyze the regions detected during the segmentation. Although the ultimate objective of automatic interpretation is to produce the same result as a human, the logic of classical techniques in this field does not marry that of human interpretation. Most conventional approaches to this task separate the segmentation phase from the interpretation phase. The images are first segmented and then the detected regions are interpreted. In addition, conventional techniques of segmentation scan images sequentially, in the order of pixels appearance. This way does not necessarily reflect the way of the expert during the image exploration. Indeed, a human usually starts by scanning the image for possible region of interest. When he finds a potential area, he analyzes it under three view points trying to recognize what object it is. First, he analyzes the area based on its physical characteristics. Then he considers the region's surrounding areas and finally he zooms in on the whole image in order to have a wider view while considering the information local to the region and those of its neighbors. In addition to information directly gathered from the physical characteristics of the image, the expert uses several sources of information that he merges to interpret the image. These sources include knowledge acquired through professional experience, existing constraints between objects from the images, and so on.The idea of the proposed approach, in this manuscript, is that simulating the visual activity of the expert would allow a better compatibility between the results of the interpretation and those ofthe expert. We retain from the analysis of the expert's behavior three important aspects of the image interpretation process that we will model in this work: 1. Unlike what most of the segmentation techniques suggest, the segmentation process is not necessarily sequential, but rather a series of decisions that each one may question the results of its predecessors. The main objective is to produce the best possible regions classification. 2. The process of characterizing an area of interest is not a one way process i.e. the expert can go from a local view restricted to the region of interest to a wider view of the area, including its neighbors and vice versa. 3. Several information sources are gathered and merged for a better certainty, during the decision of region characterisation. The proposed model of these three levels places particular emphasis on the knowledge used and the reasoning behind image segmentation
Lihoreau, Franck. "Scepticisme, contextualisme, et clôture épistémique: la connaissance en contexte." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00113547.
Full textDans ce travail, nous examinons un certain nombre des principales objections, tant d'ordre linguistique qu'épistémologique, adressées à l'encontre de la forme dominante de contextualisme. Nous nous proposons de défendre une approche alternative du paradoxe sceptique, qui diffère de l'orthodoxie contextualiste sur plusieurs questions, dont celles de l'indexicalité du terme de connaissance, de l'analyse de la connaissance ordinaire, de la connaissance anti-sceptique, de l'importance du contexte du sujet, de l'accomplissement épistémique, et de la clôture et l'extensibilité déductive de la connaissance.
Ben, Salamah Janan. "Extraction de connaissances dans des textes arabes et français par une méthode linguistico-computationnelle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040137.
Full textIn this thesis, we proposed a multilingual generic approach for the automatic information extraction. Particularly, events extraction of price variation and temporal information extraction linked to temporal referential. Our approach is based on the constitution of several semantic maps by textual analysis in order to formalize the linguistic traces expressed by categories. We created a database for an expert system to identify and annotate information (categories and their characteristics) based on the contextual rule groups. Two algorithms AnnotEC and AnnotEV have been applied in the SemanTAS platform to validate our assumptions. We have obtained a satisfactory result; Accuracy and recall are around 80%. We presented extracted knowledge by a summary file. In order to approve the multilingual aspect of our approach, we have carried out experiments on French and Arabic. We confirmed the scalability level by the annotation of large corpus
Kuhn, Antony. "Contribution à la connaissance du management de la coopération intercommunale : approche contextuelle et analyse en termes de déterminants relationnels de la dynamique intercommunale du pays de Colombey-les-Belles." Nancy 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN22004.
Full textPasquier, Laurent. "Modélisation de raisonnements tenus en contexte : application à la gestion d'incidents sur une ligne de métro." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066287.
Full textVolkov, Igor. "Transfert de connaissances dans les entreprises multinationales : efficacité et influence des facteurs contextuels." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7127.
Full textThe aim of this research is to investigate the process of transfer of intra-organizational knowledge within multinational corporations. Taking into consideration the following three postulates: that organizational knowledge represents a source of competitive advantage for a firm (Barney, 1991; Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998); that access to a large pool of knowledge disseminated across the world and the transfer of this knowledge across the organization constitutes la raison d’être of MNC (Gupta and Govindarajan, 2000); and that internal organizational mechanisms are more efficient than the market (Williamson, 1987) for the transfer of this knowledge between organizational units, for the purpose of this study we were particularly interested in the factors that can affect the effectiveness of this process of transfers. Having identified in past research various theoretical approaches to study this phenomena, we proposed and tested the integrative theoretical model helping to analyse the impact of contextual factors on each of the following three stages of the process of transfer: the determination of knowledge to be transferred, the selection of mechanisms of knowledge transfer and finally, the evaluation of the effectiveness of transfer. Our research confronts two theoretical perspectives currently dominating the field of knowledge transfer in multinational corporations. The strategic approach and the resource-based view of the firm emphasize the importance of internal organizational factors for the effectiveness of any organizational action (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998; Barney, 1991). On the other hand, the institutional approach considers rather that organizational choices and actions are conditioned by the external environment (Ferner, 1997; Kostova, 1999; Scott, 1991). The results of our research show that in spite of the existence of institutional and cultural constraints, the effectiveness of the entire process of transfer of knowledge related to HRM is determined by internal organizational conditions, such as the involvement of top management, the role of RH function and the alignment between corporative strategy, HR strategy and the organizational culture. Our methodological approach is based on a qualitative case-study of three multinational companies (two Canadian and one French) working in metallurgical and telecommunications sectors. Our empirical data stems from seventeen semi-structured interviews conducted with the top HR managers of these companies, who are actively involved in the process of knowledge transfer at HQ or at its subsidiaries in Canada, France, Germany and Switzerland. We also used a large amount of publicly available information from these companies.
Codet, de Boisse Aurélien. "Aide à la décision exploitant de la connaissance générale et contextuelle : application à la maintenance d’hélicoptère." Phd thesis, 2013. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/8344/1/codet_de_boisse.pdf.
Full textChaibou, salaou Mahaman Sani. "Segmentation d'image par intégration itérative de connaissances." Thesis, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IMTA0140/document.
Full textImage processing has been a very active area of research for years. The interpretation of images is one of its most important branches because of its socio-economic and scientific applications. However, the interpretation, like most image processing processes, requires a segmentation phase to delimit the regions to be analyzed. In fact, interpretation is a process that gives meaning to the regions detected by the segmentation phase. Thus, the interpretation phase can only analyze the regions detected during the segmentation. Although the ultimate objective of automatic interpretation is to produce the same result as a human, the logic of classical techniques in this field does not marry that of human interpretation. Most conventional approaches to this task separate the segmentation phase from the interpretation phase. The images are first segmented and then the detected regions are interpreted. In addition, conventional techniques of segmentation scan images sequentially, in the order of pixels appearance. This way does not necessarily reflect the way of the expert during the image exploration. Indeed, a human usually starts by scanning the image for possible region of interest. When he finds a potential area, he analyzes it under three view points trying to recognize what object it is. First, he analyzes the area based on its physical characteristics. Then he considers the region's surrounding areas and finally he zooms in on the whole image in order to have a wider view while considering the information local to the region and those of its neighbors. In addition to information directly gathered from the physical characteristics of the image, the expert uses several sources of information that he merges to interpret the image. These sources include knowledge acquired through professional experience, existing constraints between objects from the images, and so on.The idea of the proposed approach, in this manuscript, is that simulating the visual activity of the expert would allow a better compatibility between the results of the interpretation and those ofthe expert. We retain from the analysis of the expert's behavior three important aspects of the image interpretation process that we will model in this work: 1. Unlike what most of the segmentation techniques suggest, the segmentation process is not necessarily sequential, but rather a series of decisions that each one may question the results of its predecessors. The main objective is to produce the best possible regions classification. 2. The process of characterizing an area of interest is not a one way process i.e. the expert can go from a local view restricted to the region of interest to a wider view of the area, including its neighbors and vice versa. 3. Several information sources are gathered and merged for a better certainty, during the decision of region characterisation. The proposed model of these three levels places particular emphasis on the knowledge used and the reasoning behind image segmentation
Loubiri, Ahmed Said. "Utilisation d'une ontologie et du réseau social Facebook pour la modélisation du contexte pour les applications mobiles dépendantes du contexte." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5265/1/M12693.pdf.
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