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Journal articles on the topic 'Conjugated organic polymers'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Xiong, Miao, Jie-Yu Wang, and Jian Pei. "Controlling the Film Microstructure in Organic Thermoelectrics." Organic Materials 03, no. 01 (January 2021): 001–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722305.

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Doping is a vital method to increase the charge carrier concentration of conjugated polymers, thus improving the performance of organic electronic devices. However, the introduction of dopants may cause phase separation. The miscibility of dopants and polymers as well as the doping-induced microstructure change are always the barriers in the way to further enhance the thermoelectrical performance. Here, recent research studies about the influence of molecular doping on the microstructures of conjugated polymers are summarized, with an emphasis on the n-type doping. Highlighted topics include how to control the distribution and density of dopants within the conjugated polymers by modulating the polymer structure, dopant structure, and solution-processing method. The strong Coulombic interactions between dopants and polymers as well as the heterogeneous doping process of polymers can hinder the polymer film to achieve better miscibility of dopants/polymer and further loading of the charge carriers. Recent developments and breakthroughs provide guidance to control the film microstructures in the doping process and achieve high-performance thermoelectrical materials.

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2

R. Murad, Ary, Ahmed Iraqi, Shujahadeen B. Aziz, Sozan N. Abdullah, and Mohamad A. Brza. "Conducting Polymers for Optoelectronic Devices and Organic Solar Cells: A Review." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112627.

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In this review paper, we present a comprehensive summary of the different organic solar cell (OSC) families. Pure and doped conjugated polymers are described. The band structure, electronic properties, and charge separation process in conjugated polymers are briefly described. Various techniques for the preparation of conjugated polymers are presented in detail. The applications of conductive polymers for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are explained thoroughly. The architecture of organic polymer solar cells including single layer, bilayer planar heterojunction, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) are described. Moreover, designing conjugated polymers for photovoltaic applications and optimizations of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels are discussed. Principles of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells are addressed. Finally, strategies for band gap tuning and characteristics of solar cell are presented. In this article, several processing parameters such as the choice of solvent(s) for spin casting film, thermal and solvent annealing, solvent additive, and blend composition that affect the nano-morphology of the photoactive layer are reviewed.

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3

Xia, Hongyan, Chang Hu, Tingkuo Chen, Dan Hu, Muru Zhang, and Kang Xie. "Advances in Conjugated Polymer Lasers." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030443.

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This paper provides a review of advances in conjugated polymer lasers. High photoluminescence efficiencies and large stimulated emission cross-sections coupled with wavelength tunability and low-cost manufacturing processes make conjugated polymers ideal laser gain materials. In recent years, conjugated polymer lasers have become an attractive research direction in the field of organic lasers and numerous breakthroughs based on conjugated polymer lasers have been made in the last decade. This paper summarizes the recent progress of the subject of laser processes employing conjugated polymers, with a focus on the photoluminescence principle and excitation radiation mechanism of conjugated polymers. Furthermore, the effect of conjugated polymer structures on the laser threshold is discussed. The most common polymer laser materials are also introduced in detail. Apart from photo-pumped conjugated polymer lasers, a direction for the future development of electro-pumped conjugated polymer lasers is proposed.

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4

Mdluli, Siyabonga B., Morongwa E. Ramoroka, Sodiq T. Yussuf, Kwena D. Modibane, Vivian S. John-Denk, and Emmanuel I. Iwuoha. "π-Conjugated Polymers and Their Application in Organic and Hybrid Organic-Silicon Solar Cells." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 13, 2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040716.

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The evolution and emergence of organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells have been deemed as promising sustainable future technologies, owing to the use of π-conjugated polymers. In this regard, the scope of this review article presents a comprehensive summary of the applications of π-conjugated polymers as hole transporting layers (HTLs) or emitters in both organic solar cells and organic-silicon hybrid heterojunction solar cells. The different techniques used to synthesize these polymers are discussed in detail, including their electronic band structure and doping mechanisms. The general architecture and principle of operating heterojunction solar cells is addressed. In both discussed solar cell types, incorporation of π-conjugated polymers as HTLs have seen a dramatic increase in efficiencies attained by these devices, owing to the high transmittance in the visible to near-infrared region, reduced carrier recombination, high conductivity, and high hole mobilities possessed by the p-type polymeric materials. However, these cells suffer from long-term stability due to photo-oxidation and parasitic absorptions at the anode interface that results in total degradation of the polymeric p-type materials. Although great progress has been seen in the incorporation of conjugated polymers in the various solar cell types, there is still a long way to go for cells incorporating polymeric materials to realize commercialization and large-scale industrial production due to the shortcomings in the stability of the polymers. This review therefore discusses the progress in using polymeric materials as HTLs in organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells with the intention to provide insight on the quest of producing highly efficient but less expensive solar cells.

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5

Upadhyay, Anjali, and Subramanian Karpagam. "Movement of new direction from conjugated polymer to semiconductor composite polymer nanofiber." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 35, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 351–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2017-0024.

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Abstract In the past few years, there was a tremendous growth in conjugated polymer nanofibers via design of novel conjugated polymers with inorganic materials. Synthetic routes to these conjugated polymers involve new, mild polymerization techniques, which enable the formation of well-defined polymer architectures. This review provides interest in the development of novel (semi) conducting polymers, which combine both organic and inorganic blocks in one framework. Due to their ability to act as chemosensors or to detect various chemical species in environmental and biological systems, fluorescent conjugated polymers have gained great interest. Nanofibers of metal oxides and sulfides are particularly interesting in both their way of applications and fundamental research. These conjugated nanofibers operated for many applications in organic electronics, optoelectronics, and sensors. Synthesis of electrospun fibers by electrospinning technique discussed in this review is a simple method that forms conjugated polymer nanofibers. This review provides the basics of the technique and its recent advances in the formation of highly conducting and high-mobility polymer fibers towards their adoption in electronic application.

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6

Li, Zheng, and Ying-Wei Yang. "Conjugated macrocycle polymers." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 32 (2021): 4613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00759a.

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7

Pokhodenko, V. D., and V. A. Krylov. "Electrochemistry of conjugated organic polymers." Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry 30, no. 3 (1994): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00538188.

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8

Jiang, Jia-Xing, Chao Wang, Andrea Laybourn, Tom Hasell, Rob Clowes, Yaroslav Z. Khimyak, Jianliang Xiao, Simon J. Higgins, Dave J. Adams, and Andrew I. Cooper. "Metal-Organic Conjugated Microporous Polymers." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, no. 5 (December 22, 2010): 1072–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201005864.

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9

Jiang, Jia-Xing, Chao Wang, Andrea Laybourn, Tom Hasell, Rob Clowes, Yaroslav Z. Khimyak, Jianliang Xiao, Simon J. Higgins, Dave J. Adams, and Andrew I. Cooper. "Metal-Organic Conjugated Microporous Polymers." Angewandte Chemie 123, no. 5 (December 22, 2010): 1104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201005864.

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10

Kausar, Ayesha. "Conjugated Polymer/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites—State-of-the-Art." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5110292.

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Graphene oxide is an imperative modified form of graphene. Similar to graphene, graphene oxide has gained vast interest for the myriad of industrial applications. Conjugated polymers or conducting polymers are well known organic materials having conducting backbone. These polymers have semiconducting nature due to π-conjugation along the main chain. Doping and modification have been used to enhance the electrical conductivity of the conjugated polymers. The nanocomposites of the conjugated polymers have been reported with the nanocarbon nanofillers including graphene oxide. This review essentially presents the structure, properties, and advancements in the field of conducting polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites. The facile synthesis, processability, and physical properties of the polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites have been discussed. The conjugated polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites have essential significance for the supercapacitors, solar cells, and anti-corrosion materials. Nevertheless, the further advanced properties and technical applications of the conjugated polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites need to be explored to overcome the challenges related to the high performance.

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11

Wu, Jieyun, Qing Li, Wen Wang, and Kaixin Chen. "Optoelectronic Properties and Structural Modification of Conjugated Polymers Based on Benzodithiophene Groups." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x15666180406144851.

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Organic conjugated materials have shown attractive applications due to their good optoelectronic properties, which enable them solution processing techniques in organic optoelectronic devices. Many conjugated materials have been investigated in polymer solar cells and organic field-effect transistors. Among those conjugated materials, Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (BDT) is one of the most employed fused-ring building groups for the synthesis of conjugated materials. The symmetric and planar conjugated structure, tight and regular stacking of BDT can be expected to exhibit the excellent carrier transfer for optoelectronics. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of BDT-based conjugated polymers in optoelectronic devices. BDT-based conjugated materials are classified into onedimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) BDT-based conjugated polymers. Firstly, we introduce the fundamental information of BDT-based conjugated materials and their application in optoelectronic devices. Secondly, the design and synthesis of alkyl, alkoxy and aryl-substituted BDT-based conjugated polymers are discussed, which enables the construction of one-dimensional and two-dimensional BDTbased conjugated system. In the third part, the structure modification, energy level tuning and morphology control and their influences on optoelectronic properties are discussed in detail to reveal the structure- property relationship. Overall, we hope this review can be a good reference for the molecular design of BDT-based semiconductor materials in optoelectronic devices.

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12

Elacqua, Elizabeth, Stephen J. Koehler, and Jinzhen Hu. "Electronically Governed ROMP: Expanding Sequence Control for Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers." Synlett 31, no. 15 (July 14, 2020): 1435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707180.

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Controlling the primary sequence of synthetic polymers remains a grand challenge in chemistry. A variety of methods that exert control over monomer sequence have been realized wherein differential reactivity, pre-organization, and stimuli-response have been key factors in programming sequence. Whereas much has been established in nonconjugated systems, π-extended frameworks remain systems wherein subtle structural changes influence bulk properties. The recent introduction of electronically biased ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) extends the repertoire of feasible approaches to prescribe donor–acceptor sequences in conjugated polymers, by enabling a system to achieve both low dispersity and controlled polymer sequences. Herein, we discuss recent advances in obtaining well-defined (i.e., low dispersity) polymers featuring donor–acceptor sequence control, and present our design of an electronically ambiguous (4-methoxy-1-(2-ethylhexyloxy) and benzothiadiazole-(donor–acceptor-)based [2.2]paracyclophanediene monomer that undergoes electronically dictated ROMP. The resultant donor–acceptor polymers were well-defined (Đ = 1.2, Mn > 20 k) and exhibited lower energy excitation and emission in comparison to ‘sequence-ill-defined’ polymers. Electronically driven ROMP expands on prior synthetic methods to attain sequence control, while providing a promising platform for further interrogation of polymer sequence and resultant properties.1 Introduction to Sequence Control2 Sequence Control in Polymers3 Multistep-Synthesis-Driven Sequence Control4 Catalyst-Dictated Sequence Control5 Electronically Governed Sequence Control6 Conclusions

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13

Scheunemann, Dorothea, Emmy Järsvall, Jian Liu, Davide Beretta, Simone Fabiano, Mario Caironi, Martijn Kemerink, and Christian Müller. "Charge transport in doped conjugated polymers for organic thermoelectrics." Chemical Physics Reviews 3, no. 2 (June 2022): 021309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0080820.

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Research on conjugated polymers for thermoelectric applications has made tremendous progress in recent years, which is accompanied by surging interest in molecular doping as a means to achieve the high electrical conductivities that are required. A detailed understanding of the complex relationship between the doping process, the structural as well as energetic properties of the polymer films, and the resulting thermoelectric behavior is slowly emerging. This review summarizes recent developments and strategies that permit enhancing the electrical conductivity of p- and n-type conjugated polymers via molecular doping. The impact of the chemical design of both the polymer and the dopant, the processing conditions, and the resulting nanostructure on the doping efficiency and stability of the doped state are discussed. Attention is paid to the interdependence of the electrical and thermal transport characteristics of semiconductor host-dopant systems and the Seebeck coefficient. Strategies that permit to improve the thermoelectric performance, such as an uniaxial alignment of the polymer backbone in both bulk and thin film geometries, manipulation of the dielectric constant of the polymer, and the variation of the dopant size, are explored. A combination of theory and experiment is predicted to yield new chemical design principles and processing schemes that will ultimately give rise to the next generation of organic thermoelectric materials.

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14

Li, Guangwu, Chong Kang, Xue Gong, Jicheng Zhang, Weiwei Li, Cuihong Li, Huanli Dong, Wenping Hu, and Zhishan Bo. "5,6-Difluorobenzothiadiazole and silafluorene based conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaic cells." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 26 (2014): 5116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00340c.

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15

Song, Su Hee, Young Eup Jin, Joo Young Shim, Kwang Hee Lee, and Hong Suk Suh. "Organic Syntheses and Characteristics of Novel Conjugated Polymers for AMOLEDs." Advances in Science and Technology 75 (October 2010): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.75.91.

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Conjugated polymers with a stabilized blue emission are of importance for the realization of large flat panel AMOLED displays using polymer light-emitting diodes. Several novel conjugated polymers using newly developed templates for the stabilized EL emission are reported. Poly(2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene)) (PCPP) is a new class of blue-emitting polymers utilizing a new back-bone. This material emits a efficient blue EL without exhibiting any unwanted peak in the long wavelength region (green region) even after prolonged annealing at an elevated temperature of 150oC in air, or operation of the device. New electroluminescent spiro-PCPPs, poly((2,6-(3',6'-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)-spiro(4H-cyclopenta[def] phenanthrene-4,9'-[9H]fluorene)))-alt-(2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene))) (spiro-PCPP-alt-PCPP) and poly((2,6-(3',6'-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)-spiro(4H-cyclopenta[def] phenanthrene-4,9'-[9H]fluorene)))-alt-(1,4-phenylene)) (spiro-PCPPP), have been synthesized by the Suzuki polymerization. The PL emission spectra of polymers in THF solution show a same maximum peak at 397 nm. The maximum PL emission spectra of polymers appeared at around 463 and 456 nm in solid state, respectively. The PL spectra in solid thin films show more red-shifted over 60 nm than solution conditions. The blue emissions at 400-409 nm for the π–π* transitions of conjugated polymer backbone are almost completely quenched or decreased.

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16

MacDiarmid, Alan G., and Weigong Zheng. "Electrochemistry of Conjugated Polymers and Electrochemical Applications." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 6 (June 1997): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033595.

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The discovery in 1977–78 that trans-polyacetylene — (CH)x, the prototype conducting polymer (Figure 1)—could be chemically p-doped (partly oxidized) or n-doped (partly reduced) with a concomitant increase of its conductivity through the semiconducting to the metallic regime introduced new concepts of considerable theoretical and possible technological importance to condensed matter science. In 1979 it was discovered that p- or n-doping of trans-(CH)x could be accomplished electrochemically and that these processes were electrochemically reversible. Polyacetylene is the simplest example of a conjugated polymer, a polymer in which the “backbone” atoms are joined alternately by single and double bonds. All conducting polymers, “synthetic metals,” are conjugated polymers, at least in their doped forms. Other conducting polymers, including for example, poly(paraphenylene), polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline, have since been examined as electrochemically active materials. These findings have stimulated much industrial and academic interest in the electro-chemistry of conducting polymers and their possible technological applications in for example, energy storage, electrochromic displays, electrochemical drug-delivery systems, electromechanical devices, and light-emitting devices.This article will show the relationship between the doping of a conjugated polymer, the reduction potential of the polymer, and the role of “dopant” ions. These interrelationships have frequently caused considerable confusion in understanding electrochemical doping. Electrochemical synthesis of conjugated polymers and the role of cyclic voltammetry in elucidating the mechanism of electrochemical redox processes involving conjugated organic polymers will also be discussed. This article will also summarize a few selected applications involving electro-chemical properties of conjugated polymers. The coverage is intended to beexemplary rather than exhaustive. Furthermore since the electrochemistry of (CH), the “prototype” conducting polymer, has been extensively studied and comprises a relatively simple, reversible electrochemical system, it will be used to exemplify the basic concepts involved. These basic concepts can then be applied with appropriate modification as necessary to the electrochemistry of other conjugated polymers. Polyaniline will then be used to illustrate a more complex conjugated polymer electrochemical system.

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17

Jenekhe, Samson A., and Daoben Zhu. "Conjugated polymers." Polymer Chemistry 4, no. 20 (2013): 5142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py90062b.

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18

Salzner, Ulrike. "Theoretical Design of Conjugated Organic Polymers." Current Organic Chemistry 8, no. 7 (May 1, 2004): 569–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272043370816.

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19

Osaka, Itaru, and Kazuo Takimiya. "Crystalline conjugated polymers for organic electronics." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 54 (March 6, 2014): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/54/1/012016.

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20

Zhang, Huacheng, Jie Han, and Chao Li. "Pillararene-based conjugated porous polymers." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 19 (2021): 2808–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00238d.

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21

Petoukhoff, Christopher E., Keshav M. Dani, and Deirdre M. O’Carroll. "Strong Plasmon–Exciton Coupling in Ag Nanoparticle—Conjugated Polymer Core-Shell Hybrid Nanostructures." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092141.

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Strong plasmon–exciton coupling between tightly-bound excitons in organic molecular semiconductors and surface plasmons in metal nanostructures has been studied extensively for a number of technical applications, including low-threshold lasing and room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensates. Typically, excitons with narrow resonances, such as J-aggregates, are employed to achieve strong plasmon–exciton coupling. However, J-aggregates have limited applications for optoelectronic devices compared with organic conjugated polymers. Here, using numerical and analytical calculations, we demonstrate that strong plasmon–exciton coupling can be achieved for Ag-conjugated polymer core-shell nanostructures, despite the broad spectral linewidth of conjugated polymers. We show that strong plasmon–exciton coupling can be achieved through the use of thick shells, large oscillator strengths, and multiple vibronic resonances characteristic of typical conjugated polymers, and that Rabi splitting energies of over 1000 meV can be obtained using realistic material dispersive relative permittivity parameters. The results presented herein give insight into the mechanisms of plasmon–exciton coupling when broadband excitonic materials featuring strong vibrational–electronic coupling are employed and are relevant to organic optoelectronic devices and hybrid metal–organic photonic nanostructures.

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22

Al-Azzawi, Ahmed G. S., Shujahadeen B. Aziz, Elham M. A. Dannoun, Ahmed Iraqi, Muaffaq M. Nofal, Ary R. Murad, and Ahang M. Hussein. "A Mini Review on the Development of Conjugated Polymers: Steps towards the Commercialization of Organic Solar Cells." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010164.

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This review article covers the synthesis and design of conjugated polymers for carefully adjusting energy levels and energy band gap (EBG) to achieve the desired photovoltaic performance. The formation of bonds and the delocalization of electrons over conjugated chains are both explained by the molecular orbital theory (MOT). The intrinsic characteristics that classify conjugated polymers as semiconducting materials come from the EBG of organic molecules. A quinoid mesomeric structure (D-A D+ = A−) forms across the major backbones of the polymer as a result of alternating donor–acceptor segments contributing to the pull–push driving force between neighboring units, resulting in a smaller optical EBG. Furthermore, one of the most crucial factors in achieving excellent performance of the polymer is improving the morphology of the active layer. In order to improve exciton diffusion, dissociation, and charge transport, the nanoscale morphology ensures nanometer phase separation between donor and acceptor components in the active layer. It was demonstrated that because of the exciton’s short lifetime, only small diffusion distances (10–20 nm) are needed for all photo-generated excitons to reach the interfacial region where they can separate into free charge carriers. There is a comprehensive explanation of the architecture of organic solar cells using single layer, bilayer, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) devices. The short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) all have a significant impact on the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Since the BHJ concept was first proposed, significant advancement and quick configuration development of these devices have been accomplished. Due to their ability to combine great optical and electronic properties with strong thermal and chemical stability, conjugated polymers are unique semiconducting materials that are used in a wide range of applications. According to the fundamental operating theories of OSCs, unlike inorganic semiconductors such as silicon solar cells, organic photovoltaic devices are unable to produce free carrier charges (holes and electrons). To overcome the Coulombic attraction and separate the excitons into free charges in the interfacial region, organic semiconductors require an additional thermodynamic driving force. From the molecular engineering of conjugated polymers, it was discovered that the most crucial obstacles to achieving the most desirable properties are the design and synthesis of conjugated polymers toward optimal p-type materials. Along with plastic solar cells (PSCs), these materials have extended to a number of different applications such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and field-effect transistors (FETs). Additionally, the topics of fluorene and carbazole as donor units in conjugated polymers are covered. The Stille, Suzuki, and Sonogashira coupling reactions widely used to synthesize alternating D–A copolymers are also presented. Moreover, conjugated polymers based on anthracene that can be used in solar cells are covered.

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23

Kim, Jung-Sik, Hwan Oh, and Gregory N. Parsons. "Growth behavior and substrate selective deposition of polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline by oxidative chemical vapor deposition and molecular layer deposition." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 40, no. 6 (December 2022): 063401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0002036.

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Bottom-up self-aligned area-selective deposition (ASD) plays an important role in patterning of advanced electronic devices. Specifically, ASD of organic materials can be utilized for nucleation inhibitors, sacrificial layers, and air-gap materials for next-generation nanoscale processing. This work introduces fundamental growth behavior of various conjugated polymers including polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline via oxidative molecular layer deposition and chemical vapor deposition. Effects of process parameters on film properties are described, and ASD behavior of different polymers are quantitatively characterized. These findings expand fundamental understanding of conjugated polymer deposition and provide new perspectives for ASD of organic thin films.

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Cheng, Chih-Chia, Chih-Wei Chu, Jyun-Jie Huang, and Zhi-Sheng Liao. "Complementary hydrogen bonding interaction-mediated hole injection in organic light-emitting devices." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 19 (2017): 4736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc00693d.

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Complementary nucleobase-functionalized conjugated polymers self-assemble to form supramolecular polymer networks that exhibit excellent thermal and hole-injection properties for the fabrication of high-performance multilayer OLED devices.

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25

Cao, Qian, and Baris Kumru. "Polymeric Carbon Nitride Armored Centimeter-Wide Organic Droplets in Water for All-Liquid Heterophase Emission Technology." Polymers 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081626.

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High potential of emission chemistry has been visualized in many fields, from sensors and imaging to displays. In general, conjugated polymers are the top rankers for such chemistry, despite the fact that they bring solubility problems, high expenses, toxicity and demanding synthesis. Metal-free polymeric semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) has been an attractive candidate for visible light-induced photocatalysis, and its emission properties have been optimized and explored recently. Herein, we present modified g-CN nanoparticles as organodispersible conjugated polymer materials to be utilized in a heterophase emission systems. The injection of a g-CN organic dispersion in aqueous polymer solution not only provides retention of the shape by Pickering stabilization of g-CN, but high intensity emission is also obtained. The heterophase all-liquid emission display can be further modified by the addition of simple conjugated organic molecules to the initial g-CN dispersion, which provides a platform for multicolor emission. We believe that such shape-tailored and stabilized liquid–liquid multicolor emission systems are intriguing for sensing, displays and photonics.

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26

Kumakura, M. "Association of an Antibody-Conjugated Enzyme with Synthetic Polymers Dissolved in Organic Solvents." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 49, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1994): 891–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1994-11-1228.

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An antibody of a tumor marker (α-fetoprotein) conjugated with peroxidase was dispersed in organic solvents including synthetic polymers, and the interaction of the antibody with the polymers was investigated. It was found that the antibody-conjugated enzyme is associated with the polymers dissolved in hydrophobic organic solvents. The association correlated with the polymerization degree, concentration, and nature of the polymers.

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27

Fu, Zhiwei, Anastasia Vogel, Martijn A. Zwijnenburg, Andrew I. Cooper, and Reiner Sebastian Sprick. "Photocatalytic syngas production using conjugated organic polymers." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 7 (2021): 4291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta09613j.

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28

Sun, Chao-Jing, Peng-Fei Wang, Hua Wang, and Bao-Hang Han. "All-thiophene-based conjugated porous organic polymers." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 31 (2016): 5031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00725b.

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29

Rahman, Md, Pankaj Kumar, Deog-Su Park, and Yoon-Bo Shim. "Electrochemical Sensors Based on Organic Conjugated Polymers." Sensors 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2008): 118–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s8010118.

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30

Freudenberg, Jan, Daniel Jänsch, Felix Hinkel, and Uwe H. F. Bunz. "Immobilization Strategies for Organic Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers." Chemical Reviews 118, no. 11 (May 30, 2018): 5598–689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00063.

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31

Ley, K. D., and K. S. Schanze. "Photophysics of metal-organic π-conjugated polymers." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 171 (April 1998): 287–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8545(98)90043-1.

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32

Guo, Xin, Martin Baumgarten, and Klaus Müllen. "Designing π-conjugated polymers for organic electronics." Progress in Polymer Science 38, no. 12 (December 2013): 1832–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.09.005.

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33

Beratan, David N., Jose Nelson Onuchic, and Joseph W. Perry. "Nonlinear susceptibilities of finite conjugated organic polymers." Journal of Physical Chemistry 91, no. 11 (May 1987): 2696–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100295a009.

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Byrne, H. J., and W. Blau. "Multiphoton nonlinear interactions in conjugated organic polymers." Synthetic Metals 37, no. 1-3 (August 1990): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(90)90150-j.

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Zhan, Xiaowei, and Daoben Zhu. "Conjugated polymers for high-efficiency organic photovoltaics." Polymer Chemistry 1, no. 4 (2010): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b9py00325h.

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Romanovskii, Yu V., and H. Bässler. "Spectral hole burning in conjugated organic polymers." Journal of Luminescence 113, no. 1-2 (May 2005): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2004.09.118.

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Hu, Yibo, Xinxiu Cao, and Hui Fan. "Crystallization of D-A Conjugated Polymers: A Review of Recent Research." Polymers 14, no. 21 (October 30, 2022): 4612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214612.

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D-A conjugated polymers are key materials for organic solar cells and organic thin-film transistors, and their film structure is one of the most important factors in determining device performance. The formation of film structure largely depends on the crystallization process, but the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers is not well understood. In this review, we attempted to achieve a clearer understanding of the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers. We first summarized the features of D-A conjugated polymers, which can affect their crystallization process. Then, the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers was discussed, including the possible chain conformations in the solution as well as the nucleation and growth processes. After that, the crystal structure of D-A conjugated polymers, including the molecular orientation and polymorphism, was reviewed. We proposed that the nucleation process and the orientation of the nuclei on the substrate are critical for the crystal structure. Finally, we summarized the possible crystal morphologies of D-A conjugated polymers and explained their formation process in terms of nucleation and growth processes. This review provides fundamental knowledge on how to manipulate the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers to regulate their film structure.

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Lin, Zhe, Jiahao Chen, Yusong Zhang, Jianguo Shen, Sheng Li, and Thomas F. George. "Charge Accumulation of Amplified Spontaneous Emission in a Conjugated Polymer Chain and Its Dynamical Phonon Spectra." Molecules 25, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25133003.

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In this article, the detailed photoexcitation dynamics which combines nonadiabatic molecular dynamics with electronic transitions shows the occurrence of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in conjugated polymers, accompanied by spontaneous electric polarization. The elaborate molecular dynamic process of ultrafast photoexcitation can be described as follows: Continuous external optical pumping (laser of 70 µJ/cm2) not only triggers the appearance of an instantaneous four-level electronic structure but causes population inversion for ASE as well. At the same time, the phonon spectrum of the conjugated polymer changes, and five local infrared lattice vibrational modes form at the two ends, which break the original symmetry in the system and leads to charge accumulation at the ends of the polymer chain without an external electric field. This novel phenomenon gives a brand-new avenue to explain how the lattice vibrations play a role in the evolution of the stimulated emission, which leads to an ultrafast effect in solid conjugated polymers.

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Wong, Y. L., J. M. Tobin, Z. Xu, and F. Vilela. "Conjugated porous polymers for photocatalytic applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 48 (2016): 18677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta07697a.

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Conjugated porous polymers (CPPs), a class of fully crosslinked polymers, as heterogeneous photocatalysts are reviewed revealing a wide range of chemical transformations including hydrogen production, organic synthesis and photopolymerization.

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40

Chang, En-Ming, Shin-Lin Huang, Cheng-Tien Lee, Hui-Chang Lin, Chun-Yen Chen, Yu-Ying Huang, Shao-Kai Lin, and Fung Fuh Wong. "Synthesis and Characterization of Soluble Conjugated Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) Derivatives Constituted of Alternating Pyrazole and 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Moieties." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 10 (2009): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch08344.

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New soluble poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives with 1,3,4-oxadiazole and pyrazole rings along the main chain were synthesized by Heck coupling. The new conjugated polymers are soluble in common organic solvents as a result of the fully conjugated backbone with dodecyloxy side groups. The polymers show relatively high glass-transition temperatures (up to 160°C) and good satisfactory thermal stability. Solutions of the polymers emit blue-greenish light with photoluminescence (PL) emission maxima around 490–500 nm. The PL spectrum of the polymer’s thin films, with a maximum at 515 nm, shows a red-shift (~20 nm), with respect to the solution spectrum. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that both conjugated polymers have reversible oxidation and irreversible reduction, making them n-type electroluminescent materials. The electron affinity of the new polymers was estimated as 2.73–2.74 eV. The weight-average molecular weights (M w) of the new soluble polymers were in the range of 4790–4950.

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Li, Kai, and Bin Liu. "Polymer-encapsulated organic nanoparticles for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging." Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, no. 18 (2014): 6570–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00014e.

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In this Critical Review, we summarize the latest advances in the development of polymer encapsulated nanoparticles based on conjugated polymers and fluorogens with aggregation induced emission (AIE) characteristics, elucidate the importance of matrix selection and structure–property relationship of these nanoparticles and discuss their applications in fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging.

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42

Dvoretckaia, Anna, Tatiana Egorova, Apollinariia Dzhuzha, Mariia Levit, Eugene Sivtsov, Elena Demyanova, and Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh. "Polymyxin B Conjugates with Bio-Inspired Synthetic Polymers of Different Nature." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031832.

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The emergence and growth of bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses an enormous threat to humanity in the future. In this regard, the discovery of new antibiotics and the improvement of existing ones is a priority task. In this study, we proposed the synthesis of new polymeric conjugates of polymyxin B, which is a clinically approved but limited-use peptide antibiotic. In particular, three carboxylate-bearing polymers and one synthetic glycopolymer were selected for conjugation with polymyxin B (PMX B), namely, poly(,L-glutamic acid) (PGlu), copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-phenylalanine (P(Glu-co-Phe)), copolymer of N-vinyl succinamic acid and N-vinylsuccinimide (P(VSAA-co-VSI)), and poly(2-deoxy-2-methacrylamido-D-glucose) (PMAG). Unlike PGlu and PMAG, P(Glu-co-Phe) and P(VSAA-co-VSI) are amphiphilic and form nanoparticles in aqueous media. A number of conjugates with different polymyxin B loading were synthesized and characterized. In addition, the complex conjugates of PGLu or PMAG with polymyxin B and deferoxamine (siderophore) were obtained. A release of PMX B from Schiff base and amide-linked polymer conjugates was studied in model buffer media with pH 7.4 and 5.8. In both cases, a more pronounced release was observed under slightly acidic conditions. The cytotoxicity of free polymers and PMX B as well as their conjugates was examined in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293T cell line). All conjugates demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity compared to the free antibiotic. Finally, the antimicrobial efficacy of the conjugates against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined and compared. The lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were observed for polymyxin B and polymyxin B/deferoxamine conjugated with PMAG. Among the polymers tested, PMAG appears to be the most promising carrier for delivery of PMX B in conjugated form due to the good preservation of the antimicrobial properties of PMX B and the ability of controlled drug release.

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Zhang, Haichang, Shuo Zhang, Yifan Mao, Kewei Liu, Yu-Ming Chen, Zhang Jiang, Joseph Strzalka, Wenjun Yang, Chien-Lung Wang, and Yu Zhu. "Naphthodipyrrolidone (NDP) based conjugated polymers with high electron mobility and ambipolar transport properties." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 21 (2017): 3255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00616k.

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Conjugated polymers based on NDP were synthesized and characterized. The polymer thin film organic field effect transistor exhibited ambipolar transport properties with an electron mobility up to 0.67 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹.

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Williams, GRJ. "Nonlinear Susceptabilities of Conjugated Organic Systems: Fused-ring Oligomers." Australian Journal of Physics 44, no. 3 (1991): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph910299.

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The finite-field modified neglect of diatomic overlap (MNDO) molecular orbital technique has been used to calculate the second hyperpolarisability (the molel:ular counterpart to the macroscopic nonlinear susceptability tensor X3) for selected fused-ring oligomers. The fusedring segments are the active electro-optic units in ladder polymers and rigid-rod/flexible-chain copolymers that are under current investigation as polymeric materials with applications in ultrafast optoelectronic devices.

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JEONG, JEON WOO, YOUNGHWAN KWON, JEONG JU BAEK, LEE SOON PARK, EUI-WAN LEE, YOON SOO HAN, and HONG TAK KIM. "SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROLUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OF POLYAZOMETHINE-TYPE CONJUGATED POLYMERS CONTAINING HETEROCYCLIC PHENOTHIAZINE AND CARBAZOLE MOIETY." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 14, no. 04 (December 2005): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863505003006.

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Polyazomethine-type conjugated polymers were synthesized by Schiff-base reaction. One was poly(PZ-PBI) with alternating phenothiazine (PZ) and azomethine units (-C = N-) , and the other was poly(CZ-PBI) comprising alternating carbazole (CZ) and azomethine groups. Conjugated polymers exhibited improved solubility in common organic solvents due to alkyl side chains on phenothiazine and carbazole rings as well as polar azomethine groups in main chains. Single- and double-layer PLEDs were fabricated. Their electroluminescent properties were studied from the viewpoint of polymer structure vs. emission color and efficiency.

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Frenzel, Stefan, Christian Kübel, and Klaus Müllen. "Sulfur-Containing Conjugated Polymers." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 120, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426509708545511.

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47

Kim, Young-Gi, Barry C. Thompson, Nisha Ananthakrishnan, G. Padmanaban, S. Ramakrishnan, and John R. Reynolds. "Variable band gap conjugated polymers for optoelectronic and redox applications." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 3188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0396.

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We report here on the utilization of variable band gap conjugated polymers for optoelectronic redox applications comprising organic photovoltaics, color tunable light emitting diodes, and electrochromics. For the evaluation of morphology in photovoltaicdevices, atomic force microscopy, and optical microscopy provided direct visualization of the blend film structure. The evolution of the morphology in two and three component blends incorporating poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenlenevinylene] (MEH-PPV), poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), and [6, 6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) was investigated. It was found that while insulating PMMA can be used to modulate the phase separation in these blends, a bicontinuous network of donor and acceptor was required to achieve the best device results. Similarily, a MEH-PPVcopolymer with a decreased conjugation length has been used for investigating inter- and intramolecular photoinduced charge transfer in the presence of PMMA and PCBM.We fabricated MEH-PPV/PCBM solar cells that have power conversion efficiencies up to 1.5% with a range of 0.7–1.5%, dependent on the nature of the MEH-PPV used. This further indicates that in addition to blend morphology, polymer structure is critical for optimizing device performance. To this end, the concept of an ideal donor for photovoltaic devices based on poly[2,5-di(3,7-dialkoxy)-cyanoterephthalylidene] is described and two donor-acceptor polymers based on cyanovinylene (CNV) and dioxythiophene are discussed as representative examples of soluble narrow band gap polymers synthesized in our group. For light emitting applications, utilization of two blue emitting conjugated polymers poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) and poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(9,ethyl-3,6-carbazole)] (PFH-PEtCz)is presented for a color tunable polymer light emitting diode that emits orange, green, and blue light with a voltage range of 7–10 V as a function of the total conjugated polymer content in PMMA and is attributed to the phase separation between the conjugated polymers. Finally, the narrow band gap conjugated polymer, poly[bis(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene-dihexyl)]-cyanovinylene has been characterized for its electrochromic properties, illustrating the multifunctional nature of variable band gap conjugated polymers.

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Tieke, Bernd, A. Raman Rabindranath, Kai Zhang, and Yu Zhu. "Conjugated polymers containing diketopyrrolopyrrole units in the main chain." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 6 (August 31, 2010): 830–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.6.92.

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Research activities in the field of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymers are reviewed. Synthetic pathways to monomers and polymers, and the characteristic properties of the polymers are described. Potential applications in the field of organic electronic materials such as light emitting diodes, organic solar cells and organic field effect transistors are discussed.

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Ghiggino, Kenneth P., Andrew J. Tilley, Benjamin Robotham, and Jonathan M. White. "Excited state dynamics of organic semi-conducting materials." Faraday Discussions 177 (2015): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00171k.

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Time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy has been applied to investigate the dynamics of excited state processes in oligomer models for semi-conducting organic materials. Following the photo-excitation of a pentamer oligomer that is a model for the conjugated polymer MEH-PPV, an ultrafast component of a few picoseconds is observed for the decay of the initially formed transient species. Variable temperature absorption and emission spectra combined with X-ray crystallography and calculations support the assignment of this rapid relaxation process to an excited state conformational rearrangement from non-planar to more planar molecular configurations. The implications of the results for the overall photophysics of conjugated polymers are considered.

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Wang, Xue Mei. "Synthesis and Optical Properties of an Alternating Conjugated Copolymer Composed of 2,5-Divinyl-3,4-Dialkylthiophene and 2,6-Pyridine." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 4012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.4012.

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An alternating conjugated copolymer composed of 2,5-divinyl-3,4-dialkylthiophene and 2,6-pyridine was synthesized by Heck coupling approach. The regioregular poly(3, 4-dialkylthiophene) was prepared by McCullough for the comparing research. The obtained polymers were evaluated with 1H NMR, FT-IR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), UV–vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL). The results indicate that the polymers depict outstanding thermal stabilities, low band gaps, and high PL quantum efficiency, and they might be excellent polymeric materials for applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), light-emitting electrochemical cells, polymer solar cells, and so on.

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