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Journal articles on the topic 'Conjugate addition'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

Germain, Nicolas, Doriane Schlaefli, Mathieu Chellat, Stéphane Rosset, and Alexandre Alexakis. "Domino Asymmetric Conjugate Addition–Conjugate Addition." Organic Letters 16, no. 7 (March 24, 2014): 2006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol5005752.

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2

Germain, Nicolas, Doriane Schlaefli, Mathieu Chellat, Stephane Rosset, and Alexandre Alexakis. "ChemInform Abstract: Domino Asymmetric Conjugate Addition-Conjugate Addition." ChemInform 45, no. 39 (September 11, 2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201439034.

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3

Rossiter, Bryant E., and Nicole M. Swingle. "Asymmetric conjugate addition." Chemical Reviews 92, no. 5 (July 1992): 771–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00013a002.

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4

Kim, S., M. Sibi, S. Lee, C. Lim, R. Subramaniam, and J. Zimmerman. "Enantioselective Conjugate Radical Addition." Synfacts 2006, no. 12 (December 2006): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-949491.

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5

MacMillan, D., Y. Chen, and M. Yoshida. "Enantioselective Amine Conjugate Addition." Synfacts 2006, no. 9 (September 2006): 0949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-949225.

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6

Yang, Xinbin, Xiaolin Qin, Qin Wang, and Yu Huang. "Synthesis and antitumor activities of piperazine- and cyclen-conjugated dehydroabietylamine derivatives." Heterocyclic Communications 21, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hc-2015-0025.

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AbstractA series of piperazine- and cyclen-conjugated dehydroabietylamine derivatives were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. The in vitro antitumor activities of conjugates 10–13 against MCF-7 and HepG-2 tumor cell lines were evaluated using CCK-8 assay. The results show that the synthesized compounds cause a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and display different antitumor activities with the IC50 values ranging from 23.56 to 78.92 μm. Moreover, the antitumor activity of conjugate 10 against the MCF-7 cell line is superior to that of the positive control 5-fluorouracil. In addition, flow cytometric assay revealed that the representative conjugate 10 could induce apoptosis in MCF-7 tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner.

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7

Phelan, James P., and Jonathan A. Ellman. "Conjugate addition–enantioselective protonation reactions." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (June 15, 2016): 1203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.116.

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The addition of nucleophiles to electron-deficient alkenes represents one of the more general and commonly used strategies for the convergent assembly of more complex structures from simple precursors. In this review the addition of diverse protic and organometallic nucleophiles to electron-deficient alkenes followed by enantioselective protonation is summarized. Reactions are first categorized by the type of electron-deficient alkene and then are further classified according to whether catalysis is achieved with chiral Lewis acids, organocatalysts, or transition metals.

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8

Chen, Young K., Masanori Yoshida, and David W. C. MacMillan. "Enantioselective Organocatalytic Amine Conjugate Addition." Journal of the American Chemical Society 128, no. 29 (July 2006): 9328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja063267s.

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9

Fukuzawa, S. I., S. Kikuchi, and H. Sato. "Asymmetric Conjugate Addition ofO-Benzylhydroxylamine." Synfacts 2006, no. 7 (June 2006): 0696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-941920.

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10

Brooks, Joshua L., Patrick A. Caruana, and Alison J. Frontier. "Conjugate Addition-Initiated Nazarov Cyclization." Journal of the American Chemical Society 133, no. 32 (August 17, 2011): 12454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja205440x.

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11

Knöpfel, Thomas F., Pablo Zarotti, Takashi Ichikawa, and Erick M. Carreira. "Catalytic, Enantioselective, Conjugate Alkyne Addition." Journal of the American Chemical Society 127, no. 27 (July 2005): 9682–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja052411r.

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12

Deng, L., Y. Liu, B. Sun, B. Wang, and M. Wakem. "Conjugate Addition of Alkyl Thiols." Synfacts 2009, no. 03 (February 19, 2009): 0329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1087731.

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13

Hayashi, T., and K. Sasaki. "Asymmetric Conjugate Addition to Borylalkenes." Synfacts 2011, no. 01 (December 21, 2010): 0072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1259168.

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14

Alexakis, Alexandre. "ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition Reactions." ChemInform 30, no. 11 (June 17, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199911328.

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15

Alexakis, Alexandre, and Cyril Benhaim. "Enantioselective Copper-Catalysed Conjugate Addition." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2002, no. 19 (October 2002): 3221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0690(200210)2002:19<3221::aid-ejoc3221>3.0.co;2-u.

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16

Nguyen, B. N., K. K. Hii, W. Szymanski, and D. B. Janssen. "ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition Reactions." ChemInform 42, no. 36 (August 11, 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201136262.

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17

ALEXAKIS, A. "ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Conjugate Addition." ChemInform 27, no. 27 (August 5, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199627308.

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18

ROSSITER, B. E., and M. N. SWINGLE. "ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Conjugate Addition." ChemInform 23, no. 45 (August 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199245307.

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19

Feringa, Ben L., Mauro Pineschi, Leggy A. Arnold, Rosalinde Imbos, and André H. M. de Vries. "Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Conjugate Addition and Tandem Conjugate Addition–Aldol Reactions of Organozinc Reagents." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 36, no. 23 (December 15, 1997): 2620–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199726201.

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20

Pichon, Delphine, Jennifer Morvan, Christophe Crévisy, and Marc Mauduit. "Copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to challenging Michael acceptors." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (February 17, 2020): 212–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.24.

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The copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition (ECA) of organometallic nucleophiles to electron-deficient alkenes (Michael acceptors) represents an efficient and attractive methodology for providing a wide range of relevant chiral molecules. In order to increase the attractiveness of this useful catalytic transformation, some Michael acceptors bearing challenging electron-deficient functions (i.e., aldehydes, thioesters, acylimidazoles, N-acyloxazolidinones, N-acylpyrrolidinones, amides, N-acylpyrroles) were recently investigated. Remarkably, only a few chiral copper-based catalytic systems have successfully achieved the conjugate addition of different organometallic reagents to these challenging Michael acceptors, with excellent regio- and enantioselectivity. Furthermore, thanks to their easy derivatization, the resulting chiral conjugated products could be converted into various natural products. The aim of this tutorial review is to summarize recent advances accomplished in this stimulating field.

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21

Iqbal, Mazhar, and Paul Evans. "Conjugate addition–Peterson olefination reactions: expedient routes to cross conjugated dienones." Tetrahedron Letters 44, no. 30 (July 2003): 5741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01297-8.

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22

Donnelly, J. J., R. R. Deck, and M. A. Liu. "Immunogenicity of a Haemophilus influenzae polysaccharide-Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine." Journal of Immunology 145, no. 9 (November 1, 1990): 3071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.145.9.3071.

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Abstract Polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines made with different carriers vary in their ability to elicit antipolysaccharide IgG antibody responses in young infants and an adult mouse model, suggesting that the carrier proteins used in the conjugate vaccines differ in their ability to act as carriers, or that additional mechanisms of immunogenicity play a role. A conjugate vaccine of Haemophilus influenzae PRP coupled to the outer membrane protein complex (OMPC) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B is immunogenic in children as young as 2 mo of age and is immunogenic in infant rhesus monkeys, an animal model for infant humans. In the present study, PRP-OMPC was found to induce efficient IgM to IgG switching of anti-PRP serum antibody in adult mice, whereas PRP conjugated to two other protein carriers did not. Thus the PRP-OMPC conjugate was examined in order to determine why PRP coupled to OMPC was so immunogenic, even more immunogenic than conjugates made with other carrier proteins. The OMPC carrier differs from the other protein carriers in that the proteins are present in a liposomal form containing lipids (including LPS) derived from the outer membrane of N. meningitidis. We studied the OMPC to see whether the different components or the nature of the OMPC carrier could contribute to its enhanced immunogenicity. Specifically we evaluated the OMPC for both classic Th cell carrier activity and adjuvanticity, and the LPS component of OMPC for systemic polyclonal B cell activation. Carrier recognition of the OMPC moiety of PRP-OMPC was demonstrated. In addition the PRP-OMPC conjugate vaccine was observed to have adjuvant properties for both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent Ag in the absence of LPS-induced systemic polyclonal B cell activation. These observations suggest that in addition to functioning as a classic protein carrier whereby the proteins in OMPC provide Th cell epitopes, the OMPC also has adjuvant activity that distinguishes it from other protein carriers and may contribute to the increased immunogenicity of PRP-OMPC conjugates in animal models.

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23

Buatong, Jirayu, Ajay Mittal, Pimonsri Mittraparp-arthorn, Suriya Palamae, Jirakrit Saetang, and Soottawat Benjakul. "Bactericidal Action of Shrimp Shell Chitooligosaccharide Conjugated with Epigallocatechin Gallate (COS-EGCG) against Listeria monocytogenes." Foods 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12030634.

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The antibacterial effect of chitooligosaccharide conjugated with five different polyphenols, including catechin (COS-CAT), epigallocatechin gallate (COS-EGCG), gallic acid (COS-GAL), caffeic acid (COS-CAF), and ferulic acid (COS-FER), against Listeria monocytogenes was investigated. Among all the conjugates tested, COS-EGCG showed the highest inhibition toward Listeria monocytogenes, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1024 and 1024 µg/mL, respectively. The COS-EGCG conjugate also had a bactericidal effect on the environmental and clinical strains of L. monocytogenes. The low concentration of COS-EGCG conjugate augmented the formation of biofilm and the growth of L. monocytogenes. Nevertheless, the inhibition of biofilm formation and bacterial growth was achieved when treated with the COS-EGCG conjugate at 2 × MIC for 48 h. In addition, the COS-EGCG conjugate at 2 × MIC had the potential to inactivate the pre-biofilm, and it reduced the production of the extracellular polysaccharides of L. monocytogenes. The COS-EGCG conjugate at the MIC/4 effectively impeded the motility (the swimming and swarming) of L. monocytogenes, with an 85.7–94.3% inhibition, while 100% inhibition was achieved with the MIC. Based on scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, cell wall damage with numerous pores on the cell surface was observed. Such cell distortion resulted in protein leakage. As a result, COS-EGCG could penetrate into the cell and bind with the DNA backbone. Therefore, the COS-EGCG conjugate could be further developed as a natural antimicrobial agent for inhibiting or controlling L. monocytogenes.

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24

KANAI, Motomu, Yuichi NAKAGAWA, and Kiyoshi TOMIOKA. "Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Organocopper Reagents." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 54, no. 6 (1996): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.54.474.

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25

Taylor, Richard J. K. "Organocopper Conjugate Addition-Enolate Trapping Reactions." Synthesis 1985, no. 04 (1985): 364–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1985-31212.

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26

Foubelo, F., M. Yus, and J. González-Gómez. "Tandem Enantioselective Conjugate Addition-Mannich Reactions." Synfacts 2008, no. 7 (July 2008): 0725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1077846.

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27

Fleming, Fraser F., Qunzhao Wang, and Omar W. Steward. "Hydroxy Alkenenitriles: Diastereoselective Conjugate Addition−Alkylations." Journal of Organic Chemistry 68, no. 11 (May 2003): 4235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo034174l.

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28

Palomo, Claudio, Mikel Oiarbide, Rajkumar Halder, Michael Kelso, Enrique Gómez-Bengoa, and Jesús M. García. "Catalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Carbamates." Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, no. 30 (August 2004): 9188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja047004e.

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29

Andrus, Merritt B., and Zhifeng Ye. "Phase-transfer catalyzed glycolate conjugate addition." Tetrahedron Letters 49, no. 3 (January 2008): 534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.11.071.

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30

Alexakis, Alexandre, and Cyril Benhaim. "Asymmetric conjugate addition to alkylidene malonates." Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12, no. 8 (May 2001): 1151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00196-3.

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31

Rossiter, Bryant E., and Masakatsu Eguchi. "Enantioselective conjugate addition with chiral amidocuprates." Tetrahedron Letters 31, no. 7 (January 1990): 965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)94404-6.

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32

Iyer, Akila, Sapna Ahuja, Steffen Jockusch, Angel Ugrinov, and Jayaraman Sivaguru. "Conjugate addition from the excited state." Chemical Communications 54, no. 78 (2018): 11021–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc05924a.

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33

Wang, J., H. Li, L. Zu, W. Jiang, and W. Wang. "Conjugate Addition of Nitroalkanes to Nitroolefins." Synfacts 2007, no. 2 (February 2007): 0215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-955792.

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34

Alexakis, A., and K. Li. "Conjugate Addition to α-Halo Enones." Synfacts 2007, no. 2 (February 2007): 0169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-955841.

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35

Hoveyda, A., J. O’Brien, and K. s. Lee. "NHC Copper Catalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Addition." Synfacts 2010, no. 11 (October 21, 2010): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1258748.

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36

Ikariya, T., Y. Hasegawa, and I. Gridnev. "Bifunctional Catalysts for Asymmetric Conjugate Addition." Synfacts 2011, no. 01 (December 21, 2010): 0073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1259176.

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37

Bella, Marco, and Karl Anker Jørgensen. "Organocatalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Addition to Alkynones." Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, no. 18 (May 2004): 5672–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0493594.

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38

Chiang, Y., E. A. Jefferson, A. J. Kresge, V. V. Popik, and R. Q. Xie. "Conjugate addition of water to ?-carbonylcarbenes." Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 11, no. 8-9 (August 1998): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1395(199808/09)11:8/9<610::aid-poc43>3.0.co;2-l.

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39

Ji, Jian-Xin, and Albert S. C. Chan. "ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition." ChemInform 42, no. 18 (April 7, 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201118238.

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40

PERLMUTTER, P. "ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Conjugate Addition Reactions." ChemInform 28, no. 7 (August 4, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199707317.

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41

FERINGA, B. L., M. PINESCHI, L. A. ARNOLD, R. IMBOS, and A. H. M. DE VRIES. "ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Conjugate Addition and Tandem Conjugate Addition - Aldol Reactions of Organozinc Reagents." ChemInform 29, no. 19 (June 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199819083.

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42

Cooke, Manning P. "Metal-halogen exchange-initiated intramolecular conjugate addition reactions of conjugated acetylenic esters." Journal of Organic Chemistry 58, no. 24 (November 1993): 6833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00076a053.

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43

Cooke, Manning P., and D. Gopal. "Tandem metal-halogen exchange-initiated conjugate addition reactions of conjugated acetylenic esters." Journal of Organic Chemistry 59, no. 1 (January 1994): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00080a048.

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44

Blay, Gonzalo, José Pedro, and Amparo Sanz-Marco. "Conjugate Alkynylation of Electrophilic Double Bonds. From Regioselectivity to Enantioselectivity." Synthesis 50, no. 17 (July 27, 2018): 3281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610182.

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This review surveys the historical efforts addressed toward the development of the conjugate alkynylation reaction. The regio- and enantioselective conjugate alkynylation of electron-deficient double bonds, most commonly unsaturated carbonyl compounds, has been an elusive reaction for a long time. Intensive research during the last decades has resulted in the identification of a number of effective reagents and catalysts to perform this reaction. Non-stereoselective conjugate alkynylation of unsaturated carbonyl compounds was first achieved by using preformed alkynyl organometallics and later with terminal alkynes under catalytic conditions. These methods paved the way for the development of enantioselective procedures. After initial methods requiring stoichiometric amounts of chiral material, the findings by Corey on Ni-catalyzed addition of alkynylalanes and, particularly, by Carreira on Cu-catalyzed addition of terminal alkynes boosted the research on the development other asymmetric procedures catalyzed by Cu, Zn, Rh, Co, Ru and Pd complexes. The alkynylation of electrophilic alkenes conjugated with groups other than carbonyl and the alkynylation of extended conjugated systems are also discussed in the last part of this review.1 Introduction2 Non-Stereoselective Conjugate Alkynylation of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds3 Enantioselective Conjugate Alkynylation of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds4 Non-Stereoselective and Enantioselective Alkynylation of Other Electrophilic Alkenes5 γ-Alkynylation of α,β-Unsaturated Amides and δ-Alkynylation of Electrophilic Dienes6 Alternative Enantioselective Procedures7 Conclusion and Outlook

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45

Kohsaka, Yasuhiro, Takumi Miyazaki, and Keito Hagiwara. "Conjugate substitution and addition of α-substituted acrylate: a highly efficient, facile, convenient, and versatile approach to fabricate degradable polymers by dynamic covalent chemistry." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 13 (2018): 1610–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py02114c.

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Degradable poly(conjugated ester)s with various backbones were synthesized via conjugate substitution (S_N2′) polymerization of bis[α-(chloromethyl)acrylate] and nucleophilic monomers under ambient conditions.

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46

Torregrosa-Chinillach, Alejandro, and Rafael Chinchilla. "Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Ketones to Maleimides Organocatalyzed by a Chiral Primary Amine-Salicylamide." Molecules 27, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 6668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196668.

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Enantioenriched substituted succinimides are interesting compounds, and their asymmetric organocatalytic synthesis by the conjugated addition of ketones to maleimides has been scarcely explored. This study shows the enantioselective conjugate addition of ketones to maleimides organocatalyzed by a simple primary amine-salicylamide derived from a chiral trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine, which provides the desired succinimides in good to excellent yields (up to 98%) and with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99%).

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47

Reyes, Efraim, Jose L. Vicario, Luisa Carrillo, Dolores Badía, Uxue Uria, and Ainara Iza. "(S,S)-(+)-Pseudoephedrine as Chiral Auxiliary in Asymmetric Conjugate Addition and Tandem Conjugate Addition/α-Alkylation Reactions." Journal of Organic Chemistry 71, no. 20 (September 2006): 7763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo061205e.

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48

Knöpfel, Thomas F., and Erick M. Carreira. "The First Conjugate Addition Reaction of Terminal Alkynes Catalytic in Copper: Conjugate Addition of Alkynes in Water." Journal of the American Chemical Society 125, no. 20 (May 2003): 6054–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja035311z.

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49

Abdulrazaq, M. O., H. Y. Adeyemi, A. S. Abdulkareem,, M. T. Bankole, and A. Abubakar. "Anti-trypanosomal activity of crude and nano-conjugated ethanol stem bark extracts of Sterculia setigera in mice." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.19.

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This study was carried out to screen for anti-trypanosomal activities of Sterculia setigera crude and nano-conjugated ethanol extracts of synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Fresh stem bark of S. setigera was separately extracted with ethanol (ES) and aqueous (AS) followed by green synthesis/reduction of ethanol extract with AuNPs, and its formulation into nano-conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate (berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered toTrypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at 200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nano conjugates of S. satigera conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate(berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nanoconjugates of S. satigera conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate (berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at 200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nanoconjugates of S. satigera and berenil were also orally administered to different groups of rats for 12 days consecutively. Theresults showed that the ethanol extract treated group recorded significant decrease in parasitaemia than the aqueous treated group when compared with the untreated controlgroups (p<0.05). Furthermore, treatment with both the nanoconjugates effectively cleared the parasites from the blood circulation of the infected animal (p<0.05). Bodyweight and PCV of treated groups improved significantly in all the treated animals (p<0.05). The ethanol extract ofS. setigera exhibited trypanostatic activity while its nano-conjugated was trypanocidal.

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50

Altikatoglu, Melda, Candan Arioz, Yeliz Basaran, and Huriye Kuzu. "Stabilization of horseradish peroxidase by covalent conjugation with dextran aldehyde against temperature and pH changes." Open Chemistry 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-009-0041-z.

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AbstractStabilization of Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP; EC 1.11.1.7) against temperature and pH via the formation of the conjugates obtained by multipoint covalent bonding of dextran aldehyde (DA) to the enzyme were studied. Hence, three different molar weighted dextrans (17.5 kD, 75 kD, 188 kD) were covalently bonded to purified enzyme with different molar ratios (nHRP/nDA 20/1, 10/1, 1/1, 1/5, 1/10, 1/15, 1/20). The thermal stabilities of the obtained conjugates were evaluated with the activities determined at different temperatures (25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80°C) applying 60 minutes incubation time. Conjugates formed were characterized by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) and fluorescence techniques. The conjugate synthesized using dextran 75 kDa with nHRP/nDA 1/10 molar ratio showed better thermal stability than other conjugates and purified enzyme at pH 7. This conjugate also has wider activity pH range than purified enzyme. In addition, mentioned conjugate at pH 7 had very long storage lifetime compared to purified enzyme at +4°C and room temperature; which is considered a favorable feature for usage in practice.

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