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1

Melnyk, Igor, Sergey Tugay, Volodymyr Kyryk, and Iryna Shved. "Methods and algorithm for calculating the focal parameters of a hollow conical electron beam in high-voltage glow discharge electron guns with a focusing magnetic lens." System research and information technologies, no. 3 (November 18, 2021): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/srit.2308-8893.2021.3.02.

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The algorithm is considered for calculating the focal distance of a hollow conical electron beam generated by high-voltage glow discharge electron guns with magnetic focusing of the beam in the drift region, as well as a method for calculating the diameter of the focal ring and its thickness for such a beam. The proposed algorithm is based on the theory of electron drift in the field of a focusing magnetic lens and is designed using the methods of discrete mathematics and the minimax analysis. The obtained simulation results made it possible to establish the influence of the magnetic lens current on the focal diameter of a hollow conical electron beam and on its focal ring thickness. It is shown that the change in the focal parameters of a hollow conical electron beam can be effectively provided through the regulation of the magnetic lens current.
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2

Kim, J. A., K. I. Lee, H. Nha, H. R. Noh, and W. Jhe. "Cold Atoms in a Hollow Mirror Trap." International Journal of Modern Physics B 11, no. 28 (November 10, 1997): 3311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979297001611.

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We present a novel and simple vapour-cell magneto-optical atom trap in a pyramidal and a conical hollow mirror cavity. A single laser beam having modulation sidebands at microwaves is used for cooling, trapping and repumping of rubidium atoms. When the laser is circularly polarized and sent into the hollow region, three pairs of counterpropagating beams are automatically produced therein, having the same polarization configuration as in the conventional six beam magneto-optical trap. The precooled atom sources thus produced may be used to obtain much colder and denser atoms for study of their quantum statistical properties.
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3

Amoiropoulos, Kostas, Georgia Kioselaki, Nikolaos Kourkoumelis, and Aris Ikiades. "Shaping Beam Profiles Using Plastic Optical Fiber Tapers with Application to Ice Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092503.

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Using either bulk or fiber optics the profile of laser beams can be altered from Gaussian to top-hat or hollow beams allowing enhanced performance in applications like laser cooling, optical trapping, and fiber sensing. Here, we report a method based on multimode Plastic Optical Fibers (POF) long-tapers, to tweak the beam profile from near Gaussian to a hollow beam, by generating surface irregularities on the conical sections of the taper with a heat-and-pull technique. Furthermore, a cutback technique applied on long tapers expanded the output beam profile by more than twice the numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber. The enhanced sensitivity and detection efficiency of the extended profile was tested on a fiber optical ice sensor related to aviation safety.
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4

Vest, T. A., and M. S. Darlow. "A Modified Conical Beam Element Based on Finite Element Analysis: Experimental Correlations." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 112, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930515.

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A portion of the results from a previous investigation into the structural behavior of hollow conical sections has been used to develop a method of correcting the conical beam element used in modern rotordynamic programs. The modification is made by altering the local value of the Young’s modulus so that the equations used in the conical element produce a bending flexibility which corresponds to that determined from detailed, three-dimensional finite element models. The use of this modification produces substantial improvement in the prediction of the first five natural frequencies of a hollow nonrotating shaft containing two opposed conical sections, for a range of wall thicknesses. The modification exhibits a length dependency which appears to be a main cause of the remaining discrepancies, though it is pointed out that the procedure is only a partial implementation of a more complete hybrid element to be presented later. Static experiments are also discussed, and the verification of a unique behavior characteristic of steep tapered sections is reported.
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5

Ovchinnikov, Yu B., I. Manek, A. I. Sidorov, G. Wasik, and R. Grimm. "Gravito-optical atom trap based on a conical hollow beam." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 43, no. 5 (September 1, 1998): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i1998-00390-9.

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6

Lee, K. I., J. A. Kim, H. R. Noh, and W. Jhe. "Single-beam atom trap in a pyramidal and conical hollow mirror." Optics Letters 21, no. 15 (August 1, 1996): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.21.001177.

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7

Bentley, J., K. B. Alexander, and Z. L. Wang. "TEM Z-contrast imaging with wide-angle hollow-cone illumination." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100175132.

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High resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images with contrast sensitive to atomic number (Z-contrast) have been obtained with the use of a high-angle annular detector. The equivalent conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) dark-field mode reciprocally related to Z-contrast STEM is wide-angle hollow-cone illumination with an on-axis objective aperture. There are two ways to obtain hollow cone illumination; with an annular condenser aperture or by conically scanning the beam tilt coils. As in the case of STEM Z-contrast imaging, resolution with hollow-cone illumination should theoretically be higher than for phase contrast imaging in the same instrument.Philips CM30/STEM, CM12/STEM, and EM400T/FEG/STEM instruments have been used to investigate this imaging technique. The conical illumination dark-field mode is standard on the CM series and was implemented with a hybrid diffraction unit on the EM400. Commercial (SPI Supplies #1780) copper annular apertures with inner and outer diameters of 600 and 900 μm, respectively, spot welded to suitable supports for use as condenser apertures, resulted in cone angles too small to give good Z-contrast in the microprobe mode, because there is still a large diffraction contrast contribution.
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8

Dépret, Benoı̂t, Philippe Verkerk, and Daniel Hennequin. "Characterization and modelling of the hollow beam produced by a real conical lens." Optics Communications 211, no. 1-6 (October 2002): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(02)01900-4.

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9

Rankin, Joanna M. "An Empirical Theory of Pulsar Emission." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 128 (1992): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600154939.

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AbstractA system of pulsar profile classification is used as a starting point to study the emission characteristics of pulsars. Two types or mechanisms of pulsar radiation are identified which combine geometrically to produce five major species of profile. The core emission, which forms a pencil beam of radiation, is apparently produced close to the stellar surface throughout the entire polar cap region by low γ particles. The conal emission, which consists of a hollow conical beam, then seems to be emitted at heights of 10 to 20 stellar radii by currents of high γ particles travelling along some of the most peripheral of the “open” field lines.
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10

Burdonsky, I. N., A. L. Velikovich, V. V. Gavrilov, A. Yu Gol'tsov, E. V. Zhuzhukalo, N. G. Kovalsky, M. A. Liberman, and M. I. Pergament. "Studies of thin foils acceleration by pulsed laser beam." Laser and Particle Beams 6, no. 2 (May 1988): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600004080.

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Experimental studies of the ablative acceleration of thin foils as carried out on the “Mishen” device (Nd laser, λ = 1·06μm, 3 nsec pulses) are reported. The plasma corona in the range of power densities 1013–1014 W/cm2 is shown to absorb 80–90% of the laser beam energy, the classical collisional absorption mechanism being the main one. Jet-like and filamentary structures are observed in the laser-plasma interaction; however, the main plasma parameters are found to be independent of the presence (or absence) of such structures. The measured hydrodynamic efficiency of stable ablative acceleration in plane geometry is ≲5%. The production of high-speed cumulative jets with irradiated thin-wall hollow conical targets is reported as an example of a non-traditional ablative acceleration geometry.
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11

Qiao, G. J., R. X. Xu, J. F. Liu, B. Zhang, and J. L. Han. "Recent developments of inverse Compton scattering model of pulsar radio emission." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 177 (2000): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100060140.

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AbstractMany theoretical efforts were made to understand the core and conal emission identified from observations by Rankin (1983) and Lyne and Manchester (1988). One of them, named as inverse Compton scattering (ICS) model (Qiao & Lin 1998), has been proposed. It is found in the model that: there are central or ‘core’ emission beam, and one or two hollow conical emission beams; the different emission components are emitted at different heights; owing to different radiation components emitted from different height, the observed emission beams can be shifted from each other due to retardation and aberration effects; the sizes of emission components change with frequencies. Recent developments of the model include: simulations of pulse profiles at different frequencies; studying the basic polarization properties of inverse Compton scattering in strong magnetic fields; computing the polarizations and spectrum of core and cones. A new classification system was also proposed. The main results calculated from the model are consistent with the observations.
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12

WANG, Z. L. "Dislocation contrast in high-angle hollow-cone dark-field TEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 694–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100149301.

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Dislocations were imaged using the high-angle hollow-cone dark-field transmission electron microscopy (HADF-TEM) technique. Experiments were performed using a Philips CM30 TEM at 300 kV Dislocations and grain boundaries show bright contrast in HADF-TEM images and there are no contrast reversals with thickness or defocus. The dislocation contrast shows no dramatic variation when the average semi-conical angle θ was increased from 40 to 110 mrad, but does show strong dependence on the diffracting conditions that are set up for the corresponding on-axis bright-field (BF) TEM image (Fig. 1). Under the "one-beam" (random orientation without strong diffraction) reflection condition (Figs, 1a and 1a'), the visibility of the dislocations is poor in either the BF-TEM or the HADF-TEM image. Under the two-beam diffracting condition (Figs, 1b and 1b') both BF-TEM and HADF-TEM images show optimized contrast. The features appearing in the HADF-TEM images have a good one-to-one correspondence with the features shown in the corresponding BF-TEM images; the dislocation contrast disappears in the HADF-TEM images if the condition g·b = 0 is satisfied in the BF-TEM images, where b is the Burgers vector (Fig 2).
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13

Kovalchuk, Dmytro, Orest Ivasishin, and Dmytro Savvakin. "Microstructure and Properties of 3D Ti-6Al-4V Articles Produced with Advanced Co-axial Electron Beam & Wire Additive Manufacturing Technology." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032103014.

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Ti-6Al-4V articles were produced with advanced additive manufacturing technology of Direct Energy Deposition (DED) type using profile electron beam and wire as feedstock material. The key distinctive feature of this additive manufacturing process is the applying of the hollow conical electron beam generated by low-voltage (<20kV) gas-discharge EB gun for heating and melting of the substrate and co-axially fed wire. Such configuration ensures precisely controllable liquid metal transfer from the wire end to the substrate, specific temperature gradients at the fusion area and heat flow from liquid metal pool. Such conditions of heating, melting and cooling during 3D manufacturing processing provide the ability for controllable microstructure formation, including grain size and material texture. Influence of processing parameters and cooling conditions on crystallization, grain formation and intragrain structure of solidified material is discussed. Optimization of processing parameters allowed production of 3D Ti-6Al- 4V articles with isotropic microstructure and mechanical properties which met standard requirements for Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
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14

Elhannani, Abdelhak, Kaddour Refassi, Abbes Elmeiche, and Mohamed Bouamama. "Vibration analysis of functionally graded tapered rotor shaft system." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 23, no. 1 (July 10, 2019): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2019-0032.

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Abstract This investigation deals with the vibration analysis of a rotating tapered shaft in Functionally Graded Material (FGM). The dynamic system is modeled using the Timoshenko beam theory (FSDBT) with consideration of gyroscopic effect and rotary inertia. The equations of motion are expressed by the hierarchical finite element method based on bi-articulated boundary conditions. The material properties are continuously varied in the thickness direction of a hollow shaft according to the exponential law function (E-FGM). The presented model is validated by comparing the numerical results found with the available literature. Various analyses are carried out to determine the influence of taper angle and material distribution of the two extreme materials on the dynamic behavior of FGM conical rotors system.
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15

de Angelis, M., L. Cacciapuoti, G. Pierattini, and G. M. Tino. "Axially symmetric hollow beams using refractive conical lenses." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 39, no. 3 (March 2003): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-8166(01)00117-8.

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16

Gilmour, John E. "Sonar system of the type using hollow conical beams." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91, no. 5 (May 1992): 3081–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.402903.

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17

Vashkovskii, Ark V., and V. A. Syrovoi. "Formation of solid and hollow convergent conical electron beams." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 53, no. 7 (July 2008): 833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226908070152.

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18

Dong, Yuan, Xi-He Zhang, Guo-Bin Ning, Guang-Yong Jin, Wei Liang, Yan-Fei Lü, Chao Wang, and Kai Zhang. "Propagation properties of hollow conical double half-Gaussian beams." Optik 121, no. 6 (March 2010): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2008.09.010.

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19

Yuan, Dong, He Jin-Qi, Li Shu-Tao, Zhang Xi-He, and Jin Guang-Yong. "The propagation characteristics of the conical hollow beams in the turbulent atmosphere." Optics & Laser Technology 82 (August 2016): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.02.003.

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20

Li, Xueming, Yue Chao, Rui Xie, Deji Liu, Yuanzhi Zhou, Shutong Zhang, Tian Yang, Zhanjun Liu, Lihua Cao, and Chunyang Zheng. "Enhancement of Magnetic Vortex Acceleration by Laser Interaction with Near-Critical Density Plasma inside a Hollow Conical Target." Laser and Particle Beams 2022 (February 18, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5671790.

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The effects of magnetic vortex acceleration (MVA) are investigated with two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations by laser interaction with near-critical density (NCD) plasma inside a hollow conical plasma. Energetic and collimated proton beams can be accelerated by a longitudinal charge-separation field. Energetic protons with a peak energy of 220 MeV are produced in PIC simulations. Compared with a uniform NCD plasma, both the cutoff energy and collimation of proton beams are improved remarkably. Furthermore, the influence of different gap sizes of cone tip is taken into account. For optimizing magnetic vortex acceleration, the gap size of the cone tip is suggested to match the focal spot size of laser pulse.
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21

WU Zhi-chao, 武志超, 董渊 DONG Yuan, and 梁柱 LIANG Zhu. "Phase Difference and Polarization Characteristic of Hollow Beams Achieved by Conical Refraction Effect." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 39, no. 8 (2010): 1487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20103908.1487.

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22

Khonina, Svetlana, Sergey Degtyarev, Dmitry Savelyev, and Andrey Ustinov. "Focused, evanescent, hollow, and collimated beams formed by microaxicons with different conical angles." Optics Express 25, no. 16 (July 28, 2017): 19052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.019052.

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23

Dong, Yuan, XiHe Zhang, GuangYong Jin, Ming Ling, and GuoBin Ning. "The degenerating diffraction far-field propagation properties of the conical double half-Gaussian hollow beams." Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy 53, no. 3 (March 2010): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11433-010-0115-0.

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24

Miao, Jie, Guoqi Bian, Biao Shan, Liangchao Chen, Zengming Meng, Pengjun Wang, Lianghui Huang, and Jing Zhang. "Achieving ultracold Bose-Fermi mixture of $^{87}$Rb and $^{40}$K with dual dark magnetic-optical-trap." Chinese Physics B, February 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac5882.

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Abstract We demonstrate that dual dark MOTs have great importance in the two-species $^{87}$Rb and $^{40}$K mixture compared with dual bright MOTs. As comparison, dark MOT has a little improvement in the trapping of single-species $^{87}$Rb or $^{40}$K gases compared with bright MOT. For the case of loading two-species $^{87}$Rb and $^{40}$K simultaneously, the improvement of $^{40}$K in the dual dark MOTs is mainly from the reduction of light-assisted collision losses. The dual dark MOTs employ a pair of conical lenses to produce the hollow beam for repump laser with high efficiency. The number and density of $^{87}$Rb and $^{40}$K atoms after evaporative cooling in the hybrid magnetic trap with dark MOT loading are compared with bright MOT. The atoms with large number and high density make it easier to realize the quantum degenerate of Bose-Fermi mixture.
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25

Liang, Dawei, Joana Almeida, Bruno D. Tibúrcio, Miguel Catela, Dário Garcia, Hugo Costa, and Cláudia R. Vistas. "Seven-Rod Pumping Approach for the Most Efficient Production of TEM00 Mode Solar Laser Power by a Fresnel Lens." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 143, no. 6 (June 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4051223.

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Abstract A seven-rod/seven-TEM00 mode beam Fresnel lens solar laser pumping approach is here proposed. The Fresnel lens with 4.0 m2 collection area was used as the primary solar concentrator to pump seven 2.5 mm diameter, 15 mm length Nd:YAG rods within a conical pump cavity through a secondary fused silica aspheric concentrator. Within the pump cavity, solar pump rays not completely absorbed by one of the seven rods were furtherly absorbed by other rods, ensuring hence a high absorption efficiency and avoiding the serious thermal lensing and thermal stress issues associated with classical large rod solar lasers. Seven individual plane-concave large-mode resonators were adopted to enable a good overlap between solar pump mode and TEM00 laser oscillating mode. By using both zemax® and lascad® software, the maximum total TEM00 mode solar laser power of 54.65 W was numerically calculated by optimizing the radius parameter of the Fresnel lens, the diameter of the laser rod, and the radius of curvature of the laser resonator output mirror. TEM00 mode solar laser collection efficiency of 13.66 W/m2 and solar power-to-TEM00 mode laser power conversion efficiency of 1.44% were calculated, representing substantial enhancements of 4.66 times and 4.38 times, respectively, as compared with previous experimental records of the TEM00 mode solar laser pumped through a Fresnel lens with 0.785 m2 collection area. The feasibility of TEM00 mode solar laser power delivery by hollow-core photonic crystal fibers was finally studied.
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26

Hu, Guanghui, Yanyan Zheng, Chang Liu, Honglei Ren, Jianfen Yang, Shaoxin Hu, Lixin Fu, Yonggang Li, and Shuhua Fan. "First Report of Didymella americana causing corn stalk rot in China." Plant Disease, November 19, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-20-1994-pdn.

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Corn (Zea mays L.) is an important food crop and feedstuff worldwide. However, Corn stalk rot, caused by multiple pathogens, is globally an economic soil-borne disease worldwide. In September 2019, a survey was carried out to characterize pathogenic fungi in corn stalks in Nehe city (48.48°N 124.88°E), Heilongjiang Province, China. Stalk rot incidence was approximately 5% in three of the fields sampled (5 ha/per field). Symptoms included wilting of whole plants, drooping ears or rapid death of the upper leaves or whole plant from blister stage to physiological maturity (growth stages R2- R6) stage with drooping ears or rapid death of the upper leaves or whole plant. A brown to black dry rot or necrosis was observed throughout the central pith and internal tissues of the stalk and crown were observed, which resulted in hollow and soft stalks. Fifteen tissue samples (0.25 cm2) from 15 individual diseased plants were surface disinfested with 75% ethanol for 2 s, followed by 0.5% NaOCl for 5 min, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) with 50 µg/mL streptomycin at 26°C in darkness. After 3 days, a total of eight fungal isolates with consistent characteristics were obtained from three sampling points and subcultured by transferring hyphal tips onto a new PDA plate. Single-conidium isolates were generated with methods reported previously (Leslie and Summerell 2006). Cultures on PDA were honey to olivaceous buff in the center with dense aerial mycelia and wide buff colored margins. The dimensions of conidia from 30-day-old PDA cultures were 4.5 to 15.3 µm × 1.5 to 4.3 µm (n = 50). Often, one to two oil bodies were present within the conidia. Based on these morphological features, the isolates were identified as Didymella americana (Aveskamp et al. 2010; Gorny et al. 2016). Genomic DNA was extracted from a representative isolate YJDA8 and the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF-1ɑ) were amplified and sequenced using the primers ITS1/ITS4 (Yin et al. 2012) and EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), respectively. The sequences of YJDA8 (accession nos. MT995077 for ITS and MW003707 for TEF-1a ) showed 99.6% (529/531 bp) and 97.6% (283/290 bp), identity to the sequences of D. americana isolate YSGYE6 (accession no. MK945663.1) and isolate K_INSO2_6_10 (MN554764.1) respectively. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by root injection of corn plants at the blister stage in the field. Conidia were obtained from 30-day-old PDA cultures grown at 20°C with a 12 h photoperiod. A conidial suspension (1.5 ml of 1×105 conidia/mL) was injected into the base of the maize stems using a 5 ml syringe. For each treatment, 5 plants were inoculated. Plants injected with 1.5 ml distilled sterile water served as the control. After inoculation, the plants were managed using conventional methods. All inoculated plants showed symptoms 25 days after inoculation that were similar to those observed in the field, while no symptoms were observed on the control plants. The fungus was re-isolated and confirmed to be D. americana. D. americana has previously been reported on corn roots and soybean pods in the USA (Aveskamp et al. 2009 as Peyronellaea americana), on lima bean in Delaware and Maryland (Everts et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. americana causing stalk rot on corn in China. Therefore, its distribution needs to be investigated, monitored and managed with effective disease management strategies to protect corn.
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