Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Congruence'

Let Nm(f(x)) denote the number of solutions of the congruence equation f(x)≡0 (modm), where m≥2 is any composite integer and f(x) is a cubic polynomial. In this thesis, we use different theorems and corollaries to find a number of solutions of the congruence equations without solving then we also construct the general expression of corresponding congruence equations to demonstrate the solutions of the equations. In this thesis, we use Mathematica software as a tool.

L'analyse semantique des programmes consiste a determiner automatiquement a la compilation des proprietes qu'ils verifient lors de toute execution. Cette these est plus particulierement consacree aux proprietes de congruence des variables (ou des abstractions) numeriques. Precisement, a partir d'un cadre algebrique commun, on definit tout d'abord l'analyse de congruence arithmetique sur les nombres entiers, qui generalise a la fois la parite et la propagation des constantes, qu'on generalise elle-meme a l'inference de systemes d'equations lineaires de congruence. On generalise ensuite ces deux analyses aux nombres rationnels. Entre autres, ces analyses peuvent s'averer utiles dans le cadre de la vectorisation automatique pour les premieres, et pour les secondes afin d'optimiser la representation des reels et limiter les erreurs d'arrondi dans les calculs. On termine par la presentation rapide d'extensions des precedentes analyses, d'analyses de congruence multiplicative et de techniques d'iterations decroissantes permettant d'ameliorer les resultats des analyses en general

An important and long-standing open problem in universal algebra asks whether every finite lattice is isomorphic to the congruence lattice of a finite algebra. Until this problem is resolved, our understanding of finite algebras is incomplete, since, given an arbitrary finite algebra, we cannot say whether there are any restrictions on the shape of its congruence lattice. If we find a finite lattice that does not occur as the congruence lattice of a finite algebra (as many suspect we will), then we can finally declare that such restrictions do exist. By a well known result of Palfy and Pudlak, the problem would be solved if we could prove the existence of a finite lattice that is not the congruence lattice of a transitive group action or, equivalently, is not an interval in the lattice of subgroups of a finite group. Thus the problem of characterizing congruence lattices of finite algebras is closely related to the problem of characterizing intervals in subgroup lattices. In this work, we review a number of methods for finding a finite algebra with a given congruence lattice, including searching for intervals in subgroup lattices. We also consider methods for proving that algebras with a given congruence lattice exist without actually constructing them. By combining these well known methods with a new method we have developed, and with much help from computer software like the UACalc and GAP, we prove that with one possible exception every lattice with at most seven elements is isomorphic to the congruence lattice of a finite algebra. As such, we have identified the unique smallest lattice for which there is no known representation. We examine this exceptional lattice in detail, and prove results that characterize the class of algebras that could possibly represent this lattice. We conclude with what we feel are the most interesting open questions surrounding this problem and discuss possibilities for future work.<br>Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2012.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mathematics, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-84).<br>In this thesis we develop a version of classical scissors congruence theory from the perspective of algebraic K-theory. Classically, two polytopes in a manifold X are defined to be scissors congruent if they can be decomposed into finite sets of pairwise-congruent polytopes. We generalize this notion to an abstract problem: given a set of objects and decomposition and congruence relations between them, when are two objects in the set scissors congruent? By packaging the scissors congruence information in a Waldhausen category we construct a spectrum whose homotopy groups include information about the scissors congruence problem. We then turn our attention to generalizing constructions from the classical case to these Waldhausen categories, and find constructions for cofibers, suspensions, and products of scissors congruence problems.<br>by Inna Zakharevich.<br>Ph.D.

This study examines the relationship between personal values, perceived organisational values and organisational commiunent. The study builds on the work of Finegan (2000). It is argued that the greater the congruence between a person's personal values and the perceived organisational values of the employing organisation, the greater would be their commitment to that organization. This study examines this issue in a school context, examining the teachers' values and their perceptions of their schools' values. As part of the study a survey was administered to a sample of teachers at eight schools that represented the three main streams within the Australian education system; namely Government schools, independent Christian schools and Catholic schools. In this case, personal values and perceived organisational values were measured using Schwartz's (1991) Values Scale and their congruence was calculated using Savery's (Savery, 1993. 1983, 1981) approach. Commitment was measured using Meyer and Allen's (1990) Organisational Commitment Scale. Perceived organisational support and professional commitment were also measured through Eisenberg's (1986) and Blau's (1985b) scales. The study suggests that teachers' backgrounds have little impact on commitment. It further suggests that personal values have only a minimal effect on continuance conunitrnent, although they have a stronger relationship with affective commitment. While congruence between the two types of values do impact on affective commitment, teachers' perceptions of their organisations' values (irrespective of their own values) are stronger predictors of commitment. Personal values are also shown to affect professional commitment. Although the major focus of the study is to explore the relationship between values congruence and organisational commitment, the results suggest that the most significant predictors of affective organisational commitment are perceived organisational support and teachers' perceptions of organisational values.

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-46).<br>This work considers some implications of viewing gravity as an emergent force. In such a viewpoint, general relativity arises as the thermodynamic limit of some microscopic theory. As such, one would expect the macroscopic variables such as the curvature tensors to fluctuate about their mean. This thesis presents a method for analyzing the effects of curvature fluctuations on spacetime thermodynamics. This is done by examining the evolution equations for time-like and null congruences, and recasting them as stochastic differential equations. The purpose of viewing the congruence evolution equations as stochastic is in the spirit of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, and may lead to an application of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to spacetime. It is expected that this reformulation of the congruence equations will lead to further insights on the effects of fluctuations in general relativity.<br>by Antony John Speranza.<br>S.B.

Thesis advisor: Benjamin Howard<br>I prove the Chai-Faltings version of the Eichler-Shimura congruence relation for simple GSpin Shimura varieties with hyperspecial level structures at a prime p<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Mathematics

This small scale enquiry looks at the value of Rogers’ concept of congruence from the perspectives and experiences of clients rather than those of the counsellor, as, it is the view of the author that the value of congruence is only established if it is perceived so by clients. It contributes to the debate about Rogers’ definition of congruence and offers a research informed perspective, relevant to a range of therapeutic interventions, of the nature and function of congruence in the counsellor-client relationship. The study involved me as the researcher and six participants from two cultural backgrounds who had responded to a leaflet after having experienced therapy with a qualified counsellor other than me. A pilot study was carried out followed by six semi-structured, face-to-face and telephone interviews that were transcribed and analysed using a qualitative, thematic analysis approach. A decision was made to divide participants into those who had experienced person-centred counselling and those who had experienced CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) or integrative therapy. This was not an original decision but one that was made during the study in order to compare the presence and the importance of congruence in different models of therapy. Results revealed that there were terms that were central to, related to and unrelated to Rogers’ definition of congruence. Factors that were centrally related to congruence were: connection and demeanour. Therapist facilitative factors that were tangentially related to congruence were: respect; understanding; empathy; self-disclosure; trust; body language; conveying emotion and caring. Participants also referred to non-related facets such as therapist competence. Due to the majority of codes being related to congruence, this led to the conclusion that participants held a wide definition of the concept, implied by proxy (as a substitute). Participants confirmed the value of congruence, suggesting that Rogers’ theory, that is, that therapist congruence is necessary for positive growth to occur in clients, is important in counselling (Rogers, 1957). Congruence therefore cannot be described as an outdated theory or professional ideology but as a key concept that is prized and valued in modern day therapy. This study offers an original contribution to knowledge and professional practice because it provides not professionals but clients with the opportunity to have their voices heard. It allows service-users to put into words their experiences, thereby offering a better understanding of the phenomenon of congruence. The study has therefore allowed the provision for a more empowering, research-informed counsellor-client experience. A second claim to the study being unique and a valid contribution to knowledge is that the research has a particular focus on Rogers’ definition of congruence and enquires if this is relevant for service-users as opposed to service-providers.

This study is concerned with how the Symbolic and Functional Congruencies predict consumer behaviour. It focuses on the methodology for constructing an appropriate scale. In the case of Symbolic Congruence, though Self-Congruence constructs have received some examination in the past, little or nothing has been written about the concept of Lifestyle Congruence and ways to measure it. The present study is intended to bridge the gap in the literature by establishing these constructs conceptually and empirically. Two empirical studies were conducted to explore the effects of two Symbolic (Self-image and Lifestyle image) Congruencies and Functional congruence on customers' travel behaviours, focusing specifically on the choice of their holiday destinations. The objective of Study One was to assess the usefulness, applicability and validity of the Self-Congruence and Functional Congruence theory in predicting tourist choice of destinations. In Study One, the degree of Self-Congruence was assessed by the direct and global method. To collect the data, the study was conducted with a convenience sample and a face-to-face administered questionnaire survey is performed. The sample consisted of 367 British residents. The data were analysed through a factor analysis and a multinomial logistic regression analysis. The main findings of Study One demonstrate that a tourist's choice of a vacation destination is strongly predicted by Functional Congruence. Conversely, Self-Congruence has no significant effects on tourists' choice behaviour and the results do not support previous studies. As a result of these findings, the issues relating to the measurement of Symbolic congruence (Self-Congruence) were clarified and the methodology for the research was refined. Study Two adopted Lifestyle Congruence scales. The objective of this study was to assess the relevance of Lifestyle Congruence and Functional Congruence in explaining tourist choice of destinations. To achieve this goal, the research substantiated the dimensions of both congruencies and established the content of the dimensions. By the same token, the Lifestyle Congruence and Functional Congruence dimensions were examined to assess their usefulness in predicting the tourists' destination choice. In Study Two, the degree of Lifestyle Congruence was assessed by the direct and dimension-based method. The same data collection and data analysis methods used in Study One were performed and the sample consisted of 419 British residents. The empirical findings of Study Two reveal that the Functional Congruence for the destination is defined as four underlying dimensions, Basic Tourists Facilities, Natural Environment, Heritages and Cultural Attractions, and Entertainment, while the Lifestyle Congruence for the destination is defined as a single dimension. Actual Lifestyle Image. Furthermore, the key findings of Study Two show that a tourist's choice of a vacation destination is more strongly predicted by Functional Congruence than by Lifestyle Congruence and that Lifestyle Congruence has significant effects on the tourists' choice behaviour. In addition, theoretical contribution, managerial implications and future research directions based on the findings are provided at the end.

Antecedents:Malgrat la importància oferta en la literatura, el concepte de congruència de valors és encara poc conegut. La literatura és ambigua i el tema és encara poc conegut. La congruència de valors es tracta a les àrees de gestió i psicologia relacionant-la amb diverses actituds cap al treball o cap als resultats empresarials. No obstant això, el procés que afecta a aquests resultats segueix sent molt polèmic. És a dir, no sabem exactament per què la congruència de valors produeix efectes en els resultats empresarials. Pregunta de recerca:Aquesta tesi intenta explicar l'efecte de la congruència de valors. És a dir, quin és la correlació o relació semicausal entre la congruència o incongruència de valors i determinades actituds laborals tals com la satisfacció laboral, compromís organitzacional, d'una banda, i de salut, tals com l'estrès laboral o la salut física, per l'altre. Enfocament teòric:Reconeixent el fet que les explicacions actuals sobre els efectes de la congruència dels valors són especulatives, fragmentades i de caràcter social, en aquesta tesi s'utilitza la teoria basada en l’autoconcepte com a teoria subjacent per comprovar empíricament el mecanisme de mediació de les variables de autoconcepte en la relació entre la congruència de valors i els resultats empresarials. S'afirma que aquest mecanisme individual és similar a l'efecte de mediació dels mecanismes socials tals com la confiança. Disseny:En aquesta tesi s'utilitza l'enfocament de tres papers relacionats. En el primer d'ells es fa una revisió de la literatura existent sobre congruència de valors i contextualitza la investigació des d'un marc global. El segon paper utilitza la teoria de l’autoconcepte per explicar els efectes de la congruència de valors en els resultats laborals relacionats amb l'actitud, tals com a salut mental (burnout) i una sèrie de resultats relacionats organitzativament com la propensió d'accidents i de les intencions de rotar. Les dades van ser recollides entre les infermeres que treballen en un gran hospital universitari a Catalunya. El tercer paper utilitza algunes de les variables derivades de la teoria de l'autoconcepte per provar empíricament la importància relativa i la configuració de mecanismes individuals i mecanismes socials com a mediadors entre la congruència de valors i una sèrie de resultats específics individuals, com la satisfacció en el treball, el compromís amb l'organització i l'esgotament. Aquest tercer estudi es va dur a terme en un hospital del nord-est de Xina. Resultats: El primer paper estableix les bases per a futurs estudis especificant les necessitats i les limitacions de treballs previs. En els dos estudis empírics, s'ha trobat que la teoria de l’autoconcepte es pot aplicar en el context de la comprensió del procés d'efectes de la congruència dels valors. En el segon paper, s'ha observat que, per a diferents tipus de valors, l'esgotament intervé de forma diferent entre els efectes de la incongruència de valors en els resultats. Quant al tercer paper, s'ha trobat que, per a diferents resultats, les variables de l’autoconcepte intervenen entre els efectes de la congruència dels valors de forma diferent, però s'ha constatat que la confiança en l'organització és un mediador social consistent. Això últim reforça el recent interès a utilitzar en major mesurada la construcció de la confiança en les investigacions sobre organitzacions. Això va resultar ser vàlid en el context xinès. Conclusions: Aquesta tesi sosté que l'estudi sobre la congruència de valors és molt important tant per als individus com per a les organitzacions. A pesar que els seus efectes directes o de mediació, això també afecta a resultats relacionats amb la salut de l'individu (és a dir, esgotament o la salut física), així com a resultats relacionats amb la salut de l'organització (el compromís, la propensió d'accidents,, la previsió de volum de negoci, i similars).<br>Antecedentes: A pesar de la importancia ofrecida en la literatura, el concepto de congruencia de valores es aún poco conocido. La literatura es ambigua y el tema es aún poco conocido. La congruencia de valores se trata en las áreas de gestión y psicología relacionándola con diversas actitudes hacia el trabajo o hacia los resultados empresariales. No obstante, el proceso que afecta a estos resultados sigue siendo muy polémico. Es decir, no sabemos exactamente por qué la congruencia de valores produce efectos en los resultados empresariales. Pregunta de investigación: Esta tesis intenta explicar el efecto de la congruencia de valores. Es decir, cuál es la correlación o relación semicausal entre la congruencia o incongruencia de valores y determinadas actitudes laborales tales como la satisfacción laboral, compromiso organizacional, por un lado, y de salud, tales como el estrés laboral o la salud física, por el otro. Enfoque teórico: Reconociendo el hecho de que las explicaciones actuales sobre los efectos de la congruencia de los valores son especulativas, fragmentadas y de carácter social, en esta tesis se utiliza la teoría basada en el autoconcepto como teoría subyacente para comprobar empíricamente el mecanismo de mediación de las variables de autoconcepto en la relación entre la congruencia de valores y los resultados empresariales. Se afirma que este mecanismo individual es similar a los efectos de mediación de los mecanismos sociales tales como la confianza. Diseño: En esta tesis se utiliza el enfoque de tres papers relacionados. En el primero de ellos se hace una revisión de la literatura existente sobre congruencia de valores y contextualiza la investigación desde un marco global. El segundo paper utiliza la teoría del autoconcepto para explicar los efectos de la congruencia de valores en los resultados laborales relacionados con la actitud, tales como salud mental (burnout) y una serie de resultados relacionados organizativamente como la propensión de accidentes y de las intenciones de rotar. Los datos fueron recogidos entre las enfermeras que trabajan en un gran hospital universitario en Cataluña. El tercer paper utiliza algunas de las variables derivadas de la teoría del auto-concepto para probar empíricamente la importancia relativa y la configuración de mecanismos individuales y mecanismos sociales como mediadores entre la congruencia de valores y una serie de resultados específicos individuales, como la satisfacción en el trabajo, el compromiso con la organización y el agotamiento. Este tercer estudio se llevó a cabo en un hospital del noreste de China. Resultados: El primer paper establece las bases para futuros estudios especificando las necesidades y las limitaciones de trabajos previos. En los dos estudios empíricos, se ha encontrado que la teoría del autoconcepto se puede aplicar en el contexto de la comprensión del proceso de efectos de la congruencia de los valores. En el segundo paper, se ha observado que, para diferentes tipos de valores, el agotamiento media de forma distinta entre los efectos de la incongruencia de valores en los resultados. En cuanto al tercer paper, se ha hallado que, para diferentes resultados, las variables del autoconcepto median entre los efectos de la congruencia de los valores de forma distinta, pero se ha constatado que la confianza en la organización es un mediador social consistente. Esto último refuerza el reciente interés en utilizar en mayor medida la construcción de la confianza en las investigaciones sobre organizaciones. Ello resultó ser válido en el contexto chino. Conclusión: Esta tesis sostiene que el estudio sobre la congruencia de valores es muy importante tanto para los individuos como para las organizaciones. A pesar de que sus efectos directos o de mediación, ello también afecta a resultados relacionados con la salud del individuo (es decir, agotamiento o la salud física), así como a resultados relacionados con la salud de la organización (el compromiso, la propensión de accidentes,, la previsión de volumen de negocio, y similares).<br>Background: Albeit the critical importance accorded in the literature to the concept of value congruence it is still poorly understood. The literature dealing with it is ambiguous and inconsistent. Value incongruence in the management and psychological disciplines, has been related to various job attitudes and other work related outcomes, but the process of which it affects the latter remains controversial. That is, we do not know exactly why value congruence (or value incongruence) is supposed to have these effects on the outcomes studied. Research question:This thesis is an attempt to understand the process of value congruence’s effect. That is to say: what are the correlational or semi causal relationships between value congruence and value incongruence on selected attitudinal outcomes such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment on one hand, and health outcomes, such as job burnout or physical health , on the other hand?. Theoretical approach:The underlying theory of “self-concept” has been used in its application to the construct of value congruence. More specifically, the mediating mechanism of self-concept variables on the relationship between value congruence and outcomes was empirically tested. Furthermore, the relative importance and the particular configuration of individualmechanism vssocial mechanism functioning simultaneously as mediatorshave been tested. . Design:This thesis uses three connected papers. The first paper is a comprehensive review of the literature on value congruence. Itintegrates value congruence research into a coherent framework.A clear agenda for research results from the conclusions reached in this first paper. The second paper inspired by the “self-concept theory”,tests the relationships between value congruence on specific outcomes such as mental health (burnout), physical health, and a host of organizationally related outcomes such as accident propensity and turnover intentions. Data was collected amongst nurses working in a large university hospital in Catalonia. The third paper also uses some variables derived from the self-concept theory to empirically test the relative importance and the particular configuration of individualmechanism and social mechanism functioning simultaneously as mediatorsbetween value congruence and a host of specific individual outcomes such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment and Burnout. This third study was carried out in a county hospital in northeast China. Method: The first paper is qualitative in nature. It synthesizes and classifies related definitions, models and measurement based on the literature. The second and the third papers are empirical studies based on cross-sectional pre validated surveys conducted in Spain and China in the health care settings. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed throughout different phases of the studies. Multiple regressiontechnique was employed to test the mediation effect. Results:The first study sets up the agenda for future research in specifying needs and limitations of previous research. In the two empirical papers, it has been found that self-concept theory can serve for understanding the effects of value congruence. More specifically the second paper shows that for different types of value incongruence, burnout mediatesin a differential manner the effects on the outcomes studied. Third paper, found that, for different outcomes, self-concept variables mediates the effects of value congruence differentially, but trust in the organization, a specific variable that was added in this study, was a consistent social mediator. The latter reinforces recent call to further use the construct of trust in organizational research. This was found to be valid in the Chinese context. Conclusion: The thesis argues that studying value congruence can be very important to both individuals and organizations. Regardless of its direct or mediating effects, it impacts outcomes connected with individual health (i.e. Burnout or physical health) and also outcomes connected with organizational health (commitment, accident propensity, turnover intention, and alike). The thesis also shows how important it is to identify various linkages and configurations between value congruence and outcomes while borrowing from the self-concept theory.

We describe the congruence lattices of frames and k-frames. We look at the role that congruence biframes play in the category of strictly zero-dimensional biframes and discuss some reflections and coreflections of congruence frames.

Motivational components of responses in an environment can be congruent if the stimuli features of the presented cues, the actions that are required and the outcomes that are obtained by those actions are in alignment. For example, some cues or outcomes can favour responding by action over inaction even if this response is in conflict with instrumental learning. This congruence can be mirrored by overlapping neural activation patterns, e.g. previous work has shown that interactions of rewarding outcomes and approach actions are mediated by dopaminergic function in the basal-ganglia. In this thesis I present four experiments that investigate how modes of action or inaction affect different domains of cognition in relation to congruence with cues and outcomes. In the first experiment, I used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how motivational states created by congruence or incongruence between action and outcome valence (reward or avoiding loss) affect the persistence of episodic memories. The results highlight a benefit of acting for reward rather than inaction for reward. This benefit is mediated by basal-ganglia function. The second experiment investigated how approach actions are modulated by stimulus novelty of the cue instructing the action. Stimulus novelty enhances approach actions when the delay between the cue and action requirement is short. This implicates novelty in impulsive actions even in the absence of reward. The third experiment investigated how active and passive expressions of choice affect choice and the dynamics of revaluation. Choice is biased towards action regardless of stimulus valence, but the valence interacts with choice expression affecting revaluation. This suggests a basis for suboptimal choice and judgement sensitive to choice architecture and stimulus valence. The fourth experiment used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how beliefs about active creation inflate valuation in the human brain. The amygdala, representing subjective belief about creation, interacts with the caudate nucleus, representing item value. This shows that an interaction between reward and action can also be present in more abstract notions of reward and action, such as value judgements and creative construction, respectively, and is dependent on explicit belief. I argue the effects of motivational congruence between cues, actions and outcomes reveal hard-wired, Pavlovian control in decision making as instrumental contingencies are tightly controlled. These Pavlovian biases are discussed in the framework of different cognitive functions being governed by similar neural circuits resulting in hard-wired response tendencies. In conclusion, the work presented in this thesis demonstrates how action and inaction can benefit or bias memory and decision making. This is a possible source for suboptimal behaviour like impulsive choice and has a wide range of implications for decision making and mental health. The experimental work especially relates to topic in behavioural economics such as ‘defaults’ which exploit the difference between active and passive choice.

When there are several possible segmentation variables, marketers must investigate the ramifications of their potential interactions. These include their mutual association, the identification of the best (the distinguished) segmentation variable and its predictability by a set of descriptor variables, and the structure of the multivariate system(s) obtained from the segmentation and descriptor variables. This procedure has been defined as segment congruence analysis (SCA). This study utilizes the information theoretic and the log-linear/logit approaches to address a variety of research questions in segment congruence analysis. It is shown that the information theoretic approach expands the scope of SCA and offers some advantages over traditional methods. Data obtained from a survey conducted by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) and Northwest utilities is used to demonstrate the information theoretic and the log-linear/logit approaches and compare these two methods. The survey was designed to obtain information on energy consumption habits, attitudes toward selected energy issues, and the conservation measures utilized by the residents in the Pacific Northwest. The analyses are performed in two distinct phases. Phase I includes assessment of mutual association among segmentation variables and four methods (based on different information theoretic functions) for identifying candidates for the distinguished variable. Phase II addresses the selection and analysis of the distinguished variable. This variable is selected either a priori or by assessment of its predictability from (segmentation or exogenous) descriptor variables. The relations between the distinguished variable and the descriptor variables are further analyzed by examining the predictability issue in greater detail and by evaluating structural models of the multivariate systems. The methodological conclusions of this study are that the information theoretic and log-linear methods have deep similarities. The analyses produced intuitively plausible results. In Phase I, energy related awareness, behavior, perceptions, attitudes, and electricity consumption were identified as candidate segmentation variables. In Phase II, using exogenous descriptor variables, electricity consumption was selected as the distinguished variable. The analysis of this variable indicated that the demographic factors, type of dwelling, and geoclimatic environment are among the most important determinants of electricity consumption.

The objective of these article is to evaluate different kinds of methodological tools thatmeasure the levels of congruence of the competition within de multi-level party systems, unders- tanding this last one as the levels of similitude that are experimented by the different districts where political parties compete. It starts from the premise that every party system is multi- level because in that system exists competition in different institutional levels (and in different districts simultaneously). The relevance of multi-level appears when national elections and subnational elections dynamics are not necessarily equals, and it is required to overcome the methodological traditional nationalism that it has been experimented until the moment in the research agenda about parties and party systems. The review of the concept of «congruence» is not exhaustive, and it seeks to systematize the contemporary literature to observe de similarities and differences in national and subnational electoral dynamics, and the consequences of the use of each measurement tool for the identified dynamics.<br>El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar diferentes herramientas metodológicas para medir los niveles de congruencia de la competencia de los sistemas de partidos multinivel, entendida esta como los niveles de similitud que experimentan entre los diferentes distritos donde compiten los partidos. Se parte de la premisa de que todo sistema de partidos es multinivel, ya que existe competencia en distintos niveles institucionales (y en diferentes distritos de manera simultánea). La relevancia de la lógica multinivel se da en que la dinámicas en las elecciones nacionales y subnacionales no son necesariamente iguales y requieren superar el tradicional nacionalismo metodológico que ha experimentado hasta el momento la agenda de investigación sobre los partidos y los sistemas de partidos. La revisión del concepto de congruencia no es exhaustiva y busca sistematizar la literatura actual para observar las similitudes y diferencias en las dinámicas electorales nacionales y subnacionales, y las consecuencias del uso de cada instrumento de medición sobre las dinámicas que se identifican.

This study examined the association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes. The study compared reported somatic changes generally experienced when anxious with the actual association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes as measured during a specific event. Emotions were measured as both general negative emotion as well as specific emotions: anger, disgust, fear, sadness and shame. Participants were volunteers from a Victorian university who agreed to watch a video depicting the dramatisation of child abuse. Throughout the video, participants indicated their experience of emotion. Measures were also taken throughout the procedure of facial expression and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). In order to examine emotional-congruence, subjects were divided into three groups. These groups were divided according to the congruence of subjects’ experienced emotion with autonomic changes and facial expressivity. Groups were divided separately for each of the emotion types. Where there was little difference between the reported experience of emotion and that, which would have been expected from the observed somatic changes, the subject was deemed to be in the Congruent Group. Subjects whose reported experience of emotion was greater or less than would be expected from observed somatic changes were allocated to the Over-reporter and Under-Reporter Groups respectively. This data was then compared to participants’ reports of the number of somatic symptoms usually experienced when anxious. It was found that participants who under-report the experience of general negative-emotion compared with their observed somatic changes (both GSR and facial expressivity) had lower trait-somatic-anxiety (reported fewer somatic symptoms usually experienced when anxious). There was no significant difference between the Congruent Group and Over-Reporter Group. The Under-Reporter Groups had significantly lower trait-somatic-anxiety than the Congruent Group when emotional-congruence was defined by fear and GSR, anger and GSR and sadness and facial expressivity. The actual association of shame and disgust with either somatic change, sadness with autonomic change and anger and fear with facial expressivity was unrelated to the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious. The results supported the idea that subjective reports of the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious reflect the actual association of somatic change and experience, but with limitations. The actual association of experience of fear with autonomic change seems to reflect the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious more than other emotions. Further for those for whom the experience of anger and negative-emotion has a greater association with somatic change, there was a greater number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious. This would suggest that some people have a greater association of some experiences of emotion and somatic change. Furthermore, while there is an association between reported somatic changes generally experienced when anxious with the actual association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes as measured during a specific event, this was dependant on the association of the emotion types rather than being generalised for all emotions.

This thesis is concerned with the 2-dimensional Toda equations and their geometric interpretation in form of r-adapted maps into flag manifolds, r-adapted maps are not only of interest due to their relation with the Toda equations, but also for their adaption to the m-synametric space structure of flag manifolds. This thesis studies the congruence question for r-adapted maps in flag manifolds. The main theorem of this thesis is a congruence theorem for г-holomorphic maps Ψ : S(^2) → G/T of constant curvature, where G can be any compact simple Lie group. It is supplemented by a congruence theorem for general r-holomorphic maps Ψ : S(^2) → G/T if G has rank 2, and a number of congruence theorems for isometric r-primitive Ψ : S(^2) → G/T of constant Kahler angle. The second group of congruence theorems is proved for the rank 2 case, as well as a selection of Lie groups with higher rank: SU(4),SU(5),F(_4),E(_6),E(_6),E(_8),Sp(n).

In this thesis we deal with dessins, that is tessellations of orientable surfaces, or from another point of view, two-cell embeddings of graphs on orientable surfaces. Our approach uses the connections of dessins with the Hecke groups Hq, and emphasizes the number-theoretic aspects of these connections. In Chapter 1 we deal with the modular group F, the simplest of the Hecke groups. We study the relations between the dessins associated with the principal congruence subgroups of F, the cosets of the special congruence subgroups of F, and the arithmetic of the finite ring Zjy. Our examples include well-known regular dessins as the icosahedron and the dessin {3, 7}s on Klein's surface of genus 3. In Chapter 2 we give some basic results on the Hecke groups and the closely related maximal real cyclotomic fields, concentrating on the factorization of the integers inside these fields. In Chapter 3 we extend the work of Chapter 1 to the other Hecke groups, especially the quadratic Hecke groups. The examples include regular dessins as the cube, the dodecahedron, the small stellated dodecahedron, and {4,5}6 on Bring's curve of genus 4. In Chapter 4 we find representations for the Hecke groups and their quotients by the principal congruence subgroups, and we use the results to do some necessary calculations. In Chapter 5, using the results of Chapter 1 as motivation, we reduce the problem of calculating the normaliser of certain subgroups of the Hecke groups into solving a system of congruences, and we solve the corresponding systems for F, H4, H6. Then, using another method we calculate the normaliser of these subgroups in PSZ^R) f°r the cases iJ4, H6, and we also calculate the corresponding quotients.

The most common approach towards transfer pricing has been purely economic or with focus on tax regulations. However, transfer pricing has developed to become a component of organizational strategy. This indicates a growing focus on transfer pricing from a managerial perspective. A well-functioning transfer pricing structure can enable increased operational efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to explain the alignment between transfer pricing methods and strategy. The alignment between corporate levels and divisions enhances a corporation’s possibility to obtain strategic congruence, and thereby competitive advantage to become a stronger player on the market. The research is conducted as a multi-level case study with both qualitative and quantitative data collection. The result stresses that the case firms transfer pricing design is based on managerial objectives, and uses market-based and negotiated transfer price policies. The result finds that the methods and the strategy are partly aligned, which contributes to the corporation’s overall performance. Although, due to the levels different perceptions of profit maximization some sub-optimization occurs.

The purpose of this research was to assess the relationship between the mission and goals of a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic department and the mission and goals of its parent institution. The research was based on a comparison between independent and affiliated athletic departments, the relationship of independent athletic departments with three possible athletic department models, and the potential for motivation of the individual within each model toward departmental and institutional mission and goals. Because of the existence of complex and multidimensional variables among individuals, programs, athletic departments and institutions, the methodology chosen was qualitative rather than quantitative. A focused interview protocol was developed and applied in a procedure involving a sample size of twenty-eight participants: athletic directors, associate athletic directors, head coaches, assistant coaches, and support staff personnel at twelve NCAA Division I institutions in the western United States. Results indicated that the environment of the institution and the culture of the athletic department are of primary importance for determining individual commitment to that department and institution. It was determined that athletic department leaders can successfully use the culture of the department and of the institution to not only fulfill individual expectations for goal achievement, but also to direct individual efforts toward departmental and institutional goals. A recommendation was made for further research in this area, as very little data exists concerning individual, component, and departmental motivation toward institutional goals.

Higher education and more specifically University education is being called to account more and more. It follows therefore that the Universities must present information on the quality of service which they provide as perceived by their customers and their supporters who supply their funding. In this thesisr esearchi s reported on the measuremenot f the quality valuesw hich Students, Lecturing Staff, and Senior Management display within the period of a leaming programme. The principal aim was to ascertain through hypothesis testing if the level of congruence of the value systems of these three main contributors to the learning experience influenced the degree of satisfaction of the Students as the customers and to develope a framework for measuring contributor's quality values. Theseo bjectivesw ere researchedin stagesa s follows; The first stage was an extensive literature review which was used to underpin the ainis and objectiveso f the researchb y establishinga n understandingo f the relationshipsb etween Culture and Values, Quality, and Service. The Service review focused upon Higher Education in the University environment including such aspects quality and culture, values and the determinantso f servicqq uality, customerf ocus and society's role within the educatione xperience,s takeholderp ositioning within the educationp rocess,f inancial considerationsm, easuremenot f satisfactiona nd dissatisfaction,a nd studentt ransformation in terms of their educatione xperience.T he review revealeda numbero f weaknessesin existing knowledge primarily that there has been little research undertaken into the measuremenot f more than two parties within an educationt ransactiona nd how the involvement of more than two parties within such is perceived in relation to customer satisfaction. The second stage of the research was a Case Study using a mixed method approach which comprised interview techniques from which a framework for measuring quality in higher education was developed, and a questionnaire survey undertaken which was used to test the framework from which a number of conclusions were drawn. The Case Study was conducted within the Business School of the Napier University of Edinburgh. Using qualitative and quantitative methodologies the study examined the expectations as prescribed by the Importance which Senior Management, Lecturing Staff, and Students placed upon aspects of their learning programme. Additionally Students were asked their perceived levels of Satisfaction with their programmes. The outcomes of iii the Case Study were analysed using triangulated methods and used to highlight any problem aspects within programmes. These aspects were then subjected to value analysis to test the effects of congruity of stakeholder values on the levels of customer satisfaction. The findings of the case study were that, during the period of the research, the degree of congruenceo f the three main stakeholdersh ad no impact upon the levelso f satisfactiono f the Students as customers of the learning programme as offered by the Business School. Further analysis of the Case Study findings indicated the following : 1) That significant core value Gaps between the levels of Student Importance and Satisfaction exist within certain aspects of their learning experience more particularly during the later period of their learning programme. 2) That the role of Senior Management within the learning programme seems to have little influence upon the Student level of satisfaction. 3) That communication channels between Lecturers and Senior Management on policies within the learning programme appear to need reappraisal. 4) That significant differences in core values of Importance exist between Lecturers and Students 5) That Student importance levels and by definition their value systems changed over the period of their learning programme. 6) That there were non-core value significant differences in the importance which Full-time and Part-time Studentsp lacedu pon certain aspectso f their progranu-neo f learning 7) That there were non-core value significant differences in the importance which Undergraduatea nd GraduateS tudentsp lacedu pon certain aspectso f their programmeo f learning 8) That there were non-core value significant differences in the importance which Undergraduatea nd Lecturersp lacedu pon a programmeo f learningy ear on year. The size and distribution of the populations sampled has enabled conclusions to be drawn on the validity and generalisabilityo f the framework for measuringq uality valuesi n the field of higher education throughout the Napier University and to some extent when factors such as cross cultural values,d emographicc onsiderationsq, uestionnaire'sw ording, etc., are taken into account as the basis for the further examination of stakeholder value systems within the education experience in the UK and internationally.

This study examined the association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes. The study compared reported somatic changes generally experienced when anxious with the actual association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes as measured during a specific event. Emotions were measured as both general negative emotion as well as specific emotions: anger, disgust, fear, sadness and shame. Participants were volunteers from a Victorian university who agreed to watch a video depicting the dramatisation of child abuse. Throughout the video, participants indicated their experience of emotion. Measures were also taken throughout the procedure of facial expression and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). In order to examine emotional-congruence, subjects were divided into three groups. These groups were divided according to the congruence of subjects' experienced emotion with autonomic changes and facial expressivity. Groups were divided separately for each of the emotion types. Where there was little difference between the reported experience of emotion and that, which would have been expected from the observed somatic changes, the subject was deemed to be in the Congruent Group. Subjects whose reported experience of emotion was greater or less than would be expected from observed somatic changes were allocated to the Over-reporter and Under-Reporter Groups respectively. This data was then compared to participants' reports of the number of somatic symptoms usually experienced when anxious. It was found that participants who under-report the experience of general negative-emotion compared with their observed somatic changes (both GSR and facial expressivity) had lower trait-somatic-anxiety (reported fewer somatic symptoms usually experienced when anxious). There was no significant difference between the Congruent Group and Over-Reporter Group.;The Under-Reporter Groups had significantly lower trait-somatic-anxiety than the Congruent Group when emotional-congruence was defined by fear and GSR, anger and GSR and sadness and facial expressivity. The actual association of shame and disgust with either somatic change, sadness with autonomic change and anger and fear with facial expressivity was unrelated to the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious. The results supported the idea that subjective reports of the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious reflect the actual association of somatic change and experience, but with limitations. The actual association of experience of fear with autonomic change seems to reflect the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious more than other emotions. Further for those for whom the experience of anger and negative-emotion has a greater association with somatic change, there was a greater number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious. This would suggest that some people have a greater association of some experiences of emotion and somatic change. Furthermore, while there is an association between reported somatic changes generally experienced when anxious with the actual association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes as measured during a specific event, this was dependant on the association of the emotion types rather than being generalised for all emotions.

Despite the prevalence of theories and research that could serve as guidelines for addressing intercultural communication challenges such as misunderstanding, ineffectiveness and inappropriateness in communication in Sino-African organisational contexts, the continued existence of these challenges suggests the inadequacy of such theories. Accordingly, in consideration of African and Chinese cultural perspectives, the aim of this study was to develop a hybrid intercultural communication congruence (HICC) framework in order to enhance intercultural communication and achieve intercultural communication congruence in Sino-African organisational contexts. In this study, intercultural communication congruence means effectiveness and appropriateness in intercultural communication. To achieve the study aim, an interpretive pragmatism paradigm was adopted, comprising a two-pronged approach of a synthesis of extant literature and theory as well as an empirical qualitative study, both underpinned by cross-cultural management theory. Based on the synthesis of literature and theory, a generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework underpinned by intercultural communication awareness - a state where communicants understand communication orientation and manner of communication in their own and their counterparts’ culture - was developed. A further contribution was a theoretical contextualisation of the generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework, resulting in a theoretical framework for intercultural communication awareness in Western, African and Chinese cultures and a theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework specific to Sino-African organisational contexts. Thereafter, with the aim of validating the intercultural communication awareness dimension of the theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework specific to Sino-African organisational contexts, an empirical study was conducted with a sample of seven African and eight Chinese experts using indepth interviews with open-ended and semi-structured questions. Based on qualitative content analysis, six intercultural communication awareness enablers or conditions that enable people to understand communication in different cultures and contexts for the purposes of attaining intercultural communication awareness emerged. These were cultural orientation, manner of communication, orientation to rules and protocol, individual dispositions, intercultural communication influences and intercultural communication variations. An integration of the intercultural communication awareness enablers into the generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework results in an updated generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework. Then, informed by the updated generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework, a further contribution of this study was an empirical verification of the intercultural communication awareness dimension of the theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework specific to Sino-African organisational contexts to result in a final hybrid intercultural communication congruence framework for Sino-African organisational contexts supported by the perspectives of those involved in interaction, rather than predetermined standards of other cultures. Empirical findings suggest that both African and Chinese colleagues maintain a sense of collectivism in the Sino- African organisational context, although this is demonstrated differently. In addition, African colleagues display a blended manner of communication characterised by a mix of Western and African ways while the Chinese manner is contextual and governed by roles and relationships. In African culture, rules and protocol are negotiated, aimed at social maintenance, while strong cultural patriotism ensures strict adherence in Chinese culture. In respect of individual dispositions, African people are seen as open and accommodating while the Chinese disposition could be described as closed and ambiguous. Also evident in the findings is the existence of within-culture differences and influence of noncultural factors on intercultural communication that should be addressed in order to achieve intercultural communication congruence. Finally, the frameworks developed and the methodological processes followed will stimulate academic debate and raise numerous questions for future research. Immediate future research could be geared towards refining the concepts of intercultural communication awareness, intercultural communication congruence and the hybrid intercultural communication congruence framework for Sino-African organisational contexts. At a management practice level, intercultural communication awareness insights provide a reference point for intercultural communication enhancement strategies and interventions in Sino-African organisational contexts.

A growing body of both substantive and theoretical literature suggests that educational underachievement among certain ethnic groups is due to the cultural discontinuity between mainstream education and minority students. A pedagogy that both uses and reinforces the culture of ethnic minority students, implemented by ethnically similar teachers, is therefore thought to contribute to a more constructive school experience and strengthen the social and political status of the ethnic community as a whole. For this thesis, a group of Haitian educators working in Montreal area schools was interviewed to investigate the extent to which this approach is viewed as a potential solution to the low academic achievement of numerous Haitian students. Some evidence was found that culturally congruent education is, according to the experiences of some of the respondents, a potentially beneficial strategy to curtail educational inequality. In was generally argued, however, that this should be a limited, remedial strategy with little bearing on the communal survival of the Haitian community.

Pupils’ misbehaviour has been attracting the attention of media, educators and policy makers in many countries over the past several decades. The literature on the subject is extensive and ranges across different disciplines, foci and methodologies. However, the call for new understanding is still strong, as the interest in the topic seems not to abate. The present study adds to the literature by exploring how secondary school teachers manage incidents of minor misbehaviour in class. A case study methodology has been used, including classroom observations and interviews of six subject teachers, teaching the same year 8 bottom-set class, within one comprehensive secondary school. A third source of data is constituted by relevant school documents. Analysis of the six cases suggests a theory (the Congruence Hypothesis), which might explain why some teachers are more effective than others in tackling minor misbehaviour in school. Relying on evidence from the data, the hypothesis suggests that, among the many factors influencing pupils' behaviour, a significant element is the degree of congruence between the teachers' belief system, their classroom conduct and the school culture. The theory builds upon a social ecological perspective – which considers the individual, organization, community, and culture as spheres nested into one another like Russian dolls (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) - and takes into consideration two of those spheres: the individual (called the personal congruence level) and the organization (the institutional congruence level). It is hypothesized that the more the teachers are congruent at both personal and institutional level, the less likely it is that pupils will engage in minor misbehaviour. The concept of congruence finds sparse application within the educational field and makes almost no appearance in the area of pupils' misbehaviour. Consequently, the thesis can be considered as pioneer work. However, the aim of the study is not to present a definitive statement, but to put forward a model that could serve as a framework for further reflection and understanding. The findings are a useful addition to the knowledge-base relating to effective teaching on matter of classroom behaviour management. Potentially they have implications for a range of stakeholders in both the informal and formal educational sectors, ranging from teachers and school leaders to governors, teachers' trainers and policy makers

The conceptions of congruence of integers of six above-average-performing undergraduate mathematics students enrolled in a third-year introductory number theory course at a large state university in the southwestern US were examined using an exploratory case study design. Data collected include interviews, written questionnaires, and videotapes of class sessions. There were four major findings concerning these six students' conceptions of congruence. In general, the students (1) invented and used a pseudo-definition for congruence, (2) avoided working in what they called the "mod world," (3) developed an increasingly operational view of congruence (several students' relational views of congruence were heavily de-ephasized or disappeared), and (4) did not view congruences as analogous to equations. In addition, the students appropriated a strategy used to solve linear Diophantine equations in order to solve linear congruences, disregarding the method used by the instructor in class, and in the process reversed an important heuristic for solving mathematical problems. A framework was developed for analyzing the degree to which these students were employing advanced mathematical thinking. This framework represents an attempt to synthesize multiple perspectives on the nature of advanced mathematical thinking currently present in the field. In addition, the notion of classroom mathematical practices from the emergent perspective (Cobb and Yackel, 1996) was used to examine the development of the class's understanding of congruence. The development of the four interpretations described above coincided with the development of five classroom mathematical practices. The individuals' conceptions at various points in time can be viewed as "consequences" of these practices, and can be seen in turn as influencing the development of other practices. This study found many similarities between these undergraduates' conceptions of linear congruences and students' documented difficulties solving equations in algebra. The students in the study were primarily prospective secondary mathematics teachers, and since the topics studied in this type of course are closely related to those of high school mathematics, this study has implications for teacher education as well.

This study is a mixed methods study, conducted in a therapeutic faith community, using quantitative (CGI, SCL-90-R and WHODAS-II) and qualitative interview data that generated a theory of congruence. Early findings demonstrated that context changed the dynamics of the relationship between the researcher and the participants. This led to dissemblance in responses to the outcome measures. A critical realist ‘value laden’ approach was used which challenges the existing tendency to privilege quantitative over qualitative data by proposing that context and subjectivity are involved in all aspects of interpersonal research. The theory of congruence proposes that the key to personal positive change is the ability to recognise personal incongruence. Incongruence was identified as a fragmented self, social isolation, crisis of faith and lack of environment ‘fit’. Becoming congruent was identified in three areas, a whole self, a social self and a spiritual self. The process of becoming congruent with self begins with external sources that are relationships and environment. These relationships have been termed salugenic (health-producing) relationships, which are voluntary, volitional and mutual. Such relationships resist hierarchy, promoting positive power and autonomy. The theory of congruence proposes that individuals who have been socially isolated learn how to form salugenic relationships that facilitate salugenic emotion. A congruent environment is where individuals feel they belong, find hope, safety and freedom. It is also a place that is congruent with their beliefs. The combination of congruent relationships and environment leads to the process of finding congruence with self within the context of having personal choice. The participants in this study were incongruent with professionalised and structuralised services that can be too rigid to meet the needs of the emotionally and mentally ill. Congruence theory can be applied by any organisation to prioritise structure, relationship and choice that rehumanises mental health care.

This study uses a cross-sectional survey of front-line police officers from eight mid-sized municipal police departments in three states to evaluate the relationships between officers’ perceptions of self-legitimacy and their perceptions of shared values with others in the organizational environment. Drawing from person-environment fit theory, the study asked respondents to rate their perceived value congruence with top managers, supervisors, and coworkers. Using structural equation modeling, the analysis explores the multidimensional aspects person-environment fit. The results indicate that value congruence is a significant predictor of officers’ self-legitimacy.

Les problématiques liées à l'efficacité publicitaire ont été largement étudiées en marketing afin de comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels le consommateur pouvait être influencé. Les modèles réalisés sont souvent tournés vers le contenu de l'annonce et les questions relatives à la sélection d'espace ont fait l'objet de moins d'attention. Une revue de la littérature sur le médiaplanning permet de mettre en évidence les limites de l'audience dans la sélection d'espace publicitaire et l'intérêt d'une étude des interactions entre une annonce et son support (Partie I Chapitre I). Les théories de la communication et les modèles de traitement de l'information offrent des clés pour comprendre la manière dont le contexte peu influencer la réception d'un message (Partie I Chapitre II). En marketing, le concept de congruence permet d'appréhender ces interactions de manière synthétique. Ce cadre théorique permet de construire un modèle de recherche (Partie II Chapitre I). Un protocole expérimental est ensuite mis au point afin de tester les hypothèses formulées (Partie II Chapitre II). L'analyse des données récoltées auprès de 366 étudiants ne permet pas de soutenir une influence de la congruence perçue entre magazine et annonce sur la mémorisation des publicités. Les hypothèses relatives à l'attitude sont elles globalement soutenues par les données recueillies (Partie III Chapitre I). La mise en perspective des résultats avec la littérature permet d'identifier un certain nombre de contributions et de limites à cette recherche. Ce travail ouvre in fine plusieurs voies de recherches quant à la sélection d'espace publicitaire, le concept de congruence et l'épistémologie de la mesure (Partie III Chapitre II)<br>Issues related to advertising effectiveness have been widely studied in marketing to understand the mechanisms by which consumers are influenced. The models were generally oriented toward the content of the advertisement. Nevertheless, related media planning issues have received less attention. A state of the art on media planning helps to highlight the limits of audience measures as the main criterion in the selection of advertising spaces. The literature review also points out the interest of the investigation of interactions between ad and its vehicle (Part I, Chapter I). The communication theories and models of information processing provide insights for a better understanding of how the context may influence the reception of a message (Part I, Chapter II). In marketing, the concept of congruence is a useful tool to study these interactions in a synthetic way. This theoretical framework allows to build a research model (Part II Chapter I). Then, an experimental protocol is developed to test the resulting hypotheses (Part II, Chapter II). Analysis of data collected from 366 students doesn't support the influence of perceived congruence between magazine and advertisement on advertisement recall. The assumptions about attitude are broadly supported by the data (Part III, Chapter I). When put into perspective with the literature, these results show contributions to our field of research, even if limits must be taken into account. This work ultimately opens several research avenues in the selection of advertising space area, the research on the concept of congruence and the epistemology of measure (Part III, Chapter II)

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among preferred and perceived leadership, their congruence and satisfaction with leadership. The second purpose was to investigate the differences among the offensive, the defensive and the mid-field players of soccer teams in preferred leadership, perceived leadership and satisfaction with leadership. The five leader behaviors which were measured were: training and instruction, social support, positive feedback, democratic behavior, and autocratic behavior. The four aspects of leadership satisfaction, which were measured, were: individual performance satisfaction, team performance satisfaction, training and instruction satisfaction, and personal treatment satisfaction. The subjects of the study were 138 male university soccer players 7 of 9 universities in Ankara Region of Turkey. The athletes consisted of 38 offensive players, 49 defensive players, and 51 mid-field players. Data was collected through Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) preference version and perception version, and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ). The study employed hierarchical regression procedures to test the congruence hypothesis derived from the multidimensional model of leadership. Results indicated athlete satisfaction was not dependent on the congruence between preferred and perceived leadership behavior. Additionally, results showed that there were no differences among the offensive, defensive, and mid-field players in preferred leadership, perceived leadership, and satisfaction with leadership. Further research is needed with the multidimensional theory of leadership in varying sport groups and with greater number of participants to identify other situational and behavioral factors associated with athletic performance.

Ecological interactions between taxa and environmental factors influencing the distribution of multiple taxa are both thought to generate spatial concordance, or congruence, in diversity. Observational studies have generally failed to find evidence for strong cross-taxa congruence across sites, and examples of experimental studies testing for congruence as a result of an underlying ecological mechanism are largely lacking. Here I present the results of an experimental study employing downed wood additions in a BACI design to test for an association of small mammals, carabid beetles, plants and amphibians with volume of downed wood as a possible mechanism for congruence. In addition, I tested for congruence in species richness and community similarity across these four groups. After one field season, there was no significant effect of treatment on within-group abundance, species richness or diversity. Species richness was not significantly correlated across taxa for any taxa pair. Small mammals, carabids and plants showed weak but significant congruence in community similarity, while the amphibian assemblage was not congruent with any other taxon. These results suggest that use of downed wood by these four groups does not generate congruence in diversity at fine scales, and that other ecological processes and sources of environmental variation may be more important in generating congruence in assemblage similarity. Furthermore, the potential of one taxon to act as an indicator of species-level diversity within another taxon may be limited.<br>Forestry, Faculty of<br>Graduate

There is a dearth of research and practice guidelines for understanding how to reconcile employee needs for interaction relative to their need to concentrate in conditions of privacy. There are gaps in the findings and also assumptions underwriting research on 'environment-behaviour' (E-B) relations in the context of understanding the interface between workspace, interaction, privacy and group relations. Based on the identified limitations in previous studies, the research evolved an E-B CIS (Contextual, Integrative and Structural) framework as a basis for rigorously exploring the functional structure of an organisation work setting (i.e., in terms of group membership and required communication patterns) in relation to various workspace parameters (i.e., openness, sitting-visibility, and proximity), unplanned interactions (i.e., chance encounters and spontaneous conversations) and also their associated effects on individual privacy and group relations. The framework afforded three explorative research questions for investigation at both the individual and interpersonal levels applying sociometric techniques. A furniture design company participated in the research with 136 office workers - out of 145 from 6 open-plan offices. The offices were designed with low-panelled workspaces in high density, which allow a high likelihood of interaction and thus posing privacy conflicts. Specifically, the investigation looked at: 1) E-B relations between workspace and interaction, and their associated impacts on concentration privacy, group coordination and member relationships; and 2) the links between concentration privacy and group relations in the context of workspace interactions. The findings are interpreted using two principal constructs: 1) interaction- interdependence balance and 2) workspace-interdependence congruence. The latter is proposed to be a prerequisite of the former, and together offer a pragmatic basis for enhancing group relations whilst controlling for concentration privacy, especially for the workers with a large number of frequently required interactions. Limitations are discussed and future research is also proposed to test the generalisability of the current findings in relation to the two key constructs.

Research on trust has increased in recent years as has research on implicit leadership theory (ILT). However, there is a paucity of research on the relationship between ILT and trust in leadership. The purpose of this research was to investigate three antecedents of trust in leadership; ability, benevolence, and integrity. In addition, I explored how a) leader-follower ILT congruence and b) congruence between follower ILT and their perceptions of leadersâ ILT relevant behaviors relate to ability, benevolence, and integrity. Results are based on a sample of 308 temporary summer camp employees who completed the study questionnaires at two time points. Results indicated that ability, benevolence, and integrity were all related to trust in leadership. Leader-follower ILT congruence was related to ability and benevolence, but not integrity. Congruence between follower ILT and leadersâ ILT relevant behaviors was related to ability and integrity, but not benevolence. This study extended the previous work on trust and ILTs. Implications of the results and future research directions are discussed