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1
Denda, Stefan, Milan Radovanovic, and Anatoliy Yamashkin. "Congresses of the slavic geographers and ethnographers - chronological retrospection." Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA, no. 00 (2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ijgi230831001d.
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The end of the First World War brought changes in international relations and new socioeconomic and social challenges. A specific segment was the organization of scientific work. Geographical science and the related disciplines were also looking for their place. A significant qualitative change to the research was brought by the gatherings of the Slavic geographers and ethnographers. At the initiative of Jovan Cvijic, the First Congress was organized in Prague in 1924. In the interwar period, three more congresses were held-in Poland (1927), in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1930), and in the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1936). The aim of this paper is an overview of the subjects and outcomes of those events in the social circumstances of that time. The work of the Congresses was divided into several thematic areas, with the dominance of physical geographic, cartographic, and ethnographic research. The importance of the congresses is proven by the fact that the governance structures wholeheartedly supported them. Even though they had a strong impact, the Congresses of the Slavic Geographers and Ethnographers did not provide answers to numerous questions that ?troubled? the post-war societies in the second half of the 1920s and 1930s. The results undoubtedly pointed to the symbolic representation of anthropogeographic, demographic, geo(political), and socioeconomic subjects. The data on the demographic losses in the Great War were omitted. There were no projections of future trends in the Slavic countries, especially in the context of the new conflict and its consequences.
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Holii, Roman. "The phaleristic items (1919–1939) which are collected in the Institute of Research of Library’s Art Resources of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv." Proceedings of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv, no. 11(27) (2019): 516–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0315-2019-11(27)-22.
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The library holds 87 phaleristic awards 1919–1939, from Austria, Great Britain, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Serbia, Sweden, Ukraine, USA. Among these awards we can conditionally distinguish the following thematic groups: Ukrainian and Ukrainian related awards, foreign phaleristic, international professional congresses. In these groups it is possible to distinguish subgroups representing different individual aspects of social life in Ukraine and in other countries in 1919–1939. Ukrainian and Ukrainian related honors include: Ukrainian-language honors made in Ukraine; honors of the Ukrainian Diaspora; non-Ukrainian-language honors made on Ukrainian lands. Foreign phaleristics are represented by thematic subgroups: state distinctions (Serbian Order of Saint Sava, Polish medals, etc.); non-state public awards; phalleristics of public organizations (the Red Cross, associations of librarians, doctors, electricians, technicians and others); German and Polish phaleristics on the occasion of a plebiscite in Silesia in 1921; monuments of cultural and artistic events; business awards (ASEA, Leica, Germany) and more. Distinctions of international professional congresses concern mainly medical organizations: I General Congress of Slavic Physicians in Warsaw 1927; The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Congresses of the Union of Slavic Dermatologists (in Warsaw in 1929, in Belgorod in 1931 and in Prague in 1934); The Third International Pediatricians Congress, London, 1933; IX International Congress of Dermatologists in Budapest 1935. Available in the library’s collection a memorial award of the International Congress of the World Union of Electricity Producers and Distributors in Paris, 1928 (two variants of decoration with different mounting methods). Keywords: phaleristics, awards, international professional congresses.
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Князева, Ж. В. "Jacques Handschin and the International Musicological Society. A Few Thoughts on the Congresses of the 1920s and 1940s." Научный вестник Московской консерватории 14, no. 4(55) (December 28, 2023): 750–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26176/mosconsv.2023.55.4.05.
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Статья продолжает серию публикаций, знакомящих с малоизвестными материалами из истории Международного музыковедческого общества (IMS) предвоенного и раннего послевоенного периодов. Речь идет о нескольких эпизодах борьбы вокруг поста и фигуры президента IMS, о полемике между членом директории IMS Жаком Гандшиным и президентом Общества Эдвардом Дентом. Развернувшиеся события отразили целый ряд научных тенденций в международном академическом музыкознании 1920-х — 1940-х годов. Исследование выстроено вокруг четырех конгрессов IMS: в Вене (1927), Кембридже (1933), Барселоне (1936) и Базеле (1949). В основу работы положены материалы прессы, а также документы из переписки Гандшина с его каталонским коллегой и другом, вице-президентом IMS Ижини Англесом. This article continues the series of publications introducing little-known materials from the history of the International Musicological Society (IMS) in the pre-war and early post-war periods. It deals with some episodes of the struggle over the post and figure of the IMS president, and the polemic between Jacques Handschin, a member of the IMS directorate, and Edward Dent, the Society’s president. The events reflected a range of scholarly trends in international academic musicology from the 1920s to the 1940s. The study is structured around four IMS congresses — in Vienna (1927), Cambridge (1933), Barcelona (1936), Basel (1949) — and based on press materials as well as documents from the correspondence between Jacques Handschin and his Catalan colleague and friend, IMS vice-president Higini Anglès.
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Andreev, Alexander Alekseevich, and Anton Petrovich Ostroushko. "Pyotr Alexandrovich HERZEN - the founder of oncology in the USSR, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (to the 150th of birthday)." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 14, no. 3 (August 20, 2021): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2021-14-3-248-249.
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Pyotr Alexandrovich was born in 1871 in Florence in the family of Professor A. A. Herzen of the University of Lausanne. In 1896, he studied at the medical faculty of the University of Lausanne and began working at the Caesar Roux Clinic. In 1997, Pyotr Alexandrovich received a Doctor of Medicine degree and, fulfilling his grandfather's will, left for Russia. In 1898, P. A. Herzen received a Russian diploma of a doctor with honors. Then Pyotr Alexandrovich worked as an external doctor until 1900, and then until 1920, with breaks for service in the army as a military surgeon he was a resident of the surgical department of the Old Catherine Hospital in Moscow. During the Russian-Japanese War, Pyotr Alexandrovich was a surgeon on the Manchurian front, a surgeon in the active army during the First World War, and a consultant at the 151st military hospital during the Civil War. In 1909, he defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in Russia. In 1917, he became the head of the Department of Operative Surgery, in 1921-General Surgery of the 1st Moscow State University. The clinical base of the department was the Institute for the Treatment of Tumors (now the P. A. Herzen Moscow Research Oncological Institute), the director of which was P. A. Herzen from 1922 to 1934. In 1926, he was first elected chairman of the Surgical Society of Moscow, and in 1929 the XXI Congress of Russian Surgeons. In 1934, Pyotr Alexandrovich became the head of the Department of Hospital Surgery of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute and in the same year he was awarded the honorary title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, and in 1939 he was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He created the world's first pre-thoracic artificial esophagus (1907), was the first in the USSR to perform thoracoscopy for chronic pleural empyema (1925), suturing of a heart wound (1904), liver resection, developed a number of original operations: intra-abdominal fixation of the rectum when it falls out; application of cholecystoenteroanastomosis (1901), cholecystectomy, trans-vesical prostatectomy (1906); omentorenopexy of the lower pole of the kidney (1913); operations for anterior cerebral, inguinal and femoral hernias; developed the principles of surgical treatment of traumatic aneurysms. He also made a significant contribution to solving the problems of vascular surgery, oncology, urology, cardiac surgery, etc. He published 84 scientific papers, including 5 monographs. P. A. Herzen created the largest school of Soviet surgeons, oncologists. He was an honorary member of the French Academy of Surgery, the International Society of Surgeons, chairman of the surgical societies of the RSFSR and the USSR (1926-1928; 1935-1936), the XXI and XXIV All-Union Congresses of Surgeons (1929, 1938). P. A. Herzen was awarded two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, medals, including "For the Defense of Moscow". P. A. Herzen died in January 1947 and was buried in Moscow. The Moscow Research Oncological Institute, the periodical " Oncology. The journal named after P. A. Herzen". A memorial plaque in his honor is installed in the First Moscow State Medical University named after I. M. Sechenov. His name is given to surgical operations used for anterior craniocerebral and femoral hernias, hydronephrosis, cryptorchidism, the creation of an artificial esophagus from the small intestine, esophagoejunostomy after removal of the stomach, and others.
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McLeod, Julie, and Fiona Paisley. "The Modernization of Colonialism and the Educability of the “Native”: Transpacific Knowledge Networks and Education in the Interwar Years." History of Education Quarterly 56, no. 3 (August 2016): 473–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12199.
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This article focuses on a seminar-conference held in Hawaii in 1936 on the “educability” of native peoples. The seminar-conference was convened by New Zealand anthropologist Felix Keesing and Yale education professor Charles Loram and supported by the Carnegie Corporation, among other organizations. Conference delegates-who came from across the Pacific, including the U.S. mainland, Australia, and New Zealand, and from as far as South Africa-joined to discuss the future of colonial education. The residential conference, which lasted several weeks, resulted in published proceedings and the establishment of extensive transpacific networks. One in a series of international congresses on education that took place during the interwar years, the 1936 Hawaii conference offers unique insight into the transnational dialogue among academics, education practitioners, colonial administrators, and, in some cases, Indigenous spokespeople, concerning the modernization of colonialism and new forms of citizenship in the era of progressive education and cultural internationalism.
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Vinokurov, Vasiliy. "Comintern and an attempt to organize the Popular Front in Peru 1934-1936." Latin-American Historical Almanac 42 (June 29, 2024): 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2024-42-1-87-111.
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The VII World Congress of the Comintern 1935 led to a sharp change in the tactics and strategy of the international communist movement and to a transition from radical “class against class” tactics to the formation of broad united anti-fascist fronts. In the period 1935-1939, the policy of “popu-lar fronts,” which consisted of building political alliances be-tween left-wing parties and organizations to fight the right, was implemented in many countries. In Latin America, where this tactic was implemented even before the VII Congress of the Comintern, “popular fronts” became widespread, some-times playing a significant role in the history of their coun-tries. Historiography covers in detail the history of the estab-lishing of alliances in Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Cuba, etc. How-ever, the history of the organization of the “popular front” in Peru is less covered, although this story is interesting in that it largely reflects the problems that faced the sections of the Comintern. An attempt to form a "popular front" in Peru in 1934-1935, primarily based on the creation of an alliance be-tween the Communist Party of Peru (the CPP) and the Ameri-can Popular Revolutionary Alliance (the APRA) to participate in the 1936 elections, failed. There were several reasons for this: from the personal hostility of the APRA leader V.R. Haya de la Torre to the leader of the CPP E. Ravines before the policy that the CPP implemented according to the direc-tives of the Comintern during the period of “class against class” tactics in 1930-1933.
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Neroda, N. V., and Yu A. Briskin. "The Second Stage of Development of the Modern Olympic Movement According to the Author's Complex-Factological Periodization." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 7, no. 2 (May 6, 2022): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs07.02.296.
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The purpose of the study was substantiation and characterization of the second stage of development of the modern Olympic movement within the author's complex-factological periodization. Materials and methods. The main materials consisted of scientific articles dedicated to the research problem, archival data and International Olympic Committee guidelines, posted on the official website of the International Olympic Committee. Theoretical analysis and generalizations were used for the analysis of scientific and methodological literature and documentary materials on the issues of research and assessment of the state of the problem under study. A systematic approach was used to study Olympic sports as a dynamic social system. Historical methods made it possible to study the formation and development of the processes and events of the Olympic movement in chronological order, to determine the stages of development of the Olympic movement. Results and discussion. The second stage of development of the Olympic movement from 1919 to 1939 was quite difficult not only for the Olympic movement, but also for the entire world community, since it falls on the period between the two world wars. The decisions made by the VII-IX Olympic Congresses and sessions of the International Olympic Committee during this period became the fundamental principles for the development and functioning of the Olympic movement at the second stage of its development: the organizational structure of the International Olympic Committee was reformed; requirements for the organization and holding of the Olympic Games were detailed; the Winter Olympic Games were introduced; the Permanent Council of Delegates of the Olympic International Federations was established, which was entrusted with cooperation with the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee on resolving issues related to the sports included in the program of the Olympic Games; the procedure for admission to participation in the Olympic Games and the formulation of amateur status were specified. The decision of the XI Olympic Congress regulated the duration of the Olympic Games up to 16 days, including the opening day, and the number of participants from each country for individual and team competitions. During the stage, the formation of the ceremonial of the Olympic Games takes place: the raising of the Olympic flag and the proclamation of the Olympic oath on behalf of the participants during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games (the Games of the VII Olympiad, 1920); the raising of three flags (the International Olympic Committee flag, the host country flag and the next host country flag) during the closing ceremony (the Games of the VIII Olympiad, 1924); the order of exit of the participating countries (the Games of the IX Olympiad, 1928); Olympic torch relay (the Games of the XI Olympiad, 1936). As for the first stage, the characteristic feature of the stage of 1919-1939 is the positive dynamics of the number of participants and representation of countries at the Olympic Games: from 2622 participants from 29 countries at the Games of the VII Olympiad (Antwerp, 1920) to 3963 athletes from 49 countries at the Games of the XI Olympiad (Berlin, 1936) and from 260 participants from 16 countries at the I Winter Olympic Games (Chamonix, 1924) to 646 athletes from 28 countries at the IV Winter Olympic Games (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936). The increase in the number of the National Olympic Committees and participants is due both to the growing popularity of the Olympic movement and the emergence of new independent countries in the 20-30s of the twentieth century. The number of women among the participants in the Olympic Games also increased from 65 (Antwerp, 1920) to 331 athletes (Berlin, 1936) due to an increase in the number of sports and disciplines with their participation. The second stage of the development of the Olympic movement is characterized by the stability of sports and the decrease of kinds of competitions in the program of the Olympic Games. Conclusion. We consider 1919 and 1939 to be the boundaries of the second stage of the development of the Olympic movement. They were the years of the first post-war session of the International Olympic Committee (Lausanne) and the beginning of the Second World War, which made it impossible for the further development and functioning of the Olympic movement. The main characteristics of the second stage of the development of the Olympic movement are the strengthening of its position in the world community, the formation of the ceremonial protocol of the Olympic Games, the beginning of the Winter Olympic Games, further improvement of the organizational structure of the International Olympic Committee and the Olympic movement, the growing influence of international federations in the Olympic movement, in particular in solving issues of admission and control over compliance with competition rules, further improvement and stabilization of the Olympic Games program, cooperation and delimitation of powers of the Olympic movement bodies: the International Olympic Committee, the National Olympic Committees and the Council of Delegates of Olympic International Federations
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Nunes, Maria de Fátima, and Elisabete Pereira. "Materialidades e cultura científica transnacional dos objetos: o 12º Congresso Internacional de Zoologia, Lisboa, 1935." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 29, no. 3 (September 2022): 853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702022000300015.
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Resumo O 12º Congresso Internacional de Zoologia realizou-se em Lisboa, em 1935. Da sua memória concreta constam insígnias – estrela-do-mar – e caricaturas de zoólogos. A partir de investigação no Arquivo do Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência/Universidade de Lisboa, pretendemos interrogar a cenografia material, pensada pelo zoólogo Artur Ricardo Jorge pela aproximação epistémica às potencialidades da biografia de objetos científicos. Esta nota de pesquisa pretende deixar a marca de um discurso científico traduzido em materialidades de circulação em espaço público, na Europa globalizante dos anos 1930, com referências de poder científico, no contexto do Estado Novo português, inaugurado, constitucionalmente, em 1933.
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Albaladejo, C. Martín, and F. Carmona Vivar. "Sixth International Congress of Entomology, Madrid (1935): politics and science." Archives of Natural History 48, no. 2 (October 2021): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2021.0722.
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Using the Sixth International Congress of Entomology (Madrid, 1935) as an example, we present a representative case of science as a social construct and its importance to the history of the winning side of a war to construct a memory that supports its own version of events. The Congress was held prior to the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939); however, the proceedings were not published until 1940. An examination of the proceedings and of archival documents show the exclusion of contributions initially intended for publication, particularly those by Spanish entomologists who were politically aligned with the Second Spanish Republic, the losing side, and who, as a result, suffered reprisals after the military conflict. These documents suggest that their contributions were rejected for reasons unrelated to their scientific investigations but due to the political inclinations of the editor.
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Hubert, Rosario. "World Literature, Diplomacy, and War." Journal of World Literature 2, no. 4 (2017): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00204003.
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The Belgian poet Henri Michaux (1899–1984) visited Argentina in 1936 as guest of honor of the first South American PEN Club Congress. After publishing his impressions of the country in 1938 in an essay that the Argentinean officials considered utterly “undiplomatic” he was denied permission to return in 1939. This article explores the double function of diplomacy as institutional practice and rhetorical gesture by situating Michaux’s essay within a network of interwar textualities, namely, nationalist narratives of the South American landscape and emerging protocols of ethnographic discourse. This approach highlights international channels of circulation of literary texts and imaginaries beyond academia and the market that have not been significantly explored in debates on world literature in the Latin American context.
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Gavrilov, Stanislav, Aleksey Velichko, and Oleg Vinnichenko. "Constitutional Reform in the Second Half of the 1930s: Completing the Soviet Nation-Building Processes." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 2023, no. 1 (January 27, 2023): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2023-7-1-66-73.
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The article deals with historical and legal problems related to the state and law development of the USSR during the period of socialist modernization. The authors believe that the constitutional reforms of 1936–1939 were part of the Soviet legitimization at the final stage of socialist state-building. The legitimization strategy consisted in the declaration of a new nature of statehood based not on the narrow social stratum of factory proletariat, but on the society as a whole. The essential changes in the ideological paradigm included the rejection of the former Marxist idea that the state naturally fades away after the socialist construction is completed. The goals of the legitimization strategy included a stable state power, a coherent political course, a new ideology to oppress the opposition sentiments, and a better international image. These goals resulted in significant changes to the constitutional legislation, including the norms that enshrined some principles of democratic statehood. The need to develop the Constitution of the USSR in 1936 arose from the intention of the authorities to prevent social tension, to ensure that the law corresponded to the real socio-economic and political situation, and to optimize the structure of public power. The country could not abandon the congress model of state administration because of the resistance of regional elites, which could have been overcome by a more liberal electoral legislation. The analysis provided a new interpretation of the Great Terror policy. The legal democratization after the constitutional reform, the repressions of 1937–1938, and the bureaucratization of public administration were links in the same chain that revealed a liberal-bureaucratic trend in the state and legal development of the USSR in the 1930s.
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Sabău, Nicolae. "„Sok szíves üdvözlettel régi barátos…”. Colegamenti di amicizia di Coriolan Petranu con storici magiari." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia Artium 65, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhistart.2020.06.
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"„Sok szíves üdvözlettel régi barátos...” (“With kind regards, your old friend...”). Coriolan Petranu’s Friendly Connections to the Hungarian Historians. Coriolan Petranu is the founder of modern art history education and scientific research in Transylvania. He had received special education in this field of study that is relatively new in the region. He started his studies in 1911 at the University of Budapest, attending courses in law and art history. During the 1912-1913 academic year he joined the class of Professor Adolph Goldschmiedt (1863-1944) at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University in Berlin. The professor was an illustrious personality from the same generation as art historians Emil Mâle, Wilhelm Vögte, Bernard Berenson, Roger Fry, Aby Warburg, and Heinrich Wölfflin, specialists who had provided a decisive impetus to art historical research during the twentieth century. In the end of 1913, Coriolan Petranu favored Vienna, with its prestigious art historical school attached to the university from the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. There he completed and perfected his education under the supervision of Professor Josef Strzygowski (1862-1941). The latter scholar was highly appreciated for his contributions to the field of universal art history by including the cultures of Asia Minor (Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Persia), revealing the influence that this area had on proto-Christian art, as well as by researching ancient art in Northern Europe. In March 1920 the young art historian successfully defended his doctoral dissertation entitled Inhaltsproblem und Kunstgeschichte (”Content and art history”). He thus earned his doctor in philosophy title that opened him access to higher education teaching and art history research. His debut was positively marked by his activity as museographer at the Fine Art Museum in Budapest (Szepműveszeti Muzeum) in 1917-1918. Coriolan Petranu has researched Romanian vernacular architecture (creating a topography of wooden churches in Transylvania) and his publications were appreciated, published in the era’s specialized periodicals and volumes or presented during international congresses (such as those held in Stockholm in 1933, Warsaw in 1933, Sofia in 1934, Basel in 1936 and Paris in 1937). The Transylvanian art historian under analysis has exchanged numerous letters with specialists in the field. The valuable lot of correspondence, comprising several thousands of letters that he has received from the United States of America, Great Britain, Spain, France, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Poland, the USSR, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Egypt represents a true history of the stage and development of art history as a field of study during the Interwar Period. The archive of the Art History Seminary of the University in Cluj preserves one section dedicated to Hungarian letters that he has send to Hungarian specialists, art historians, ethnographers, ethnologists or colleagues passionate about fine art (Prof. Gerevich Tibor, Prof. Takács Zoltán, Dr. Viski Károly, Count Dr. Teleki Domokos). His correspondence with Fritz Valjavec, editor of the “Südostdeutsche Forschungen” periodical printed in München, is also significant and revealing. The letters in question reveal C. Petranu’s significant contribution through his reviews of books published by Hungarian art historians and ethnographers. Beyond the theoretical debates during which Prof. Petranu has criticized the theories formulated by Prof. Gerevich’s school that envisaged the globalization of Hungarian art between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period and that also included in this general category the works of German masters and artists with other ethnic backgrounds, he has also displayed a friendly attitude and appreciation for the activity/works of his Hungarian colleagues (Viski Károly and Takács Zoltán). The previously unpublished Romanian-Hungarian and Hungarian-Romanian set of letters discussed here attest to this. Keywords: Transylvania, correspondence, vernacular architecture, reviews, photographs, Gerevich Tibor, Dr. Viski Károly "
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Górny, Maciej. "A vacuum to be filled. Central and Eastern Europe in the times of ‘geography without the Germans’." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 17 (December 12, 2018): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.18.010.9330.
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This article analyses strategies used by geographers of Central and Eastern Europe, foremost Poland, to improve their international position, in the interwar. The boycott of Germany and its former allies almost until mid-1930s was a challenge to this group and it gradually hindered its development. The most original attempt at overcoming the threat of marginalization were congresses of Slavic geographers organized from 1924. The greatest success, however, came with the 1934 Warsaw congress of the Geographical Union, which was also the occasion for German geographers to fully return to international scholarly exchange.
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Harris, P. M. G. "Inflation and Deflation in Early America, 1634–1860: Patterns of Change in the British American Economy." Social Science History 20, no. 4 (1996): 469–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017533.
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For more than six decades recurrent efforts have been made to establish the trends of early American prices. Following the lead of Arthur Harrison Cole and other members of the International Scientific Committee on Price History, who foresaw the need for worldwide evidence on prices as an essential foundation of economic and historical analysis, scholars began to develop series for major market centers such as Philadelphia, New York, Charleston, Boston, New Orleans, and Cincinnati (Warren et al. 1932; Taylor 1932a, 1932b; Bezanson et al. 1935, 1936; Cole 1938; Berry 1943; Bezanson et al. 1951). Modern refinements of these largely wholesale and urban price indexes for the years before the Civil War have yielded reliable long-term insights against which to interpret basic issues of American economic growth (U.S. Congress 1959–60; David and Solar 1977). Meanwhile, researchers focusing on the evolution of particular parts of the country or on the economic milieus of specific organizations have felt the need to determine local price movements for the historical contexts that interest them. To do so, they have used evidence from the accounts of merchants and farmers (Rothenberg 1979; Adams 1986, 1992), from probate inventories (Anderson 1975; Main 1985), and from the records of public institutions as diverse as the Philadelphia almshouse and Harvard College (Smith 1990; Foster 1962). John J. McCusker (1991, forthcoming) has contributed an overview of the key elements of this literature and has constructed from selected series a deflator that can be used to compare American economic values over time between 1700 and now.
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Pereira, Paulo Manta. "“Urbanistic Architecture” according to Raul Lino." Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research 17, no. 1 (June 19, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17831/enq:arcc.v17i1.1064.
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Over a period of nearly one hundred years, Raul Lino (1879-1974) experienced the profound political, social and economic changes that marked the twentieth century in Portugal. Having been born during the Constitutional Monarchy (1822-1910), he lived through the First Republic (1910-1926), the Military Dictatorship (1926-1933), the Second Republic, or Estado Novo (New State, 1933-1974), and died shortly after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, at the dawning of the Third Republic. He was an architect who published prolifically in Portugal, having become known through his advocacy of the Campanha da casa Portuguesa (Portuguese House Campaign), which provoked a great deal of controversy. The debate peaked with the Polémica da casa Portuguesa (Polemic of the Portuguese house) at the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in 1970, after the inauguration of the retrospective exhibition on Raul Lino. He is less known for the quality of his transversal synthesis conceived between urbanism, architecture, the decorative arts, and its underlying affirmation of an idea of the city, which we conjecture from our analysis of his narrative. This analysis concentrates on eleven case studies that encompasses architectural projects, urbanistic plans and technical advice limited to the first half of the 20th century. The broad, cross-disciplinary position of Lino was defended in the same year as the First National Architecture Congress (1948), whose proposals ratified in Portugal the orthodoxy principles of modern architecture and urban planning for the new universal man-type, established in 1933 by the International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM). Quoting Aristotle, Raul Lino conceived the city as the locus of happiness, shaping forms of consensus between tradition and modernity by means of an architecture at the scale of man and in proportion to his circumstance, consistently outlining a modern possibility of continuity.
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Popova, Kristina. "Between Sofia and Berlin. Impulses and Background of the High Social School for Women at the Bulgarian Women’s Union (1929 - 1932)." Balkanistic Forum 31, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 137–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i1.8.
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The article presents the preparation of the High Social School for Women which was opened in 1932 by the Bulgarian Women’s Union (BWU). It was the first Social Work School in the Balkans. The school was a result of long-time efforts to establish an education of women for social work, to open their cultural, political, and social hori-zon as well as to raise their consciousness about family, children, and women’s ques-tions. The steps of this preparation are presented: The journal ‘The Woman’ 1929 – 1931 which discussed the need for social education and its models abroad, the decisions of the Congress of the BWU in 1930 about the preparation of social courses for women, the International Summer School of the International Women’s League for Peace and Freedom in Sofia in 1930. The educational trip in 1930 of the BWU’s activists led by its president Dimitrana Ivanova to the women’s social institutions in the Weimar Republic and especially the visit of the Alice Salomon Social Woman’s Academy in Berlin was also of great importance for the curricula preparation of the School in Sofia. One of its future lecturers Rayna Petkova was trained in the Academia in Berlin. The establishment of the High Social School for Women in Sofia was one of the most important achievements of the Bulgarian Women’s Union. It was also one of the most important contributions of the BWU to the early welfare state in Bulgaria which structure was shaped in the 1930-es.
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Hamelin, Louis-Edmond. "La géographie mondiale, le congrès de Stockholm et le Canada." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 5, no. 9 (April 12, 2005): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/020262ar.
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The history of international geographical congresses can be divided in three periods, from 1871 to 1914, from 1922 to 1939, and since 1946. The most recent congress, which took place in Stockholm in 1960, was one of the most important ever beld. About 700 papers were presented at Stockholm, either in the Sections or in the Official Commissions. The most numerous papers were those dealing with human geography, economic geography, geomorphology, hydrography, periglacial geo-morphology and the teaching of geography. Of these 700 papers, only 15 were read by Canadian geographers, against 154 by American and 98 by Russian geographers. Still, this was the most important participation by Canadian geographers in any international geographical meeting ; however even if there bas been a marked progress since Canada's first participation at Venice in 1881, this is still not sufficient for a country with an international vocation like Canada. The main steps to take to improve the situation would be more, and especially more geographic, research, the preparation of special issues of Canadian geographical periodicals for every congress and the holding of an international geographical congress in Canada in 1968 or in 1972.
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Hervás, Josenia, and Silvia Blanco-Agüeira. "Women Architects outside the Spanish Borders: Patriarchal Models at International Congresses (1939–1975)." Arts 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts9010026.
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In the complex political scene surrounding the death of Francisco Franco, Spanish female architects were crossing borders to try and understand what was happening abroad. This article provides unpublished data on the various experiences of female graduates in Spain when they shared their enthusiasm, concerns and energy with colleagues from other countries at international conferences that took place before the arrival of democracy. For almost four decades, between 1939 and 1975, Spanish female architects were limited by the patriarchal system’s own barriers and by the political barriers imposed by Franco’s regime. This paper aims to organise and articulate women’s memories, proving the implicit acceptance of patriarchal ideas and models at the start of the 20th century, the timidity of the congress resolutions in the sixties and the later awakening provided by UIFA (Union Internationale des Femmes Architectes) congresses. Finally, it is worth examining the metamorphosis that occurred in free western societies in the 20th century, with respect to the role played by women as a user and as a professional, through the attentive gaze of women architects from a nondemocratic country.
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Badia i Margarit, Antoni M., and Christina Bierbach. "Der "II. Congrés Internacional de la Llengua Catalana" von 1986: Pro und Contra." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 1 (July 1, 1988): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.1988.210-218.
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The author, president of the II International Congress on Catalan Language held in 1986, presents his evaluation of this event that brought together about 17,000 linguists and congressmen, interested in the future of the Catalan linguistic community. He compares this congress and the first one, which took place in 1906, reaching, in many respects, a more positive conclusion for the first congress. Badia i Margarit discusses the reluctance that prevented some Catalan linguists from actively participating in the great effort to, once again, mobilize a public opinion for the language. The author highlights, however, the valuable contributions of the many participants in the positive attitudes of many social sectors which, together with the proposed policy measures, can contribute to making the congress a further stage in the process of linguistic normalization.
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Kalivoda, Ivan, Jan Plzák, Annti Mäkitie, and Jan Betka. "In the footsteps of CORLAS in Czechoslovakia 90 years ago, the annual meeting of the Collegium Oto-Rhino-Laryngologicum Amicitiae Sacrum took place in Prague." Otorinolaryngologie a foniatrie 72, no. 4 (December 18, 2023): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48095/ccorl2023228.
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Summary Prague has been the scene of many international meetings of otorhinolaryngologists and phoniatriciansfrom all over the world. The Collegium Oto-Rhino-Laryngologicum Amicitiae Sacrum (CORLAS) Annual Meeting in 1933 was one of the first for this society after its foundation in Groningen in 1926 after World War I. This congress, whose president was Prof. Antonín Přecechtěl, was evaluated very positively by the participants both in terms of organization, science and society. After 90 years, many things have changed, and CORLAS is currently a global organization, but the emphasis on high-level scientific communication and the spirit of otorhinolaryngological collegiality have prevailed. Key words CORLAS – Prague – 1933 – history – Czech – otorhinolaryngology
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Glazov, Alexandr. "The Comintern Concept of Fascism in Relation to the Socio-Political Situation in Latin America in the Interwar Period, 1920—1930s." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021593-1.
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The author tried to reconstruct the Comintern's view on fascism in Latin America during the period between the VI and VII congresses of the Comintern, when the anti-fascist struggle had not yet become a key activity of the international organization of the communist movement (until August 23, 1939). The author analyzed the speeches of the Cominternists, the top leadership members and high-ranking functionaries, at three forums of communist parties in the Latin America (the June 1929 conference in Buenos Aires, the October conferences of 1930 and 1934 in Moscow). During those conferences the official position of the “headquarters of the world revolution” on the problem of fascism in Latin America was broadcasted. The article shows that the leadership of the Communist International did not see fascist regimes among the existing Latin American governments in terms of their class essence, since the fascist dictatorship was considered in Moscow exclusively as the most rigid form of bourgeoisie government, a class that had yet to come to real power and begin to play a leading role in the economic and political life of Latin American countries. The term “fascisization” in relation to the socio-political situation in the Latin American region was mainly used by the Comintern to characterize the process of borrowing by local repressive and / or authoritarian regimes of fascist methods to dominate and suppress mass movements against semi-feudal remnants and imperialist expansion.
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Dovio, Mariana. "¿Por qué delinquen nuestros niños? Niñez y publicaciones criminológicas (Buenos Aires, 1930-1946)." Passagens: Revista Internacional de História Política e Cultura Jurídica 14, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15175/1984-2503-202214105.
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Around 1930 in Buenos Aires, physicians and lawyers began asking why children were committing crimes as part of a penal agenda revealed in publications such as the Revista de Psiquiatría, Criminología y Medicina Legal and the Anales de la Sociedad Argentina de Criminología from 1930 to 1946. Emerging from this discourse, conceived as a social practice, was an approach to the dangerous nature of childhood, linked to biological qualities, environmental factors and issues related to family and gender which were flagged as a precursor to crime. Advances in endocrinology, criminal biotypology, and psychiatry were resumed, with these subjects also addressed at the First International Congress on Criminology in Rome and the First Latin American Congress on Criminology in Buenos Aires, both held in 1938. A qualitative analysis of the discourse reveals a blend of the incidence of the biological and the social in the dangerous nature of childhood.
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Galant, Yves. "Recent reports on the physiology and pathology of higher nervous activity. I.P. Pavlov Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Leningrad. 1933." Kazan medical journal 29, no. 10 (January 12, 2022): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj90155.
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Moschopoulos, Denis. "The International Institute of Administrative Sciences: main stages of its history." International Review of Administrative Sciences 71, no. 2 (June 2005): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852305053880.
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The article reviews the major moments in the history of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences from the year of its establishment (1930) to the present. Additionally, it provides information on the 1910-30 period during which the Permanent Commission for International Congresses in Administrative Sciences operated. More specifically, the article presents the main themes addressed by the international congresses, round tables and conferences organized by the previously mentioned Commission in the beginning, and by the Institute after 1930. Attention is given to the Institutés ‘internationalization’ during the post Second World War period. The Institutés international vocation was demonstrated by the participation of member states and national sections from all over the world, as well as by the development of cooperation with international and supranational organizations. Finally, the Institutés scientific methods and techniques during the 20th century are presented.
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Jan Nelken. "Ideas on counteracting alcohol and drug addiction in Poland between the two world wars." Archives of Criminology, no. XIV (April 8, 1987): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak1987f.
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The birth of the independent Poland in 1918 activated a social movement against alcoholism and drug addiction. In 1919, the Polish Society for Fighting Alcoholism ,,Trzeźwość'' ("Sobriety'') was established which operated nationwide and which in the period between the two wars became the main factor of fighting alcoholism. In the light of the Statute of "Trzeźwość" and resolutions of the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses, as well as the postulates of psychiatrists, the ideas of how to fight alcoholism included three spheres: a. anti-alcoholic legislation and its practical enforcement; b. anti-alcoholic propaganda and education; c. treatment of alcoholics. In 1919, a draft was submitted to the Diet that proposed a total prohibition of production and sale of alcoholic beverages. It was referred to a Diet commission which subsequently changed its contents. Then. The Diet passed an Act of 23 April 1920 on restrictions in sale of alcoholic beverages. The Act, based on a concept of partial prohibition. Introduced considerable restrictions in sale of beverages containing over 2.5 per cent of pure alcohol, and a total prohibition of sale of beverages with over 45 per cent alcohol. Moreover, the sale of alcohol was prohibited to workers on paydays and holidays, as well as at markets, fairs, church fairs, pilgrimages, on trains and at railway stations. According to the Act, each rural or urban commune could introduce on its territory a total prohibition of sale of alcoholic beverages by voting. The Act limited the number of places where alcohol could be sold or served to one per 2,500 of the population all over the country. A licence issued by administrative authorities was required to sell or serve alcohol. The statutory instrument to this Act created commissions for fighting alcoholism of the 1st and 2nd instances which were to supervise the compliance to the Act of 1920 and to impose penalties provided for the infringement of its provisions. The commissions consisted of representatives of the State administration and social organizations engaged in fighting alcoholism. Moreover, the Act of 2l January 1922 introduced a penalty of fine or arrest for being drunk in public. A person who brought another person to the state of intoxication was also liable to these penalties. The complete execution of the anti-alcoholic Act met with obstacles: for instance, alcohol was secretly served on the days of prohibition (e.g. during fairs). The Act of 31 July 1924 established the Polish Spirit Monopoly (P.M.S.). The production of spirit and pure vodka thus became a State monopoly' Production and sale of the P.M.S. beverages increased gradually as it constituted an important source of the State revenue. For this reason. a new anti-alcoholic Act of 21 March 1931 was passed which greatly reduced the restrictions in the sale of alcohol as compared with former regulations. A further reduction in these restrictions resulted from Acts of 1932 and 1934. The P.M.S. Board of Directors argued that a growth in production was necessary to suppress illegal distilling of alcohol the products of which were imperfectly rectified and threatened the health of the population. Instead according to the conception of "Trzeźwość’’ and other social organizations engaged in fighting alcoholism. illegal distilling of alcohol should be detected and suppresed by the police while it was in the interest of the health and morals of the population to curtail greatly the sale of alcohol and for this reason it was necessary to reintroduce the anti-alcoholic Act of 1920 However, in consideration of the State's fiscal interests. the Act was not reintroduced and the other Acts that extended the production and sale of the P.M.S. products were only replaced after World War II. According to the ideas of ,,Trzeźwość'' and other organizations fighting alcoholism, anti-alcoholic propaganda and education should be made by professionals and have a wide range, since it is impossible to fight alcoholism without informing the population of the harmful effects of alcohol. Guidelines for this activity were worked out at the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses of which there were seven in the period between the wars. Besides, in 1937 the 21st International Anti-Alcoholic Congress took place in Warsaw during which the Polish draft of an international anti-alcoholic convention was Supported. The draft provided a considerable limitation of alcohol sale, a regulation of penal liability for offences and transgressions committed in the state of intoxication, and lectures on alcohology in schools. The states signatories to the convention would be called upon to pass acts consistent with the content of the convention. The work on this draft was stopped by the outbreak of the war. The resolutions of the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses demanded lectures on alcohology in all types of schools, at teachers courses and at specialist courses for employees of various departments, the Ministry in of Communication particular. The range of alcohology taught at schools should be conformed to the type of school and the general knowledge or students. The postulate of teaching alcohology in schools was partly realized and courses were organized for railway employees by the Abstainer Railwaymen League. At the State School of Hygiene in Warsaw a several days course in alcohology was organized every year in which 200--300 persons participated, mainly teachers, physicians and clergymen of various denominations. Besides, ,,Trzeźwość'' organized travelling exhibitions that made tours of towns to show the harmful effects of alcoholism. The Abstainer Railwaymen League organized, an exhibition in a railway carriage which was visited by many thousands of persons at railway stations in different parts of the country. A lecturer on alcohology was employed to have talks during the exhibition. In early February every year a nationwide Sobriety Propagation Week was organized. Various publications were also brought out which demonstrated the harmful effects of alcohol and the ways of fighting alcoholism, both scientific and those for general use. Treatment of alcoholics was postulated; it was carried out in closed hospital wards or in out-patient clinics. The former was more effective; however it was less frequently applied as compared with the out-patient treatment since there were no provisions which would legalize compulsory treatment of alcoholics and drug addicts and it was easier to obtain the patient's consent to treatment in a clinic than in a hospital. Compulsory treatment was only possible if the court applied medical security measures in cases of offences connected with abuse of alcohol or drugs. (Art. 82 of the Penal code of 1932). The mental hygiene, movement, initiated in Poland in the early thirties, resulted in a growth in the number of clinics engaged in prevention and treatment, that is in a development of treatment of alcoholics in specialized anti-alcoholic clinics. The necessity of taking the children of alcoholics under educational and medical indicated. An important part is this field fell to social nurses attached to the clinics whose task was among other things to bring the alcoholics children to the clinic and see to their medical treatment if necessary. The organization of special schools for mentally deficient and morally neglected children, whose parents were frequently alcoholics, was also initiated. Psychiatrists demanded an elaboration and introduction of an act on compulsory treatment of alcoholics and drug addicts, organization of special wards for notorious alcoholics in mental hospitals, prolongation of treatment from 6 to 12 months (which was considered particularly necessary in the case of chronic alcoholism), a joint alcoholism and psychiatric treatment if required, in the case of alcohol psychosis in particular, and check-up of the cured alcoholics and drug addicts. In Poland drug addiction has never reached the proportions of alcoholism. Its most frequent forms were morphinism and cocainism. Its fighting was facilitated by the passing of an Act of June 23, 1923 which prohibited production, processing, export. import. storage of and any trade in all drugs. For infringement of the Act, penalties of fine and up to 5 years deprivation of liberty were provided. However, there was no act to legalize compulsory treatment of drug addicts. They could only be treated in closed hospital wards since in the case of drug addiction, out-patient treatment was considered to be ineffective. In 1931, the Polish Committee for Drugs and Prevention of Drug Addiction was set up as, an advisory body attached to the Minister of Health and Social Welfare, which consisted mainly of physicians and chemists. In order to fight drug addiction effectively, increased detection of export and sale of drugs was postulated as well as supervision of prescriptions and of obtaining drugs on prescription at chemist's. Chemists were compelled to keep a special book of in- and out-goings of drugs which could only be sold on prescription for therapeutical purposes. Attenton was drawn to the necessity of an instruction, to be passed by the Minister of Internal Affairs, according to which the production of doctors seals and forms would only be possible on presentation of the identity card, since drug addicts used to order seals and forms bearing names of famous practitioners. Medical check-up of released prisoners who had been cured of drug addiction when serving their sentences was also postulated. In consequence of the spread of ether drinking in the Upper Silesia in 1936, a wide-range operation was carried out which consisted in a vigorous fight against smuggling and sale of ether (which was mainly smuggled from Germany) and in informing the population as to the harmful effects of ether drinking.
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Skåden, Kristina. "The Map and the Territory." Transfers 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2015.050107.
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In transnational history of traffic, transport, and mobility, historians have been arguing for studying organizations as “transnational system builders” in the establishment and modification of transnational infrastructure. Emphasis has been placed on examining human actors. Here, I argue that the role of material objects, the nonhuman actors, should also be taken into account by investigating how a particular map matters. The major research issue is, therefore: How can we understand and analyze how the Nazi regime put the map Deutschlandkarte displayed at the exhibition Die Strasse (Munich, 1934) into play? In addition, how did the map figure in transnational system building during and after the seventh International Road Congress arranged by the Permanent International Association of Road Congresses? Insights from transnational history in the fields of traffic, transport, and mobility as well as material cultural studies, critical mapping, and actor-network theory inform this article.
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Podobied, Olena. "«THE BLACK DEEDS OF THE KREMLIN: A WHITE BOOK». UKRAINIAN EMIGRANTS TESTIFY ABOUT HOLODOMOR 1932–1933 YEARS." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 7 (January 28, 2020): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/112005.
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The article aim is to clarify significance of «The black deeds of the Kremlin: A white book» in respect to preservation Ukrainian nation historical memory and informing the world community about Holodomor (1932–1933 years) in Ukraine. The research methodological basis is fundamental principles of scientific cognition such as historicism, scientific nature, credibility and consistency. A number of specific historical methods are employed in the research to attain the outlined goal. They include a method of bibliography heuristics that helped to search for historiographic sources depending on the research topic. The methods of source analysis and synthesis encouraged a book critique interpretation. The bibliography method provided an acquaintance with the life course of Semen Pidhainii. He was the editor-in-chief of «The black deeds of the Kremlin: A white book». The research novelty is that it clarifies importance of «The black deeds of the Kremlin: A white book» in preservation of Ukrainian nation historical memory and informing the world community about Holodomor (1932–1933 years) in Ukraine. Consequently the author concludes that the two-volume edition is of tremendous significance for preservation of Ukrainian nation historical memory since it is the first profound collection of Holodomor (1932–1933 years) victims’ testimonies in Ukraine. At the same time «The black deeds of the Kremlin: A white book» played an important role in informing the world community about Holodomor (1932–1933 years) in Ukraine.
It was published in the English and soon Spanish languages encouraging informing the world community about the criminal activity of Stalin regime against the Ukrainian nation. The two-volume book was used at the International Commission meeting dedicated to the investigation of Holodomor (1932–1933 years) in Ukraine. The United States Congress initiated the meeting. The Commission came to a decision that events in Ukraine (1932–1933 years) are reasonable to qualify as a genocide of the Ukrainian nation.
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Tychala, Christina-Areti, and Lazaros C. Triarhou. "The Fifth International Neurological Congress in Lisbon, 1953." European Neurology 80, no. 5-6 (2018): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000499041.
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We present an overview of the International Neurological Congress that was held in Lisbon, Portugal, on September 7–12, 1953, the fifth in the series of meetings that became a tradition and helped to establish Neurology and Neurosurgery as independent medical specialties in the mid-twentieth century. Four main symposia focused on vascular and metabolic diseases of the brain and on the parietal lobe. An additional 345 papers were read on diverse topics. The Congress was attended by 982 delegates from 39 countries. A central figure was Egas Moniz (1874–1955), the pioneer of cerebral angiography, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for applying prefrontal leukotomy to manage certain forms of psychosis. Special tributes were paid to Constantin von Monakow (1853–1930) and Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of their births. A satellite meeting was held in Madrid immediately after the Lisbon conference; speakers including John F. Fulton (1899–1960), Sir Walter Russell Brain (1895–1966) and Fernando de Castro (1896–1967) praised the discoveries of Cajal, the neuron theory, and their impact on the medical sciences and on the future of Neurology.
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Chmielewski, Krzysztof, and Maciej Pająk. "Organizacja więziennictwa polskiego (1918-1939)." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 69, no. 2 (October 4, 2018): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2017.2.9.
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Recovering after the partition period, the Polish state faced many challenges and one of them definitely was the penitentiary policy. Among the legacies of the period of partition were three different prison systems and different regulations in the field of penitentiary law. The main task of the Polish legislator was to unify the national prison system by taking into account not only the specificity of the existing solutions but also the achievementsof the contemporary penitentiary. The purpose of the paper is to present the history of the organization of the Polish prison system between 1918 and 1939 in more detail. It is necessary to describe the political situation in the Polish lands during the final years of the First World War which significantly influenced the different character of the institutions in the Polish territories.The reflections on the organization of the Polish prisons during the interwar period will be centered around the following issues: taking over prisons by the Polish authorities, systematic unification of the structure of the prison system, prison stratification, the legal status of the prison staff, the education system of prison officers as well as the system of supervision of the execution of prison sentences. The literature on the subject highlights the importance of the international penitentiary congresses for the development of the penitentiary law in the interwar period. The contribution of the Polish delegations to the works of the London, Prague and Berlincongresses was significant. Taking into account the importance of the resolutions of the congresses, the paper will present the participation of Poles in the debates. Research methodology is based on the analysis of normative acts devoted to the organization of the Polish prison system between 1918 and 1939. The following are among the analyzed elements: the decree on the provisional prison regulations of the 8th of February1919, the regulation by the President of the Republic of Poland on the organization of the prison system of the 7th of March 1928, the regulation by the Minister of Justice on the rules and regulations of the prison system of the 20th of June 1931, the regulation by the President of the Republic of Poland on the Prison Guard of the 23rd of August 1932, and the act on the organization of the prisoner system of the 26th of July 1939. Memories ofpersons involved in prison activity and publications pertaining to penitentiary law issues from the interwar period were also used to prepare this article.
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Skocpol, Theda, Kenneth Finegold, and Michael Goldfield. "Explaining New Deal Labor Policy." American Political Science Review 84, no. 4 (December 1990): 1297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1963265.
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The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935 represented a turning point in modern labor relations policy in the United States. In the December 1989 issue of this Review, Michael Goldfield examined the effects of worker insurgency and radical organization on the enactment of the new labor law and rejected theories that emphasized the autonomy of the state from societal forces. In this Controversy, Theda Skocpol and Kenneth Finegold argue that the growing strength of liberal Democrats in Congress following the 1934 election and the failure of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) as an economic recovery measure provided the most important causes for the passage of the NLRA in mid-1935. In response Goldfield argues that the results of the 1934 election were themselves influenced by the protest environment and that the passage of the NLRA was a foregone conclusion before the NIRA was struck down.
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Board, Editorial. "From the All-Union Committee for the fight against rheumatism." Kazan medical journal 32, no. 10-11 (October 2, 2021): 990–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80833.
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At the III International Congress on the Fight against Rheumatism, which just ended in Paris, it was decided to convene the next IV International Antirheumatic Congress in the spring of 1934 in Moscow.
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İnce, Fuat, Gamze Özbek Güven, and Şerife Yılmaz. "Analysis of the State Archives Republican Archives Documents on Tuberculosis and Fight Against Tuberculosis in the Early Republican Period in Turkiye." SDÜ SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ DERGİSİ 15, no. 1 (April 15, 2024): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.1453812.
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Purpose: To share information obtained as a result of examination of archival documents related to tuberculosis and the fight against tuberculosis between 1923-1938. Method: Study, which is a qualitative research, was designed as a document analysis. Previous publications on subject were examined. State Archives Republican Archives Catalogue was scanned. Documents found were analysed. Selected documents were included in study. Study covers the period of Atatürk (1923-1938). Results: In early Republican period, Turkiye gave importance to fight against tuberculosis together with infectious diseases such as malaria, trachoma and syphilis. successful works initiated in Ottoman period were continued and additional works were initiated according to new practices and principles. Tuberculosis and fight against tuberculosis were discussed in "National Turkish Medical Congresses". In following period, main theme of the 11th Congress would be tuberculosis. The Ministry of Health has defined a concept for the fight against infectious diseases and implemented it. Guideline on fight against tuberculosis has started to be published. New dispensaries and sanatoriums were built. Efforts were made to increase existing bed capacity. use of BCG vaccine was introduced. New facilities were built at "Central Institute of Hygine" to start vaccine production. Participation in international exhibitions and congresses was ensured. Arrangements were made regarding the staff and salaries of doctors and nurses, and new civil servant positions were created for the fight against tuberculosis. Conclusion: It would not be wrong to say that works carried out in early Republican period were a stepping stone for the great successes to be achieved in the fight against tuberculosis in future.
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Carpintero, Helio, and Enrique Lafuente. "The congress that never was: The Madrid International Congress of Psychology (1936)." History of Psychology 11, no. 4 (November 2008): 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014261.
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Filesi, Cesira. "L'Africa al XV congresso universale della pace (1906)." MONDO CONTEMPORANEO, no. 3 (December 2009): 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mon2009-003004.
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- Cesira Filesi Fredrik Bajer, chairman of the International Office for Peace place in Bern, sent a note to the Italian Minister of Foreign Affair on march 1907, concerning the request made at XV Universal Peace Congress, which took place in Milan on 1906, thanks to Mr. Ernesto Teodoro Moneta who was also at its top. It was a very important proposal, which could change European great Powers' action in Africa. The international Office held it in great esteem and tried to spread the proposal to all European Governments. Congress activities were focused on opposing the exploitation policy managed by the Belgian king: they were supported by a European campaign against this conduct. Focus was on the Congo basin: the Congress asked colonial Powers to convene a new conference to revise and complete the decisions taken on 1884-85 at Berlin International Conference. This article inspects the international approach against colonialism, sustained by the Congress and Moneta, examining African state of affairs and European great Powers reaction to the proposed revision of Berlin General Act. .
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Amirov, N. Kh, and L. M. Fatkhutdinova. "XXV International Congress on Occupational Medicine." Kazan medical journal 78, no. 3 (June 15, 1997): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj81534.
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The Congress was organized by the International Commission on Occupational Medicine, the largest international nongovernmental professional organization whose mission is to promote occupational medicine in all its aspects. Today, 2,200 professionals from 93 countries are members of this organization, which was founded in 1906. The Congress was attended by more than 3000 participants from 86 countries of the world. All major areas of modern occupational medicine were represented in the extensive program of the forum.
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Voigt, Vilmos. "The Hungarian Sebeok." Chinese Semiotic Studies 17, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2021-2041.
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Abstract It was never a secret that Thomas A. Sebeok was born in Hungary, and he always referred to his Hungarian background. He emigrated from Hungary (1936) to England and later (1937) to the United States, where he Americanized his family name, Sebők. As a scholar, he started Finno-Ugric studies (not only in Hungarian, but also in Cheremis). Sebeok continued as a general linguist, and then as a communication expert. From the 1960s, he became a semiotician, a key figure in building an international semiotic network. Sebeok often visited Hungary in connection with his research activities. He was a foreign member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and became Honorary Professor at Loránd Eötvöspapers University in Budapest. Such was the respect he garnered that an international congress was organized in Budapest in honor of his 70th birthday, and his papers and books were also translated into Hungarian. From his very wide range of interests, I mention here only the Hungarian context of studying animal signs. Prolific writer, excellent organizer, and eloquent speaker, Sebeok is unforgettable as a world-renowned person – with many ties to his home culture, which he referred to as his “Hungarian frame.”
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Samosiuk, I., V. Orzheshkovsky, W. Zukow, and A. Sikorska. "To the history of hydrothermotherapy: pages of history." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 1, no. 1 (March 3, 2011): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2011.01.01.001.
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In 1921 in London, was created by the International Society of Medical Hydrology, which included scientificsocieties of scientists from over 40 countries, in 1928 they were joined by scientists of the Soviet Union. In 1937 wasorganized by the International Federation of the health resort, which in 1947, renamed the "International Federation ofHydrotherapy and Climatology (FITEC). In 1999, Congress in Yalta, it was called "The World Federation ofHydrotherapy and Climatotherapy (FEMTEC). FEMTEC is the most representative association of Spa and healthorganizations in the world. FEMTEC composed of national Spa and health resorts associations and federations, as wellas central state organizations dealing with Spa problems from many countries and continents. FEMTEC functions underthe aegis of the World Health Organization and submits every three years report on its activities. The principal functionsof the Federation are following: representing world thermalism matters and promote them internationally before statesand public organization; international business-like co-operation in health resorts' sector; study, research and experienceexchanges in the sphere of Spa treatments; popularization of Spa and health resorts of the FEMTEC member-countriesin different countries of the world. With a view of organizing fruitful activities of FEMTEC there function 4 permanentcommissions: medical, economic, technical and social. FEMTEC members actively participate in international scientificsymposia, exhibitions, conferences; there are held annual General Assembly, Executive Board and ExecutiveCommittee meetings. Every year FEMTEC organizes Scientific Congress along with a competition of scientific works,marks of the best thermalists etc. The Federation maintains close contacts with European Spas Association (ESPA),World Tourism Organization (WTO) and other international organizations. The Board of FEMTEC includes thefollowing member: Prof. Nikolay Storozhenko - (Russia) President of FEMTEC from 1998, President National SpaAssociation D.M., Honored Physician (http://www.naturmed.unimi.it/femtec.html). In 1996 he joined the Federation ofRussia, which was timed to the International Congress "The resort medicine, science and practice", held in May 1996 inSt. Petersburg. In 1998 the Federation adopted the Ukrainian Association of Physiotherapists and health resort. One ofthe main problems is FEMTEC: cooperation of scientific institutions, exchange of information in the study oftechnological and scientific problems associated with water-and climate-through scientific committees, convening theannual congresses, conferences, symposia, seminars, publications, etc.
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Nelson, Clifford M. "The 16th International Geological Congress, Washington, 1933." Episodes 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i1/005.
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Riart, Octavio Puche, Luis Felipe Mazadiego Martínez, and Rodrigo Legido. "The 10th International Geology Congress, Mexico (1906)." Episodes 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i3/006.
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Jundell, I., and Nils Malmberg. "Second International Pediatric Congress, Stockholm, August 1930." Acta Paediatrica 9, no. 3-4 (January 21, 2008): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1930.tb17323.x.
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Kurth, Jennifer A., Amanda L. Miller, Samantha Gross Toews, James R. Thompson, Mónica Cortés, Mukunda Hari Dahal, Inés E. de Escallón, et al. "Inclusive Education: Perspectives on Implementation and Practice From International Experts." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 56, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-56.6.471.
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Abstract Every child has the right to an education, including children with disabilities. Research findings from across the globe have shown the benefits of inclusive education, and mandates for providing accessible, inclusive education can be found in national policies and international agreements as well. This article explores the perspectives of 11 international experts on the state of inclusive education in countries spanning 5 continents. Experts participated in a focus group discussion at Inclusion International's 17th Annual World Congress 2018 in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Participants shared multifaceted factors impacting inclusive educational practices. Based on their experiences, participants also discussed strategies that were deemed effective or ineffective depending on varied contextual elements. Implications for policy, research, and practice are discussed.
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Eramian, Gregory M. "Edward Sapir and the Prague School." Historiographia Linguistica 15, no. 3 (January 1, 1988): 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.3.04era.
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Summary This paper explores the intriguing and hitherto neglected question of contact between Edward Sapir (1884–1939) and members of the Prague Linguistic Circle (1926–1939) concerning the development of phonemic theory. The point of departure is Cain’s (1980) conjecture that the Prague Anglicists (Mathesius, Trnka, and Vachek) were more likely to have encountered the writings of Sapir than Sapir was to have read Jakobson’s and Trubetzkoy’s Czech and Russian publications. Sapir’s published theoretical works provide no evidence of contact with or knowledge of classical Prague School phonology. However, a thorough study of the relevant Prague School publications reveals that three of Sapir’s theoretical writings and three of his language monographs were well known to some of its members. Interestingly, three of the seven references to Sapir by the Anglicists appear in their German and Czech writings, while the largest number of references to Sapir occur in Trubetzkoy’s published scholarly works and letters written primarily in German and Russian. Trubetzkoy’s letters provide valuable supplementary evidence of personal communication between him and Sapir. Collation of material in the letters with passages in Trubetzkoy’s publications reveals that Sapir and members of the Prague School (Jakob-son, Mathesius, Trubetzkoy) were in personal contact from 1929, three years after the founding of the Circle. It also emerges that Trubetzkoy had read Sapir (1925) in a copy of the journal Language which Mathesius had lent to him as early as 1928, while Sapir had read vol. 1 of the Travaux and commented favorably on it to Trubetzkoy in 1929. Although Sapir and the Prague School developed their views on phonemic theory independently, Trubetzkoy’s articles and letters occasionally reveal fairly technical discussion of theoretical points and problems in the phonological systems of specific languages raised by Sapir. Finally, the letters provide convincing evidence that Trubetzkoy and Sapir shared an ongoing professional concern with advancing the cause of phonology in the international linguistic community. Sapir and members of the Prague School expended considerable effort toward a favorable reception of phonology by the American linguists (e.g., Leonard Bloomfield, Boas, Kent, Kurath, and Twaddell). In this connection, Sapir was very actively involved in the American branch of the Internationale phonologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft from its inception in 1932 during the Second International Congress of Phonetic Sciences in Amsterdam. Although Sapir and Trubetzkoy appear never to have met in person, the IP A turned out to serve as a pivotal link between Sapir and Trubetzkoy and, by extension, between the Linguistic Society of America and the Prague Linguistic Circle.
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Ratmanov, P. E., and Yu V. Kirik. "Представительство народного комиссариата здравоохранения рс фср в германии (1921–1929 гг.) в контексте международных связей советской россии." Dalʹnevostočnyj medicinskij žurnal, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35177/1994-5191-2019-4-41-46.
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The paper is devoted to the activities of the Representative Office of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR in Germany during the period of active economic, scientific and technical cooperation in the 1920s. The large-scale cooperation between Soviet Russia and Germany in healthcare actually began only after the 1922 Rapallo Agreement and the significant improvement in bilateral relations. The representative office of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR in Germany published articles on health issues in the USSR in German press, promoted bilateral cooperation in social hygiene, collected and systematized information from German medicine and healthcare sources, assisted Soviet physicians sent from the USSR to Germany, provided invitations to Soviet specialists to German medical congresses, and invited German doctors to medical congresses in the USSR. In 1930 the representative office of the People's Health of the RSFSR in Germany was merged with the representative office of the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
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Blaff, Ari. "Snowbirds Spotted in Cuba: Canadian Jewish Congress on The Global Stage in the 1960s." Canadian Jewish Studies / Études juives canadiennes 31 (May 18, 2021): 41–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.40208.
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The American Jewish community has historically overshadowed Canadian Jewry. In population size, political prestige, and global influence, the power imbalance between American- and Canadian-Jewish organizations throughout the twentieth century has anchored popular understandings of North American Jewish affairs as one dominated by the U.S. Whereas the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) shepherded international Jewish causes throughout this period, its Canadian analogue, the Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC), never achieved such stature. However, on an island ninety miles from the U.S. coast, the fragile geopolitics of the Cold War conspired to recast this relationship. The Castro Revolution initiated a process which culminated in the severing of U.S.-Cuban ties in 1961, leaving a precarious Cuban Jewish community vulnerable. Canada’s geographic proximity and close institutional ties with American Jewry transformed the CJC’s role as the primary caregivers of Cuban Jewry. Consequently, the sundering of American-Cuban relations elevated the CJC to a position of strategic prominence on the international stage ultimately overshadowing its larger, and more illustrious, cousin to the south in Cuba. La communauté juive américaine a historiquement éclipsé la communauté juive canadienne. En termes de population, de prestige politique et d’influence mondiale, le déséquilibre de pouvoir entre les organisations juives américaines et canadiennes tout au long du XXe siècle a ancré la compréhension populaire que les affaires juives nord-américaines étaient dominées par les États-Unis. Alors que le American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) a dirigé des causes juives internationales tout au long de cette période, son analogue canadien, le Congrès juif canadien (CJC), n’a jamais atteint une telle stature. Cependant, sur une île située à quatre-vingt-dix milles des côtes américaines, la fragile géopolitique de la guerre froide a contribué à modifier cette relation. La révolution de Castro a lancé un processus qui a abouti à la rupture des liens américano-cubains en 1961, laissant une communauté juive cubaine précaire vulnérable. La proximité géographique du Canada et les liens institutionnels étroits avec la communauté juive américaine ont transformé le rôle du CJC en tant que principal allié de la communauté juive cubaine. Par conséquent, la rupture des relations américano-cubaines a élevé le CJC à une position d’importance stratégique sur la scène internationale, éclipsant finalement à Cuba son plus grand et plus illustre cousin du sud.
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FRAMKE, MARIA. "‘We Must Send a Gift Worthy of India and the Congress!’ War and political humanitarianism in late colonial South Asia." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 6 (November 2017): 1969–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000950.
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AbstractThe interwar period has recently been described as a highly internationalist one in South Asia, as a series of distinct internationalisms—communist, anarchist, social scientific, socialist, literary, and aesthetic1—took shape. At the same time, it has been argued that the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 drew to a close various opportunities for international association (at least, temporarily). Taking into account both these contradistinctive developments, this article deals with another—and thus far largely overlooked—South Asian internationalism in the form of wartime Indian humanitarianism. In 1938, the Indian National Congress helped organize an Indian medical mission to China to bring relief to Chinese victims of the Second Sino-Japanese War. By focusing on this initiative, this article traces the ideas, the practices, and the motives of Indian political humanitarianism. It argues that such initiatives, as they became part of much wider global networks of humanitarianism in the late 1930s and early 1940s, created new openings for Indian nationalists to establish international alliances. This article also examines the way in which political humanitarianism enabled these same nationalists to perform as independent leaders on an international stage, and argues that humanitarianism served as a tool of anti-colonial emancipation.
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Bing, G. H. C. "The International Penal And Penitentiary Congress, Berlin, 1935." Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 4, no. 2 (January 26, 2009): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.1935.tb01306.x.
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Mccarthy, Marie. "The Birth of Internationalism in Music Education 1899–1938." International Journal of Music Education os-21, no. 1 (May 1993): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/025576149302100101.
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Long, troublesome and difficult were the preparations for the first International Congress for Music Education in Prague in the year 1936, that is, 25 years ago. Even in those days I had to struggle hard against the contradictions implicit in the divergencies between an exaggerated nationalism on the one hand and internationalism on the other…. You all know that the world has been possessed and dominated, ever since the Old and New Testament, Pythagoras, Plato and Aristoteles by the conflict between national and international thought and sentiment. (Leo Kestenberg, 1961)
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Wilde, Florian. "‘Freedom of Discussion Inside the Party Is Absolutely Necessary’." Historical Materialism 22, no. 3-4 (December 2, 2014): 104–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341371.
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Despite being ‘one of the most notable leaders of the German Communist movement’, Ernst Meyer (1887–1930) remains relatively unknown. Prior to the online publication of the author’s PhD dissertation – an extensive 666-page biography of Meyer – there existed beyond two short biographies – an informative political autobiography from Meyer’s wife Rosa Meyer-Leviné and an essay by Hermann Weber published in 1968 – and some recent texts from the author, no other publications dealing closely with his life and work. Of these, only Meyer-Leviné’s biography has been published in English. Meyer played a major role in the left wing of the German labour movement, beginning in 1908 when he joined the German Social-Democratic Party (spd) until his death over twenty years later. A friend and collaborator of Rosa Luxemburg, he was also one of the founding and leading members of the International Group and its successor, the Spartacus League, in which the radical, anti-war wing of Social Democracy organised itself after the outbreak of World War i. He represented both of these groups as a delegate to the international conferences of anti-war socialists at Zimmerwald (1915) and Kienthal (1916). Elected to the kpd’s Zentrale at the party’s founding conference, Meyer remained a member of the leadership almost continuously in the years to come, occupying various leading positions. He also represented the party at the Second and Fourth World-Congresses of the Communist International (1920 and 1922).
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Dewey, John Frederick, and Bernard Elgey Leake. "Robert Millner Shackleton. 30 December 1909 – 3 May 2001." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 50 (January 2004): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2004.0018.
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Robert Millner Shackleton, who died peacefully in his sleep on 3 May 2001, was born on 30 December 1909 in Purley, Surrey, the son of John Millner Shackleton (an electrical engineer of Irish derivation who, at one time, worked for the Post Office telephones) and Agnes Mitford Shackleton (née Abraham). He was distantly related to the Antarctic explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton and was educated at the Quaker school of Sidcot, which profoundly influenced his subsequent life and career. He entered Liverpool University in January 1927 and graduated with a first–class honours BSc in geology in July 1930 under P. G. H. Boswell FRS, the first George Herdman Professor of Geology. He was only the fourth student in the history of the department to achieve a First. Shackleton's first visit to Africa was as an undergraduate in July to September 1929 to attend the 15th International Congress in Pretoria, South Africa. He always remembered Boswell's help and how he had persuaded him into going and even shared a cabin on the Union Castle ship to South Africa with him to reduce the cost at a time when most professors would not have done so. He saw the Karroo, the Kimberley diamond mine, the Witwatersrand mines, the Bushveld, Rhodesia, and the Drakensberg. This visit to Africa was to be the foundation of his love of Africa, its people and its geology. Shackleton went on to complete a PhD at Liverpool in December 1933 on the Moel Hebog area of North Wales, between Tremadoc and Nantlle, although some of the work was done while at Imperial College, London (IC), where he was Beit Research Fellow from 1932 to 1934, largely facilitated by Boswell, who was also an IC man and had moved back there to the Chair in 1930. The Moel Hebog mapping included examining some cliff faces never scaled by any geologist or, indeed, anyone before; it was part of a systematic re–survey of North Wales encouraged by Boswell, and followed the surveys of Snowdonia by David and Howell Williams. The Moel Hebog mapping was superb and, with his other field achievements, led to his receiving the Silver Medal of the Liverpool Geological Society in 1957. Shackleton was one of several Liverpool students, including one of us (B.E.L.), who from the 1920s onwards did part of their PhD work at IC. He had a petrological training, being taught silicate analysis by A. W. Groves at IC, but the petrological and palaeogeographic interpretation of his PhD area was hindered by the fact that ignimbrites had not yet been recognized and only a few chemical analyses could be completed. The published account (7) è did not appear until 1959 and then only because of the encouragement and devoted help given by Dr J. C. Harper.
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Błażejczyk-Majka, Lucyna. "Book Review: With a Zest and in a Refined Form…The 7th International Congress of Historical Sciences in Warsaw, 1933." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 41, no. 1 (July 21, 2023): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sho.2023.41.1.007.
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Makowski, K.A., Michalski, M., Schramm, T. (eds), Filipowska, K. (col.) (2021) With a Zest and in a Refined Form… The 7th International Congress of Historical Sciences in Warsaw, 1933, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Miejskie Posnania, Fundacja TRES.