Journal articles on the topic 'Congresses, conferences, etc., 1883'

In 1853, the director of the Belgium Royal Observatory, Adolphe Quetelet, welcomed delegates from several countries to two consecutive meetings that have acquired considerable reputation as the first international congresses of, respectively, meteorology and statistics. This paper examines the local context where several similar international congresses (on free trade, universal peace, prison reform, public hygiene, etc.) were organized in the same decade. It argues that the new Belgian state developed this new form of international conference in order to bolster its soft power in the Concert of Nations. It also discusses tensions between national interests and global beliefs in the efficiency of science, which arose from these congresses. This essay is part of a special issue entitled Science Diplomacy, edited by Giulia Rispoli and Simone Turchetti.

The author suggests rethinking the institutional status of philosophy in the con­text of the analysis of International philosophical congresses as collective forms of expression of thought. It is stated that communication platforms for philo­sophical debates such as seminars, conferences, congresses, etc. largely deter­mine the content of philosophical knowledge, therefore it is impossible to raise the question of “pure” philosophy, free from the sphere of conversation (Tatiana G. Shchedrina), in which philosophy is produced as an event. Science and phi­losophy as communicative phenomena require collective forms of work. Scien­tific communities are an indispensable attribute of the existence of science, just like philosophy is the presence of a philosophical school, college, lyceum, acad­emy. Even if science and philosophy are done “armchairly”, then the “armchair” format also presupposes a communication platform, a network of communica­tion between different authors. In this sense, any conferences, congresses, and round tables – with a successful coincidence of academic circumstances – be­come not just a continuation of philosophy but also a direct part. On them, not only and not so much the “philosophical result” is presented, but the process of philosophizing is going on. This indisputable significance of World congresses as collective forms of philosophy and as its self-consciousness was recorded by the famous Russian logician N.A. Vasiliev when he was thinking about the re­sults of the Third World Congress of Philosophy.

As part of its activities, the Industrial and Commercial Congregation of the Polish Chamber of Commerce organizes periodically implemented meetings, conferences and congresses, during which debates regarding the need for systemic improvement of economic, normative, fiscal, etc. conditions are made to small and medium-sized companies in the trade sector operating in Poland. The main events integrating entrepreneurs, local government, economists, people of art and politicians organized periodically by the Industrial and Commercial Congregation of the Polish Chamber of Commerce include the Congresses of Polish Economy and the Congresses of Modern Economy. One of the last events of this type was organized by KPH OIG on November 22, 2017. The 5th Congress of Modern Economy. The issues discussed at the Congress debates continued the previous topics from the other KPH OIG congresses. Also draft laws and legislative changes were presented in the close connection with the legal regulations on the commercial business entities of the SME sector in Poland.

Организация MICE-мероприятий и разного уровня и масштаба деловых встреч оказывает значительный мультипликативный эффект на развитие экономики городов. Деловые мероприятия обеспечивают доход для всех категорий подрядчиков круглый год, в том числе в низкий туристический сезон. А регулярное проведение тематических конгрессов и конференций позволяет позиционировать город как центр компетенций в той или иной отрасли экономики. Одним из актуальных направлений роста спроса на услуги коллективных средств размещения во Владимирском регионе может быть ориентация гостиничных предприятий на бизнес-туриста и проведение на площадках отелей бизнессобытий (форумов, выставок, конгрессов, конференций и т.д.). The organization of MICE events and business meetings of various levels and scales has a significant multiplier effect on the development of the city economy. Business events provide income for all categories of contractors all year round, including during the low tourist season. And regular holding of thematic congresses and conferences allows us to position the city as a center of competence in a particular sector of the economy. One of the current directions for growing demand for collective accommodation services in the Vladimir region may be the orientation of hotel enterprises towards business tourists and the holding of business events (forums, exhibitions, congresses, conferences, etc.) at hotels.

Background and objectives: Science congresses have begun to be recognized as a tourism model that named as congress tourism. The hotels where the National Emergency Medicine Congresses are hosted, which are held once a year, contribute to congress tourism.The aim of this study is to find out views of attendees of emergency medicine congresses about the congress and presentations. Methods: A survey form consisting of 16 questions (without demographic question) was shared with participants attending the 14th National Emergency Medicine Congress of the Association of Emergency Medicine Specialists (EPAT) by SMS, e-mail, and social media messenger programs (WhatsApp, etc.). Results: A total of 238 participants took part in the study of whcih73.9% (n = 176) were male. The age of the majority (68, 28.6%) participants was between 35 to 39 years. Maximum participants (n = 95, 39.9%) were specialist titleholders and the majority's (n = 81, 34.0%) length of service was 6-10 years. Of the total particinats, 73.1% and 65% expressed that curiosity about the scientific content and refreshing the knowledge respectively were the reasons for attending the conferences. Conclusion: Even if congresses are held in holiday hotels, participants are more interested in scientific content. Paramedical activities and visuals used in presentations are viewed positively. Although there are very intense programs in the congress, the majority of the participants stated that they would listen to eight presentations most efficiently. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2021; 15(2): 38-43

The key factor for the effective development of business entities in market conditions is the issue of activating innovation and entrepreneurship, because in this way it is possible to significantly increase the economic efficiency of a given entity, improve the financial situation and, consequently, increase tax revenues to the state budget. In addition, the improvement of business and social relations between enterprises and state and self-government authorities is also particularly important. In connection with the above, the importance of chambers of commerce acting as the integrators of the business community, self-government and state authority institutions and other public entities is growing. One of such chambers of commerce is the Industrial and Commercial Congregation of the Polish Chamber of Commerce, which also integrates the business community with the institutions of locally operating local government units and the regional economic chambers cooperating with them, which mainly associate locally operating entrepreneurs. As part of its activities, the Industrial and Commercial Congregation of the Polish Chamber of Commerce organizes periodically implemented meetings, conferences and congresses, during which debates regarding the need for systemic improvement of economic, normative, fiscal, etc. conditions are made to small and medium-sized companies in the trade sector operating in Poland. The main events integrating entrepreneurs, local government, economists, people of art and politicians organized periodically by the Polish-American Chamber of Commerce and Industry are the Congresses of Polish Economy and the Congresses of Modern Economy. One of the last events of this type was the Jubilee XIV Congress of Polish Economy organized on June 21, 2017 in Warsaw on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the Polish-Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. This Congress, which is the subject of the next chapter of this study, continued the problems raised during debates taking place during previous KPH OIG Congresses.

The purpose of the article is analyzing the experience of the teachers’ qualification improvement in Ukraine nowadays using the example of EdCamp (non)conferences. In the process of writing the article, theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalization etc.) and empirical (interviewing) methods were used. It was proved that the problem of the teachers’ qualification improvement has always been the subject of leading national educators’ and educational politicans’ attention. Over a considerable period of time, various forms of postgraduate pedagogical education have been accumulated in the national educational space - from courses and congresses, dated to the second half of the 19th century, to various retraining and advanced training faculties of a number of higher education institutions, in particular institutes of postgraduate pedagogical education (IPPЕ), research institutes etc. EdCamp has become widespread in Ukraine in recent years. EdCamp is the community of responsible teachers, which is not actually Ukrainian practice, but was borrowed from abroad. It has been established that EdCamp is a relatively new subject of the qualification improvement that immediately won its audience in Ukraine. The article summarizes the experience of the (non)conferences organized by this organization during the period of 2015-2022. The pages of the study also present the results of an interview of an active participant of both national (4 times) and mini- and affiliated EdCamps (7 times), a biology teacher of the Pervomaisky lyceum №2, Lozova district, Kharkov region, a headmaster of the MI “Center of Professional Development of Pedagogical Workers” in Pervomaisky Bihun Olga Oleksandrivna. The list of questions that were asked to the respondents included: How did you get to EdCamp? How is the event organized? What is the issue of the (non)conference? What are your impressions?

For over 10 years, the academic journal Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore has regularly published news on the activity of The Ritual Year Working Group (RY WG), a group of international scholars with shared interests in ritual activities, customs and festive celebrations throughout the yearly calendric cycle, an affiliate of the International Society of Ethnology and Folklore (SIEF – Société Internationale d’Ethnologie et de Folklore). This includes reviews of the annual WG’s conferences, reviews of panels organised by the WG at important congresses in the field of ethnology and folklore, and releases of new books. In addition, the journal has dedicated several special issues to topics addressed by the various academic meetings of the WG, reuniting studies written by its members (Fournier & Sedakova 2015; Sedakova & Vlaskina 2016, etc.). This article sheds light on the drastic changes that the academic world was recently confronted with during the Covid-19 pandemic, and on how the RY WG met the challenges of this new reality; it shows how a crisis can also open new possibilities.

The situation of the Ukrainian diaspora in the Russian Federation (hereinafter – the Russian Federation) in the conditions of the Kremlin's revenge policy towards Ukraine and Ukrainians is analyzed. The policy of the Russian Federation concerning the gradual and purposeful absorption of the non-Russian peoples of the Russian Federation and their final transformation into Russians ("Russians") is described. The place of the Ukrainian diaspora in modern Russia is comprehended, based on the data of population censuses (1989, 2002, 2010). It was found that the Russian Federation pursues a strict aggressive policy of assimilation towards the Ukrainian diaspora, imposes its neo-imperial ideology, closes diaspora associations, Ukrainian churches, applies repressive measures against local Ukrainians, in connection with which they are forced to hide their nationality. It was found that as a result of such an assimilation policy of the central government, the Ukrainian diaspora in Russia loses its identity and uniqueness, forgets its native Ukrainian language, history, traditions and customs, gradually assimilating and merging with the Russian people. It is noted that the Ukrainian state needs to introduce a new effective Program of interaction with foreign Ukrainians, as the Program (2018 – 2020) has lost its relevance. It is proposed to include in the new Program information about various events (congresses, conferences, round tables, seminars, festivals, film screenings), attending which the Ukrainian diaspora from Russia will get acquainted with the Ukrainian language, history, science, literature, customs and traditions, songs, movies ( movies, documentaries, cartoons). It is emphasized that now the Russian authorities, under the guise of a pandemic, do not allow the Ukrainian diaspora to enter Ukraine, so there is a need to involve them in online events (online conferences, webinars, etc.) held in Ukraine, as well as to create YouTube has various channels with Ukrainian content (Ukrainian songs, customs, traditions, legends, lessons in the Ukrainian language, history, etc.) to promote all things Ukrainian on the Internet.

Background. Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of chronic pain in adults, wherein half of the cases is coupled to a neuropathic component. Agents with chondroprotective properties such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine sulfate (GS) have been successfully used in the treatment of OA-related pain. CS/GS exhibit diverse analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and chondroregenerative effects that contribute to the restoration of cartilage tissue.Objective: to analyze the misconceptions associated with the medical terminology used for CS/HS in the treatment of OA-related pain, approaches to standardize the quantitative and qualitative composition of CS/HS extracts.Material and methods. Expert analysis was performed along with computational linguistics methods (sentiment analysis, i.e. analysis of text-related emotional modality). Sentiment analysis was carried out using the topological theory of data analysis and algorithms, with 90% accuracy allowing to classify texts into 16 classes of sentiment (manipulative constructs, research without positive results, propaganda, data falsification, etc.). This technique was tested earlier on 20 million publications retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE database.Results. In recent years, the use of highly dubious terms such as “symptomatic slow acting drug for osteoarthritis, SYSADOA”, etc., has been extensively promoted at certain international conferences. The introduction of such barely scientific terms is not justified neither by the results of basic research nor clinical practice. Using the methods of computational linguistics and data mining of the biomedical literature, we have shown that some misconceptions actively promoted at the so-called "grand conferences" and "international congresses" virtually lack in real-world published scientific literature. Such misconceptions, logically contradicting the entire system of other medical terms, confuse scientific terminology. Moreover, texts promoting this misconceptions are easily recognized as manipulative not only by experts in the analysis of medical literature, but also by artificial intelligence algorithms.Conclusion. A number of misconceptions associated with inadequate interpretation of data obtained during basic and clinical studies of CS/GS has been explored. Specific examples show how practitioners can distinguish between manipulative propaganda and a balanced presentation of research data.

The article assesses the scientific activities of the Khabarovsk branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution (Branch) for the period from 1988 to 2023. Over the past 35-year period, the ophthalmologists of the Branch defended 20 dissertations: 16 – for the degree of Candidate of Medical Sciences, 4 – for the degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences. The branch is successfully developing a direction devoted to the study of patterns of changes in the organ of vision during normal and complicated pregnancy, to prevent the development of ocular complications. Within the framework of this scientific problem, two dissertations were defended (doctor of medical sciences O.V. Kolenko). Currently, a study of the patterns of changes in the retina in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus is being carried out (candidate of medical sciences N.V. Pomytkina). For 1988–2023 more than 2,100 scientific publications were made by the doctors of the Branch, including 480 articles in scientific peer-reviewed journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation with an impact factor of over 0.3 («Ophthalmosurgery», «Bulletin of Ophthalmology», «Siberian Scientific Medical Journal», «National Journal glaucoma», «BC. Clinical ophthalmology», etc.), more than 1600 articles and abstracts have been published in collections of scientific papers of leading ophthalmological scientific and practical conferences held in various subjects of the Russian Federation. 17 monographs have been published, 47 teaching aids for ophthalmologists have been created, including 15 manuals labeled EMA, 182 patents of the Russian Federation for inventions have been received, about 500 rationalization proposals have been registered. More than 1000 reports were presented at scientific conferences of various levels (with international participation, all-Russian, regional). We presented 127 reports at congresses outside the Russian Federation. Ophthalmologists of the Branch actively participate in the work of the annual ophthalmological congresses in Europe and the USA, where they present their innovative developments. Over the past period, significant results have been achieved in scientific activity, the own scientific school of ophthalmological personnel is actively developing in the Far East region of the Russian Federation. Active scientific activity encourages the doctors of the Branch to constant professional growth in order to increase the possibilities of timely detection and effective treatment of vision pathology among residents of the Far East region. Keywords: scientific activity, S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, dissertations, articles

The poster session has become one of the types of professional events (congresses, conferences, seminars, etc.). Despite the long-term discussions about the poster as an effective tool in the scholarly communication and its comparison with the abstract it has not studied as a product of analytical and synthetic information processing. The purpose of this article is to consider theoretical questions about the poster as an information product. The traditional structure of the poster is similar to the structure of a research article (introduction, methods, results, discussion) with the only difference – the poster presents these elements in compressed form, as well as in an abstract. The article gives a comparative analysis of the poster and abstract. It shows that such features of the abstract as information content, high semantic capacity, accurate reflection of the main actual information and conclusions, etc., are characteristic of posters as well. It concludes that summarizing the results of the analytical and synthetic processing of information in the poster allows its considering as one of the types of information products and libraries can include posters in the list of their information products/services. In order to create posters, such skills as compression of information, data visualization, communicative skills, research skills and critical thinking, as well as mastering technical tools, which are in demand in the market today and are reflected in the professional standard “Specialist in Library and Information Activities”. Their development can be made by poster technology, which is already lately implemented at the Library and Information Department of the St. Petersburg State Institute of Culture.

In 1921 in London, was created by the International Society of Medical Hydrology, which included scientificsocieties of scientists from over 40 countries, in 1928 they were joined by scientists of the Soviet Union. In 1937 wasorganized by the International Federation of the health resort, which in 1947, renamed the "International Federation ofHydrotherapy and Climatology (FITEC). In 1999, Congress in Yalta, it was called "The World Federation ofHydrotherapy and Climatotherapy (FEMTEC). FEMTEC is the most representative association of Spa and healthorganizations in the world. FEMTEC composed of national Spa and health resorts associations and federations, as wellas central state organizations dealing with Spa problems from many countries and continents. FEMTEC functions underthe aegis of the World Health Organization and submits every three years report on its activities. The principal functionsof the Federation are following: representing world thermalism matters and promote them internationally before statesand public organization; international business-like co-operation in health resorts' sector; study, research and experienceexchanges in the sphere of Spa treatments; popularization of Spa and health resorts of the FEMTEC member-countriesin different countries of the world. With a view of organizing fruitful activities of FEMTEC there function 4 permanentcommissions: medical, economic, technical and social. FEMTEC members actively participate in international scientificsymposia, exhibitions, conferences; there are held annual General Assembly, Executive Board and ExecutiveCommittee meetings. Every year FEMTEC organizes Scientific Congress along with a competition of scientific works,marks of the best thermalists etc. The Federation maintains close contacts with European Spas Association (ESPA),World Tourism Organization (WTO) and other international organizations. The Board of FEMTEC includes thefollowing member: Prof. Nikolay Storozhenko - (Russia) President of FEMTEC from 1998, President National SpaAssociation D.M., Honored Physician (http://www.naturmed.unimi.it/femtec.html). In 1996 he joined the Federation ofRussia, which was timed to the International Congress "The resort medicine, science and practice", held in May 1996 inSt. Petersburg. In 1998 the Federation adopted the Ukrainian Association of Physiotherapists and health resort. One ofthe main problems is FEMTEC: cooperation of scientific institutions, exchange of information in the study oftechnological and scientific problems associated with water-and climate-through scientific committees, convening theannual congresses, conferences, symposia, seminars, publications, etc.

<strong>Prof. Linczényi </strong>is known as one of the pioneers of quality management in academia and among professionals in former Czechoslovakia. Moreover, he is also considered a father of quality in Slovakia. He held back then the function of Vice President of the European Organization for Quality for the East Block. He was a member of the Association of Scientific and Technical Societies and after the division of the Czech and Slovak Republics, he became actively involved in preparatory activities for the establishment of the Slovak Society for Quality. He worked for more than 40 years as the head of the Quality Management department at STU, based in Bratislava. Professor is an author and co-author of many scientific monographs and textbooks such as, e.g. Engineering Statistics, Quality Management, Distance Learning for Quality Managers, Quality Professional, textbook for Quality Management at Secondary Vocational Schools and many others. He published more than 400 articles in domestic and international magazines and participated at domestic and international conferences, symposia and congresses, e.g. in Australia, China, Israel, Greece, Bulgaria, Hungary, Estonia, Portugal, France, Poland, Czech Republic, Croatia, Montenegro, Germany, Netherlands, etc. Regularly, he also attended congresses organized by the European Organization for Quality. Prof. Linczényi is an author of the economic basis idea for quality management, and in his research, he created quality indicators and profitability indicators of quality. One of his contributions can be considered the definition of Creative Quality Management. For his scientific results, he was awarded the title of Scientist of the Year by the president of the Slovak Republic and similarly he was awarded by the Slovak president and Chairman of the Office for Standardization, Metrology and Testing for the lifelong contribution in the area of Quality Management. Slovak Society for Quality had awarded professor for his lifetime work in the area at the occasion of World Quality Day.

This article analyzes an isolated case within the framework of trend of jubilee mania &ndash; recent centenary celebration of the Revolution of 1917 in Italy. The author believes that many historical events reappear on the horizon when assigned to play an important role in modern politics. The article describes how the Italians view the Revolution and how it helps to explain modern Russia. The research is carried out within the framework of methodology of public history. Having examined a wide variety of sources (online articles, articles in newspapers and magazines, scientific writings, information on the congresses and conferences, exhibitions, concerts, etc.), the author attempts to demonstrate how the Russian revolutions are reflected in the Italian public opinion. The conclusion is made that the Revolution plays an important role not only in modern Russia, in Italy as well. The latter believe that the Revolution is still present in their culture and politics, correlates with their own path of political history of the XX century, including the powerful Movement for the left that emerged in the country after the World War II. At the same time, Russia did not give due attention to celebration of the centennial anniversary, focusing rather on the victory over Hitler, since this event projects the glory of the Soviet Union onto the modern Russian Federation.

This article analyzes an isolated case within the framework of trend of jubilee mania &ndash; recent centenary celebration of the Revolution of 1917 in Italy. The author believes that many historical events reappear on the horizon when assigned to play an important role in modern politics. The article describes how the Italians view the Revolution and how it helps to explain modern Russia. The research is carried out within the framework of methodology of public history. Having examined a wide variety of sources (online articles, articles in newspapers and magazines, scientific writings, information on the congresses and conferences, exhibitions, concerts, etc.), the author attempts to demonstrate how the Russian revolutions are reflected in the Italian public opinion. The conclusion is made that the Revolution plays an important role not only in modern Russia, in Italy as well. The latter believe that the Revolution is still present in their culture and politics, correlates with their own path of political history of the XX century, including the powerful Movement for the left that emerged in the country after the World War II. At the same time, Russia did not give due attention to celebration of the centennial anniversary, focusing rather on the victory over Hitler, since this event projects the glory of the Soviet Union onto the modern Russian Federation.

The article is about the activities of the Eurasian Association of Universities throughout its history, from 1989 to the present. The author emphasizes an importance of the activities of such an institute of interaction among leading universities in the post-Soviet space, aimed at preserving both the common heritage and the concrete results of the cooperation of the university community of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries as well as the experience exchange and joint efforts in the field of scientific developments and teaching methods in higher education, bilateral and multilateral scientific and educational programs and research projects. The article pays special attention to the work of the Association’s Congresses, its activities on the preparation and holding of bilateral and multilateral forums for rectors of the CIS universities, the organization of international scientific and practical conferences “Universities and Society”, as well as support for major research programs such as the Vernadsky Interuniversity Consortium, Forums of Scientific and Creative Intelligentsia in the Commonwealth of Independent States, Science Festivals, Student youth forums, interaction with the Russian Union of Rectors, etc. The author emphasizes publication activity (in particular, the publication of monographs that highlight the key vectors of cooperation) as a special area for activity of the Eurasian Association of Universities, which is developing in the context of educational integration in the Eurasian space.

Сolleagues, students, members of the Russian Surgical Society of Pirogov put a lot of effort to create the Pirogov Museum to perpetuate the memory of the great Russian surgeon. The construction of the museum was carried out according to the project of the architect V.A. Schroeter for funds allocated from the State Treasury and collected from philanthropists. Museum of Pirogov was opened on October, 26 (November, 7), 1897. The collection of the museum included: items related to the life and work of N.I. Pirogov, preparations for surgical anatomy, surgical pathology, collection of instruments, orthopedic and surgical devices, patient and wounded patient care items, portraits, engravings, manuscripts and documents reflecting all stages of the history of domestic surgery, etc. The museum hosted meetings of Pirogov Russian Surgical Society, conferences and all-Russian congresses of doctors. The events of the first third of the 20th century negatively affected the fate of the Pirogov Museum. Since 1930 the museum of N. I. Pirogov was under the jurisdiction of the Military Medical Academy, its funds were transferred to several departments of the Academy, and the building of the museum in the 70iеs of the twentieth century was torn down. In 1946 part of the valuable items of Pirogov’s museum became the property of the Military Medical Museum. December 19, 2018 there was a significant event in the history of Russian medicine happened: a grand opening of Pirogov’s museum took place in the Military Medical Museum. At the opening greetings were made by representatives of Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center (Moscow), Military Medical Academy. S.M. Kirov, Surgical Society, Committee on Culture of St. Petersburg, the Consulate of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, etc. The basis of the exposition of the revived Pirogov’s museum make up the original things of the great surgeon: a hat, a sword belt, a sword hat, a cocked hat, a box made of Karelian birch, a smoking pipe, orders and medals, manuscripts, letters, as well as atlases, medical instruments, lithographic stones, etc.

The article deals with the importance of a portfolio for future dentists’ praxeological competence formation in the way it can help assess objectively results accomplished in educational process. The definition of «portfolio» was provided and its structural components were established. They include a motivation letter, where the future dentist determines his/her own conception of education, goals, tasks of vocational training for each term of training on the basis of the Education sectorial standard, educational syllabus; a diary with the fixation of practical elements of preparation, and self-assessment of the achieved result; research work that contains presentations, abstracts, texts of speech at conferences, congresses, workshops, etc.; resume; glossary. These components demonstrate the dynamics of praxeological competence formation from the aim of professional training towards the level of its achievement. The importance of future dentists’ foreign language competence formation was substantiated for performing professional activity in international environment. The article sets out the criteria for determining the level of future dentists’ praxeological competence formation which include the availability of systematic training and special skills, integration of knowledge from different subjects; the ability to find, analyze and use information to solve professional problems; the ability to choose the best forms and methods of activity, identify drawbacks and resolve conflicts in working process; the ability to study, analyze, summarize and use the latest experience in the field of professional activity; the ability to design models of professional activity, anticipate and take into account possible obstacles.

In the middle of the 20th century, television technologies found their application in various fields of medical science and practice, in particular in instrumental diagnostics and radiology. Interactive teleconferences have become the technical basis for distant consultations (medical videoconferencing). The emergence of two-way exchange of video and audio information in real time preceded by the period of one-way television communication (so-called «medical television»). Objective: to identify, systematize and comparatively study the patterns of development of scientific and practical knowledge related to the use of one-way television technologies in medicine. The «medical television» used in medicine in the period of 1930-1960s to organize closed (non-public) broadcasts for educational purposes. The use of «medical television» in European countries was discrete. In the United States, the use of «medical television» was purely applied, but it was very large-scale. Television broadcasts have become an indispensable component of professional conferences and congresses. In the USSR, the scientific and technical development of «medical television» followed the path of intrahospital broadcasts only. A distinctive feature was a number of development and research works in the 1950s-1960s for creation of specialized television equipment and the scientific substantiation of the requirements for the parameters of the broadcast image. Developed equipment was mass-produced. The technologies of «medical television» were introduce into the activities of medical educational institutions for the routine teaching of surgical disciplines in the USSR, USA, Great Britain, France, etc.

Dimitriy Dan (1856–1927) was a priest, ethnographer, historian, publicist, member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. Thanks to his publications in German, his works became available to scientists of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and other countries. His works have been included in bibliographic indexes during his life, reviews of them have been published in leading scientific journals of that time. The purpose of this article is to outline the main directions of D. Dan's research and to make a classification of his works, as well as a generalization of the international perception of his creative heritage. Source base. The work is based on search work in museum institutions, archives, libraries of Chernivtsi (Ukraine), Chisinau (Republic of Moldova), Suceava (Romania), the use of special information and search systems on the Internet (including the use of online archives of European journals , almanacs, societies, libraries, etc.). This made it possible to analyze leading magazines in the field of history and ethnography, Bulletins of National Libraries, Materials of International Congresses and Conferences, albums of the period 1890-1918 of such European countries as France, Poland, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Russia, Hungary, Great Britain and USA in the period 1890–1927. Secondly, to analyze the international perception of D. Dan's scientific works among scientists in Europe and the USA in the period after D. Dan's death (1927) until the present day. Methodology: bibliographic analysis, use of special information and search systems on the Internet. The research is relevant for the comparative determination of the importance of the researches of different scientists. A more in-depth classification of D. Dan's works (Appendix No. 1), an analysis of international significance, and the use of special search engines on the Internet confirm the novelty of the proposed article. Conclusions. A detailed study of D. Dan's creative heritage allows us to classify his works into the following categories: historical works; “monographs of villages”; description of different ethnic groups of Bukovyna; ethnography and folklore; sermons and articles devoted to spiritual and church matters; museology, protection of historical monuments and paleography; toponymy and natural history of Bukovyna; journalistic works; translations of works; memoirs, reviews and obituaries. The analysis of leading magazines and yearbooks, Bulletins of National Libraries, materials of International Congresses and Conferences, albums, bibliographic and scientific works gives us grounds to state the wide lifelong recognition of the importance of D. Dan's works in Bukovina, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as well as in such countries as Germany, Great Britain, USA, France, Poland, Russia, Bulgaria, Hungary; as well as in the period after his death among scientists in Europe and the United States. This testifies to the recognition of the value of his works by the international scientific community. His works devoted to ethnic groups of Bukovyna became the most famous, mainly those published in German. The analysis showed that the works of D. Dan, as one of the first and authoritative researchers of ethnic groups of Bukovyna, are still referred to in Europe and the USA.

The Purpose of the Study is to propose ways and forms of implementation of language legislation, arguing the necessity of implementation by state and local authorities, public organizations, and citizens of the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language” in 2019. The Research Methodology. During the preparation of the research article, were used the following methods: General scientific and specially-scientific, in particular: Comparative, historical, philosophical–legal, systemic, functional, and generalization. The Scientific Novelty of the research article consists in the fact that it is one of the first studies devoted to the issue of ways and forms of implementation of the adopted Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language”. The Conclusions. The issue of the Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language” is proposed to consider at the meetings of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine since the issue of the state language belongs to the sphere of national security. The role of the Committee of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on culture and spirituality in the implementation of the language policy of the state has been defined. The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine's role in monitoring the implementation of language legislation is outlined. The available experience of the language policy implementation and ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian state language, such forms as scientific conferences, round tables, symposia, congresses, discussions, etc., in Ukraine, has been analyzed.

It has been revealed that the popularization of the Circassian ethnic culture, propaganda of the components of the ideological position – maintaining interethnic peace and a positive image of Russia abroad is one of the main directions in the activities of the International Circassian Associ-ation. In this activity of the ICA, the most large-scale and effective are socio-cultural forums, sci-entific and practical conferences, festivals, educational projects, etc. These aspects of the ICA’s activities are also released as part of the work with young compatriots and repatriates. The com-ponents of the ideological position of the ICA are recorded in the resolutions of its XIII and XIV congresses. Considerable attention in the activities of the ICA is paid to events aimed at popular-izing the Circassian language (Adyghe and Kabardino-Circassian literary languages) and attract-ing public attention to the problems of its preservation. The active and constructive work of the ICA was highly appreciated at the federal level. In the welcoming address of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the participants and guests of the XIII Congress of the ICA, it was recorded that the ICA cares about preserving and popularizing the native language, implements meaningful projects in the field of culture, edu-cation, enlightenment, increases multifaceted interaction with foreign compatriots, that the ICA’s efforts to maintain peace and consent in the North Caucasus. In 2023 ICA was included in the Fed-eral Register “All-Russian Book of Honor”, in which the most worthy organizations of various forms of ownership and fields of activity are formed.

The Yerevan School for Argumentation (YSA) perhaps is the most brilliant manifestation of Armenian philosophical thought. Moreover, it is one of the remarkable results of the centuries-old Armenian philo- sophical culture that has gained world recognition. In the 18th (Brighton 1988; see: Brutian, G., 1988) and 19th (Moscow, 1993) World Congresses of Philosophy organized by the Federation of International Socie- ties for Philosophy, Academician Georg Brutian, the founder and head of the YSA, was entrusted with organizing and chairing Round tables on the discussion of the modern theory of argumentation organized within the framework of these conferences. Brutian?s fundamental publications served as the basis for the directions of the School. They put for- ward principles concerning the definition of argumentation, the structure of argumentation, the language of argumentation, the role of logic, and means of persuasion in the structure of argumentation, the rules of political argumentation, etc. The goal of the present work is to analyze and generalize the theoretical-methodological and conceptu- al results and approaches developed in the YSA, to examine their role in the system of modern philosophi- cal and logical theorems, as well as in the modern theories of argumentation, to present the frame of argu- mentation discourse and its methodological analysis developed in the School, to review the questions of the theory of meta-argumentation, to analyze the history and theoretical-methodological bases of for- mation and institutionalization of the YSA in the context of the developments of the world philosophical thought and the aspect of its contribution to world scientific thought, to suggest a general conception of scientific achievements of the School by a comparative analysis concerning other international centres.

The article analyzes extrajudicial instances for resolving sports disputes, identifies their role and advantagesover courts. It is noted that in practice, sports relations cannot exist without disputes, and the latter can take placebetween athletes, on the one hand, and coaches, sports organizations, mediators, etc., on the other hand; betweenathletes (on both sides), or when an individual athlete is not a party to the dispute at all. It is established that the mostcommon disputes today are about objective judging, anti-doping, fair play.As a result of the analysis of literature sources, it was found that in all national federations of Ukraine orassociations (except the Football Federation) such specialized bodies, as a rule, do not exist. The executive bodiesof the federation are empowered to resolve disciplinary disputes, and the powers to review them on appeal arevested in higher governing bodies (for example, congresses, conferences, general meetings). This provokes situationswhere sports disputes are considered by federation leaders who do not have the appropriate legal education, or evenhave a legal education but do not have relevant experience in resolving such disputes, which negatively affects thequality of sports disputes, as often unfair decisions are made or those that contradict the regulations of internationalfederations in certain sports.The work of such an independent international arbitration body as the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which isauthorized to resolve sports or sports-related disputes, is analyzed. These disputes are divided into two groups; GroupI includes commercial disputes arising from contractual relations between professional clubs, between clubs andathletes, sports agents, disputes over the specifics of transfer activities, agreements on the transfer or distributionof television and other media rights, etc., and group II – disciplinary disputes considered by the Court of Arbitrationfor Sport as a court of the first instance or a court of appeal in the case of a dispute between national authorities.It is concluded that to protect the rights and legitimate interests of sports entities, there is an extensivesystem of national and international out-of-court bodies for resolving sports disputes. Despite this, Ukraine has anunderdeveloped system of such bodies, as only the football sphere has an effective mechanism for resolving sportsdisputes at the national level, and therefore there is a significant need to establish a Sports Arbitration Court underthe National Olympic Committee of Ukraine to protect the rights of other sports.

The article investigates documents, memoirs, letters as intellectual / social capital of world Ukrainians of political (post-war) Ukrainian emigration, which are promising areas for information and analytical activities of modern government officials, political scientists, diplomats, historians, information and communication specialists, artists and, in general, all those interested in the state-building process, the implementation of strategic communications. Emphasis is placed on understanding them as precedent texts of the epoch, which contain programmatic, semantic resources for the formation of civil society, the "successful case" of the creation of the state in conditions of absolute self-organization, and so on. Among the examples of high-quality information-analytical activity in the documentary-communication process of forming the information space of modern Ukraine are the projects of the Institute of National Memory, most of which are aimed at debunking historical, ideological, political myths. the basis for the transformation of memory policy in the state. The powerful document resource on the marker "documents" in the electronic library "Diasporiana" (https://diasporiana.org.ua/) is highlighted, the possibility of isolating available precedent texts of documentary communications through thematic selections as a type of analytical documents of the electronic library as an information intermediary is analyzed. stores and provides access to electronic documents, bibliographic review and review of the status of the issue. It is noted that the analyzed cases of documents of the Ukrainian emigration community of anti-Soviet discourse contributed to the modern legislative process of decommunization and de-Sovietization. Not only the semantic cases accumulated in the documentary communication of the world Ukrainians, but also the traditions of office work, recorded in various organizational documents of congresses, conferences, etc. The analyzed fragments of documentary resources of the electronic library "Diasporiana" are an integral part of the strategic document-communication process of cognitive-information society, and the implementation of their powerful intellectual capital in information-analytical activities contribute to their transformation into an information resource of modern society to combine the documentary resources of Ukrainians in mainland Ukraine and abroad.

Target Substantiation of the content and semantic meaning (semantics) of the complex concept (concept) «drug supply» based on the choice of the most appropriate term from a number of existing options and clarification of its definition as a priority interdisciplinary area of pharmacy. Methods The initial materials of the study were publications on the organizational problems of pharmacy for the period 1971-2020, selected by the method of non-repetitive random selection from specialized journals, materials of conferences, congresses, dissertations and collections of papers. The information array included 2634 works, including 596 (22.63%) publications on the problems of drug supply. The scientific and methodological apparatus of the study included the scientometric method used to count the number of publications, content analysis and terminology meth- ods: logical-semantic, lexical, classification, comparison, and others. Results The array of terms used by specialists to designate drug supply was formed on the basis of content analysis of publication titles. Terms were selected that contained the words «drug», «pharmaceutical», etc. in combination with the words «pro- viding», «supply», «help», etc. The terms «drug care» and «drug provision» were most actively used, their total frequencies amounted to 127 and 289 positions, respectively. A logical-semantic analysis of the concept of «drug supply» has been carried out. To distinguish between the terms under discussion, a comparison of the definitions of «drug care» and «pharmaceutical care» is given. The modern se- mantic content of the concept «drug supply» is substantiated, taking into account the signs of the genus and type of the structural model of the formed definition. The relationship between the concept of «drug supply» and the concepts of «phar- maceutical activity», «circulation of medicines» and «logistics» is analyzed. The author’s classification of the types of «drug supply» by type of consumer is present- ed. As a result, a modern version of the definition was formulated: drug supply is a logistics process in the drug circulation system aimed at bringing drugs from the manufacturer (supplier) to the end user. Conclusion Evidence-based choice of the content and semantic meaning of the term «drug supply», the most adequate to its subject area, the proposed classification of types of drug supply and scientifically based formulation of the definition streamline sci- entific and practical knowledge in the field of pharmaceutical science and practice, optimize the educational process, due to the unambiguous interpretation of sub- jects, processes and phenomena, increase its effectiveness and optimize the subse- quent communication of pharmaceutical specialists in the profession and society.

The article analyzes the life and creative path of the outstanding Ukrainian historian, Professor Grygorii D. Kazmyrchuk, who turns 75 years old. He has devoted more than 30 years of teaching to Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, a well-known Decembrists-scholar, historiographer and researcher of his native village of Kalknyk. The article also covers the genus of the hero of the anniversary, his family circle. A brief historical note was given of GrygoriiDmitrovich's hometown of Kalknyk village, where he was born, thanking the Kalnitsky community, investigating his history. Grygorii D. Kazmyrchuk is the founder of the School of Decembrists Studies at the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. His works are widely known abroad. The hero of the anniversary actively cooperates with the international community in the study of various history issues. He trained more than 10 candidates in this direction (A. Kulikovska, R. Lavrenyuk, A. Verbovy, L. Gubitsky, O. Lyapina, Iu. Latysh and others). Active participants of the Decembrist school were: O. Rafalsky, A. Silkin, Yu. Shlapak, V. Smirnov, T. Orlova and others. The hero of the anniversary for the first time gave the definition of the Decembrist school, developed the periodization of Decembrists movement and conducted biographical researches of the Decembrists and historians of the Decembrists (V. Bazylevych, V. Romanovsky, J. Germayze and others). Grygorii D. Kazmyrchukorganized of more than 10 congresses on Decembrists movement – «Decembrist Readings». He resumed and continued publishing papers collections of «Decembrists in Ukraine» (five papers collections appeared under his leading). G. D. Kazmyrchuk and O. P. Reent, who Headed of the Department of History of Ukraine at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century at the Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, developed a project devoted to the emergence of the Decembrist movement and held 5 International conferences on this problem. Now the project «Ukrainian Decembrist School 1825-2019» is being actively developed. G. D. Kazmyrchuk participates in the international project «Russian Decembrist Studies in Persons 1825 – 2019», where biographies of Decembrists of Ukraine of the ХIX and ХХ centuries are highlighted. Kazmyrchuk G. D. is an elder of the Kalynitsky Cossack Regiment and an honored researcher of local lore of Ukraine. He is the author of regional studies on the history of the Kalnyk village and the Kalnitsky Cossack Regiment etc. For example, the latest edition «Kalnycky Cossack Regiment (1648–1712)» (2019) is devoted to the history and the battle route of Kalnik people. His research interests are focus on History of Ukraine, Local History, Historiography, Bibliography, World History, Social History, Biography, Shevchenko Studies, Decembrist Studies, History of University and History of Education etc. The hero of the anniversary has a rich life experience, which is happy to convey to the younger generation, their own children and grandchildren. Homeland and colleagues sincerely congratulate Grygorii Dmitrovich on the occasion of the 75th anniversary and wish him strong health and longevity!

During the Second World War, the Anti-Fascist Women's Front (AFŽ) was formed in 1942 in Bosanski Petrovac. The outcome of the formation is an attempt at long-term mobilization and organization of women within the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. The women's anti-fascist front was organizationally on the path of anti-fascism and sacrifice in achieving the military, political and other goals of the revolution. At the First Congress of the AFŽ of Yugoslavia, which was held in 1945 in Belgrade, Josip Broz Tito stated the tasks of women, which were crucial for the new state. These were the preservation of brotherhood and unity, the continuation of the fight against the enemies of the new state, preparations for the constitution elections, work on rebuilding the country, enlightening women, humanitarian work with soldiers killed in the war, parents of children killed orphaned and raising children in in the spirit of the People's Liberation Struggle. Also, after the Second World War, the International Democratic Federation of Women was established, which was founded on the initiative of women from the Federation of French Women, and which dealt exclusively with women's issues and issues of interest to women. The women of Yugoslavia, who participated in the congresses in Paris and Budapest, also played a significant role in the establishment and operation of the International Democratic Federation of Women. With the outbreak of open conflict between the countries of Informbiro and Yugoslavia in 1948, and the action of Informbiro's propaganda, it also affected the Bureau of the French Women's Union, which prevented women from Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina from attending the 1949 plenary session of the International Democratic Federation of Women in Moscow. This attitude led to women's organizations in cities, villages, peasant labor cooperatives, labor collectives and institutions throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina holding meetings, rallies and conferences, where they openly criticized and protested through letters against the decision and the revocation of calls for women's presence. Of Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina at the meeting of the International Democratic Federation of Women in Moscow. The women of Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina also had their position after the publication of the Informbiro Resolution on the situation in the CPY in 1948, where they rejected the resolution and sent and expressed their commitment to the CPY and Tito. In this regard, the paper, based on first-rate sources and relevant literature, seeks to present the activities of the Anti-Fascist Women's Front of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the years after World War II, both domestically and internationally (preparation of the International Women's Exhibition, signature collection, with the support of the proposal of the Soviet Alliance on Arms Reduction, etc.), as well as the views on the Informbiro Resolution of 1948 and the reactions of women's organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Informbiro's propaganda during 1949, due to the impossibility of women's attendance at the International Democratic Federation of Women in Moscow.

It is with deep regret that we share sad news of the passing of Professor Valerii Semenovych Ponomarchuk, Head of the Functional Diagnostics Department at the Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Dr Sc (Med) and Merited Doctor of Ukraine, who died on 12 September 2023. Valerii Semenovych was born on June 2, 1948, in Mykolaiv region, Ukraine. After completing his secondary school education, he went on to Odesa Medical School in 1964 which he graduated with Honors to become a medical assistant. After graduating with Honors in General Medicine at the Pirogov Odesa Medical Institute, he began his career as a junior researcher at the Functional Diagnostics Laboratory, the Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, in 1974. Valerii Semenovych was promoted to senior researcher and head of the Functional Diagnostics Department in 1987, and remained at the head of the department until his death. His first significant academic achievement was defending his Cand Sc (Med) thesis, Loss of Intraocular Pressure Control Secondary to Effects Exerted on Limbic System Structures, in 1981. He defended his doctoral (Dr Sc (Med)) dissertation, Early Functional Changes in the Visual System and the Pathological Mechanisms of These Changes in Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction, in 1995, and was awarded the title of professor in 1998. Professor Ponomarchuk was academic secretary for the Dissertation Defense Council specializing in ophthalmology, from 1996 to 2006; expert of the State Dissertation Defense Board in clinical medicine, from 2006 to 2012; and expert of the State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles at the Ministry of Education, Science, Youth and Sport of Ukraine in clinical medicine (surgical disorders), from 2012 to 2014. In 2002, he was elected a Vice-President of the Ukrainian Ophthalmological Society. His research and practical activities were focused on the physiology of vision, early functional diagnosis of disorders of the eye and visual system, and efficacy of treating various eye diseases with low-intensity physical stimuli (e.g., electric stimulation, photic stimulation and muscle stimulation). Professor Ponomarchuk also conducted studies on the effects of autonomic nervous system dysfunction on the eye, and the results of these studies laid down the foundation for a new area of ophthalmology, vegetoophthalmology. He developed various sets of techniques (electrophysiology techniques; studies of the central and peripheral fields of vision, cerebral and ocular circulation, and light sensitivity) for pre-clinical diagnosis of visual system disorders and comprehensive color vision evaluation. These techniques are successfully used at the Filatov institute and many eye centers of Ukraine. Professor Ponomarchuk was an active inventor. In 1988, he began his collaboration with engineers of “Shtorm” Research Institute to develop a number of diagnostic and treatment devices (ophthalmological electric and photic stimulators “Fosfen”), which have been introduced in clinical practice and are now used in more than 250 locations in Ukraine and abroad. Valerii Semenovych originated the idea of phosphene effect-based electrodiagnostics of the major visual pathways in the mid-seventies, and since then, has been developing and implementing it into practice. At that time, the electrophysiology group at the Functional Diagnostics Laboratory used a 10-year-old diagnostic electric-pulse stimulator ELS-01. The outward appearance and methodological value of the device deteriorated year by year. In addition, attendees of laboratory-based refresher courses for ophthalmologists agreed that the methodology was appropriate but were dissatisfied that the device was not available on the market. In order to address their concern, Valerii Semenovych originated the idea to develop at least several diagnostic electric simulators. A technical design assignment for the device was developed, and Volodymyr Andriiovych Ivanov, a design engineer of “Shtorm” Research Institute, designed the device on the basis of this assignment. In 1988, a diagnostic electric-pulse stimulator was developed and named “Fosfen” (Phosphene) to denote the phenomenon employed in the operation of the device, a sensation of light produced by the effect of pulse current on the eye. The device has been successfully applied in the diagnostic assessment of tens of thousands patients with various eye and central nervous system diseases in various conditions of professional activity. Electric sensitivity of the visual system and critical frequency of phosphene disappearance were determined in patients with optic nerve atrophy, retinal disorders, ocular trauma and burns, amblyopia, refractive and accommodative abnormalities, systemic and regional vegetative dysfunction, etc. During thirty subsequent years, the device was improved with new functions and parameters that offered new diagnostic capabilities. Various types of “Fosfen” electric simulators were developed not only for diagnosis, but also for treatment of a number of visual system disorders. Since 1995, these ophthalmological stimulators have been twice exhibited and awarded a silver medal at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of Ukraine in Kyiv. Hundreds of papers have been published, and dozens of reported have been presented at national and international conferences, and a number of Cand Sc (Med) theses and doctoral dissertations have been written by Valerii Semenovych and his colleagues on the basis of studies on the efficacy of a new method of diagnosis (“phosphene diagnostics”) and treatment (“phosphene stimulation”). Professor Ponomarchuk published around 300 articles, four monographs, and authored or co-authored 21 patents. He presented at numerous international conferences and congresses and published papers in journals in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Spain, Italy and Germany. He was renowned for his unwavering commitment to mentorship of Ukrainian and foreign students, postdoctoral fellows, young investigators, and/or trainees specializing in ophthalmology. From 1998 to 2018, ten individuals (including those from India, Ghana, Syria and Tunis) completed their Cand Sc (Med) degrees, and one, a Dr Sc (Med) degree, under the supervision of Prof. Ponomarchuk. In addition, he reviewed 15 doctoral dissertations and 76 Cand Sc (Med) theses. Valerii Semenovych was successful in combining his research and clinical activities with mentorship and public activities. For years he has been delivering lectures and training sessions on physiology of the eye and methods of functional studies of the eye to doctors, post-graduate students, residents and students. From 1995 to 2000, he was professor at Physiology Department at the Mechnikov Odesa National University, with 37 term and diploma papers completed and defended under his supervision. For decades Professor Ponomarchuk has been editorial board member of the Journal of Ophthalmology (Ukraine). He has been involved in studying medicine and conducting healthcare activities at the city of Odesa for almost sixty years. Valerii Semenovych was a nice and bright person, gifted and hardworking scientist, wonderful clinician and talented mentor. He was admired for his kind heart, the way in which he cared about other people, brilliant mind, outstanding knowledge and hard work. His colleagues, pupils, listeners and patients respected him as a person of high professionalism and expertise, and great erudition and empathy. We extend our heartfelt condolences to the family and friends of Professor Ponomarchuk. Valerii Semenovych will truly be missed and will live in our hearts forever.

Computational Thinking (CT) is a set of logical-operational cognitive skills or processes of reasoning, based on Computer Science. Abstraction, pattern recognition, algorithmic reasoning, and decomposition are examples of some of these skills that form the four pillar of CT. Some researchers have considered these skills as useful, and even mandatory to to cognitive development of the schoolchildren. In this paper, we present practical aspects and the possible contributions of CT in the development of competence of reading and interpreting English texts. Didactic interventions were carried out in high school classes of a public school, supported by the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) approach, in which the students used their own smartphones. During these interventions, the students developed concept maps and podcasts, performed online exercises and the traditional exam, all of that composed the set of evaluation instruments. It was possible to understand that the CT skills are intrinsically present and contributed to the development of the reading and writing skills in English. According to testimonials, we highlight that the BYOD approach provided new conceptions and perspectives on the use of electronic equipment in function of the students’ learning.ResumoO Raciocínio Computacional (RC) é um conjunto de habilidades ou processos cognitivos lógico-operacionais de raciocínio, fundamentadas na Ciência da Computação. Abstração, reconhecimento de padrões, raciocínio algorítmico e decomposição são exemplos de algumas dessas habilidades que formam os quatro pilares do RC. Alguns pesquisadores consideram essas habilidades úteis, e até mesmo fundamentais, para o desenvolvimento cognitivo dos estudantes. Nesse sentido, este relato de experiência tem por objetivo apresentar aspectos práticos e possíveis contribuições do RC no desenvolvimento da competência de leitura e interpretação de textos de diferentes naturezas na disciplina de língua inglesa. Para isso, realizaram-se intervenções didáticas em uma turma do ensino médio de uma escola pública, apoiadas na abordagem Bring Your Own Device ou, simplesmente, BYOD, em que os estudantes usaram seus próprios aparelhos celulares. Durante o desenvolvimento das intervenções, os estudantes construíram mapas conceituais e podcasts, realizarem exercício online e a tradicional prova, os quais compuseram o conjunto de instrumentos avaliativos do bimestre. Por meio dessas intervenções, foi possível identificar como as habilidades do RC estiveram intrinsecamente presentes e contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da competência de leitura e escrita em língua inglesa, elencada pelos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais. Conforme relatos, além da articulação didática com o RC, a abordagem BYOD proporcionou à professora e aos estudantes novas concepções e perspectivas sobre o uso de equipamentos eletrônicos em função da aprendizagem deles mesmos.Palavras-chave: Raciocínio computacional, Ensino de inglês, Mobile learning, Educação em computação.Keywords: Computational thinking, English teaching, Mobile learning, Computer science education.ReferencesALBERTA Education. School Technology Branch. Bring your own device: a guide for schools. 2012. Disponível em:http://education.alberta.ca/admin/technology/research.aspx. Acesso em: 01 fev. 2017.ALLAN, Walter; COULTER, Bob; DENNER, Jill; ERICKSON, Jeri; LEE, Irene; MALYN-SMITH, Joyce; MARTIN, Fred. Computational thinking for youth. White Paper for the ITEST Learning Resource Centre na EDC. Small Working Group on Computational Thinking (CT), 2010. Disponível em: http://stelar.edc.org/publications/computational-thinking-youth. 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Developing computational thinking in compulsory education Implications for policy and practice. European Commission, JRC Science for Policy Report. 2016.BRASIL, Ministério da Educação. Secretaria da Educação Básica. PCN+ ensino médio: Orientações educacionais complementares aos parâmetros curriculares nacionais, Brasília: MEC. 2002. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/seb/arquivos/pdf/linguagens02.pdf. Acesso em: set 2017.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação (MEC). Base Nacional Comum Curricular. 2017. Disponível em: http://basenacionalcomum.mec.gov.br/. Acesso em: set 2017.BRITANNICA, Encyclopaedia. Phenol: Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2012. Disponível em: https://www.britannica.com/. Acesso em: 01 fev. 2017.BROOKSHEAR, J-Glenn. Ciência da Computação: uma visão abrangente. Porto Alegre, Bookman Editora, 2005.CHARLTON, Patricia; LUCKIN, Rosemary. Computational thinking and computer science in schools. What The Research Says’ Briefing, v. 2. 2012. [s.p.]CHIOFI, Luiz Carlos; OLIVEIRA, Marta Regina Furlan de. O uso das tecnologias educacionais como ferramenta didática no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. In: Anais da III Jornada de Didática - Jornada de Didática: Desafios para a Docência e II Seminário de Pesquisa do CEMAD. Londrina, 2014. [s.p.]COMPUTER AT SCHOOL. Computational Thinking: a guide for teachers. Hodder Education - the educational division of Hachette UK Digital Schoolhouse, 2015. Disponível em: https://community.computingatschool.org.uk/resources/2324/single. Acesso em: 01 set 2017.CORREIA, Paulo Rogério Miranda; SILVA, Amanda Cristina; ROMANO JÚNIOR, Jerson Geraldo. Mapas conceituais como ferramenta de avaliação na sala de aula. Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física, v. 32, n. 4, p. 4402-4408. 2010.COSTA, Giselda dos Santos. 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Disponível em: <https://computationalthinkingcourse.withgoogle.com/unit?lesson=8&unit=1. Acesso em: set 2017.LEE, Irene; MARTIN, Fred; DENNER, Jill; COULTER, Bob; ALLAN, Walter; ERICKSON, Jeri; MALYN-SMITH, Joyce; WERNER, Linda. Computational thinking for youth in practice. ACM Inroads, v. 2, n. 1, 2011. p. 32-37.LIUKAS, Linda. Hello Ruby: adventures in coding. New York: Feiwel & Friends, 2015.LU, Zhao.; YING, Lu. Application of Podcast in Teaching and Learning Oral English for Non-English Majors. In: International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences, Shiyang, 2013. p. 1935-1938. doi: 10.1109/ICCIS.2013.506MANNILA, Linda; VALENTINA, Dagiene; DEMO, Barbara; GRGURINA, Natasa; MIROLO, Claudio; ROLANDSSON, Lennart; SETTLE, Amber. Computational thinking in K-9 education. In: Proceedings of the working group reports of the 2014 on innovation & technology in computer science education conference. ACM, 2014. p. 1-29.MOREIRA, Antonio Marco. 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In: Anais dos Workshops do Congresso Brasileiro de Informática na Educação, v. 4, 2015. p. 1300-1309.RACHID, Laura. Cenário da educação básica no Brasil é alarmante, aponta Ideb. Revista Educação. São Paulo, 04 set. 2018. Disponível em: http://www.revistaeducacao.com.br/cenario-da-educacao-basica-no-brasil-e-alarmante/. Acesso em: 26 de setembro de 2018.RODRIGUEZ, Carla; ZEM-LOPES, Aparecida Maria; MARQUES, Leonardo; ISOTANI, Seiji. Pensamento Computacional: transformando ideias em jogos digitais usando o Scratch. In: Anais do Workshop de Informática na Escola. p. 62-71. 2015.SILVA, Edson Coutinho. Mapas conceituais: propostas de aprendizagem e avaliação. Administração: Ensino e Pesquisa, [S.l.], v. 16, n. 4, p. 785-815, dez. 2015. ISSN 2358-0917. Disponível em: <https://raep.emnuvens.com.br/raep/article/view/385/196>. Acesso em: 06 nov. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.13058/raep.2015.v16n4.385.SILVA, Edson Coutinho. Mapas Conceituais: Modelos de Avaliação. Concept Mapping to Learn and Innovate. In: Proc. of Sixth Int. Conference on Concept Mapping. Santos, Brazil. 2014.WING, Jannette. Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, v. 49, n. 3, p. 33-35, 2006.WING, Jannette. Computational thinking and thinking about computing. Philosophical transactions of the royal society of London A: mathematical, physical and engineering sciences, v. 366, n. 1881, 2008. p. 3717-3725.XU, Zhichang. Problems and strategies of teaching English in large classes in the People's Republic of China. In: Expanding Horizons in Teaching and Learning. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Teaching Learning Forum. 2001. p. 7-9.ZORZO, Avelino Francisco; RAABE, André Luís Alice; BRACKMANN, Christian Puhlmann. Computação: o vetor de transformação da sociedade. In: FOGUEL, D.; SCHEUENSTUHL, M. C. B. Desafios da Educação Técnico-Científica no Ensino Médio. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 2018. p. 154-163.e3116073

This issue of the journal “History of Science and Technology” has been prepared in difficult conditions. In difficult conditions for authors… In difficult conditions for reviewers ... In difficult conditions for the editorial board… In difficult conditions for the whole world in general!!! This issue contains ten articles. The first of these articles came in late 2019, when the world did not know yet these terrible words: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19); severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)… COVID-19 was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since spread worldwide, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. As on May 29, 2020, when these lines were written, more than 5 800 000 cases were recorded in 188 countries, killing more than 359 000 people. We hope that humanity will invent a vaccine as soon as possible, and these horrific death statistics will first stop growing and then stop altogether. For this, many events and activities are important, as history shows. Including the history of the development of science and technology, that is the subject area of our publication. In many sources on the history of electric power production the evolution of electric power production was studied both in developed and developing countries and its impact on economy. The growing demand for electric power became the most problem that stood before the power sector of Ghana. This issue begins with an article examining activities that in many ways helped to create a sustainable electricity supply for households and industries in Ghana, especially in the cities of Accra and Kumasi, between 1900 and 1960. Scientific-technical borrowings are one of those types of scientific support for the work of industrial sectors, whose role in the conditions of exiting the crisis to acquiring the particular importance. Since the mid-1920s, they have become the main way of scientific support for the organization of the development of Ukrainian electric machine-building industry in the context of large-scale electrification of the country. That was due to the need for a quick withdrawal of this industry from the previous crisis in the absence in the Ukrainian SSR of its own scientific support system for the electric machine engineering. An example of this measure, which was considered in the study, was an attempt to achieve the fastest possible increase in productivity of the Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant at minimal financial cost. The next article analyzes the activities of the mining industry in the south of the Russian Empire, of which Ukraine was a part of that time. An analysis of the so-called “coal crisis” and the role of large miners in collusion has been made. Market monopolization has been considered. Emphasis is made on the customs policy of the tsarist government, speculation on temporary fuel difficulties. The study shows that in the last quarter of the nineteenth century there was a consolidation and monopolization of the mining industry in the south of the Russian Empire. In the 21st century, every reputable journal also has an online version, which makes the dissemination of scientific information almost instantaneous. We are so accustomed to the conveniences of the information age that it is difficult for us to imagine the difficulties that scientists faced a little over 150 years ago. The genesis of science launched the process of forming branch of scientific communities and demanded stable ways of communication for productive and effective development of the branch. Scientific journals have become an ideal means of disseminating information, and a scientific article has been transformed from an ordinary letter into a modern form and has taken on an ideal form. The importance of international communication between scientists, on the example of consideration of the activities of Valerian Mykolaiovych Lihin, is discussed in the following study. He became the first Russian-speaking member of one of the oldest Mathematical Societies in Europe - the French. V. Lihin broke the tradition of “isolated” science when discoveries in the Russian Empire (and later in the USSR) were made separately from the rest of the world. In the next article an attempt to investigate in a chronological order the historical circumstances on the formation and development of the mainline electric locomotives engineering at the Luhansk diesel locomotives engineering plant (1957–2014) has been made. Historical and biographical research is continued by the article, which considers the factors shaping the scientific worldview of Mykola Pavlovych Petrov - an outstanding scientist and engineer against the background of his initiative and organizational efforts to develop the domestic scientific and technical space of the late nineteenth - early twentieth The article devoted to highlighting the contribution of academician Mariia Vasylivna Pavlova (Gortynska) in the development of palaeozoology science at the end of the XIX – the first third of the XX centuries continues the cycle of historical and biographical researches. We hope that our readers will be interested in scientific work, examining the research of Russian women in the field of human genetics in 1920-1930. The main task of the article was to determine the contribution of women scientists to the development of different fields of human genetics. Particular attention was given to reconstructing women’s geneticists’ research work, reviewing the content of their publications, and analyzing the theoretical and methodological approaches they employed in solving various scientific problems. In the history of Ukrainian archeology, there are many names of outstanding researchers who have devoted their lives to the study of our antiquity. Among them is Yulian Kulakovskyi, a well-known domestic historian and archeologist. In 1883 Yu. A. Kulakovskyi joined the Nestor Chronicler Historical Society. Since that time, his life and career have been closely linked to this scientific union. The analysis of the results of researches in the field of late antique archeology of the Crimea, published on the pages of “Readings of the Historical Society of Nestor the Chronicler”, is discussed in the next article. The development of the spread of COVID-19 shows that in the fight against it in the first place are such measures and actions as unrestricted access to information on methods of combating the spread of the virus; exchange of data at the international level on treatment methods of the disease; communication between scientists from different countries; timely quarantine measures, etc. In this sense, it is important to study the historical experience of mankind in the fight against pandemics. This issue of the journal History of Science and Technology concludes with an article on a critical analysis of nineteenth-century military interventions as the main cause of the spread of infectious diseases internationally. Emerging problems and solutions obtained as a result of a critical analysis of the materials of the International Sanitary Conferences reveal the history of the spread of infectious diseases and the methods of early statistics used for epidemiological purposes. Concluding this Preface, we emphasize once again the importance of a comprehensive study of international historical experience in the development of science and technology. Not limited to any one field or field of science, we are ready to provide the pages of our journal for the opportunity to exchange views with the international scientific community. Let peace and health be with everyone in these hard times!

: Social Media includes different forms of online communication from Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, podcasts, YouTube etc and has advanced how information is exchanged. A notable use is engaging on Twitter at medical conferences, both for those attending the conference and the global audience who are not able to attend. It is also increasingly used as an educational tool similar to elearning. The objective of this paper is to: 1) highlight the impact of using Twitter at cardiovascular congresses as an interactive platform for active learning as compared to passively listening to a presentation; 2) present perspectives from not only clinicians, researchers but also patients on how this information is interpreted; 3) provide recommendations for conference organizers for best practice live tweeting to share the information and knowledge beyond those in attendance; with potential for not only engagement but also educating our global community..

In our opinion in the past 16 months a new mental illness showed up throughout the world, and we can safely conclude that among all the mental illnesses it rose to first place when it comes to the numbers. As a result, people neglect the way they dress, their own appearance, exact timelines, and schedules have become meaningless, and “social complacency” has become prevalent. Some specific changes in everyday life: drastic setbacks in the classic educational forms; teleworking became dominant; trips abroad disappeared; there are no more visits to relatives and friends; lack of conferences and congresses with in-person interaction; lack of public cultural events: theater, opera, performance, cinema etc. etc. People’s personalities tend to solidify between the ages of 26 and 28 and change very little after.If a serious environmental change occurs (eg unemployment, divorce, homelessness, imprisonment, several years of study abroad, etc.), if this condition is permanent and there is no possibility of close contact with the family and lasts this period lasts for more than a year, an irreversible change appears in one’s personality. The epidemic breaks down middle-aged people who have already developed a set of values and who work schedules they are already used to. People in such a situations cannot return to their old selves. This is a social, global stress. If this pandemic passes, new laws start to gaining ground, a new code of ethics may need to be written for this disease as well.

In our opinion in the past 16 months a new mental illness showed up throughout the world, and we can safely conclude that among all the mental illnesses it rose to first place when it comes to the numbers. As a result, people neglect the way they dress, their own appearance, exact timelines, and schedules have become meaningless, and “social complacency” has become prevalent. Some specific changes in everyday life: drastic setbacks in the classic educational forms; teleworking became dominant; trips abroad disappeared; there are no more visits to relatives and friends; lack of conferences and congresses with in-person interaction; lack of public cultural events: theater, opera, performance, cinema etc. etc. People’s personalities tend to solidify between the ages of 26 and 28 and change very little after.If a serious environmental change occurs (eg unemployment, divorce, homelessness, imprisonment, several years of study abroad, etc.), if this condition is permanent and there is no possibility of close contact with the family and lasts this period lasts for more than a year, an irreversible change appears in one’s personality. The epidemic breaks down middle-aged people who have already developed a set of values and who work schedules they are already used to. People in such a situations cannot return to their old selves. This is a social, global stress. If this pandemic passes, new laws start to gaining ground, a new code of ethics may need to be written for this disease as well

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common malignancy among men and is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide. The present study aims to systematically review the ability of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to differentiate between benign and malignant prostate lesions. According to the 06-PRISMA guideline, we searched in five English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar without time limitation for publications related to the role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for prostate cancer diagnosis. The searched words and terms were: “prostate cancer”, “prostatitis”, “magnetic resonance spectroscopy”, “benign prostate hyperplasia”, “malignant prostate hyperplasia”, “comparison”. Totally 1927 papers were identified by database searching. Out of these papers, 261 papers were discarded because of duplication. Of the remaining 1666 papers, 1604 papers were discarded because of the inadequate information and the ones in which the abstract was submitted in congresses as preceding papers, conferences, and editorials without full text. Out of the remaining 62 papers which were studied for eligibility, 52 papers were removed for a number of reasons including inconsistency between methods with results, incorrect interpretation of the results, poor methodology, etc. Finally, 10 papers were included in this present study. In general, based on the results of the review of articles, MRS has optimal sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in diagnosing prostate cancer and differentiating it from benign prostate hyperplasia in comparison with other diagnostic and pathological methods. Due to the small number of studies related to the sensitivity and specificity of MRS, further checking was not possible to confirm these results. Therefore, further studies in this regard are recommended.

Tendencies of conducting business in the 21st century created the need to transform conventional approaches in management seeking opportunities for implementing new effective management tools for various aspects of production and economic activity. Recently, event management has become one of the most dynamic subsystems of enterprise management functioning in parallel with other subsystems (in particular, subsystems of financial management, production management, quality management, personnel management, innovation management, management of foreign economic activities, information management, risk management, project management, etc.). The pace of event industry development is increasing every year, both in Ukraine and worldwide. Today, it is difficult to imagine existence of any business sphere without the tools and methods of various business event management initiatives (business meetings, fairs, exhibitions, conferences, congresses, marketing events, social initiatives, etc.), as well as without teambuilding character of activities at economic entities, encompassed in the concept of event management. At the same time, giving its low coverage in literature, the issue of event management positioning in the enterprise management leads to the creation of various problems: it becomes difficult to determine its optimal structure depending on the type of business, its role in ensuring development of a business entity is "blurred", its significance in creating added business value is underestimated, etc. The purpose of this article is to develop a model for positioning event management in company management, looking at it from a two dimentional perspective: focusing on processes and focusing on the future, depending on the level of event management integration into the overall management system in a company. To achieve the set goal, a systematic approach, a graphic display method, as well as a structural and logical analysis were used. The proposed model adds value to the list of scientific and practical provisions in event management sphere, as it makes it possible to unfold its deep essence and structure, which are instrumental for the realities of modern businesses, and to determine its connection with other management subsystems through the prism of "value for others". In addition, the given proposals contribute to the understanding of event management as a system-forming component in increasing business efficiency. Finally, the specified model will help to increase profitability of enterprise by integrating divisions involved in event management processes. It is about event management at its highest levels of development contributing to the creation of actual added business value

The article considers the history of establishing and functioning of the party periodicals in Ukraine in 1919–1920. The aim of the research is to find out the main conditions of formation of the press system of the Ukrainian Communist Party (borotbysty), to trace the thematic spectrum of publications of the leading figures of the Party. The object of the study are organs and newspapers of the Ukrainian Communist Party (borotbysty), that were published in Kharkiv, Kyiv, Poltava, Vinnytsia (such as «Borotba / Struggle», «Borotbyst / Fighter», «Chervona borotba / Red struggle», «Chervonyy stiah / Red flag», «Chervonyy prapor / Red banner», and others). During the short period of Party existence, the leaders of the Ukrainian Communist Party (borotbysty) managed to form a network of party periodicals in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Poltava, Kherson, Odesa, Vinnytsia, Zhytomyr, Pryluky, etc. Most of the titles of party newspapers contained the word struggle or its derivatives in the logo. The main topics of publications are party documents (acts, memoranda, appeals, resolutions of party congresses and conferences), current party activities, chronicles of political affairs, letters from workers and peasants, debunking of political enemies and the opposition. Poems, short stories, and feuilletons were also published. Among the editorial boards and permanent employees of this press were party figures, writers, and publicists (V.Ellansky (V. Ellan-Blakytny), H. Mykhailychenko, V. Chumak, M. Lebedynets, M.Avdienko, O. Shumsky, A. Richytsky (A. Pisotsky), M. Pankiv, and others). Most of them were People’s commissars of education, ministers in the Soviet government, as well as members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, but the regime of Stalin annihilated them. Their creative biographies and activities in editorial and publishing fields need to be studied and rehabilitated. In prospect, it is important to research thoroughly the heritage of the political leaders, to decipher cryptonyms and pseudonyms, which often occur on the pages of periodicals of the Ukrainian Communist Party (borotbysty).

Does science have a moral component? Today, as well as in the past, the perspectives of scientists diverge. Some scientists join political groups and work for them. They only care about financial benefits and waiving moral and ethical rules. Others take an alienated stance, arguing that science only has scientific objectives that must be addressed. They lack concern for ethical aspects and stand by the motto “science for the sake of science.” Others say it is important to have ethical rules in science and that we cannot preserve humankind and its movement towards the future without ethical and moral principles. Considering that the world is currently in the second decade of the 21st century, it is evident that it has been divided into two distinct axes: the first being democracy, with its significance to every human life, and the second being dictatorship and tyranny, where human life is deemed worthless in pursuit of a particular objective. Ukraine has become the first outpost of this division and an example for humankind, where moral and ethical rules serve as the foundation of its statehood, which it has been defending in the cruel war with the Moscow nuclear empire since 2014. Ukraine, through its centuries-old sacrifices and historical experience, has enlightened humanity with the authentic foundations of morality: the heroism of its defenders, the fervent patriotism of its people, spiritual principles, empathy, saving people and animals, aiding the needy, the volunteer movement, the humane treatment of prisoners of war, and adherence to international legal principles. Our main goal is to protect our personal freedom, which is vital for every scientist to be self-fulfilled. What is the distinction in morality/ethics between homo sovieticus and a doctor? The Hippocratic Oath has been a moral compass for all doctors for several millennia. Its essence has not changed. The Soviet government abolished the Hippocratic Oath in 1917 because it prevented their political objective of enslaving the population [1]. The Bolsheviks imposed a new healthcare system through a decree: they legalized abortions in 1920 and active euthanasia (by medical professionals) in 1922 [1,2]. The Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada reinstated the Hippocratic Oath in 1971. Called “The Oath of the Soviet Doctor,” it was meant to raise the doctor’s prestige and emphasize their duty before the Soviet state [3]. The decline of medical ethics in the Russian Federation also saw the abandonment of ancient traditions focused on the patient in the principles of medical practitioners’ activities and the continued functioning as a tool of the ruling government [4]. The oath of Russian physicians, with its patronizing and sexist language, completely disregards the rights of the patient and the physician’s responsibility to take preventive measures and fulfill their duties before society. The expert in medical ethics, Pellegrino, observed, “It’s hard to imagine a more devastating mutilation of the body of medical ethics.” The re-emergence of pre-existing medical behavior patterns, which were rooted in the Ukrainian environment and influenced by Greek-Catholic customs prior to the Soviet era, was observed with the declaration of Ukraine’s independence in 1991. Professor Bohdan Nadraha was a strong supporter of the creation of updated medical ethics [5]. As one of the initiators of the revival of the Ukrainian Medical Society in Lviv and as the head of the Court of Medical Honor from 1992 to 1996, he firmly advocated for the reinstatement of bioethical principles among physicians and their practice in accordance with the principles of Hippocrates. Professor Ihor Herych created a document called “The Hippocratic Oath of the Doctor”, and Lviv Regional Medical Administration officially accepted it in 2007 [6]. Article 81 describes the ethical behavior of a doctor, including the doctor’s attitude towards the patient, the quality of medical care, confidentiality, the doctor’s role in end-of-life care, transplantation issues, conducting clinical trials, patient’s informed consent, and responsibility of doctors before the society. During a meeting with members of the Medical Commission of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and the Ukrainian Medical Society in Lviv, His Beatitude Liubomyr Husar addressed the physicians regarding the observance of the Hippocratic Oath, “In my opinion, it is imperative to comprehend that medicine is not merely a profession, but a calling, regardless of the form of oath.” He further stated that “understanding the significance of one’s profession and performing it with the utmost diligence is essential” [7]. The doctor has a calling that obliges them to do everything possible for the patient’s benefit. His important advice on de-communization was, “Corruption is part of the Soviet legacy. In my perspective, it is imperative that the authorities, scientists, historians, and every member of society analyze the legacy of the Soviet era and the remaining negative elements and swiftly eradicate these undesirable elements” [8]. Ukrainian scientists have a lot to be proud of because they started the foundations back in the 19th century when they founded the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv in 1873 with support from philanthropists from Naddniprianshchyna. The Ukrainian intelligentsia and academics united and forged a solid foundation for the ethical values they pursued, embracing the ideals of liberty and tolerance being stuck among the two empires – the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the oppressive autocratic Russian Empire. This Society experienced significant development under the leadership of academician Mykhailo Hrushevskyi. The medical commission was established and supervised by Yevhen Ozarkevych, a prominent public figure, scientist, and physician, in 1898. As a global Ukrainian multidisciplinary academy of sciences, the medical commission has given impetus to the development of various directions of Ukrainian science, culture, and language and became the intellectual foundation of the Ukrainian state in 1918. The Shevchenko Scientific Society operated in Poland until 1939 and was destroyed by the Soviet authorities. In 1989, the Ukrainian diaspora recommenced its operations in Ukraine. The active intellectual diaspora, with its centers in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia, has been operational for 50 years (working outside Ukraine). So, we have a story about moral scientists who lived and worked for their country and the world [9]. Doctors and scientists who were forced to emigrate continued the traditions of the Lviv Ukrainian Medical Society and the Shevchenko Scientific Society during the 46 years of communist rule in western Ukraine. They started the Ukrainian Medical Society of North America in 1950 and published their works in the world’s only medical journal, “Medical Herald” (1954). Roman Osinchuk, who graduated from Lviv University and emigrated to New York in 1947, was its Editor-in-Chief. The basis of their activities were moral and ethical principles. Pavlo Dzhul, who edited the “Medical Herald” from 1967 to 2003, said it was better to follow the rules of medical ethics and follow the Hippocratic Oath instead of making a new code of ethics. “Hippocrates, in his oath, called for the honest fulfillment of duties according to one’s abilities and knowledge... a physician should alleviate the suffering of the sick and preserve human life... should lead a pure and blameless life, be committed to their profession to the fullest, and stay far from all that is malicious, unjust, and harmful. The aforementioned adage “primum non nocere” ought to remain relevant throughout time. A doctor who adheres to these principles will be able to fulfill their duties with a clear conscience, even during times of great revolutionary breakthroughs in medicine. Therefore, there is no need to draft a new code of medical ethics, but rather to reaffirm the ideals of our forefathers” [10]. In modern times, Ukraine is again fighting for the eternal principles of morality against the essence of the Russian Federation distorted by Soviet narratives and other dictatorial regimes. The democratic world underestimated the threats of dictatorial and terrorist regimes. Aggressors use economic and informational methods to manipulate people with a false ideology. They shape their supporters into “biomass” and instill in them a hidden “dark” morality also involving their religions. This is the second year that Ukraine is experiencing war particularly painfully, and this was also demonstrated during the attack on Israel. How methodically and uniformly the dictator-terrorist regimes operate! What a treachery, deceit, and cruelty! Someone teaches well, and executors learn quickly! The world must arrive at lucid and expeditious conclusions, as this poses a serious threat to the democratic principles of humanity. Joe Biden spoke about it in his special address from the White House on October 19, 2023: “We’re facing an inflection point in history... those moments where the decisions we make today are going to determine the future... History has taught us that when terrorists don’t pay a price for their terror, when dictators don’t pay a price for their aggression, they cause more chaos and death and more destruction... making sure Israel and Ukraine succeed is vital for America’s national security... global democracy” [11]. Everyone should reflect on these words, especially the intellectual elite. Scientists worldwide need to know which direction they are moving in by using their knowledge, abilities, and work. The everyday work and moral decisions made by scientists represent the symbolic placement of weights on various platforms of the historical scales: either for democracy or for dictatorship. They are two components of the real world today. What prevails now will be our future! This is a challenging question for scientists living in dictatorial states. They either have to leave them or refrain from supporting the development of these societies by speaking at international congresses or publishing articles about their developments in scientific journals. It is imperative that they wait for better times, refrain from supporting and sustaining the dictatorship, and refrain from contributing to its perpetuation. Living in a country that routinely commits mass genocide against other nations, commits humanitarian and ecological crimes, kills children and prisoners of war, and demolishes churches, museums, hospitals, educational institutions, and cemeteries was not a lucky break for them. Hence, scientists in democratic societies must clearly define their objectives: are they engaged in genuine scientific research with a moral component and generating a perspective for humanity, or are they focusing on the financial aspect and inviting scientists from dictatorial regimes to international conferences and publishing their articles in reputable journals in exchange for financial support? Scientists from the Russian Federation are not victims, and the world must refrain from using the term “good” Russians. They are the representatives of a terrorist state, and they must be isolated during the war to enable their minds and conscience to comprehend the significance of human life [9]. The ethical oversight of scientific endeavors, viewed as a vital necessity, is a crucial prerequisite for the advancement of research and the existence of humankind in its entirety. Every scientist should be aware of their responsibility for the fate of humanity. True science must have a moral face! The war is a test to see how well the Ukrainian people believe in morals and science. Ukrainian scientists have taken a stand to defend their state, democracy, and freedom despite the circumstances of war by establishing an intellectual front [10]. Some scientists volunteered and sacrificed their lives for the democratic future of Ukraine and humankind. More than 80 scientists died in 2022-2023. Some scientists help the Armed Forces of Ukraine with their developments [11], and others save wounded Heroes [12]. We thank the scientists of Europe, America, Canada, and Australia who have supported and continue to support Ukraine [13,14], who do not create a platform for the propaganda of Russian science, and who do not invite Russian scientists to their professional congresses and conferences. Ferenc Krausz, the Hungarian Nobel Prize laureate in physics, donated his prize money to help Ukraine, which, contrary to the official policy of the Hungarian government in the international arena, has become an example of morality. Yet many scholars advocate the principle of neutrality and the grey zone. Many scientific conferences and professional gatherings don’t mention the war in Europe, they allow scientists from the Russian Federation to speak and moderate, and they don’t commemorate peaceful researchers who perished because of the war. This is what happened at an international conference organized by the European Society for Primary Immunodeficiency in Gothenburg on April 16-18, 2022. The professional community did not honor the memory of Oksana Leontiieva, a scientist and hematologist from Kyiv who was supposed to talk at this conference about her developments in transplanting primary immunodeficiency on October 17. On October 10, 2022, seven days before the scheduled speech, she was killed by a Russian bomb while en route to work. At that time, Russian scientists were actively delivering their speeches at the conference. Haven’t scientists around the world had enough of the horrible things happening in Europe, like Russian bombings of hospitals, schools, libraries, theaters, homes, cafés, and funerals? Aren’t they equated to the high crimes of war, genocide, and terrorism? Several independent organizations cited in the Raoul Wallenberg Center for Human Rights report for May 2022 established this. The report also concludes that “states have a legal obligation to prevent genocide beyond their borders when they become aware of a serious risk of genocide”. The threshold established by this report has been reached, and states are no longer allowed to deny it. For the past two years, there have been discussions about whether Western publications should refuse to publish scientific papers from Russian institutions. Only the Journal of Molecular Structure has issued a clear statement based on the humanitarian crisis arising from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, ceasing the acceptance of manuscripts from scientists working in institutions of the Russian Federation [15]. Several journals declined to endorse a boycott for the sake of “universal science” (The British Medical Journal) [16] or to prevent “dividing the global research community and inhibiting the exchange of scientific knowledge” (Nature) [17]. Science has also decided not to boycott Russian submissions [18]. The “Journal of Hematopathology” has emerged as a prominent publication among Springer Nature’s journals, expressing its condemnation of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine while retaining a proactive approach towards evaluating manuscripts from Russian authors [19]. The war in Ukraine is condemned in several publications [20-21]. This is an example of outrage without real action. Russians are not even denied electronic access to scientific publications. Did these publications accept manuscripts from the Nazi regime during World War II or the Soviet regime during the Cold War era? When asked if American universities should have boycotted German/Nazi universities during World War II, they answered, “...when the Nazis criminalized higher education, they ceased to be universities” [22]. The united comprehensive approach of the civilized world, scientists in the first place, was able to defeat fascism and collapse the Soviet Union. Scientists all over the world are now deeply concerned about the Russian Federation’s actions in Ukraine. You learn nothing from history! Scientists from the Russian Federation supported the war with Ukraine during its early days, and many of them continue supporting it. The Russian Federation has criminalized its own research institutes and universities through its stringent regulations that suppress free speech and, consequently, academic freedom. Research institutions operate for the war machine in three shifts. Russian scientists are essential supporters of government policy. For example, about one million Russian scientists left the country in protest against the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Those who stayed don’t have enough important lab supplies from the West because of sanctions or reduced national funding for science [23]. But now is not the time for them to create the conditions for the development of science. Supporting them is a threat of the third world war! The manuscripts of Russian scientists with Homo sovieticus origins deserve to be boycotted by Western scientific publications until the war ends, with the complete withdrawal of Russian troops from Ukrainian territory, the reparations for the killed population, registered justice and convicted war crimes, restoration of the destroyed infrastructure; mitigating the environmental catastrophe in the Ukrainian territory due to widespread mining, dam explosion, etc. During wartime, international sanctions in the realm of science should be imposed, much like those for economic, sporting, and cultural spheres. For humankind to have perspective, isolation of the aggressor must function in the scientific field. Scientists should make a conscious decision regarding the purpose for which they live, work, think, and create. Think before the nuclear monster destroys the planet!!!