Academic literature on the topic 'Congo River plume'

Abstract The Congo River has the second largest rate of flow in the world and is mainly responsible for the broad tongue of low-salinity water that is observed in the Gulf of Guinea. Despite their importance, near-equatorial river plumes have not been studied as thoroughly as midlatitude plumes and their dynamics remain unclear. Using both theory and idealized numerical experiments that reproduce the major characteristics of the region, the authors have investigated the dynamics of the Congo River plume and examine its sensitivity to different forcing mechanisms. It is found that near-equatorial plumes are more likely to be surface trapped than midlatitude plumes, and the importance of the β effect in describing the strong offshore extent of the low-salinity tongue during most of the year is demonstrated. It is shown that the buoyant plume constrained by the geomorphology is subject to the β pulling of nonlinear structures and wavelike equatorial dynamics. The wind is found to strengthen the intrinsic buoyancy-driven dynamics and impede the development of the coastal southward current, in coherence with observations.

Based on satellite surface salinity (SSS) observations from the SMOS, Aquarius and SMAP missions, we investigate the interannual SSS variability during the period from 2010 to 2020 in the Gulf of Guinea, impacted by the Congo River run-off. Combined with in situ data, the available 11 years of satellite salinity data suggest that the plume of Congo run-off primarily spreads into western directions, leading to reduced SSS. A fraction of it also shows a coastal southward extent subject to interannual variability influenced by coastal trapped waves. The low-salinity water is associated with high values of net primary production, confirming the riverine origin of the nutrient rich plume. No correlation can be found between the plume patterns and the different upwelling strengths in the subsequent upwelling months, nor could a correlation be found with the occurrence of the Benguela Niños. Linking the occurrence of a barrier layer to the occurrence of low-salinity plumes remains difficult, mainly because of the sparseness of in situ data. However, the influence of the low-salinity layer is evident in its stronger stratification and an increased available potential energy.

Satellite salinity data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission was recently enhanced, increasing the spatial extent near the coast that eluded earlier versions. In a pilot attempt we assimilate this data into a coastal ocean model (ROMS) using variational assimilation and, for the first time, investigate the impact on the simulation of a major river plume (the Congo River). Four experiments were undertaken consisting of a control (without data assimilation) and the assimilation of either sea surface height (SSH), SMOS and the combination of both, SMOS SSH. Several metrics specific to the plume were utilised, including the area of the plume, distance to the centre of mass, orientation and average salinity. The assimilation of SMOS and combined SMOS SSH consistently produced the best results in the plume analysis. Argo float salinity profiles provided independent verification of the forecast. The SMOS or SMOS SSH forecast produced the closest agreement for Argo profiles over the whole domain (outside and inside the plume) for three of four months analysed, improving over the control and a persistence baseline. The number of samples of Argo floats determined to be inside the plume were limited. Nevertheless, for the limited plume-detected floats the largest improvements were found for the SMOS or SMOS SSH forecast for two of the four months.

Dans le Golfe de Guinée (GG), les masses d’eau douce provenant des décharges des fleuves et les taux de précipitations élevés contribuent à la stratification en densité de la couche superficielle océanique, et jouent un rôle clé dans la modulation des interactions air-mer. Cependant, les variations thermohalines des couches superficielles au sein des panaches d’eau douce du GG sont encore mal connues, car très peu observées et documentées. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est donc d’étudier et de documenter la variabilité spatiale à mésoéchelle horizontale (10-100 km) et verticale (0-100m), intra-saisonnière à saisonnière de la structure 3D thermohaline dans les panaches d’eau douce du GG, et notamment les panaches des fleuves Congo et Niger. Tout d’abord, à l’aide des données d’observations satellite SSS SMOS, notre étude a montré que les panaches d’eau douce dans cette région s’étendent vers l’océan du large suivant deux régimes de propagation. Durant la période de septembre à janvier, ils se propagent vers le large en direction Nord-Ouest tandis que de janvier à avril, ils se redirigent vers le Sud-Ouest, où leur extension maximale est observée en avril. Le reste de l’année, de mai à août, est marqué par un épisode de salinisation de surface, où les panaches d’eau douce se dissipent avec une extension minimale observée en août. L’analyse du bilan de salinité dans la couche mélangée de surface a permis de mettre en évidence les principaux processus physiques contrôlant la variabilité saisonnière de la salinité au sein de ces panaches d’eau douce. Ce diagnostic a montré que les processus d’advection horizontale et les flux d’eau douce associés aux précipitations et aux décharges des fleuves expliquent principalement de la distribution offshore des masses d’eau de faible salinité dans cette région. Dans le panache du Congo en particulier, l’advection horizontale de salinité est principalement expliquée par la dérive d’Ekman du vent de surface. Ensuite, nous avons montré que la distribution offshore du panache du Congo aux échelles intra-saisonnières est associée à des couches de barrière de sel d’une part, et à des profils verticaux de densité en marches d’escalier d’autre part. Dans une étude de cas (au 31/03/216), nous avons montré que la stratification thermohaline en marches d’escalier observée, résulterait de la dynamique de cisaillement entre le flux d’Ekman de surface associée à la distribution offshore (Nord-Ouest) du panache du Congo, et le flux géostrophique (Sud-Est) associé aux masses d’eau de subsurface de l’océan ouvert à l’Ouest, plus denses et plus salées. Enfin, à partir d’une approche lagrangienne, nous avons mis en évidence l’origine et la structuration à grande échelle des masses d’eau impliquées dans la forte stratification haline observée au large du Congo. Cette étude a montré le fort cisaillement des courants à l’oeuvre au niveau des gradients halins au sein de la colonne d’eau associée à ces profils
In the Gulf of Guinea (GG), freshwater originated from river discharges and high precipitation rates contribute to the upper ocean density stratification, and play a key role in modulating air-sea interactions. However, the thermohaline variations of the ocean upper layers within the freshwater plumes in the GG are still poorly known, as they are poorly observed and documented. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to study and document the spatial variability at horizontal mesoscale (10-100 km) and vertical (0-100m), from intra-seasonal to seasonal time scales of the thermohaline 3D structure in the freshwater plume areas of the GG: mainly the Congo and Niger Rivers plumes. First, using SSS SMOS satellite data, our study showed that freshwater plumes in this region extend towards the open ocean following two propagation regimes. During September to January, they propagate northwestward while from January to April they redirect to the southwest, where their maximum extension is observed in April. The rest of the year, from May to August, is marked by a surface salinization episode, where the freshwater plumes dissipate with a minimum extension observed in August. A salinity budget analysis in the surface mixed layer allowed highlighting the main physical processes controlling the seasonal variability of salinity within these freshwater plumes. We showed that horizontal advection processes and freshwater fluxes by precipitation and river discharges are the main contributors of low SSS distribution in this region. In the southeastern Gulf of Guinea, off Congo, the horizontal SSS advection is dominated by Ekman wind-driven currents. Second, we showed that the offshore distribution of the Congo plume on intra-seasonal time scales is associated with salt barrier layers and with thermohaline staircases profiles. In a case study (for 2016/03/31), we showed that the observed thermohaline staircases would result from the shear dynamics between the surface Ekman flow associated with the offshore (North-Westward) distribution of the Congo plume, and the geostrophic (South-Eastward) flow associated with the denser and saltier subsurface water masses of the open ocean to the west. Finally, using a Lagrangian approach, we have highlighted the origin and large-scale structuring of water masses involved in the strong haline stratification observed off Congo. This study showed the strong shear of the currents associated with the vertical salinity gradients within the water column associated with the staircases profiles