Journal articles on the topic 'Congenital heart diseases (CHD)'
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Martins, Cristiane. "Congenital heart disease." Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions 3, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-0419/097.
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Mamun-ur-Rashid, Al, Mohammed Zaglul Hai Russeel, and Md Belayet Hossain Akanda. "Congenital Heart Diseases among Children in Selected Hospital." Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research 5, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2768-0487/066.
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Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect. As CHD accounts for the most frequent cause of lethal malformation among infants, CHD is also considered a major problem affecting public health worldwide. Objective: To assess pattern of congenital heart diseases and associated risk factors among under-14 children admitted in a selected hospital. Methods: It was cross sectional analytical study conducted among purposively selected 111 children admitted in Children Hospital for treatment. Face to face interview was conducted to collect data. The cases were included in the study when the diagnosis of CHD was established by medical records and echocardiography. Results: About 91% and 9% children came from <1 year and 1-5 year age group. Low birth weight and normal birth weight was 52% and 48%. Pre-term and term distribution was 37% and 63%. About half of the respondents were middle class. About 26%, 25% and 18% mothers consumed vitamin A (>10000 IU/d), anti-pyretics and NSAIDs during pregnancy. About 40% mothers consumed contaminated tap water and 29% mothers were exposed to radiation. Ventricular septal defect (40.5%) and atrial septal defect (36.9%) were prominent. Patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary stenosis were 8.1% and 5.4%. Statistical significant association was found between ventricular septal defect and birth weight, gestational age and monthly family income. As like VSD, atrial septal defect showed statistical significant association with birth weight, monthly family income, maternal age and rubella infection 6 months prior to conception or 1st trimester. Conclusion: Ventricular septal defect (40.5%) and atrial septal defect (36.9%) were common among children. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy should be emphasized due to prevent low birth weight and pre-term baby.
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Bakhru, Shweta. "Pregnancy in Congenital Heart Diseases." Indian Journal of Cardiovascular Disease in Women WINCARS 03, no. 02/03 (August 2018): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676667.
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AbstractCongenital heart diseases (CHDs) affect 0.8 to 1.5% of general population. With increase in awareness and medical services, more number of patients with CHDs have entered into adulthood. One of the peculiar physiologic changes in women is going through pregnancy. Misconceptions are common in women with CHD. This write-up is to provide some brief information about CHD patients going through pregnancy. General cardiovascular risk and individual disease-related risks are discussed.
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Amroliwala, Rakesh, Manish Rasania, Raish Memon, Avina Pokharna, and Dixa Shah. "Study of congenital heart diseases in neonates." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20175541.
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Background: Congenital heart disease defined as an abnormality in cardio circulatory structure or function that is mostly present at birth; even it is discovered much later. Recognition of congenital heart disease in newborn is important as this group abnormality constitutes a significant proportion of congenital malformation that present in the neonatal life, and their early detection is important for appropriate management and good outcome. Objectives of present study were to evaluate clinical profile and outcome of various CHDs identified during neonatal period and to study effect of paracetamol used for pharmacological closure of PDA in preterm neonates.Methods: The study was conducted prospectively in NICU, Dhiraj hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology from January 2016 to June 2017 (1.5 years span). Echocardiography screening of all neonates suspected of having CHD was done. Details of all neonates having CHD diagnosed by echocardiography were noted in the prescribed Performa and their incidence, clinical profile and outcome was studied.Results: Total 69 cases of CHD diagnosed by Echocardiography in neonatal period were studied. Incidence of CHD among neonates born at Dhiraj hospital was 8.48 per 1000 live birth. Male: female ratio of all CHD cases was 1.38:1. Risk of neonate with CHD is highest (18.18%) in extremely low birth weight neonates. Incidence of CHD was 4.08% in preterm < 34 weeks, 3.47% in late preterms and 0.51% in full term neonates. 86.95% were diagnosed within first week of life. 26.09% babies had associated anomalies. Presenting problem of neonates was breathing difficulty 42 (60.87%), feeding difficulty 36 (52.17%) and cyanosis 5 (7.25%). 8 (11.59%) neonates were asymptomatic. The most common presenting sign was murmur 46 (75.71%). 56 (81.16%) had Acyanotic CHD and 13 (18.84%) had Cyanotic CHD. Amongst 56 (81.16%) Acyanotic CHD cases, commonest was PDA in 44 (78.5%), followed by VSD in 18 (32.14%), ASD in 5 (12.5%) either in isolation or in combination with other lesions. Amongst Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease, maximum incidence was of Tricuspid Atresia (TA) in 4 (30.76%) cases; followed by TGA in 3 (23.07%). 20 preterm neonates with PDA received paracetamol for PDA closure. 9 (45.0%) responded to paracetamol while 11 (55%) did not respond. 47(68.12%) were discharged, 10(14.49%) went left against medical advice, 7(10.14%) were referred to higher centre for surgery and 5(7.25%) babies expired.Conclusions: Early recognition of congenital heart disease during neonatal life is important as its appropriate and timely management can result in good outcome.
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Khurram Shahnawaz, Farhan Zahoor, Bushra Madni, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Naveed, and Fazal ur Rehman. "Pattern of paediatric congenital heart diseases." Professional Medical Journal 28, no. 11 (October 31, 2021): 1678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.11.6450.
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Objective: To find out pattern along with age and gender wise distribution of congenital heart disease (CHD). Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pediatrics, Sughra Shafi Medical Complex, Narowal. Period: January 2019 to February 2020. Material & Methods: During the study period, a total of 151 children aged between 1 month to 15 years as confirmed case of CHD according to echocardiography were enrolled for this study. Gender, age categories, area of residence and types of CHDs were represented as frequency and percentages. Patients with different types of CHDs were distributed between both gender and different age categories. SPSS version 26.0 was used to handle and analyze all study related data. Results: During the study period, a total of 151 confirmed cases of CHD were enrolled. There were 82 (54.3%) male and 69 (45.7%) female representing a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Most of the cases were aged less than 1 year. There were 118 (78.1%) children below 1 year of age while 22 (14.6%) between 1 to 5 years of age and 11 (7.3%) above 5 years of age. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) and ASD were noted to be the most frequent types of acyanotic heart lesions in 41 (27.2%) and 29 (19.2%) cases respectively whereas TOF was the most frequent type of cyanotic heart lesion in 23 (15.2%) cases. Conclusion: VSD followed by ASD and TOF were noted to be the most frequent types of CHD.
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Ilyas, Sana, Sana Waqar, Asim Khurshid, and Muhammad Sohail Arshad. "Congenital heart diseases in premature newborns." Professional Medical Journal 28, no. 08 (August 1, 2021): 1178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.08.6126.
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Objective: To determine the frequency of congenital heart diseases (CHD) in newborns admitted with prematurity. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pediatric Neonatology Children’s Hospital & The Institute of Child Health, Multan. Period: August 2019 to January 2020. Material & Methods: A total of 155 preterm infants ≤36 weeks gestation were included. In preterm newborns of either gender, echocardiography was done by hospital Pediatric Cardiologist. Patient’s name, age, gestational age, weight, sex, date, serial number, registration number and echocardiographic results were entered in pre-designed performa. The outcome variable was frequency of congenital heart disease in preterm newborns. Results: Congenital heart disease was detected in 34.8% (n = 54) preterm infants. Nine percent (n=14) were < 1.5 kg, 45.2% (n=70) between 1.5 – 2.0 kg and 45.8% (n=71) were > 2.0 kg in weight. Most frequent lesion was Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) in 19 (35%) infants followed by patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in 15 (28%) infants. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) was seen in 6 (11%) preterm infants. Frequency of CHD was significantly higher (p-value < 0.001) in babies delivered at ≤32 weeks and those infants with with birth weight <1.5 kg. Conclusion: The study highlights the association of congenital heart diseases in premature and low birth weight neonates. So, every preterm and low birth weight neonate must undergo echocardiography to screen for CHD so that earlier diagnosis may be made for earlier intervention.
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Nnomzo’o, Alice, Pavel V. Pavlov, Ekaterina S. Garbaruk, Oksana C. Gorkina, and Olga S. Olina. "The auditory function of infants with congenital heart diseases." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 8, no. 3 (May 15, 2017): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped8381-87.
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Congenital heart disease (CHD) is 1/3 of all congenital malformations and one of the main causes of infant mortality. Hearing loss may be part of syndromes associated with CHD, or the hearing pathology can be a consequence of the various stages of rehabilitation of underlying pathology. Currently, there isn’t any data on the systematic study of hearing impairment in children with congenital cardiac pathologies. Three hundred and six patients aged 2 days to 8.5 months were examined: 96 patients were included in the main group with CHD, and 300 children without CHD made up a comparison group. All children underwent newborn hearing screening. Infants with suspected hearing pathology were tested with a comprehensive audiological examination. In the CHD group hearing impairment was detected in 29% of children, including sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in 12%. And in the comparison group, 3.6% of infants had a hearing loss, SNHL was defined in 1%. Analysis of the data revealed the most significant risk factors for hearing impairments in children with CHD and it had showed the difference in the structure of the risk factors between the both groups. In the study group was registered a case of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorders. This case illustrated the importance of conducting hearing screening by means of click-evoked auditory brainstem responses and not only of registration of otoacoustic emissions. One child with CHD was found to have delayed SNHL, which requires long-term monitoring of hearing in children with cardiopathology.
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Wijnands, K. P. J., S. A. Obermann-Borst, E. J. G. Sijbrands, M. F. Wildhagen, W. A. Helbing, and R. P. M. Steegers-Theunissen. "Cardiovascular diseases in grandparents and the risk of congenital heart diseases in grandchildren." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 5, no. 2 (February 19, 2014): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174414000026.
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Hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hyperhomocysteinemia are associated with both adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) and having a child with a congenital heart disease (CHD). We investigated associations between CVD in grandparents and the risk of CHD in grandchildren. In a case–control family study, we obtained detailed questionnaire information on CVD and CHD in 247 families with a CHD child and 203 families without a CHD child. Grandparents with CVD or intermittent claudication (IC) were significantly associated with an increased risk for CHD in grandchildren [OR 1.39 (95% CI 1.03–1.89) and OR 2.77 (95% CI 1.02–7.56), respectively]. The risk of CHD grandchildren was particularly increased in paternal grandfathers with CVD [OR 1.85 (95% CI 1.01–3.37)]. Overall, having a grandparent with CVD increased the risk for CHD in the grandchild by 1.65 (95% CI 1.12–2.41). After adjustment for potential maternal confounders, this risk was 1.44 (95% CI 0.94–2.21). Having two or more grandparents with CVD was associated with an approximately threefold risk for CHD grandchildren [OR adjusted 2.72 (95% CI 1.08–6.89)]. Our data suggest that CVD and IC in grandparents are associated with an increased risk of having a CHD grandchild. These first findings may be explained by shared causality of derangements in metabolic pathways and are in line with the fetal origins of health and disease.
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Akhmedova, Irina, Gulzada Imanalieva, Damirbek Abibillaev, and Taalaibek Kudaiberdiev. "Primary detection of congenital heart diseases in the Kyrgyz Republic." Heart, Vessels and Transplantation 2, Issue 2 (June 3, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24969/hvt.2018.66.
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Objective: The aim of this paper is to understand the structure of congenital heart diseases (CHD) and the age of the first diagnosis in a population referred to specialized cardiac surgery center from different regions of Kyrgyz Republic. Methods: In 2017, 7213 people of different ages, from Kyrgyz Republic were examined by using transthoracic echocardiogram at cardiac surgery center aimed to detection of congenital heart disease Results: In total, 478 new patients with primary diagnosis of CHD were identified; 413 (86%) patients had a delayed diagnosis. The total detectability was 6.75%. The structure of congenital heart disease has a large difference depending on the age group. The proportion of complex heart defects predominates in newborn children and significantly decreases with age. Conclusion: A study of the prevalence and structure of heart defects in the country will help to find the right decision in planned care for patients with CHD, in cases of limited resources. Keywords: newborn, congenital heart defects, diagnostics, prevalence, echocardiography
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Wu, Yue, Xiaosi Jin, Yuhao Zhang, Jing Zheng, and Rulai Yang. "Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in the development of congenital heart diseases." World Journal of Pediatric Surgery 4, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): e000196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/wjps-2020-000196.
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Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common of congenital cardiovascular malformations associated with birth defects, and it results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The classification of CHD is still elusive owing to the complex pathogenesis of CHD. Advances in molecular medicine have revealed the genetic basis of some heart anomalies. Genes associated with CHD might be modulated by various epigenetic factors. Thus, the genetic and epigenetic factors are gradually accepted as important triggers in the pathogenesis of CHD. However, few literatures have comprehensively elaborated the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of CHD. This review focuses on the etiology of CHD from genetics and epigenetics to discuss the role of these factors in the development of CHD. The interactions between genetic and epigenetic in the pathogenesis of CHD are also elaborated. Chromosome abnormalities and gene mutations in genetics, and DNA methylations, histone modifications and on-coding RNAs in epigenetics are summarized in detail. We hope the summative knowledge of these etiologies may be useful for improved diagnosis and further elucidation of CHD so that morbidity and mortality of children with CHD can be reduced in the near future.
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Wu, Gang, Jiao Ge, Xupei Huang, Yimin Hua, and Dezhi Mu. "Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Pathway in Congenital Heart Diseases." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/589414.
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Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a common cardiac disorder in humans. Despite many advances in the understanding of CHD and the identification of many associated genes, the fundamental etiology for the majority of cases remains unclear. The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway, responsible for tissue polarity inDrosophilaand gastrulation movements and cardiogenesis in vertebrates, has been shown to play multiple roles during cardiac differentiation and development. The disrupted function of PCP signaling is connected to some CHDs. Here, we summarize our current understanding of how PCP factors affect the pathogenesis of CHD.
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Sultana, Naznin, Nobuhiro Nakamura, Shigehisa Hirose, Koichi Kutsuzawa, Toshihiro Akaike, and Kakon Nag. "Congenital Heart Diseases and Biotechnology: Connecting by Connexin." Advanced Materials Research 995 (July 2014): 85–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.995.85.
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Heart development is a precisely harmonized process of cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integrated morphogenetic interactions, and therefore it is extremely vulnerable to developmental defects that cause congenital heart diseases (CHD). One of the major causes of CHD has been shown to be the mutations in key cardiac channel-forming proteins namely, connexins (Cxs). Cxs are tetra-spanning transmembrane proteins that form gap junction channels and hemichannels on cellular membrane. They allow passage of small molecules or ions between adjacent cells or between cells and the extracellular environment. Studies have revealed that the spatiotemporal expression of Cxs mainly, Cx31.9, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45 is essentially involved in early developmental events, morphogenetic transformations, maturation, and functional significance of heart. Our lab and others have shown that mutations in gap junction proteins could result in impaired trafficking, misfolding, and improper channel function of these proteins. It has also been shown that differential expressions of cardiac Cxs are associated with pathophysiological conditions of heart. Collectively, these conditions are coupled with abrogated or modified functionality of relevant channels in cardiac tissue, which are associated with many pathological situations, including CHD. Since CHD are a major cause of morbidity, therefore recovery of such kind of heart defects associated with Cxs is extremely important but remains highly challenging. In this review, we will summarize the role of Cxs in development, morphogenesis, maturation, normal function, and pathology of heart, and propose possible bioengineering techniques to recover defects in cardiac tissues related to the modified functions of Cxs.
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Mughal, Abdul Razzaq, Saira Hina, Ayesha Bashir, and Safia Mughal. "CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES, A CONSEQUENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." Pakistan Heart Journal 55, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47144/phj.v55i1.2126.
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Objectives: To find out the association of congenital heart diseases with inbreeding in Punjab, Pakistan. Methodology: This case control study was carried out at Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology (FIC) Faisalabad, Pakistan, from December 2019 to February 2020. A total of 768 subjects, 384 cases suffering from congenital heart disease (CHD) and 384 controls having no CHD, both confirmed on echocardiography, were enrolled in the study. Their parents were interviewed regarding age, gender, residential area and data was collected including parental marriage type (consanguineous/ non related) and presence or absence of congenital heart disease through questionnaire. Results: Among cases, 51.3 % were female with female to male ratio 1.05:1. As regard age, 85.7% (n=329) of the children among cases were below 5 years of age. As regard consanguinity, 66.4% (n=255) had consanguineous parents while 33.6% (n=129) of CHD children had parents who were un-related before marriage. Multivariate analysis showed parental consanguinity had strong association with CHD in children; odds ratio 5.84 (95% CI 4.2-7.99) with a P-value of <0.01. Acyanotic CHD was present in 76.8% children (n=295) while 23.2 % had cyanotic CHD (n=89). Ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the most common CHD (32%) followed by atrial septal defect (18.2%) and PDA (13.5%). Conclusion: There is a remarkable association between inbreeding and CHD in Punjab, Pakistan.
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Baroopal, Anil, Rohit Mathur, Sanjeev Sanghvi, and J. P. Soni. "Pattern of congenital heart diseases in Western Rajasthan: an echocardiographic study." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20201330.
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Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) accounts for nearly one third of all major congenital anomalies. Globally the prevalence of CHD is 1.01 to 17.5 per 1000 live births. In India it is 1.3 to 26.4 per 1000 study population. CHD is an important cause of mortality and morbidity representing a global health burden. Early diagnosis and treatment may lead to improved prognosis in patients suffering from CHD. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of CHD in Western Rajasthan, India by echocardiography.Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out at Dr. S. N. Medical College and attached group of hospitals in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The study period was from July 2014 to June 2017. Records of all patients undergoing transthoracic echocardiography from newborn to 25 years of age were analyzed for age, sex and CHD findings.Results: In the study period, a total of 24,914 patients underwent echocardiography, of which 877 patients were identified as having CHD. Prevalence of CHD was 35.20 per 1000 study population. Amongst the total diagnosed CHD cases, 489 (55.76%) patients were male, with male to female ratio of 1.2:1. CHDs were diagnosed more commonly between 1 month and 1 year of age (41.28%). The commonest type of acyanotic CHD in the present study was ventricular septal defect (21.44%) and cyanotic CHD was tetralogy of Fallot (18.24%).Conclusions: Prevalence of CHD in Western Rajasthan, India was 35.20 per 1000 study population. Profile of CHDs in the present study was similar to that in published literature.
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Maeno, Yasuki, and Akiko Hirose. "Screening of Fetal Heart for the Congenital Heart Diseases." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 1 (2011): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1174.
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ABSTRACT Screening of the congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most important techniques in prenatal ultrasonographic examination. Step by step screening methods for taking account for the level of screener, especially in the area with poor detection rate, is needed for starting effective fetal CHD screening. In this review, the fetal cardiac screening is divided into two methods accounting for steps for learning screening technique; the basic screening and the advanced screening. Basic screening is a simple method even for the one who is not familiar to the cardiac anatomy. The goal of this basic screening is to detect most of the ductal dependent lesions including transposition of the great arteries. For the basic screening, ‘location’ and ‘size’ of the heart and vessels are checked in standard fourchamber view and three-vessel view. Advanced screening is a screening for detecting all fetal CHDs, including total anomalous pulmonary venous return. For the advanced screening, the side of the heart is defined, and then the ‘detail anatomy’ and the ‘function and blood flow’ are assessed in all standard screening views, including one fetal abdominal transverse view and three fetal chest transverse views, such as four-chamber, three-vessel and three-vessel and trachea view.
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Opotowsky, Alexander R., Lilamarie E. Moko, Jonathan Ginns, Marlon Rosenbaum, Matthias Greutmann, Jamil Aboulhosn, Abbie Hageman, et al. "Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma in Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 1325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3863.
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Context: Aberrant cellular oxygen sensing is a leading theory for development of pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL). Objective: The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) increases the risk for PHEO-PGL. Design/Setting/Participants: We investigated the association between CCHD and PHEO-PGL with two complementary studies: study 1) an international consortium was established to identify congenital heart disease (CHD) patients with a PHEO-PGL diagnosis confirmed by pathology or biochemistry and imaging; study 2) the 2000–2009 Nationwide Inpatient Survey, a nationally representative discharge database, was used to determine population-based cross-sectional PHEO-PGL frequency in hospitalized CCHD patients compared with noncyanotic CHD and those without CHD using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and genetic PHEO-PGL syndromes. Results: In study 1, we identified 20 PHEO-PGL cases, of which 18 had CCHD. Most presented with cardiovascular or psychiatric symptoms. Median cyanosis duration for the CCHD PHEO-PGL cases was 20 years (range 1–57 y). Cases were young at diagnosis (median 31.5 y, range 15–57 y) and 7 of 18 had multiple tumors (two bilateral PHEO; six multifocal or recurrent PGL), whereas 11 had single tumors (seven PHEO; four PGL). PGLs were abdominal (13 of 17) or head/neck (4 of 17). Cases displayed a noradrenergic biochemical phenotype similar to reported hypoxia-related PHEO-PGL genetic syndromes but without clinical signs of such syndromes. In study 2, hospitalized CCHD patients had an increased likelihood of PHEO-PGL (adjusted odds ratio 6.0, 95% confidence interval 2.6–13.7, P < .0001) compared with those without CHD; patients with noncyanotic CHD had no increased risk (odds ratio 0.9, P = .48). Conclusions: There is a strong link between CCHD and PHEO-PGL. Whether these rare diseases coassociate due to hypoxic stress, common genetic or developmental factors, or some combination requires further investigation.
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Chang, Chi-Son, Sir-yeon Hong, Seo-yeon Kim, Yoo-min Kim, Ji-Hee Sung, Suk-Joo Choi, Soo-young Oh, et al. "Prevalence of associated extracardiac anomalies in prenatally diagnosed congenital heart diseases." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): e0248894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248894.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of extracardiac anomalies (ECA) in prenatally diagnosed congenital heart diseases (CHD), and to provide more information for counseling of women with prenatally diagnosed fetal CHD. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 791 cases of fetal CHD diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound from January 2005 to April 2018. Associated ECAs included extracardiac structural malformation (ECM), chromosomal anomaly, and 22q11.2 microdeletion. CHD was classified into 10 groups according to a modified anatomic and clinical classification of congenital heart defects. Results The overall prevalence of ECA in our CHD cohort was 28.6% (226/791): ECM, 25.3%; chromosomal anomaly, 11.7%; and 22q11.2 microdeletion, 5.5%. For those with ECM, ventricular septal defect (VSD) had the highest prevalence (34.5%), followed by anomalies of atrioventricular junctions and valves (28.8%) and heterotaxy (26.9%). For those with chromosomal anomaly, anomalies of atrioventricular junctions and valves had the highest prevalence (37.5%), followed by anomalies of atria and interatrial communications (25.0%) and VSD (22.9%). 22q11.2 microdeletion was detected only in those with anomalies of extrapericardial arterial trunks (14.3%) or ventricular outflow tracts (6.4%). Conclusion ECM, chromosomal anomaly, and 22q11.2 microdeletion have different prevalence according to the type of CHD.
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KO, Isezuo. "Pattern of Congenital Heart Diseases in Children with Congenital Malformations: An Echocardiographic study from a Tertiary Health facility in Sokoto, Nigeria." Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions 4, no. 7 (April 8, 2021): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-0419/143.
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Background: Children with congenital malformations (CM) may have congenital heart diseases (CHDs) which may be initially asymptomatic. These need to be recognised and managed early in order to reduce unnecessary morbidity in affected patients. We report the pattern of CHDs in children with congenital malformations who had echocardiography over a one year period in UDUTH, Sokoto. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out in the Paediatric Cardiology Unit from 1st January to 31st December 2019. Children presenting with CM were recruited and had echocardiagraphic screening for CHDs. Data were analysed with SPSS 23 version. Statistical significance was taken at p < 0.05. Results: 81 children were seen with CM, comprising 42 females and 39 males (M:F=0.93:1); age range of 2 days to 13 years. Most frequent malformationswere anorectal malformations (ARM) in 28 (34.6%), Down syndrome in 17 (21.0%), multiple CM 10 (8.1%) and ocular abnormalities in 4 (4.9%). Thirty two (39.5%) of the patients with CM were diagnosed with CHD, out of which 24 (29.6%) had cardiac murmur. Most frequent CHD was atrioventricular septal defect in 9 (28.1%) followed by ventricular septal defect in 8 (25.0%) and patent arterial duct in 4 (12.5%). CHDs were found in all (100%) those with ocular abnormalities, in 76.5% of Down syndrome and in 14.3% of patients with ARM. Presence of murmur was significantly associated with CHD (χ2=18.0; p=0.001; OR=8.2; 95% C.1=2.8 – 24.1). Conclusion: Congenital malformations, particularly Down syndrome and ocular abnormalities, are significantly associated with CHDs. Cardiac murmurs were suggestive of CHD in children with congenital malformations.
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Atli, Emine Ikbal, Engin Atli, Sinem Yalcintepe, Selma Demir, Rasime Kalkan, Cisem Akurut, Yasemin Ozen, and Hakan Gurkan. "Investigation of Genetic Alterations in Congenital Heart Diseases in Prenatal Period." Global Medical Genetics 09, no. 01 (November 9, 2021): 029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1736566.
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AbstractThe prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is important because of mortality risk. The onset of CHD varies, and depending on the malformation type, the risk of aneuploidy is changed. To identify possible genetic alterations in CHD, G-banding, chromosomal microarray or if needed DNA mutation analysis and direct sequence analysis should be planned.In present study, to identify genetic alterations, cell culture, karyotype analysis, and single nucleotide polymorphism, array analyses were conducted on a total 950 samples. Interventional prenatal genetic examination was performed on 23 (2, 4%, 23/950) fetal CHD cases. Chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 5 out of 23 cases (21, 7%). Detected chromosomal abnormalities were 10q23.2 deletion, trisomy 18, 8p22.3-p23.2 deletion, 8q21.3-q24.3 duplication, 11q24.2q24.5 (9 Mb) deletion, and 8p22p12 (16.8 Mb) deletion. Our study highlights the importance of genetic testing in CHD.
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Wang, Jiaming, Tao You, Kang Yi, Yaqin Gong, Qilian Xie, Fei Qu, Bangzhou Wang, and Zhaoming He. "Intelligent Diagnosis of Heart Murmurs in Children with Congenital Heart Disease." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2020 (May 11, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9640821.
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Heart auscultation is a convenient tool for early diagnosis of heart diseases and is being developed to be an intelligent tool used in online medicine. Currently, there are few studies on intelligent diagnosis of pediatric murmurs due to congenital heart disease (CHD). The purpose of the study was to develop a method of intelligent diagnosis of pediatric CHD murmurs. Phonocardiogram (PCG) signals of 86 children were recorded with 24 children having normal heart sounds and 62 children having CHD murmurs. A segmentation method based on the discrete wavelet transform combined with Hadamard product was implemented to locate the first and the second heart sounds from the PCG signal. Ten features specific to CHD murmurs were extracted as the input of classifier after segmentation. Eighty-six artificial neural network classifiers were composed into a classification system to identify CHD murmurs. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of diagnosis for heart murmurs were 93%, 93.5%, and 91.7%, respectively. In conclusion, a method of intelligent diagnosis of pediatric CHD murmurs is developed successfully and can be used for online screening of CHD in children.
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Sahota, Ravi, Navpreet Kaur, Gurpal Singh, Veena Joshi, Bharti Gahtori, Divya Mehrotra, and Nisha Upadhyay. "Study the universal critical congenital heart disease screening in a peripheral area of Uttarakhand, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20203641.
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Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequently occurring congenital disorder, responsible for 28% of all congenital birth defects. The birth prevalence of CHD is reported to be 8-12/1000 live births. Considering a rate of 9/1000, about 1.35 million babies are born with CHD each year globally. Objective of research work to study the prevalence of CHD among newborn and its types.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried among 34 cases of CHD/5126 newborn screened at 4 birthing places in Kashipur a small town in Uttrakhand at pediatrics department of Sahota Super-specialty hospital, Kashipur, Uttarakhand. Screening program between 22 August 2014, and March 30, 2019. All newborns, including preterm babies, delivered in these facilities were eligible for inclusion in this study.Results: Present study found the prevalence of CHD was 0.7 per 1000 children (34/5126). Around 26.5% participants have cyanotic CHD and 73.5% have acynotic CHD. Almost 44%, 28%, 20%, 4% and 4% participants of acynotic congenital heart diseases have VSD, ASD, PDA, AVSD and valvular PS respectively and 55.6%, 22.2%, 11.1% and 11.1% participants of cynotic congenital heart diseases have TOF, DORV/VSD, dTGA/VSD and tricuspid atresia respectively.Conclusions: Screening for congenital heart disease should be included as a part of newborn assessment as it is a common congenital problem. Early identification influences outcome. Barriers in implementation of the screening programmes in resource limited setting is a challenging feature. This study can provide observed data that can help in policy making in the health sector.
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Arduini, Maurizio. "Central Nervous System and Cardiovascular Diseases." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no. 4 (2017): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1544.
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ABSTRACT Children with congenital heart diseases (CHD) are at increased risk of neurodevelopmental delay (NDD). In fetuses with CHD, blood streaming in the brain may be partially deoxygenated. Signs of cerebrovascular autoregulation comparable to the “brain-sparing effect” in growth-restricted fetuses may be shown in fetuses with CHD depending on the type of heart disease. This effect appears to be predominantly present in fetuses with left-side obstructive lesions (LSOL). During prenatal counseling, it is recommended to mention the possibility of an increased risk of NDD. The severity of this impairment varies from the type of CHD, being highest up to 40 to 45% in lesions with univentricular heart hemodynamics, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). The prenatal life plays an important role in determining postnatal neurodevelopmental functions, but the severity of NDD in fetuses with CHD cannot be predicted prenatally. How to cite this article Arduini M. Central Nervous System and Cardiovascular Diseases. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(4):362-366.
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Sharma, Nita, Pratima Sharma, and Tulashi Adhikari Mishra. "Burden of Care Among Mothers Having Children with Congenital Heart Diseases." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 40, no. 2 (September 11, 2020): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v40i2.26885.
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Introduction: Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is a problem with structure and function of the heart that is present at birth. Children with CHD require special care, treatment and follow up for a number of common conditions which may be quite straining to the care givers. The objective of the study was to find out the burden of care among mothers having children with CHD.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a cardiac centre of Nepal. A total of 95 mothers having children with CHD attending outpatient department of our institute were selected as the sample for the study using non-probability purposive sampling technique. A semi structured interview questionnaire consisting of the Modified Caregiver Strain Index was used to assess the burden of care among mothers having children with CHD. Frequency and percent were used to describe the variables and chi- square test at 0.05 significance level was used to analyse associations.
Results: Most (77.9%) of the mothers were regularly strained to find that their children’s health condition was deteriorating due to CHD. Nearly half (44.2%) of the mothers always had financial constrain while giving care to the child, nearly half (40%) of the mothers had done emotional adjustments to take care of their children with CHD, another two-fifths (28.4%) of the mothers sometimes had disturbed sleep and almost half (46.3%) of the mothers were always upset due to some behaviour of their child with CHD. Half (50.5%) of the mothers had high level of burden of care. Statistically significant association were found between age of the mother and level of burden of care (p value = 0.05). Similarly, the type of family (p value = 0.005), age of the children (p value = 0.000) and type of CHD (p value = 0.002) were significantly associated with the level of burden of care among the mothers.
Conclusion: The study concluded that mothers tend to feel less burden of care as the child grows older, mothers having children with cyanotic heart disease tend to experience more burden of care. Mothers of less than thirty years of age and living in a joint family also experience more burden of care.
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Hegazi, Mohammad Ali. "Arrhythmogenic pattern of Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD) in Children." Egyptian Heart Journal 66, no. 1 (March 2014): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2013.12.046.
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Moore-Morris, Thomas, Patrick Piet van Vliet, Gregor Andelfinger, and Michel Puceat. "Role of Epigenetics in Cardiac Development and Congenital Diseases." Physiological Reviews 98, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 2453–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00048.2017.
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The heart is the first organ to be functional in the fetus. Heart formation is a complex morphogenetic process regulated by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the most prominent congenital diseases. Genetics is not sufficient to explain these diseases or the impact of them on patients. Epigenetics is more and more emerging as a basis for cardiac malformations. This review brings the essential knowledge on cardiac biology of development. It further provides a broad background on epigenetics with a focus on three-dimensional conformation of chromatin. Then, we summarize the current knowledge of the impact of epigenetics on cardiac cell fate decision. We further provide an update on the epigenetic anomalies in the genesis of CHD.
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Rubia, Begam, and Anjali Kher. "Anthropometric assessment in children with congenital heart disease." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 2 (February 22, 2018): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20180569.
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Background: Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD) are often associated with malnutrition with prevalence of 64%. Malnutrition in CHD increases morbidity and mortality in these children and hence it is essential to assess the nutritional status of the children with CHD so that proper nutritional therapy and rehabilitation can be done.Methods: In this case control study 126 cases of un operated CHD in the age group of >28 days to 10 years and 126 age and gender matched controls without CHD were studied during a period of 2 year. Informed consent from the parents was obtained and they were interviewed using pre-validated proforma and relevant clinical examination, detailed anthropometric assessment was done of all cases and control.Results: Male to female ratio was 0.9:1. Maximum cases were in age group of 1 to 5 years. Acyanotic CHD was seen in 80.16% and cyanotic CHD was seen in 19.84%. Stunting was seen in 58.72% cases and in 41.26% of controls. 82.53% of cases and 24.6% of controls were underweight. Conclusions: The prevalence of acyanotic CHD was more common than cyanotic CHD. In acyanotic CHD cases VSD was commonest and in cyanotic CHD cases TOF was the commonest lesion. The overall prevalence of underweight and stunting was high in cases than controls. In acyanotic CHD underweight and stunting was high than cyanotic CHD. In this study malnutrition correlated significantly with congestive heart failure, low hemoglobin level, poor dietary history and pulmonary hypertension and this was statistically highly significant.
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Khan, Omar Sadique, Sharmin Jahan Urmi, Md Magfur Rahman, and Md Alimuzzaman. "Screening of School Children for Operable Congenital Heart Diseases in Rural Area." University Heart Journal 7, no. 1 (March 29, 2012): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v7i1.10200.
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A random sample of 15,500 school going children in the age group of 6-16 years from public and private schools of Bhaluka & Gaffargaon were screened for the prevalence of operable congenital heart diseases [CHD] during a period of 12 months.Congenital heart diseases were diagnosed preliminary on the basis of clinical history and or clinical examination & confirmed by supportive investigations. Out of examined sample 350 were found suffering from CHD, giving an overall prevalence of 22.25 per 1000 of children far greater than that of the figure recorded in available literatures for other countries.The prevalence rate was higher in girls than that of boys in the present study which may indicate a negligence of care taking towards female children in family. In consistent, children from lower income group had a higher prevalence rate compared to their middle income group counterparts. One hundred sixty children were found to be suffering from definite operable CHD giving a prevalence of 10.32 per 1000, where again girls were the main victims.Atrial septal defect was the commonest lesion with a prevalence of 9.6 per 1000 followed by ventricular septal defect with a prevalence of 5.8 per 1000 children. Eight cases had a family history of CHD. History of rheumatic fever and or rheumatic heart disease were found to have significant prevalence among cases with CHD as compared to children without CHD.The finding of present survey suggest the need of large scale screening of apparently healthy children for CHD and family members of those suffering from CHD and that special attention to be paid to the occurrence of rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease in cases of CHD. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v7i1.10200 UHJ 2011; 7(1): 3-6
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Amedro, Pascal, Arthur Gavotto, Sophie Guillaumont, Helena Bertet, Marie Vincenti, Gregoire De La Villeon, Charlène Bredy, et al. "Cardiopulmonary fitness in children with congenital heart diseases versus healthy children." Heart 104, no. 12 (November 23, 2017): 1026–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312339.
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ObjectiveWe aimed to compare the cardiopulmonary fitness of children with congenital heart diseases (CHD) with that of age-adjusted and gender-adjusted controls. We also intended to identify clinical characteristics associated with maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) in this population.Methods and resultsWe included in a cross-sectional multicentre study a total of 798 children (496 CHD and 302 controls) who underwent a complete cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). The association of clinical characteristics with VO2max was studied using a multivariate analysis. Mean VO2max in the CHD group and control represented 93%±20% and 107%±17% of predicted values, respectively. VO2max was significantly lower in the CHD group, overall (37.8±0.3vs 42.6±0.4 mL/kg/min, P<0.0001) and for each group (P<0.05). The mean VO2max decline per year was significantly higher in CHD than in the controls overall (−0.84±0.10 vs −0.19±0.14 mL/kg/min/year, P<0.01), for boys (−0.72±0.14vs 0.11±0.19 mL/kg/min/year, P<0.01) and for girls (−1.00±0.13 vs −0.55±0.21 mL/kg/min/year, P=0.05). VO2max was associated with body mass index, ventilatory anaerobic threshold, female gender, restrictive ventilatory disorder, right ventricle systolic hypertension, tricuspid regurgitation, the number of cardiac catheter or surgery procedures, and the presence of a genetic anomaly.ConclusionsAlthough the magnitude of the difference was not large, VO2max among children with CHD was significantly lower than in normal children. We suggest performing CPET in routine follow-up of these patients.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov NCT01202916; Post-results.
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Yilmaz, Betul, Hari K. Narayan, Abigail Wilpers, Christina Wiess, William P. Fifer, and Ismée A. Williams. "Electrocardiographic intervals in foetuses with CHD." Cardiology in the Young 26, no. 1 (January 20, 2015): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951114002686.
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AbstractObjectivesTo assess foetal electrocardiographic intervals across gestational age among foetuses with and without congenital heart disease, and to investigate differences between groups.DesignA prospective observational cohort study.SettingCenter for Prenatal Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian.Population or sampleA total of 92 participants with singleton pregnancies, 41 with normal anatomy and 51 with congenital heart disease were included in this study.MethodsUsing a maternal abdominal monitor, foetal electrocardiogram was obtained serially from foetuses with and without congenital heart disease at 20–24 weeks (F1), 28–32 weeks (F2), and 34–38 weeks (F3) of gestation. A signal-averaged waveform was calculated, and PR, QRS, and QT intervals were measured. Intervals from controls were compared with gestational age norms. Using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, we analysed the relationship between gestational age and foetal electrocardiographic intervals. Intervals from control and congenital heart disease foetuses were compared by Student’s t-test.ResultsPR (r=0.333, p=0.02) and QRS (r=0.248, p=0.05) intervals correlated with gestational age only among controls. QRS intervals in foetuses with congenital heart disease were significantly longer than controls at F1 (63±6 versus 52±5 ms, p<0.001), F2 (61±8 versus 56±7 ms, p=0.02), and F3 (64±10 versus 56±9 ms, p=0.007).ConclusionsPR and QRS intervals lengthen across gestational age among foetuses with normal cardiac anatomy but not in foetuses with congenital heart diseases. As early as 20 weeks of gestation, differences between foetuses with and without congenital heart disease are discernible, with congenital heart disease foetuses demonstrating longer QRS intervals compared with controls.
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Ignatieva, A. V., O. F. Sibira, and I. N. Gaimolenko. "Structure of unoperated congenital heart diseases in children of Zabaikalsky Territory." Siberian Medical Review, no. 6 (2020): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20333/2500136-2020-6-83-89.
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The aim of the research is to study the morbidity by appealability and some characteristics of congenital heart diseases in children of Zabaikalsky Territory. Material and methods. A retrospective clinical and anamnestic analysis of children with congenital heart diseases without surgical treatment, who were hospitalized, was carried out. The analysis included 3 year-observation. CHD diagnosed is an inclusion criterion; while surgical treatment of heart diseases is exclusion criterion. Statistical data processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2007, Statistica v.10.0 software package. χ2 test (Pearson) was used to compare two independent groups by qualitative characteristics. The results were considered statistically significant (reliable) at the achieved significance level of p <0.05. Results. In Zabaikalsky Territory, approximately 200 children with congenital heart disease without surgical treatment are hospitalized annually; the average age is 3 years. Fifty-three per cent of children applied for inpatient care for the first time, 44% of them were children at their first year. Gender distribution indicates the highest incidence of the pathology in girls. In CHD structure, atrial septal defects are on the first place, while interventricular septal defects are on the second. Combination of ASD and IVSD was observed with approximately equal frequency. Chronic heart failure associated with CHD was registered in 77% of children. In most cases CHF, stage 1, was diagnosed (63%). In 2/3 of cases, pulmonary hypertension of various severity was detected. Analysis of place of residence of children with CHD in the Zabaikalsky Territory shows that children from areas with the highest population density are hospitalized more often. Conclusion. The problem of congenital heart diseases in children of Zabaikalsky Territory is of current importance due to the widespread prevalence and high specific gravity among all internal organ defects in children of this region.
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Tsigelnikova, L. V., E. G. Tsoy, L. N. Igisheva, and J. A. Zvyaginа. "Diagnosis and treatment of nutritive insufficiency in newborns with congenital heart diseases." Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases 8, no. 4S (January 17, 2020): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2019-8-4s-32-41.
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Aim. Importance studying of clinical and biochemical signs within the nutrition status estimation and diet therapy effectiveness in children with congenital heart diseases (CHD) in newborn period.Methods. Clinical and morphometric data were studied in 52 newborn children with different variants of feeding (brest-feeding, adaptive milk formula, pre-milk formula), which created 3 groups: the first group – 23 children with CHD without heart failure (HF), the second one – 16 children with CHD and HF, the third one included 13 newborn children of the corresponding gestation age, weight and age without CHD and other congenital defects as well as general infectious. the data were analyzed on the 10th and 20th days of birth.Results. Feeding children with various diseases, including CHD with varying degrees of severity of HF, with breast milk is preferable and su൶cient up to 10 days of life, provided that the nutrients are not lower than the physiological level. After 10 days of life, children with CHD underwent dietotherapy correction, prescribed hypercaloric nutrition, taking into account somatometric data and the values of biochemical parameters (prealbumin, urea, transferrin). Diet therapy optimization was done after the 10th day and hypercaloric feeding was prescribed. Increase of calorific value was reached due to pre-milk formula prescribing as a main kind of feeding as well as supplements together with saving breast-feeding if it was available. To the 20th day all babies with CHD and HF had more proteins, fats, carbohydrates and calories. In such a case the level of proteins, urine, transferrin, prealbumin in hemolymph didn’t differ in comparing groups, having different nutrition supplement.Conclusion. Children with CHD with HF have high protein and energetic exigencies. Differential hypercaloric feeding prescribing taking in consideration somatometric data and biochemical signs (prealbumin, urine, transferrin) as a pre-milk formula allowed to grade energetic deficit and provide biochemical hemostasis.
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Gul, Samar, Fahad Nazir, Omair Mazhar, Qamar Uz Zaman, Zafar Iqbal Bhatti, and Ahma Bilal. "Clinical Pattern and Malnutrition among Children with Congenital Heart Disease at Tertiary Care Hospital." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 742–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22169742.
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Background and Aim: Congenital heart disease is defined as the heart or intra-thoracic great vessel structural abnormalities present since birth with significantly functional irrespective of their detection age. It is the most prominent congenital anomaly and cause of morbidity and mortality among the pediatric age group population. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical pattern and malnutrition among children with congenital heart disease. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 132 congenital heart disease patients in the Department of Pediatric, Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital Sialkot from January 2021 to December 2021. Children with clinical basis of cyanosis, feeding refusal, decreased activity, cough, hurried breathing, fever, and excessive sweating were enrolled. Acquired heart diseases and post-operative cardiac cases were excluded. Eligible children were assessed for sociodemographic details, physical examination, nutritional status, history, and types of congenital heart diseases. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total 132 CHD children, there were 92 (69.7%) male and 40 (30.3%) females. The prevalence of acyanotic heart diseases, cyanotic heart diseases, complex CHD, and valvular diseases were 98 (74.2%), 22 (16.7%), 10 (7.6%), and 2 (1.5%) respectively. Age-wise distribution of all the children were as follows: 38 (28.8%) < 1 month, 62 (47%) 1 month-1 year, 20 (15.2%) 1-5 years, and 12 (9.1%) 5-10 years. Based on presented symptoms, the incidence of breathlessness, fever, cough, and other symptoms were 68 (51.5%), 58 (43.9%), 54 (40.9%), and 49 (37.1%) respectively. The incidence of protein-energy malnutrition and normal cases were 72 (54.5%) and 60 (45.5%) respectively. Anemia was the most prevalent risk factor CHD in 52 (39.4%) cases followed by pneumonia 41 (31.1%). Conclusion: The present study concluded that acyanotic heart diseases were the most commonly found in children followed by cyanotic, complex, and valvular diseases. Infancy and childhood age are more susceptible to congenital heart diseases. Breathlessness and fever were the most common symptoms. Nutritional anemia followed by pneumonia and failure to thrive were the major risk factors for congenital heart diseases among children. Keywords: Congenital heart diseases, Clinical pattern, Malnutrition
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Chowdhury, Farah, Mahmood A. Chowdhury Arzu, and Md Anowarul Azim. "Down Syndrome with Congenital Heart Diseases : Referral to Echo Lab for Screening and Diagnosis." Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal 21, no. 1 (May 19, 2022): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v21i1.59749.
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Background : Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) is associated with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) in 4050% cases. In Bangladesh, parents of Down syndrome cases are visiting to pediatrician for multiple associated comorbidities (Developmental problems, learning problems, hypothyroidism, recurrent infections etc) along with CHD. Though screening of newborns with Down syndrome for congenital heart diseases is recommended in international guidelines, it is not well recognized among the parents in Bangladesh despite of postnatal counseling in hospital deliveries or during visiting pediatrician. Most of the parents do delayed evaluation by pediatric cardiologists. Though clinical findings along with ECG & Chest xray are tools for diagnosis of congenital heart diseases, Echocardiography is still considered the best noninvasive diagnostic procedure. This study was aimed for detecting congenital heart diseases among down syndrome cases, the age at which cases are referred to echocardiography lab for screening & not the least awareness among parents about association of CHD with Down syndrome.
Materials and methods : In Chattogram Maa Shishu-O-General Hospital (CMSOGH) a retrospective observational study on cases of down syndrome visiting Echo lab over 1 year (Jan 2020 to Dec 2020). A total of 25 cases of down syndrome were selected based on Karyotyping report.
Results : Among 25 cases, 19(76%) of the patients diagnosed for CHD and still a portion of parents (40%) remains unaware of cardiac problems & its association with down syndrome. A number of 9 cases (36%) were detected at the age below 6 months.
Conclusion: A major portion of Down syndrome cases are associated with CHD whereas clinically asymptomatic cases may escape diagnosis in hospital settings. Counseling the parents about its association with CHD & significance of early screening should be a routine practice among physicians.
Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.21 (1); January 2022; Page 7-10
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Mottaghi Moghaddam Shahri, Hassan, Shirin Sadat Ghiasi, Zahra Abbasi Shaye, and Fatemehsoltan Zegheibizadeh. "CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS IN INFANTS WITH A CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA: A SINGLE-CENTER EXPERIENCE." Pakistan Heart Journal 55, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47144/phj.v55i4.2343.
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Objectives: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly and in association with diaphragmatic hernia (DH) develops significant morbidity and mortality outcomes. We aimed to determine the frequency of CHD in patients with DH and the effect of their relationship at our center. Methodology: This retrospective study considered all patients with congenital DH, who were referred to the pediatric cardiology Clinic of Imam Reza Hospital to evaluate for congenital heart disorders from March 2002 and December 2019. Findings were divided into two groups: normal structure heart and minor anomalies and major congenital heart disease that needs follow-up and interferes with surgical planning. Results: Twenty-five cases of congenital heart disease were identified, 17 patients were male (68%), and the mean age of cases was 5.5 months. Moreover, 17 patients (68%) suffered from CHD which was the major congenital heart disease in 10 cases (40%). Eight patients (32%) were diagnosed with normal echocardiography or minor defects such as patent foramen oval or floppy mitral valve with no mitral regurgitation. The most common CHD was ventricular septal defect, observed in six patients (24%). The most frequent non-cardiac malformations were gastrointestinal anomalies, chest deformity and genitourinary anomalies. Conclusion: The most common anomaly in the infants with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia is congenital heart diseases, particularly septal defects. Cardiac consultation in in patients with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia is significant, which is recommended for all the patients before surgery.
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Islam, Md Saiful, and Md Moniruzzaman. "Congenital heart diseases: A review of echocardiogram records." KYAMC Journal 9, no. 1 (May 9, 2018): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v9i1.36623.
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Congenital heart defect (CHD) means an anatomic malformation of the heart or great vessels which occurs during intrauterine development, irrespective of the age at presentation. They can disrupt the normal blood flow through the heart. The blood flow can slow down, go in the wrong direction or to the wrong place, or be blocked completely. Broadly congenital heart defects can be acyanotic and cyanotic. We have reviewed retrospectively from echocardiogram record nearly two years of period & collected total 404 patients with congenital heart defects. Among them 329 (81.43%) was acyanotic and 75 (18.57%) was cyanotic congenital defects with variety of diagnosis. Ventricular septal defect was the most common acyanotic heart defect and Tetralogy of Fallot was the most common cyanotic heart defect. There was no significant gender deference.KYAMC Journal Vol. 9, No.-1, April 2018, Page 35-38
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Al-Zuhairi, Husam T. "Pattern of Congenital Heart Disease In Children Attending Central Teaching Pediatric Hospital, Baghdad." AL-Kindy College Medical Journal 15, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47723/kcmj.v15i2.170.
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Background: Congenital cardiac defects have a wide spectrum of severity in infants. About 30-40% of patients with congenital cardiac defects will be symptomatic in the 1st year of life, while the diagnosis was established in 60% of patients by the 1st month of age.
Objectives: To identify the occurrence of specific types of CHD among hospitalized patients and to evaluate of growth of patients by different congenital heart lesions.
Methods: A retrospective study, done on ninety-six patients (51 male and 45 female) with congenital heart disease (CHD) admitted to central teaching hospital of pediatrics, Baghdad from 1st September 2009 to 30th of August 2010.
Results: The most common congenital heart diseases (CHD) were ventricular septal defect (VSD), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), transposition of great arteries (TGA), pulmonary Stenosis( PS), and Atrial septal defect (ASD).The most common modes of presentation were respiratory infection and heart failure in acyanotic patients and cyanosis in cyanotic groups. The study showed that only patent ductus arteriosus and atrial septal defects were more common in female while all other lesions were equal male to female ratio or slightly more common in male. The effect of acyanotic congenital heart disease on growth (Wt) is more common than cyanotic congenital heart disease.
Conclusions: VSD is the most common type of congenital heart disease and the most common cause of morbidity, while ASD is the least common cause of morbidity in patients with congenital heart disease. The most common modes of presentation of patients with CHD are respiratory infection and heart failure in acyanotic CHD while cyanosis is the most common presentation in cyanotic group.
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Tramboo, Zubair Mushtaq, Aamir Rashid Patigaroo, and Nazir Ahmad. "Burden of congenital heart diseases in a tertiary cardiac care institute of high altitude area." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 5 (April 26, 2019): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20191462.
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Background: Congenital heart disease is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in the paediatric population of both the developing and developed countries. Variability in incidence and prevalence of CHD from various countries of Indian subcontinent and rest of the world could be because of genetic, cultural, and environmental factors. The objective of the study was to find the prevalence and pattern of CHD in a tertiary care hospital in Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir).Methods: All children admitted at territary care hospital with age 0-15 years were screened for congenital heart disease. The study was conducted for period of one year to ascertain the prevalence and spectrum of CHDs.Results: A total of 232 patients out of 23000, were found having CHDs measuring a prevalence of 10.5/1000. About 170 (73%) were the acyanotics, and 62 (27%) were cyanotic heart patients. Among the acyanotic heart diseases ventricular septal defect was the most frequent lesion seen in 54 (23%), followed by patent ductus arteriosus in 50 (22%) children. Among the cyanotic heart diseases tetralogy of Fallot was the most frequent cyanotic heart disease seen in 15 (6.4%) patients.Conclusions: Authors observed high prevalence of CHD in our population. The pattern and spectrum of CHD were comparable to national and international data.
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Lim, Tingsen Benson, Sik Yin Roger Foo, and Ching Kit Chen. "The Role of Epigenetics in Congenital Heart Disease." Genes 12, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030390.
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Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect among newborns worldwide and contributes to significant infant morbidity and mortality. Owing to major advances in medical and surgical management, as well as improved prenatal diagnosis, the outcomes for these children with CHD have improved tremendously so much so that there are now more adults living with CHD than children. Advances in genomic technologies have discovered the genetic causes of a significant fraction of CHD, while at the same time pointing to remarkable complexity in CHD genetics. For this reason, the complex process of cardiogenesis, which is governed by multiple interlinked and dose-dependent pathways, is a well investigated process. In addition to the sequence of the genome, the contribution of epigenetics to cardiogenesis is increasingly recognized. Significant progress has been made dissecting the epigenome of the heart and identified associations with cardiovascular diseases. The role of epigenetic regulation in cardiac development/cardiogenesis, using tissue and animal models, has been well reviewed. Here, we curate the current literature based on studies in humans, which have revealed associated and/or causative epigenetic factors implicated in CHD. We sought to summarize the current knowledge on the functional role of epigenetics in cardiogenesis as well as in distinct CHDs, with an aim to provide scientists and clinicians an overview of the abnormal cardiogenic pathways affected by epigenetic mechanisms, for a better understanding of their impact on the developing fetal heart, particularly for readers interested in CHD research.
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Yogibuana Swastika Putri, Valerinna. "Early Detection of Congenital Heart Disease in Pregnant Young Women at Risk." Heart Science Journal 03, no. 03 (July 1, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.hsj.2022.003.03.1.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the non-communicable diseases in which the leading cause of death worldwide at 48%1. CVD contains a spectrum of diseases, one of which is Congenital Heart Defect (CHD). CHD is one of the contributors to morbidity from young until adulthood. The advancement of surgical correction and medical therapy made it possible for early structural correction, as uncorrected CHD while patients were still young posed a risk of health outcome deterioration later in life. CHD affected especially pregnant individuals. A pregnant woman diagnosed with CHD would often complain of significantly significant deterioration of health condition and quality of life as they have a higher susceptibility to cardiovascular complications than women in general. Pregnant women diagnosed with CHD in developing countries more often presented with signs indicating complications of CHD, such as Eisenmenger syndrome, signs of heart failure, Pulmonary Hypertension (PH), cyanosis, and NYHA functional classes II and III, which indicate later diagnosis and treatment further into adulthood in these patients. Lack of expertise and facility for diagnosis of CHD posed a major challenge in reducing mortality related to CHD in these countries. Therefore the need for a screening method at least for directing further referral to major health centers is still in high demand.
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Chapagain, Ram Hari, Needa Shrestha, Madhusudhan Kayastha, Sheelendra Shakya, Kimat Adhikari, and Sushan Man Shrestha. "Spectrum of Congenital Heart Disease in Neonates Admitted in an Intermediate Care Unit of a Tertiary Level Hospital." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 37, no. 2 (February 24, 2018): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v37i2.17623.
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Introduction: Congenital Heart Disease is the most common cause of major congenital anomalies accounting 28.0%, representing a major global health problem. Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease is 1.3 per 1000 in school children of Nepal.Material and Methods: A cross sectional prospective study was carried out in the neonatal intermediate care unit of Kanti Children’s Hospital, Nepal from Jan 2016 until Dec 2016 to see the spectrum of CHD.Results: Out of admitted 831 neonates, 85 were found to have CHD with prevalence of 102.28 per 1000 admitted neonate. Respiratory distress was the commonest symptom (51.8%) followed by cyanosis (11.8%) and reluctant to feed (10.6%) at presentation. ASD was the commonest (87.1%) cases followed by PFO 23.5%, PDA 21.2%, Complex congenital heart disease 11.8% and TOF 1.2%. Cleft lip and Cleft Palate was found in 5.9%, Down’s syndrome 3.5% of cases, polydactyly and syndactyly was detected in 2.4% newborn with CHD. The mode of delivery was spontaneous in 71.8% followed by Elective LSCS were 14.1% and Emergency LSCS were 9.4%.Conclusions: Prevalence of CHD was the 102.28 per 1000 neonates admitted in NIMCU. Atrial Septal Defect was the commonest congenital heart diseases. Cleft lip and Down’s syndrome were the most extra cardiac anomaly associated with CHD. Respiratory distress was the commonest presentation of CHD for hospital admission.
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V., Kumar G., Srinivasa V., and Ananda kumar T. S. "Pattern of congenital heart diseases among children with Down syndrome attending a tertiary care medical college hospital." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 4 (June 21, 2017): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20172665.
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Background: Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality associated with learning difficulties with reported incidence between1/600 -1/1000 live births. DS (trisomy 21) is the most common chromosomal abnormality seen in clinical practice. Most children with DS have trisomy 21, due to chromosomal non-disjunction during meiosis; however, other abnormalities, such as Robertsonian translocation, mosaic, double or triple aneuploidies have been reported. The association between DS and congenital heart disease (CHD) is well established. Congenital heart disease is the most common cause of death among patients with DS and affected children have an increased risk of mortality.Methods: The present descriptive study was conducted on children who had clinical features suggestive of Down syndrome and who were karyotypically proved as Down syndrome.Results: In 100 cases of down syndrome 60 children were males and 40 children were females. 45 children had congenital heart diseases. The frequency of CHD in down syndrome is 45%. Ventricular septal defect was the most common CHD found 40% children with down syndrome.Conclusions: All children with Down’s syndrome should have a cardiac evaluation at birth. Early referral and screening of all babies born with the clinical phenotype of DS should be encouraged due to the high prevalence of congenital heart defects.
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Chowdhury, Fahmida, Mujibul Hoque, Md Manajjir Ali, and Md Anisul Hossain. "Comparison of Growth in Children with Cyanotic and Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease in a Tertiary Care Hospital." Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 36, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v36i2.36068.
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Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the commonest of all congenital lesions and is the most common type of heart diseases among children. Anthropometric evaluation is very important for early recognition of growth failure in children with cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart diseases.Methods: This comparative cross sectional study was undertaken with the objective to compare the growth of children with cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease using anthropometric measurement in Department of Paediatrics, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital from March, 2014 to September, 2014. Sixty children aged 6 months to 60 months with CHD, were included in this study, where 30 children with cyanotic and 30 children with acyanotic CHD, confirmed by Echocardiogram.Results: All the children (100%) with cyanotic congenital heart disease were underweight (Weight for age Z score). Among them, 23.33% had moderate and 76.67% had severe underweight. In children with acyanotic congenital heart disease, 93.33% had underweight. Among them, 20% had moderate and 73.33% had severe underweight. The p-value was 0.35008. In cyanotic congenital heart disease, 96.67% children had stunting. Among them, 13.33% had moderate and 83.33% had severe stunting. In acyanotic congenital heart disease, 43.33% children had stunting. Among them, 33.33% had moderate and 10% had severe stunting. There was significant statistical deference in between the two groups, (pvalue was <0.0001). In cyanotic congenital heart disease, 43.33% children had wasting. Among them, 30% had moderate and 13.33% had severe wasting. In acyanotic congenital heart disease, 76.67% children had wasting. Among them, 30% had moderate and 46.67% had severe wasting. There was significant deference in the groups (p value was 0.0077).Conclusion: Growth failure was common in children with both cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease. There was no significant difference in weight for age Z score (WAZ) of patients with cyanotic and acyanotic CHD but stunting was significantly higher in patients with cyanotic CHD and wasting was significantly higher in patients with acyanotic CHD.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2018; 36(2): 64-69
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Mita, Shahina Akhter, Md Salim, Md Ataul Haque, Abdullah Shahriar, Md Nazneen Umme Zakia, ABM Abdus Salam, AZM Raihanur Rahman, and Abul Hasnat Md Jafar. "Comorbidities with Congenital Heart Disease among Hospitalized Children in a Specialized Cardiac Hospital in Bangladesh." Cardiovascular Journal 9, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v9i2.32418.
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Background: Congenital heart diseases (CHD) when associated with any comorbid condition may complicate the outcome of management. So to find out and treat comorbidities before definite treatment is essential for better outcome. Methods: This observational cross sectional study was conducted in the inpatient Department of Paediatric Cardiology at National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka, during the period of January 2014 to January 2015 to identify the comorbid conditions of congenital heart disease.Results: A total of 794 children with different types of congenital heart disease were enrolled during the study period. Among them, 48.6% were simple CHD and 51.4% were complex CHD. Among simple CHD, ventricular septal defect (VSD) was commonest (27.2%), Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) occupied the second position (20.5%). One child presented with Ectopia cardis. Among complex CHD most common anomalies were VSD with either atrial septal defect (ASD) or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) or valvular lesion. Next common anomalies were TOF with PDA or ASD &/or pulmonary valvular abnormalities. Double outlet of right ventricle (DORV) with shunt and transposition of great arteries (TGA) with shunt also occur frequently. AV canal defect with or without valvular lesion presented in significant number. Among them 616 (77.6%) had different types of comorbid conditions. Among comorbidities, respiratory and acquired cardiac comorbidities were common (37.9% & 34.1% respectively). Other congenital or genetic comorbidities were in 11.2%. Multisystem involvement was in 9.8% cases.Conclusion: Pneumonia and heart failure were the most frequent comorbid condition among both simple and complex congenital heart disease. They were common among acyanotic heart disease. But cyanotic spell, acute stroke syndrome and brain abscess were common among cyanotic heart disease. Among genetic comorbidities Downs syndrome occupied the major part.Cardiovasc. j. 2017; 9(2): 83-89
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Taksande, Amar M., and Krishna Vilhekar. "Study of Risk Factor for Congenital Heart Diseases in Children at Rural Hospital of Central India." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 33, no. 2 (October 7, 2013): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i2.8254.
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Introduction: Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital problem that accounts for up to 25% of all congenital malformations. Hence this study was aimed at improving the knowledge related to risk factors associated with CHD in a rural Indian scenario. It was a hospital- based case control study. Materials and Methods: The children up to twelve year of age with clinical suspicion of CHD were subjected to chest x-ray and electrocardiography, and final diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiography (n=209) as cases. The control group (n=418) were randomly selected from children without CHD who were admitted during the same period. The etiological factors like environmental, infections, drugs, and maternal factors were analyzed by using EPI 6 version. Results: In cases group, 56% were male and 44% female children. 82% cases presented at age of less than 5 years and 18% after 5 year. Exposure to smoking (OR=10.45), tobacco intake by mother (OR=8.28) and family history of CHD (OR=7.21) were the significant risk factor present in cases. Conclusion: The risk factors for CHD child identified were exposure to smoking and tobacco intake by mother, family history of CHD, antenatal infection in 1st trimester and history of diabetic mother. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i2.8254 J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013; 33(2):121-124
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Subhani, Fahim Ahmed, Abdul Wahab Siddique, Ammara Ayub, Bilal Ahmed, Syed Awais ul Hassan Shah, and Asma Anjum. "Pattern of Congenital Heart Diseases among Term and Preterm Neonates in a Tertiary Care Hospital of a Developing Country." Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal 72, no. 5 (November 4, 2022): 1707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v72i5.6909.
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Objective: To determine the frequency and pattern of various congenital heart diseases in a tertiary care hospital neonatal unit.
Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study.
Place and Duration of Study: Neonatal Unit of Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Jul 2015 to Jun 2018.
Methodology: All neonates admitted to the Neonatal Unit of Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, suspected of having congenital heart disease were included in the study. Suspicion for CHD was based on the presence of murmur, cyanosis with or without feeding difficulty, signs of congestive heart failure, and variation in pre and post-ductal SpO2 reading. Echocardiography was performed on all neonates by a Paediatric cardiologist to determine diagnosis and type of lesion.
Results: One hundred and thirty-one neonates were found to have congenital heart disease with male predominance, with 79(60.3%) males and 52(39.7%) females. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) was the most common lesion occurring in 44(33.6%) neonates, followed by PDA in 28(21.37%) neonates. CHD occurred more frequently in term neonates (62.0%) than preterm neonates (38.0%).
Conclusion: Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital malformation, with Asia having the highest prevalence worldwide. Lack of specialized antenatal and neonatal health services and paucity of diagnostic facilities lead to delays in diagnosis, increasing morbidity and mortality of CHD cases. Therefore, drastic measures are required to improve neonatal health and transport facilities in our country to mitigate the impact of this disease.
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Kamal, Niaz, Nasih Othman, and Aso Salih. "Incidence and Types of Congenital Heart Diseases among Children in Sulaimani Governorate." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2017): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.2.15.
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Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are common causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among young children and adolescents. It is the most common form of structural congenital defects. Little is known about incidence and type of these disorders in Sulaimani. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the incidence of congenital heart diseases and their types in Sulaimani Governorate. The study was conducted in Sulaimani Pediatric Teaching Hospital and the Maternity Hospital during January 2015 to December 2016. A sample of 400 consecutive cases of CHD in children aged 0-12 years was recruited attending the echocardiographic department of the hospital for diagnosis or follow-up purposes. Demographic data was collected through a face-to-face interview with the mothers of cases. A total number of new live births for 2015-2016 and those with congenital heart diseases were obtained from the medical records of the department of statistics of Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital. The overall incidence of all types of congenital heart diseases was 1.7/1000, 1.6/1000 live births for the year 2015 and 2016 respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in incidence between males and females over the two years, male to female risk ratio 1.83 (95% CI 1.09-3.14, p 0.007). The commonest types of cyanotic congenital heart diseases were tetralogy of Fallot (38.9% of all cyanotic defects), complete atrioventricular canal (22.1%), and transposition of great arteries (18.2%), while the most common types of non-cyanotic congenital heart disease were atrial septal defect (34.1% of all non-cyanotic defects), ventricular septal defect (31.6%), and the other defects are less common. In conclusion, tetralogy of Fallot, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects are the commonest congenital heart deformities in Sulaimani Governorate; the incidence is lower than other countries but this could be an underestimation.
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Siddiqui, Maria Fareed, and Sehar Farooq. "Retinoic Acid: A Potential Risk Factor for Congenital Heart Disease." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 5, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2021.0503175.
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Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, plays an essential role in human beings during growth and development. Intake of vitamin A in body is by eitheranimal/plant diet or use of medication to treat skin problems and cancer. Adequate intake of retinoic acid is critical as high and low quantities of retinoid lead todevelopmental defect by acting through retinoid receptors present in human body, which actively modulate many signaling pathways and control embryonic development and differentiation. Excess intake of RA cause congenital heart diseases (CHD) by up and down regulation of genes associated with CHD. Therefore, intake of retinoic acid or other analogous drugs especially during pregnancy enhances the risk of developing CHD. Physician and pharmacist should provide proper counseling to female patients about the benefits and risks of drugs prescribed during pregnancy. Furthermore, advancement in therapies likes surgery, angioplasty and tissue engineering used for the treatment of CHD. This review discusses an association between retinoic acid and CHD, its prevention and treatment options available.
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Togănel, Rodica. "Critical Congenital Heart Diseases as Life-threatening Conditions in the Emergency Room." Journal Of Cardiovascular Emergencies 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jce-2016-0002.
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Abstract Critical congenital heart disease (CHD) represents a special type of cardiovascular emergency due to the complexity of the associated pathology. In many cases, urgent surgery or catheter-based intervention is required as the condition might be life-threatening. In patients with ductal-dependent lesions, closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) within the first few days postpartum, can cause sudden clinical deterioration with potentially life-threatening consequences. The diagnostic challenges, clinical presentation and particularities related to the closure of PDA in life-threatening critical CHD are presented.
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Alam, AKM Manzurul, Istiaq Ahmed, Manzil Ahmed, and Al Mamun Hossain. "Congenital Heart Surgery: Analysis of 102 Cases." Bangladesh Heart Journal 30, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bhj.v30i2.28812.
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Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are a group of problems in the structure of the heart that is present at birth. Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of problem. Symptoms can vary from none to life-threatening. CHD is prevalent throughout the world including Bangladesh. It is the leading cause of birth defect-related death. Most of the patients with CHDs need corrective surgery and life-long follow up with heart care. In this series, 102 cases of CHD patients were operated, 82 of them were of atrial septal defect (ASD), 12 ventricular septal defect (VSD), 2 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and 6 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Operative and post-operative periods were uneventful. There were no major complications including death.Bangladesh Heart Journal 2015; 30(2) : 58-60
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K, Doddabasava, Prijo Philip, Sumanth Shetty B, Chinthu Sara Jacob, and Subramanyam K. "Gamut of congenital heart diseases in a tertiary center in South India: an ode to echocardiography." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 3 (April 25, 2017): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20171720.
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Background: Echocardiography has supplanted clinical acumen in diagnosis of congenital heart diseases (CHDs). Prevalence rates of CHDs across various regions of the world are subject to change over the course of time, with increasing use of this diagnostic modality. Objective: To assess the prevalence and types of CHDs.Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care center in South Karnataka, India. Transthoracic echocardiographic records of all patients suspected to have congenital heart disease, over a period of 60 months were analyzed. Categorization of data into acyanotic and cyanotic congenital heart disease, and further, into different types was done after an exhaustive search. Specific variables such as age, frequency and gender distribution of all kinds of CHDs were computed.Results: Of a total 112,372 pediatric patients who attended our center, 1451 reports of subjects suspected to have CHDs were analyzed. The prevalence was found to be 6.22 per 1000 subjects. Of the 700 subjects (48.24%) with CHD, 664 (94.85%) were diagnosed to have Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease and 36 (5.14%) were diagnosed to have Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease. Among the Acyanotic CHD, Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) was found to be the most common (40.21%) seconded by Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) (21.53%). Among the 36 subjects diagnosed to have Cyanotic CHD, it was found that Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) was the most commonest lesion (61.11%).Conclusions: Increased utilization of Echocardiography as a diagnostic modality significantly helps to better appreciate ever varying prevalence rates and types of CHDs in different parts of India. Frequent longitudinal studies in this regard help in enhanced allocation of available resources and updating of available databases.