Dissertations / Theses: 'Confusion'

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Hiew, Cha Kie, and 邱佳琪. "Confusion and exploration." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45689921.

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Zixin, Shan. "Confusion or Likelihood of Confusion? : Trademark Infringement in China and EU." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-356259.

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Walser, Andreas. "Ansätze zur Reduktion von Consumer Confusion Consumer Confusion im Markt für Digitalkameras /." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01655026001/$FILE/01655026001.pdf.

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Wheeler, Paul H. (Paul Harrison). "Aspects of automation mode confusion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42375.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-108).
Complex systems such as commercial aircraft are difficult for operators to manage. Designers, intending to simplify the interface between the operator and the system, have introduced automation to assist the operator. In most cases, the automation has helped the operator, but at times operator confusion as to what the automation is doing has created dangerous situations that lead to property damage or loss of life. This problem, known as mode confusion, has been difficult to analyze and thus solutions tend to be reactive instead of proactive. This thesis examines mode confusion as an emergent property of the operator and the automation. It develops models of the automation and the operator and then studies their emergent behavior. It then applies the model in a case study.
by Paul H. Wheeler.
S.M.

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Howell, Dominic. "Confusion modelling for lip-reading." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/53395/.

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Lip-reading is mostly used as a means of communication by people with hearing di�fficulties. Recent work has explored the automation of this process, with the aim of building a speech recognition system entirely driven by lip movements. However, this work has so far produced poor results because of factors such as high variability of speaker features, diffi�culties in mapping from visual features to speech sounds, and high co-articulation of visual features. The motivation for the work in this thesis is inspired by previous work in dysarthric speech recognition [Morales, 2009]. Dysathric speakers have poor control over their articulators, often leading to a reduced phonemic repertoire. The premise of this thesis is that recognition of the visual speech signal is a similar problem to recog- nition of dysarthric speech, in that some information about the speech signal has been lost in both cases, and this brings about a systematic pattern of errors in the decoded output. This work attempts to exploit the systematic nature of these errors by modelling them in the framework of a weighted finite-state transducer cascade. Results indicate that the technique can achieve slightly lower error rates than the conventional approach. In addition, it explores some interesting more general questions for automated lip-reading.

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Davis, Derick Francis. "Priming consequences of Homophone Confusion." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19366.

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I investigate how reading a homophone (e.g. "bye")"a word that sounds the same as another but has different spelling and meaning"can prime judgments and behaviors related to the complementary homophone (e.g. "buy"). Initial reading processes use word sound, not word spelling, to activate word meaning stored in memory. I theorize homophone priming occurs when consumers encounter and process homophones and a secondary, relatively controlled process fails to suppress meanings associated with the incorrect homophone. Additionally, this effect is more likely to occur when consumers experience cognitive load, which reduces ability to suppress the alternate homophone meanings. In this dissertation I document homophone behavioral and perceptual priming, investigate the process underlying the effects, and contribute to the priming literature in general. More specifically, this dissertation contributes to the understanding of the role of phonology (word sound) in behavioral and perceptual priming in general and in consumer contexts.
Ph. D.

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Smith, Alex. "Cannabis confusion : criminalization and decriminalization revisited." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19072.

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Hogan, Benedict Gabriel. "Dazzle camouflage and the confusion effect." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707735.

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Nilsson, Jakub. "Confusion Causing Chimeras : An evaluation of the Moral Confusion argument against the creation of human-nonhuman chimeras." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-122674.

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Schweizer, Markus. "Consumer Confusion im Handel : ein umweltpsychologisches Erklärungsmodell /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00115260.pdf.

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Schweizer, Markus. "Consumer Confusion im Handel : ein umweltpsychologisches Erklärungsmodell /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2005. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00131471.pdf.

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Rodríguez, Mario A. (Mario Aixel) 1975. "Identifying mode confusion potential in software design." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80652.

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Müller, Frank G. "The Discounting Confusion: An Ecological Economics Perspective." Economía, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117188.

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Factors impacting on the discounting process are mirrored in every aspect of human activities, be it the philosophical, the aesthetic, the religious through to the environmental and scientific experiences. In short, discounting is a controversial concept, and yet, the economic profession seems to ignore that issues related to “long-term” discounting are complex, multifaceted, and far from settled. The environmental community in particular has expressed reservations about discounting, because this process —an inherently myopic one— embodies a built-in bias against the future generations.It will be argued here that the danger to ecological sustainability is of a specific nature, namely,it relates to the lack of substitutability between human-made capital and natural capital. If this assumption is accepted, then it follows that using a discount rate is an inadequate instrumentfor achieving sustainability. Thus, it will be argued that the implementation of the precautionary principle, e.g., in form of “safe minimum standards” of ecosystem protection, provides a successful approach for achieving sustainability.
Los factores que influyen en el proceso de descuento se reflejan en todos los aspectos de la actividad humana, ya sea lo filosófico, lo estético o lo religioso a través de las experiencias ambientales y científicas. En resumen, el descuento es un concepto controvertido, y, sin embargo, la profesión económica parece ignorar que las cuestiones relacionadas al descuento de “largo plazo” son complejas, multifacéticas, y lejos de resolverse. La comunidad ambientalista, en particular, haexpresado reservas acerca del descuento, ya que este proceso —uno inherentemente miope—incorpora un sesgo implícito contra las futuras generaciones. Se argumenta que el peligro para la sostenibilidad ecológica es de carácter específico, es decir, que se refiere a la falta de posibilidad de sustitución entre el capital hecho por el hombre y el capital natural. Si se acepta esta hipótesis, entonces se deduce que el uso de una tasa de descuento es un instrumento inadecuado para el logro de la sostenibilidad. Por lo tanto, se puede argumentar que la aplicación del principio de precaución, por ejemplo, en la forma de “normas mínimas de seguridad” de protección del ecosistema, proporciona un enfoque exitoso para lograr la sostenibilidad.

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Gulotta, Isabelle. "La confusion des patrimoines en droit commercial." Paris 13, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA131015.

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La confusion des patrimoines est l'interpenetration de plusieurs patrimoines reels dont l'un au moins est celui d'un commercant (personne physique ou personne morale). La premiere partie de cette these, consacree a la constatation de la confusion des patrimoines, examine quels sont les indices retenus par les magistrats pour etablir l'existence d'une confusion entre patrimoines sociaux ou entre patrimoines dont l'un au moins est un patrimoine personnel. La seconde partie traite de l'action en confusion des patrimoines c'est-a-dire des differentes regles juridiques elaborees par la jurisprudence permettant notamment d'etendre le redressement ou la liquidation judiciaire d'un debiteur a celui qui a confondu son patrimoine avec le sien
Confusion of estates is the interpenetration between several estates, of which at least one is attached to a natural person doing business or to a company. The first part of this thesis deals with how confusion of estates is characterized and which facts are considered by french magistrates to establish confusion between the estates of companies or between estates of which one at least is attached to a natural person. Its second part deals with the action for confusion of estates, i. E. With the rules of case law permitting for instance that proceedings for reorganization ("redressement judiciaire") or bankruptcy ("liquidation judiciaire") filed against one debtor be extended to such other person who deliberately created confusion between his own estate and that of the said debtor

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Switzer, Jennifer F. "Preventing IPC-facilitated type confusion in Rust." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/128627.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, May, 2020
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-60).
Type-safe languages undertake to prevent the type confusion vulnerabilities that arise in type-unsafe languages such as C++. One such type-safe language is Rust, which provides powerful type safety guarantees [1]. However, these guarantees are valid only for a single compilation unit. That is, they may not hold when multiple separately compiled processes communicate. In this work, we explore how type confusion vulnerabilities can still arise when multiple separately compiled, internally type-safe processes share information through inter-process communication (IPC). We propose safeIPC, a tool for eliminating IPC-facilitated type confusion in Rust. safeIPC is a Rust compiler extension that detects communications over IPC and inserts runtime checks to ensure that type safety is maintained. Programs instrumented with safeIPC throw a runtime error if the type of any data received over IPC is not equivalent to the type expected. Our analysis shows that safeIPC is effective in preventing type confusion vulnerabilities not prevented by Rust alone.
by Jennifer F. Switzer.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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Graff, David L. "Sub-millimeter Spectroscopy at the Confusion Limit." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275448827.

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Lawrence, Andy Richard James. "Confusion and catharsis in filmmaking for fieldwork." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.664565.

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This thesis provides a commentary on three films that I have made on the subjects of childbirth and death; Born (Lawrence 2008); The Lover and the Beloved: A Journey into Tantra (Lawrence 2012); The One and the Many (Lawrence 2013). I discuss these films as practice-based research within the discipline areas of anthropology, media and performance in order to suggest an innovative way in which intersubjectivity may be explored and evoked through a method of ethnographic filmmaking. After a brief summary of the content of each film, I present my research methodology and associated techniques of filmmaking for fieldwork. I identify these as being different to those employed by Robert Gardner in his much discussed film about death, Forest of Bliss (1985). I elaborate on the methodological importance of intersubjectivity in filmed fieldwork by using two words, ‘confusion’ and ‘catharsis’, borrowed from reviewers of my film, Born. I argue that these words help to explain how the dual processes of perception and expression operate for all parties involved in the filmic encounter, including here the filmmakers, the subjects and the audiences. Drawing on ideas about how subjective experience is narrated by Turner (1986); intersubjectivity in ethnographic story telling by Jackson (2002; 2012); the conditions under which a film might provoke a cathartic response from a viewer by Scheff (2001); I consider how a filmmaking method can focus on the confusion in human experience, to become a new but related experience for the audience of a film. The objective of this methodology is to understand how subjective confusion becomes narrative coherence through the empirical lenses of childbirth and death. These ideas provide a basis to explain four areas of filmmaking technique that I use to produce anthropological films. The first relates to proximity: here I describe how I become a participant as well as an observer in action as it is unfolding and thus also a part of the story myself. The second looks at ways in which camera and microphone movement produce an “expression of experience by experience” (Sobchack 1995, p. 37). Thirdly, I outline a technique for the close examination of field experiences as they unfold and before they are fully comprehended that can also facilitate the production of high quality recorded material from which to craft a film. Lastly, I look at how reflexivity enhances the role of all the film’s subjects, including myself, to develop a useful context by which viewers of a film can engage with the protagonists of a story. In conclusion, I evaluate the success of these techniques in realising the methodological objectives of the work.

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Gusak, Karol. "The blockchain confusion : issues hindering blockchain adoption." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för informatik (IK), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-78661.

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This research aimed to identify and investigate the most important issues with blockchain and blockchain-related technology which are potentially slowing down its adoption. A literature review was performed to identify and analyze issues in usability, security, scalability, regulations, and other relevant areas. A qualitative research based on semi-structured interviews with two groups of participants, end users and developers, was conducted and the collected data that were analysed with the thematic analysis method, revealed the most commonly experienced issues confirming many findings from the existing literature, while providing a more up to date understanding of some others.

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Amir, Galia. "Consumer Confusion im Anlagefondsgeschäft Ausmass, Formen und Konsequenzen /." St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02606143001/$FILE/02606143001.pdf.

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Jansson, Öhlén Linn. "Expectations, Compassion and Confusion : Volunteers’ experiences and perspectives." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27934.

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The roots of international voluntary work can be said to stem back to the 19:th century missionary work. It is thus nothing new with westerners wanting to spread their knowledge or help the poor in other countries. However, relatively recently the international voluntary work or, as termed in this thesis, volunteer tourism have become more like an industry. Both the older phenomenon of non-profit organizers of volunteer travels and the newer, nowadays more visible, alternative of commercial companies are to choose from. Within this relatively new landscape of volunteer travels, this study seeks to understand the volunteers’ and the volunteer experience through a comparison of non-profit and profit organizers of volunteer travels. To do this, open-ended interviews were conducted with 14 former volunteers who had travelled with various organizers. The interviews took place in Stockholm, March-April 2015. The theoretical framework is based on critical theories, social movement theory and theories about (volunteer) tourism. The study showed that the experiences of and motivations for volunteering were quite similar between the groups. However, the volunteers’ who had travelled with non-profit organizers were in retrospect less focused on the aim of “helping” and they had to a larger extend revalued the aim and concept of volunteering. The most common least satisfactory part of the travel was the working situation. For all, the in general most valuable outcome of the travel was a cultural insight (exchange) rather than making a difference or helping, which is the common image marketed by many volunteer travel organizers.

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Krasilnikova, Daria. "Untitled: connecting layers of confusion, sensation and transformation." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciêcias e Technologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9663.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Arte e Ciência do Vidro
I believe that glass is a higher substance than most materials. It is a material reflecting humanity. For me, glass is at once a symbolic personification of human beings and at once a state of complete confusion. It is hard to work with. You either have to be talented or patient in order to pass through all the challenges to achieve the highest point of development and harmony. It is like working to be in balance with the material. At times I see it as my own reflection. Maybe I was chosen to be here. Glass making is at some point its own philosophical school, with its systems and meditation, with the training and frustration. It is its own world, its own orbital where we are spinning. Some are closer to the core and some are farther away, but working with glass demands that we all go through the layers to get to the core. It is not maybe as straight as we might hope and doesn’t quite fit the scientific rules. Glass seems to me to be a labyrinth with a goal of the 8th chakra, being a Master in glass making. Two years ago I chose to move to Portugal and work with glass. Looking at all the wonderful glass hand-made objects around me gave me a sense of excitement. I could not believe that I would be able to do the same. The strong desire to achieve new techniques left me excited while at the same time confused and frustrated. That feeling carried with me through the whole time of the program. The state of confusion, insecurity in my skills, and possibilities were constantly changing. But it never disappeared. I now propose to explain my personal transformation, layer by layer, as I also work to explain how a young lady from Russia meets glass art and glass science, and attempts to understand their interactions. In this work colored glass was produced using the gold nanoparticles and the layer by layer deposition of polyelectrolytes through dip coating in order to apply it to artworks that use glass as a medium. Gold was used aiming to obtain a range of colors from purple to blue. The gold nanoparticles were applied to a glass by immersing samples with previously applied multilayers films with polyelectrolytes. A chosen temperature was used both for reduction and fixation of the nanoparticles into the glass. Attention was focused on the influence of used temperature during thermal treatment for color fixation. Furthermore, several experiments took place in order to clarify the efficiency of applying texture to the sample with the purpose of color fixation. The effect of variables such as the number of polyelectrolytes multilayers and metal solution concentration on the resulting color was also studied. As a potential reducing agent of metals such as gold, the tin element can have influenced on the nanoparticles formation process. An experiment was performed in two samples of soda-lime glass on the surface of which tin was implanted. The influence of tin implantation on the final color of the sample was determined. The samples were characterized using UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy. The intention was to produce colored glass samples and apply it to the artwork using the “Occhi” technique. After the experiments the direction for the artwork has been changed and the new results achieved.

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Guillaud-Marlieu, Anne-Bénédicte Marie-Christine. "Gender Confusion: Sex and Subjection in Anouilh's Antigone." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1313713577.

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GAULENE, GARROS ANNE-MARIE. "Les etats confusionnels chez la personne agee." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU31110.

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BESCOND, YVES. "Devenir des etats confusionnels chez les personnes agees." Nantes, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NANT101M.

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Townsend, Nichole L. "Validation of the Confusion Assessment Method in the Intensive Care Unit in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221596.

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A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Introduction: Patients who develop delirium while hospitalized are increasingly recognized as at risk for the development of long term cognitive impairment. We became interested in the contribution of delirium to the development of post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) when we found that patients at Mayo Clinic in Arizona, compared to patients at the Mayo facilities in Rochester, MN, were 17 times more likely to receive the drug physostigmine (Antilirium®) for the treatment of delirium in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU). However, before we could examine the relationship between delirium and POCD we needed to validate a tool we could use to quickly assess the presence of delirium in patients emerging from anesthesia in the PACU. Hypothesis: The Confusion Assessment Method in the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) can be used in the PACU to identify patients with delirium. Methods: Patients 65 years of age or greater who were going to have a standardized general anesthetic for a surgical procedure were identified on the day of surgery and consent to participate in the study was obtained. The CAM-ICU was used preoperatively to determine study eligibility (patients who scored less than 7 [scale of 1-10], indicating delirium, on the test were not followed further) and postoperatively, one hour after the patient was admitted to the PACU, to assess for delirium. The CAM-ICU was administered after we asked the patient’s nurse whether or not he or she had determined that the patient was delirious. Results: 168 patients, mean age 75 ± 7 (SD) with the majority of participants having urologic or orthopedic procedures were assessed pre- and post-operatively with the CAM-ICU, and post-operatively by a nursing assessment for delirium. The CAM-ICU took little time to administer and was easy for patients to understand and use. The nurse at the bedside identified 5 of 168 patients as delirious (prevalence of 2.98%). The CAM-ICU was positive for delirium in 11 of 168 (6.55%). The CAM-ICU had a sensitivity of 60% (3/5) and a specificity of 95% (155/163). Conclusion: In this investigation, the CAM-ICU was easy to use and had a high specificity for identifying post-operative delirium.

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Aregger, Melanie. "Consumer Confusion als Herausforderung für das Management von Mehrkanalsystemen." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/03605292001/$FILE/03605292001.pdf.

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Stuerm, Michael. "Consumer Confusion im OTC-Handel Formen, Ausmass und Konsequenzen /." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01664986002/$FILE/01664986002.pdf.

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Hills, Alison Macbeth. "Practical confusion aesthetic perception in antebellum New England writing /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=2026918791&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Eriksson, Rebecca. "The Confusion Doctrine; Establishing Swedish compliance with EU Law." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15729.

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As a response to trade marks’ enhanced importance within trade, the EU’s interest in the area has increased by proponing a harmonization of the member states’ trade mark pro-tection so far as needed to preserve the EU’s objective of an internal market. The area is therefore regulated by an EU Directive, however allowing some national discretion. The purpose of this study was to investigate if a specific part of the trade mark protec-tion, the assessment-based confusion doctrine, corresponds on a Swedish and EU level. The aim was to locate statutory discrepancies in order to stimulate further review of the practical application of the doctrine from the analytical perspective of legal certainty. A scientifically accepted and traditional legal research method was applied when ex-amining and interpreting the sources of law. In addition, a comparative study was con-ducted between the two investigated legal systems to achieve the overall purpose. When comparing the results from the investigated sources, the legislations present a sta-tutory diversity, opening up for practical discrepancies. So was also the case with the application at the early stage of national implementation of the EU Directive. The tradi-tional national confusion doctrine, prescribing a more legal-technical assessment, did not correspond to the more flexible and contemporary EU view. Consequently, some national courts had to endure criticism for not adjusting to the EU development. Later case law however presents a very positive transition to the EU view of the confu-sion doctrine, suggesting a partial abandonment of the national legal sources of law for the benefit of EU law. Conclusion was however that despite this practical transition to EU law, statutory changes are necessary in order to safeguard the legal certainty in the way of achieving predictability.

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Wills, Theodore W. "Cognitive operations and the "aha" effect : revision not confusion /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2002.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2002.
Advisr: Salvatore Soraci, Jr. Submitted to the Dept. of Psychology. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-73). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

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Brock, Beau. "Les origines d'une confusion identitaire : le cas du gascon." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2443.

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Of the various regional languages in France, Occitan, a language spoken in the southern third of the country, is facing some major problems, namely those of the creation of a written standard — a process which began only in the late 19th century — and the splintering of the Occitan movement into several distinct dialect groups. One of these dialects, Gascon, has long been considered the black sheep of the Occitan dialects, due in part to its peculiar phonology, lexicon and its literature, which developed in a much different manner than the other Occitan dialects for a number of reasons. Gascon is also the most widely misunderstood of the varieties of "Langue d'Oc", often being confused as being either a separate language, a very corrupt form of French (a patois), or simply a very distant relative to Occitan. This thesis attempts to explain the rationale for a Gascon language movement by examining its historical and social development and the shifting cultural identity over time. The linguistic traits specific to Gascon will be discussed, as well as the differences between it and the other forms of Occitan. Finally, a brief discussion of the present state of Gascon and the regional movement(s) will conclude this overview of one of the many regional or minority languages of France.

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Provost, Rene. "International human rights and humanitarian law : fusion or confusion?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285439.

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Anninou, Ioanna. "Consumer confusion : a test of the behavioural perspective model." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56902/.

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In light of the increasing academic and practical importance of consumer confusion, more theoretical and empirical inquiries are necessary in order to comprehend this concept. This study extends the notion of confusion by adopting the idea of self-based rules. Confusion can be defined as a self-based track (or better a rule for the lack of rules and norms, a special case of anomy). As a rule, there is a differing language that can be used to describe it– the first, extensional, deals with confusion as an overall response to physical and social stimuli and the other, intentional, deals with it in terms of individual understanding and beliefs. This study uses the theoretical principles of the Behavioural Perspective Model (BPM) as its primary device. The current state of the BPM dictates the use of an extensional language (BPM-E). The model will be extended and placed within the framework and study of an intentional explanation (BPM-I). The explanatory or interpretative role that confusion can play in these models will be described. Specific research hypotheses that correspond to these explanations have been developed. In order to implement these objectives a main quantitative survey (N=260) which provided data on 520 consumer situations, has been informed by a meaningful in the produced results pilot-exploratory study (N=7) and multiple qualitative (N=10) and quantitative (N=56) pilot tests and discussions with knowledgeable and lay participants. Multiple regression and ANOVA indicate significant main effects when Mehrabian and Russell’s affective scales and different kinds of confusion (similarity-complexity) are used to predict approach-avoidance behavioural responses. Additionally, support is provided for the patterns expected from the affective and behavioural variables when these are applied to other situations beyond the original eight contingency categories of the BPM. The main contribution of this study lies with the inclusion of an aversive consequence of shopping situations in the BPM and the extension of the model towards embracing and applying intentionality. Overall, this study supports the supposition put forward by Foxall (2004; 2007a; 2007b; 2013) that the intentional BPM can add and extend the explanatory power of the extensional model.

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Pokharel, Smriti. "Jhakris and the urban Nepali conflict : chaos and confusion." Scholarly Commons, 2008. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/706.

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This study explored the intercultural conflict between urban Nepalis, who believe in Western medicine, and the Jhakris, Nepalese traditional healers. Nepalis in Western influenced urban areas made traditional healing practices illegal, resulting in violent arrests and beatings of Jhakris by police and occasional violent retaliation by Jhakris. This research sought to understand the roots of the intercultural conflict between the urban Nepali society and the Jhakris, and suggest possible solutions to reduce this intercultural conflict. Interviews were conducted with eight members of each group. The data were analyzed by using a conflict styles framework. Westernized members of urban Nepali society ranked high on the Competing conflict style and the Jhakri community ranked high in Compromise and Problem-Solving styles. The perceived grievances of each group were summarized and it was concluded that people in both groups who have a choice of Western and Jhakri healing options might be best placed to begin working toward negotiation and mediation.

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Lorenzová, Karolína, and Charlotte Borlind. "Consumer Confusion and Attitudes : A Study of Eco-Labels." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355970.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explain whether the conceptualized model of consumer confusion regarding the multiple number of brands and products also applies to the increasing number of eco-labels. The study also examined how the attitudes were affected if confusion occurred amongst the consumers. More specifically, whether consumer confusion leads to negative attitudes. Theoretical Framework: The conceptualized model of consumer confusion, including the three dimensions of ambiguity, information overload and similarity was used in this research.In addition, theories regarding attitudes and indicators that affect consumer’s attitudes werepresented and used for the analysis. Methodological Framework: This research took an explanatory and deductive approach. The research was carried out with a quantitative method including three hypotheses derived from the literature. Data was collected through a questionnaire that was spread online on social media. The gathered data was coded accordingly in order to get the results from the frequencies, descriptive statistics, correlation and the regression analysis. Empirical Results: It was discovered that the respondents were confused by eco-labels and eco-labelled products regarding all the three dimensions of the conceptualized model of consumer confusion. However, the fact that the attitudes towards eco-labels and eco-labelled products were very positive, led to a rejection of all the three hypotheses. Consequently, supportive questions from the questionnaire and the demographic details of the sample served as additional support to further discuss the results of the study. Conclusions: This study showed that the conceptualized model of consumer confusion also applies to eco-labels. However, the consumers still had positive attitudes towards eco-labels and eco-labelled products which could be seen as contradictory. Nevertheless, positive beliefs about eco-labels and its effects and demographic details were found to have an impact on the positive attitudes.

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Cambier, Anne-Bénédicte. "La confusion des patrimoines et les sociétés civiles immobilières." Lille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL20002.

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Il n'est pas rare qu'une société commerciale soit exploitée dans des locaux loués à une SCI aux dirigeants communs et avec des liens en capital. Les créanciers de la société commerciale en procédure de liquidation judiciaire tentent alors de mettre la main sur le patrimoine de la SCI de façon à se faire payer. Ils invoquent ainsi en justice la confusion du patrimoine des deux sociétés et demandent l'extension à la SCI de la procédure collective ouverte à l'encontre de la société commerciale, afin que les deux patrimoines confondus répondent ensemble du passif. Or, les tribunaux défendent farouchement l'autonomie juridique des sociétés : Dès lors qu'elles ont conservé une activité indépendante, un actif et un passif propres, l'existence d'une simple unité économique ne suffit pas à caractériser la confusion de leur patrimoine. Les juges sont aussi très réticents à prononcer la fictivité d'une SCI ayant pour but d'acquérir les locaux d'exploitation d'une société commerciale dont elle dépend. La réunion des patrimoines de plusieurs sociétés n'est admise qu'à des conditions extrêmement restrictives. Selon les tribunaux, deux critères sont révélateurs : la confusion des comptes et les relations financières anormales entre sociétés. Dans le premier cas, on ne sait plus à quelle société rattacher tel bien ou telle dette, le second étant caractérisé par des transferts de fonds sans contrepartie d'une société vers une autre. Dans le cadre du couple SCI/société commerciale, ce sont surtout les relations financières anormales qui sont retenues
It is not uncommon for a commercial company to operate from premises rented from an SCI which has the same executives as itself and financial ties. The creditors of a commercial company undergoing liquidation proceedings may therefore try to lay their hands on an SCI's assets in order to be paid. They will thus invoke in court the indistinctness of the two companies' assets and call for the legal action taken against the commercial company to be extended to the SCI, in order for both companies''assets to be answerable for liabilities. The courts however fiercely defend the legal autonomy of companies. They maintain that as long as companies have had independent activities, and their own assets and liabilities, the existence of a single economic unit does not suffice to prove combined assets. Judges are also very reluctant to pronounce as fictive an SCI whose aim is to acquire premises for the company it belongs to. The merging of several companies' assets is only accepted in extremely restrictive conditions. As far as the courts are concerned, there are two revealing criteria : joint accounts and unusual financial dealings between companies. In the first instance, it cannot be clearly indentified to which company a specific asset or debt belongs. The second instance is characterised by the transfer of funds from one company to another without countepart entries. In the case of an SCI / commercial company partnership, unusual financial dealings are mainly taken into account

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Mirheidari, Seyed Ali. "Confused by Path: Analysis of Path Confusion Based Attacks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/280512.

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URL parser and normalization processes are common and important operations in different web frameworks and technologies. In recent years, security researchers have targeted these processes and discovered high impact vulnerabilities and exploitation techniques. In a different approach, we will focus on semantic disconnect among different framework-independent web technologies (e.g., browsers, proxies, cache servers, web servers) which results in different URL interpretations. We coined the term “Path Confusion” to represent this disagreement and this thesis will focus on analyzing enabling factors and security impact of this problem.In this thesis, we will show the impact and importance of path confusion in two attack classes including Style Injection by Relative Path Overwrite (RPO) and Web Cache Deception (WCD). We will focus on these attacks as case studies to demonstrate how utilizing path confusion techniques makes targeted sites exploitable. Moreover, we propose novel variations of each attack which would expand the number of vulnerable sites and introduce new attack scenarios. We will present instances which have been secured against these attacks, while being still exploitable with introduced Path Confusion techniques. To further elucidate the seriousness of path confusion, we will also present the large scale analysis results of RPO and WCD attacks on high profile sites. We present repeatable methodologies and automated path confusion crawlers which detect thousands of sites that are still vulnerable to RPO or WCD only with specific types of path confusion techniques. Our results attest the severity of path confusion based class of attacks and how extensively they could hit the clients or systems. We analyze some browser-based mitigation techniques for RPO and discuss that WCD cannot be dealt as a common vulnerability of each component; instead it arises when an ecosystem of individually impeccable components ends up in a faulty situation.

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Stadelmann, Nicolas. "Consumer Confusion im Privatkundengeschäft Konsequenzen der Anlagenvielfalt im e-Banking /." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/00637173001/$FILE/00637173001.pdf.

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Neuenschwander, Juerg. "Consumer Confusion im Lebensmittel Online Handel Ausmass, Formen und Gestaltungsvorschläge /." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01652841001/$FILE/01652841001.pdf.

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Lam, Suk-yin Jennie. "Confusion of tones in visually-impaired children using Cantonese braille." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31953797.

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Keeling, Michael. "Wittgenstein's treatment of confusion regarding the roles of empirical propositions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0001/MQ36477.pdf.

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42

Thomas, Dylan. "Patterns of confusion, mimetic paradox and the interrogation of experience." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ65071.pdf.

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Blume, Brian D. "Construct confusion and assessment centers a person-situation interactionist perspective /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3219912.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Kelley School of Business, 2006.
"Title from dissertation home page (viewed June 26, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-06, Section: A, page: 2225. Advisers: Timothy T. Baldwin; George F. Dreher.

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44

Perry, Sarah. "Confusion : Iris Murdoch, the gothic and the sense of place." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.588502.

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This thesis comprises my novel Confusion together with a critical piece exploring depictions and uses of the sense of place - in particular architecture and the built environment - in the Gothic, and in the Gothic legacy in contemporary fiction. I have chosen to focus on two key Gothic texts and two novels by Iris Murdoch. My novel Confusion depicts a man's entry into a house in which the inhabitants are each struggling with distinct and 'confusing' moral, sexual, spiritual and emotional problems. John Co le is at first only able to understand the situation in which he finds himself by 'reading' his life - and that of others - as a kind of fiction. The novel's use of third person narration interspersed with diary entries permits an exploration of the distance between John's perception of events (in his role as 'reader') and the events themselves, and the inevitable narrowing of that distance as he enters the 'text' he is at first content merely to 'read'. The novel places particular emphasis on the sense of place evoked through John's perception of what he sees, and, though intended as realist fiction, draws on Gothic motifs of ruin, madness and transgression. The critical component of the thesis sets Confusion within the context of essentially realist contemporary novels which nonetheless appear to exploit Gothic narrative protocols, focusing particularly on the treatment of place in the novels of Iris Murdoch. The Introduction explores the origins of the Gothic, the crucial importance of the sense of place as a Gothic device, and the extent to which realist fiction may make use of Gothic protocols. It emphasises the importance of consciousness - both of character and reader - to the construction and perception of the sense of place.

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Lam, Suk-yin Jennie, and 林淑賢. "Confusion of tones in visually-impaired children using Cantonese braille." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953797.

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Pasquarella, Fred Joseph. "The construction and validation of the fullerton ontological confusion scale." Thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1604565.

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The Fullerton Ontological Confusion (FOC) scale was constructed to address the issues of inconsistent theory and inadequate measurement regarding paranormal, superstitious, magical, and supernatural (PSMS) beliefs. For the FOC scale, PSMS beliefs were defined as confusions of ontology, or the misattribution of core knowledge belief categories. The FOC was empirically evaluated under an Item Response Theory framework using the nominal response model (NRM) to estimate item parameters and the Wald test to evaluate within-item category variation. Using the NRM and the Wald test, the FOC scale items were revised to yield a measure that was optimally formatted and informative. Correlational analysis was used to validate the FOC scale by testing the hypothesized relationships to theoretically related and unrelated constructs. The FOC scale was found to have a good degree of validity with most of the testable validation hypotheses being supported. Compared to the available existing measures, the FOC scale could be used as a more pure and informative measure for PSMS beliefs.

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Onishi, Hiroko. "Well-known trade mark protection : confusion in EU and Japan." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/210843/.

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In this thesis concerning the protection of well-known trade marks against confusion in the European Community Trade Mark (CTM) and Japanese trademark systems, the author critically considers the difficulties in comprehensively defining ‘well-known trade mark’ in the relevant international trade mark instruments. After critical analysis of various definitions of both ‘trade mark’ and ‘well-known trade mark’, she undertakes a comparison of the definitions of the parallel concepts of ‘trade mark of repute’ and ‘syuchi-syohyo’, and also undertakes an assessment as to the extent to which these trade marks are protected against confusion and kondo in the CTM and Japanese systems, respectively. It is concluded that the protection of well- known trade marks against confusion in the CTM and Japan cannot be said to be completely clear, and the author identifies some areas for legal reform

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Falquier, Jean-François. "Confusion mentale aigue͏̈ : aspects prédictifs chez le sujet âgé hospitalisé." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2M080.

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Stephens, P. W. "Low frequency mapping with MERLIN." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382763.

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Brooks, Daryl. "The experience of acute confusion in older women with hip fracture." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0003/MQ45026.pdf.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Confusion'

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