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1
Linklater, Richard. Dazed and confused: An original screenplay. Austin, TX: Really Confused Productions, 1992.
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Stehlin, Dori. Through the bureaucratic jungle: A guide for the confused consumer. [Rockville, Md: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Public Affairs], 1986.
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3
Linklater, Richard. Dazed and confused: Inspired by the screenplay by Richard Linklater. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993.
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4
Cassell, Carol. Swept away: Why women confuse love and sex. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
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5
Clio confused: Troubling aspects of historical study from the perspective of U.S. history. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1995.
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Cassell, Carol. Swept away: Why women confuse love and sex...and how they can have both. New York: Bantam, 1985.
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7
Alhusseini, Maha, Deepak Garg, Marwan Al-Hajeili, and Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar. Confused. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0058.
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These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients who receive immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
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Hayes, Justin. Red State/Blue State: The Confused Citizen's Guide to Surviving in the Other America. Adams Media Corporation, 2006.
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Kryzanek, Michael J. Angry Bored Confused. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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10
Okeke, Edward Chukwuemeke. Competing or Conflicting Norms, and Related but Different Doctrine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611231.003.0005.
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This chapter addresses competing or conflicting norms, as well as the related but different doctrine of Act of State. It examines the various approaches courts employ in dealing with the very contentious issue of whether human rights and jus cogens norms trump the rule of State immunity. The chapter discusses the nature of the Act of State doctrine, including its jurisprudence, applicability and rationale, and exceptions or limitations. The Act of State doctrine, which is sometimes confused with State immunity, is a matter of justiciability, not jurisdiction. The chapter concludes by discussing an analogy between the rule of State immunity and the Act of State doctrine.
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Waldman, Simon A., and Emre Caliskan. Davutoglu’s Rhythmic Diplomacy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190668372.003.0008.
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Turkey’s foreign policy was once Western-looking, with its back turned to the Middle East; however, since the decline of military influence following the AKP’s election in 2002, the party has developed a different global strategy embracing its Middle Eastern neighbors, with some success: new trade links have been forged, closer strategic relations established and Turkey has made its presence felt on the global stage. However, by the time of the 2011 Arab uprisings, Turkey’s foreign policy was marred by strategic misconceptions, aggressive rhetoric and a degree of hubris threatening isolation. This chapter assesses the ideological underpinnings of Turkey’s post-military foreign policy, dissecting the AKP’s “zero problems” strategy and arguing that the government has confused strategy with ambition, leaving post-Arab Spring Turkey’s foreign policy in a perilous state.
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Kryzanek, Michael J. Angry, Bored, Confused: A Citizen Handbook of American Politics. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Kryzanek, Michael J. Angry, Bored, Confused: A Citizen Handbook of American Politics. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Kryzanek, Michael J. Angry, Bored, Confused: A Citizen's Handbook of American Polictics. Westview Press, 1999.
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15
Haynes, Charles C. Religious Liberty in American Education. Edited by Michael D. Waggoner and Nathan C. Walker. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199386819.013.39.
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Many educators and school administrators receive little or no civic education about the history and significance of the religious liberty clauses of the First Amendment. As a result, many Americans are misled about the constitutional role of religion in public life, confused about the meaning of church–state separation, and uncertain about the limits of the free exercise of religion. This chapter details the broad consensus that has been made about the principles of rights, responsibility, and respect that flow from the religious liberty clauses of the First Amendment. This chapter argues that by applying this constitutional framework, educators and community stakeholders can forge a shared understanding of the place of religion in public life. They will be able to work together to sustain America’s bold experiment in living with our deepest differences.
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Henderson, John. Florence Under Siege. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300196344.001.0001.
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Plague remains the paradigm against which reactions to many epidemics are often judged. This book examines how a major city fought, suffered, and survived the impact of plague. Going beyond traditional oppositions between rich and poor, the book provides a nuanced and more compassionate interpretation of government policies in practice, by recreating the very human reactions and survival strategies of families and individuals. From the evocation of the overcrowded conditions in isolation hospitals to the splendor of religious processions, the book analyzes Florentine reactions within a wider European context to assess the effect of state policies on the city, street, and family. It unearths the forgotten stories of doctors and administrators struggling to cope with the sick and dying, and of those who were left bereft and confused by the sudden loss of relatives.
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Unnsteinsson, Elmar. Talking About. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865137.001.0001.
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Abstract The book develops and argues for a new intentionalist theory of the speech act of singular reference. Specifically, it proposes a Gricean theory of pragmatic competence within which referential competence can be identified and explained. It argues that combining insights from theories of mechanistic explanation in cognitive science and intentionalist theories of speech acts affords a completely new perspective on old questions about reference and speaker meaning. The resulting theory is called edenic intentionalism and it is based on the idea that referential competence is explained by a dedicated cognitive mechanism with a specific function, namely the function of enabling the production of edenic or optimal referential speech acts. Importantly, the author shows how this theory dissolves traditional puzzles in the philosophy of language and mind, puzzles arising from cases where the speaker is confused about the identity of the object of intended reference. The author develops an original account of the mental state of confusion, based on a detailed examination of the distinction between representational actions and representational states, which allows for a satisfying answer to familiar questions about attitude ascription and Frege’s puzzle about identity.
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Williams, Erica Lorraine. Moral Panics. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037931.003.0008.
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This chapter examines how state and nongovernmental organizations' campaigns in Brazil construct sex tourism as a problem to be eradicated in part by conflating it with trafficking, along with the questions it raises about the possibilities of transnational mobility for socioeconomically disadvantaged Brazilian women. The chapter begins with a historical overview of the concept of trafficking and of global antitrafficking movements as well as the ways in which “trafficking” has been confused and conflated with “sex tourism.” It then considers how trafficking and sex tourism have been constituted as objects of knowledge before discussing the campaign activities of Aprosba and CHAME (Humanitarian Center for the Support of Women). It shows that CHAME's anti-trafficking educational campaign materials constitute an “archive of racialized sexuality” that creates “moral panics” about interracial sex and transnational border crossings that reinforces notions of who is worthy of the privileges of transnational mobility.
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Alanen, Lilli. Affects and Ideas in Spinoza’s Therapy of Passions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766858.003.0005.
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The emancipation and control of passions proposed in Spinoza’s Ethics (1677) is based on true knowledge. We are unable to remove the causes of a passion, say of sadness, affected as we are by forces infinitely surpassing our own, yet we can change it from a passive state of confusion into an active emotion of joy by understanding its causes. This raises questions about the identity both of the mind that is striving to free itself from the passions, and of particular passions themselves, which are defined as confused and inadequate, partial ideas, and whose very form or being seems to depend on their confusion and inadequacy. This chapter focuses on Spinoza’s account of the mechanisms of ideas and passive affects and the difficulties this account poses for the arguments developed in the Ethics Part 5 in support for a therapy of passions through self-generated active affects.
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Black, Thomas R., and Michael J. Kryzanek. Angry Bored & Confused: A Citizen Handbook of American Politics. Westview Press, 1999.
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James A, Green. Part II The Criteria for the Operation of the Persistent Objector Rule, 5 The Consistency Criterion. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704218.003.0006.
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The need for consistency is identified regularly in the literature on the persistent objector rule, but this is often implicit or amalgamated/confused with the persistence criterion. This chapter aims to confirm the need for consistent objection, which is a requirement related to, but distinct from, persistence. It then assesses the rationale for the consistency criterion, before turning to the important question of what ‘consistent objection’ in fact entails. The chapter then considers whether a state's objections must be ‘absolutely consistent’ (in the sense of any contrary practice being terminal for its exemption from the relevant norm), or whether a generally consistent pattern of objection will suffice. The chapter also asks whether the silence of a state — in circumstances where it might reasonably be expected to object — can be interpreted as inconsistent practice. Finally, the chapter considers the notion of ‘substantive consistency’, meaning the consistency of a state's position as between related norms: does a persistent objector need to have a principled stance of objection across comparable norms?
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Looking for Palestine: Growing up Confused in an Arab-American Family. Penguin Publishing Group, 2014.
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Educating to Confuse and Disrupt ; Defiling History and Education System of India. India First Foundation Trust, 2005.
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Schearing, Linda S., and Valarie H. Ziegler. Enticed by Eden: How Western Culture Uses, Confuses, Adam and Eve. Baylor University Press, 2013.
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Schearing, Linda S., and Valarie H. Ziegler. Enticed by Eden: How Western Culture Uses, Confuses, Adam and Eve. Baylor University Press, 2013.
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26
Pinto, Rodrigo G. Environmental Activism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.166.
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Social science research on environment and activism with a cross- or transnational scope (REACTS) is described as a consolidated but confused, stagnant field of scholarship, one which has yet to surpass the comparable state of international studies at large. Previous reviews of the literature in this growing and interdisciplinary research domain have gone so far as so divide it into either its cross-national or its transnational branch, respectively associated with cross-national and environmental social science (CESS), or transnational and environmental social science (TESS). As evidence of stagnancy, once the CESS and TESS branches of REACTS are combined, changes in the cross-national research agenda have been merely the reverse of the transnational one. From 1969–75, REACTS literature covered the themes of population, catastrophic limits to growth, interstate conferences and organizations, North–South relations, survivalist/lifeboat ethics, resource and land conservation, and the social movement organization/non-governmental organization/"third sector." From 1977–91, the issues covered shifted to emphasize violence/conflict, counter environmentalist backlash, seal hunting, whaling, rural energy (improved bioenergy cookstoves), and possibly baby foods, though the earlier concerns with population, (nature) conservation, interstate conferences and survivalist/lifeboat ethics continued. The resistance literature was considerably consolidated and there was a quantitative change in the attention that environmental activism itself received within the pre-existing orientations. In the post-1992 era, the thematic array of transnational REACTS expanded even further as additional issues made it to the agenda in international and environmental studies.
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Being United Methodist in the Bible Belt: A Theological Survival Guide for Youth, Parents, and Other Confused United Methodists. Westminster John Knox Press, 2008.
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Harvey, David. The New Imperialism. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199264315.001.0001.
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People around the world are confused and concerned. Is it a sign of strength or of weakness that the US has suddenly shifted from a politics of consensus to one of coercion on the world stage? What was really at stake in the war on Iraq? Was it all about oil and, if not, what else was involved? What role has a sagging economy played in pushing the US into foreign adventurism? What exactly is the relationship between US militarism abroad and domestic politics? These are the questions taken up in this compelling and original book. In this closely argued and clearly written book, David Harvey, one of the leading social theorists of his generation, builds a conceptual framework to expose the underlying forces at work behind these momentous shifts in US policies and politics. The compulsions behind the projection of US power on the world as a "new imperialism" are here, for the first time, laid bare for all to see.
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The immediate blessedness of departed saints, or, The soul-sleeping theory confuted: A discourse delivered at the Methodist New Connexion Conference, Waterdown, June 6th, 1869. [Toronto?: s.n.], 1994.
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Pavlowitch, Stevan, and Dejan Djokic. Hitler's New Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197537039.001.0001.
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The history of the Second World War in Yugoslavia was for a long time the preserve of the Communist regime led by Marshal Tito. It was written by those who had battled hard to come out on top of the many-sided war fought across the territory of that Balkan state after the Axis Powers had destroyed it in 1941, just before Hitler's invasion of the USSR. It was an ideological and ethnic war under occupation by rival enemy powers and armies, between many insurgents, armed bands and militias, for the survival of one group, for the elimination of another, for belief in this or that ideology, for a return to an imagined past within the Nazi New Order, or for the reconstruction of a new Yugoslavia on the side of the Allies. In fact, many wars were fought alongside, and under cover of, the Great War waged by the Allies against Hitler's New Order which, in Yugoslavia at least, turned out to be a “new disorder.” Most surviving participants have since told their stories; most archival sources are now available. This book uses them, as well as the works of historians in several languages, to understand what actually happened on the ground. The book poses more questions than it provides answers, as the author attempts a synoptic and chronological analysis of the confused yet interrelated struggles fought in 1941-5, during the short but tragic period of Hitler's failed “New Order,” over the territory that was no longer the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and not yet the Federal Peoples' Republic of Yugoslavia, but that is now definitely “former Yugoslavia.”
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Enticed By Eden How Western Culture Uses Confuses And Sometimes Abuses Adam And Eve. Baylor University Press, 2013.
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Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Neurological disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0022.
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Agitation and confusion 360Status epilepticus 362Meningitis 364Intracerebral haemorrhage 366Subarachnoid haemorrhage 368Ischaemic stroke 370Guillain–Barre syndrome 372Myasthenia gravis 374ICU neuromuscular disorders 376Tetanus 378Botulism 380Neurorehabilitation 382Hyperthermias 384Agitation and confusion are common features in critical illness. Agitation is a symptom or sign of numerous acute and chronic disease states that include pain, anxiety and delirium. Agitation is present in around half of ICU patients, with 15% experiencing severe agitation. Confusion may also be chronic or acute and arise from an overlapping set of pathological processes that includes hypoxia, hypotension, hypoglycaemia and dementia. It is possible to be agitated and not confused, and vice versa. Recognition and treatment of the underlying condition is of utmost importance, rather than treating the symptoms alone....
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Galbraith, James K. Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190250461.001.0001.
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Over the past thirty years, the issue of economic inequality has emerged from the backwaters of economics to claim center stage in the political discourse of America and beyond a change prompted by a troubling fact: numerous measures of income inequality, especially in the United States in the last quarter of the twentieth century, have risen sharply in recent years. Even so, many people remain confused about what, exactly, politicians and media persons mean when they discuss inequality. What does “economic inequality ” mean? How is it measured? Why should we care? Why did inequality rise in the United States? Is rising inequality an inevitable feature of capitalism? What should we do about it? Inequality: What Everyone Needs to Know takes up these questions and more in plain and clear language, bringing to life one of the great economic and political debates of our age. Inequality expert James K. Galbraith has compiled the latest economic research on inequality and explains his findings in a way that everyone can understand. He offers a comprehensive introduction to the study of economic inequality, including its philosophical and theoretical origins, the variety of concepts in wide use, empirical measures and their advantages and disadvantages, competing modern theories of the causes and effects of rising inequality in the United States and worldwide, and a range of policy measures. This latest addition to the popular What Everyone Needs to Know series from Oxford University Press will tell you everything you need to know to make informed opinions on this significant issue.
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Kenney, Padraic. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199375745.003.0011.
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In an ordinary prison, the goal is to rehabilitate its inmates; in the political prison, the state demonstrates its power to detain, confine, name, and torture or at the very least discomfort and inhibit a group of people who claim to oppose it. Often state leaders learn that they have to negotiate with prisoners and treat them as potential partners. Rendered illegible by the state’s prison, prisoners create their own illegibility and confuse the prison, refusing its terms. As they create communal structures, engage in protest, and invent prison universities, political prisoners create a new narrative and wrest back their own agency, forcing the regime to respond. Political imprisonment thus has an effect quite different from that intended by the regime. The conclusion looks briefly at the role of prisoners during and after transformations in Poland, Northern Ireland, and South Africa.
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John, Burton. The Genuineness of Lord Clarendon's History of the Rebellion Printed at Oxford Vindicated. Mr. Oldmixon's Slander Confuted. the True State of the Case Represented. by John Burton. Gale Ecco, Print Editions, 2018.
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Pattison, George. The Self in and before God. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813507.003.0010.
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Is the devout life a form of mysticism? Noting recent trends in the discussion of mysticism it is concluded that it is ‘mystical’ only if this is not confused with an experientially oriented spirituality or negative theology. Revisiting the relationship between will and affection, it is argued that the annihilation of the self opens the way for a spiritual life marked by dynamic movement and openness, in contrast to a claustrophobic self defined by volitional necessity. Although preferring silence, the devout authors believe devotion is set in motion by a divine call, but in post-Christian society, the motive power of basic life-choices is widely regarded as either ‘life’ or the internalized voices of society. How could a call from God be possible and how would one know it to be from God? These questions end Part 1 of the enquiry and set the stage for Part 2, The Rhetorics of the Word.
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Radcliffe, Elizabeth S. Belief. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199573295.003.0004.
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Hume’s characterization of belief is crucial in the debate over whether beliefs could be motives. Hume seemed to doubt his account of belief in the Treatise, made corrections to it in the Appendix, and developed the corrected view in the first Enquiry. At least three readings of Hume’s portrayal of belief are viable contenders: (1) as a vivacious idea; (2) as a sentiment (which could motivate); and (3) as a disposition to behavioral manifestations. However, Hume did not intend to identify belief with a sentiment, but with an idea having a distinctive sentimental aspect. Hume’s notion of belief as a vivacious idea is not undermined by his hesitations, and ideas are not intrinsically motivating states. This discussion also considers to what degree the recent manner of distinguishing beliefs and desires in terms of “direction of fit” is rooted in Hume’s theory and replies to criticisms that imply Hume was confused about reason’s objects.
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Aron, Stephen. Peace and Friendship. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197622780.001.0001.
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Abstract Detouring from the violent and conflict-ridden mainstream of Western American history, this book spotlights an adjacent face of American frontiers in which peace, if not always also friendship, prevailed—for a time. Not to be confused with “alternate history,” a genre whose “what if” imaginings move into the realm of fiction and fantasy, this “alternative history” sticks to what happened. It traverses American frontiers from the Appalachians to the Pacific and from the birth of the United States through its first century as a republic, with each chapter focused on a particular locale where peoples previously at odds with one another came together. But instead of encounters that turned grounds dark and bloody, Peace and Friendship explores how common ground was sometimes found and then lost. Featuring famous figures like Daniel Boone, William Clark, and Wyatt Earp, its chapters explain how people overcame their differences and contained violence and why these arrangements did not endure. Its contents also examine the ways in which the alternative histories of these sites have been forgotten or turned into “wishtories” and what lessons we might glean from the legacy of broken concord.
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Schopenhauer, Arthur. Schopenhauer: On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and Other Writings. Edited by David E. Cartwright, Edward E. Erdmann, and Christopher Janaway. Cambridge University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781139025324.
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This volume of translations unites three shorter works by Arthur Schopenhauer that expand on themes from his book The World as Will and Representation. In On the Fourfold Root he takes the principle of sufficient reason, which states that nothing is without a reason why it is, and shows how it covers different forms of explanation or ground that previous philosophers have tended to confuse. Schopenhauer regarded this study, which he first wrote as his doctoral dissertation, as an essential preliminary to The World as Will. On Will in Nature examines contemporary scientific findings in search of corroboration of his thesis that processes in nature are all a species of striving towards ends; and On Vision and Colours defends an anti-Newtonian account of colour perception influenced by Goethe's famous colour theory. This is the first English edition to provide extensive editorial notes on the different published versions of these works.
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Benkler, Yochai, Robert Faris, and Hal Roberts. Are the Russians Coming? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the evidence supporting the claim that Russia mounted sustained and significant information operations in the United States. It finds that the evidence of Russian inference is strong but that the evidence of its impact is scant. The documented efforts of Russian interference typically entail piling onto existing debates and seeking to exacerbate existing social divisions. This chapter emphasizes that it is critical not only to understand that Russian propaganda efforts occurred but also to evaluate the effectiveness of these operations. If the biggest win for Russian information operations was to disorient American political communications then overstating the impact of those efforts actually helps consolidate their success. But it is important not to confuse the high degree to which Russian operations are observable with the extent to which they actually made a difference to politically active beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors on America.
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Lai, Kar Neng, and Sydney C. W. Tang. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0066_update_001.
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Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy characteristically causes haematuria and may present as a nephritic illness in older children and young adults. However, it may occur at any age and is commonly asymptomatic, associated first with haematuria alone, later progressing in some patients to hypertension, proteinuria, and progressive loss of glomerular filtration. While this evolution is characteristically slow, over decades, in some it is rapid, leading to early end-stage renal failure. It is common for the disease to present late, as advanced renal disease, or malignant hypertension. It may present with acute kidney injury caused by crescentic disease, but acute kidney injury caused by haematuria may be confused clinically with the same. Henoch–Schönlein purpura is a type of small vessel vasculitis that is most commonly seen in children, but which occurs at all ages, that is associated with IgA deposition. In older children and most adults it merges closely into IgA nephropathy after the acute event. Outcomes in adults are less good. IgA nephropathy is the most common type of glomerulonephritis in most developed countries. The disease is more common in men, and appears to be much less common in black people. The detected incidence is strongly influenced by biopsy policies; the lower your threshold to biopsy patients with haematuria, the more of this condition you discover. There are clear genetic tendencies but the strongest risk seems to come from genes in the human leucocyte antigen complex.
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Risman, Barbara J. Where the Millennials Will Take Us. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199324385.001.0001.
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In this book Barbara J. Risman uses her gender structure theory to tackle the question about whether today’s young people, Millennials, are pushing forward the gender revolution or backing away from it. In the first part of the book, Risman revises her theoretical argument to differentiate more clearly between culture and material aspects of each level of gender as a social structure. She then uses previous research to explain that today’s young people spend years in a new life stage where they are emerging as adults. The new research presented here offers a typology of how today’s young people wrestle with gender during the years of emerging adulthood. How do they experience gender at the individual level? What are the expectations they face because of their sex? What are their ideological beliefs and organizational constraints based on their gender category? Risman suggests there is great variety within this generation. She identifies four strategies used by young people: true believers in gender difference, innovators who want to push boundaries in feminist directions, straddlers who are simply confused, and rebels who sometimes identify as genderqueer and reject gender categories all together. The final chapter offers a utopian vision that would ease the struggles of all these groups, a fourth wave of feminism that rejects the gender structure itself. Risman envisions a world where the sex ascribed at birth matters has few consequences beyond reproduction.
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Kennedy, Thomas C. Quakers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0004.
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Unitarianism and Presbyterian Dissent had a complex relationship in the nineteenth century. Neither English Unitarians nor their Presbyterian cousins grew much if at all in the nineteenth century, but elsewhere in the United Kingdom the picture was different. While Unitarians failed to prosper, Presbyterian Dissenting numbers held up in Wales and Ireland and increased in Scotland thanks to the Disruption of the Church of Scotland. Unitarians were never sure whether they would benefit from demarcating themselves from Presbyterians as a denomination. Though they formed the British and Foreign Unitarian Association, its critics preferred to style themselves ‘English Presbyterians’ and Presbyterian identities could be just as confused. In later nineteenth-century Scotland and Ireland, splinter Presbyterian churches eventually came together; in England, it took time before Presbyterians disentangled themselves from Scots to call themselves the Presbyterian Church of England. While Unitarians were tepid about foreign missions, preferring to seek allies in other confessions and religions rather than converts, Presbyterians eagerly spread their church structures in India and China and also felt called to convert Jews. Missions offered Presbyterian women a route to ministry which might otherwise have been denied them. Unitarians liked to think that what was distinctive in their theology was championship of a purified Bible, even though other Christians attacked them as a heterodox bunch of sceptics. Yet their openness to the German higher criticism of the New Testament caused them problems. Some Unitarians exposed to it, such as James Martineau, drifted into reverent scepticism about the historical Jesus, but they were checkmated by inveterate conservatives such as Robert Spears. Presbyterians saw their adherence to the Westminster Confession as a preservative against such disputes, yet the Confession was increasingly interpreted in ways that left latitude for higher criticism. Unitarians started the nineteenth century as radical subversives of a Trinitarian and Tory establishment and were also political leaders of Dissent. They forfeited that leadership over time, but also developed a sophisticated, interventionist attitude to the state, with leaders such as H.W. Crosskey and Joseph Chamberlain championing municipal socialism, while William Shaen and others were staunch defenders of women’s rights and advocates of female emancipation. Their covenanting roots meant that many Presbyterians were at best ‘quasi-Dissenters’, who were slower to embrace religious voluntaryism than many other evangelical Dissenters. Both Unitarians and Presbyterians anguished about how to reconcile industrial, urban capital with the gospel. Wealthy Unitarians from William Roscoe to Henry Tate invested heavily in art galleries and mechanics institutes for the people but were disappointed by the results. By the later nineteenth century they turned to more direct forms of social reform, such as domestic missions and temperance. Scottish Presbyterians also realized the importance of remoulding the urban fabric, with James Begg urging the need to tackle poor housing. Yet neither these initiatives nor the countervailing embrace of revivalism banished fears that Presbyterians were losing their grip on urban Britain. Only in Ireland, where Home Rule partially united the Protestant community in fears for its survival, did divisions of space and class seem a less pressing concern.
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Joshua, Castellino, and Cavanaugh Kathleen A. Minority Rights in the Middle East. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679492.001.0001.
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This, the third book of the OUP Series on Minority Rights Law, focusses on minorities in the Middle East. Written at a time of great turmoil and also hope in the region, the book seeks to examine important minority questions that are central to the events that have unfolded across the region from 2011 to date. The Middle East is a region that raises contentious political, legal, and historical debates. Coming closer to a contemporary understanding of the region challenges, confuses, and demands the critical questioning of numerous assumptions in the public realm. Our analysis is contained in six chapters divided in two parts. The first part examines fundamental underpinning concepts to the discussion and provides an overview of the region, while the second offers a detailed analysis of the history, identity, legal provisions, and remedies available to minorities in Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon. In offering this analysis we suggest not one, but multiple geographies, and not a fixed, immovable space, but one which, through its historical social formation, has been continually transformed, in more recent centuries through the invidious interference from outside. In examining the shifting constructions of religious, linguistic, and ethnic minorities in the region, the focus of this book lies on two primary questions; first, how the sociopolitical groups definable as minorities engage (or are excluded from) sites of power and, secondly, how state practice on minorities intersects and informs modern constitutionalism and international law.
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Yust, Jason. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
I offer the final word on time to György Ligeti:As a small child I once had a dream that I could not get to my cot, to my safe haven, because the whole room was filled with a dense confused tangle of fine filaments. It looked like the web I had seen silkworms fill their box with as they change into pupas. I was caught up in the immense web together with both living things and objects of various kinds—huge moths, a variety of beetles—which tried to get to the flickering flame of the candle in the room; enormous dirty pillows were suspended in this substance, their rotten stuffing hanging out through the slits in the torn covers. There were blobs of fresh mucus, balls of dry mucus, remnants of food all gone cold and other such revolting rubbish. Every time a beetle or a moth moved, the entire web started shaking so that the big, heavy pillows were swinging about, which, in turn, made the web rock harder. Sometimes the different kinds of movements reinforced one another and the shaking became so hard that the web tore in places and a few insects suddenly found themselves free. But their freedom was short-lived, they were soon caught up again in the rocking tangle of filaments, and their buzzing, loud at first, grew weaker and weaker. The succession of these sudden, unexpected events gradually brought about a change in the internal structure, in the texture of the web. In places knots formed, thickening into an almost solid mass, caverns opened up where shreds of the original web were floating about like gossamer. All these changes seemed like an irreversible process, never returning to earlier states again. An indescribable sadness hung over these shifting forms and structure, the hopelessness of passing time and the melancholy of unalterable past events. (Ligeti, from program notes to ...