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Journal articles on the topic 'Confounding Factor'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

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1

Pantoja Zarza, Lucía, Carolina Díez Morrondo, and José Antonio Manjón Haces. "Arthritis and Onychophagia: A Confounding Factor." Reumatología Clínica (English Edition) 10, no. 4 (July 2014): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reumae.2013.12.004.

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2

Gençağa, Deniz. "Confounding Factor Analysis for Vocal Fold Oscillations." Entropy 25, no. 12 (November 23, 2023): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25121577.

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This paper provides a methodology to better understand the relationships between different aspects of vocal fold motion, which are used as features in machine learning-based approaches for detecting respiratory infections from voice recordings. The relationships are derived through a joint multivariate analysis of the vocal fold oscillations of speakers. Specifically, the multivariate setting explores the displacements and velocities of the left and right vocal folds derived from recordings of five extended vowel sounds for each speaker (/aa/, /iy/, /ey/, /uw/, and /ow/). In this multivariate setting, the differences between the bivariate and conditional interactions are analyzed by information-theoretic quantities based on transfer entropy. Incorporation of the conditional quantities reveals information regarding the confounding factors that can influence the statistical interactions among other pairs of variables. This is demonstrated on a vector autoregressive process where the analytical derivations can be carried out. As a proof of concept, the methodology is applied on a clinically curated dataset of COVID-19. The findings suggest that the interaction between the vocal fold oscillations can change according to individuals and presence of any respiratory infection, such as COVID-19. The results are important in the sense that the proposed approach can be utilized to determine the selection of appropriate features as a supplementary or early detection tool in voice-based diagnostics in future studies.

3

Md Muslim, Mohd Zakwan, Tuan Salwani Tuan Ismail, Siti Nadirah Ab Rahim, and Rahidatul Fairuz Ibrahim. "Challenges Confounding Biochemical Diagnosis of Acromegaly." Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/ajmb.2024.8.1.716.

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Abstract: Acromegaly is a disorder caused by growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion resulting in excessive release of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Both GH and IGF-1 measurements are crucial in its accurate diagnosis and in differentiating it from pseudoacromegaly. Early diagnosis is frequently restricted by its subtle, unnoticeable pathological changes; hence, clinical presentation is often late. Therefore, biochemical diagnosis is critical. However, the straightforward interpretation of these markers are hindered by factors that contribute to GH – IGF-1 discordance observed both in static and in dynamic function tests. These factors include both markers biological variation and their analytical assay limitations, which lead to false positive and negative results. This review is describing the pitfalls and challenges confounding the biochemical diagnosis of acromegaly. Despite these interpretive challenges, we strongly believe that interpretation of these results could be facilitated by effective clinician-laboratory professional communications which is the highlight of this review. Keywords: Acromegaly, growth hormone (GH), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP)

4

Beder, Jay H. "The problem of confounding in two-factor experiments." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 18, no. 2 (January 1989): 591–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610928908829921.

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5

Beder, Jay H. "The problem of confounding in two-factor experiments." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 18, no. 6 (January 1989): 2165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610928908830029.

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6

Sneddon, Lynne U. "Pain in Laboratory Animals: A Possible Confounding Factor?" Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 45, no. 3 (July 2017): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119291704500309.

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7

Randhawa, Puneet Kaur, Anjana Bali, Jasleen Kaur Virdi, and Amteshwar Singh Jaggi. "Conditioning-induced cardioprotection: Aging as a confounding factor." Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 22, no. 5 (2018): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.5.467.

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8

Laszlo, John. "Is Sjogren's syndrome a confounding factor in COVID-19?" Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery 27, no. 2 (2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2021003.

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9

Kallmes, D. F. "Point: CFD—Computational Fluid Dynamics or Confounding Factor Dissemination." American Journal of Neuroradiology 33, no. 3 (January 19, 2012): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a2993.

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10

Jardri, Renaud, Michel Maron, Pierre Delion, and Pierre Thomas. "Pain as a confounding factor in postnatal depression screening." Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 31, no. 4 (October 12, 2010): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/0167482x.2010.521271.

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11

Prabhu, Sanjay P. "Chemical Composition of Cigarettes Could Be a Confounding Factor." Radiology 234, no. 1 (January 2005): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2341041187.

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12

Simon, Shauna, Enoch Kwon, and Larry D. Jamner. "Repressive coping as a confounding factor for sleep measurement." Psychoneuroendocrinology 100 (February 2019): S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.130.

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13

Sayegh, Lamia, Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan, and Anwar H. Nassar. "Vitamin D in endometriosis: A causative or confounding factor?" Metabolism 63, no. 1 (January 2014): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.012.

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14

Houwert, A. C., J. C. Giltay, J. K. Ploos Van Amstel, E. G. W. M. Lentjes, and M. T. W. T. Lock. "1028 ALPHA FETOPROTEIN (AFP): A CONFOUNDING FACTOR IN UROLOGY." European Urology Supplements 10, no. 2 (March 2011): 318–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(11)61009-9.

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15

Sar, Vedat, and Colin Ross. "Dissociative Disorders as a Confounding Factor in Psychiatric Research." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 29, no. 1 (March 2006): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.008.

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16

Richardson, Jennifer, Sophie Broche, Sandrine Baud, Thierry Leste-Lasserre, Françoise Féménia, Daniel Levy, Anne Moraillon, Gianfranco Pancino, and Pierre Sonigo. "Lymphoid activation: a confounding factor in AIDS vaccine development?" Journal of General Virology 83, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 2515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-10-2515.

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In a previous vaccination trial, inoculation of env gene DNA failed to elicit a detectable antibody response, yet accelerated virus dissemination in most immunized cats following challenge with feline immunodeficiency virus. This result raised the possibility that cell-mediated immune responses had given rise to immune-mediated enhancement of infection. Since high-level replication of immunodeficiency viruses in lymphocytes requires cellular activation, antigen-specific responses or non-specific polyclonal activation may have increased the frequency of optimal target cells. In the present DNA vaccination trial, although designed so as to minimize non-specific polyclonal activation, immune-mediated enhancement was nonetheless observed in certain immunized cats. Moreover, rapid virus dissemination in vivo was associated with the presence of T-helper responses prior to challenge, and was linked to increased susceptibility of lymphocytes to ex vivo infection. Immune activation may thus be a confounding factor in vaccination against lentivirus infection, diminishing vaccine efficacy and giving rise to immune-mediated enhancement.

17

van Amelsvoort, Ludovic G. P. M., Nicole W. H. Jansen, and IJmert Kant. "Smoking among Shift Workers: More Than a Confounding Factor." Chronobiology International 23, no. 6 (January 2006): 1105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07420520601089539.

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18

Padial Doble, Ian C., Jorge Cruz-Cruz, Ivan Antunez, and Rafael Pastrana. "2505 Pregnancy as a Confounding Factor in Autoimmune Hepatitis." American Journal of Gastroenterology 114, no. 1 (October 2019): S1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/01.ajg.0000599552.53783.00.

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19

Chapelle, C., S. Quenet, X. Delavenne, K. Lacut, P. Mismetti, S. Laporte, and M. Beyens. "Antipsychotics: A Real or Confounding Risk Factor for Venous Thromboembolism?" Pharmacopsychiatry 46, no. 01 (July 20, 2012): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1316347.

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20

Lloyd, Tuhina, Gillian Doody, John Brewin, Bert Park, and Peter Jones. "Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: is age a confounding factor?" Schizophrenia Research 61, no. 1 (May 2003): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00290-6.

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21

Isom, Harriet C., Emily I. McDevitt, and Mi Sun Moon. "Elevated hepatic iron: A confounding factor in chronic hepatitis C." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1790, no. 7 (July 2009): 650–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.04.009.

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22

Alsalamah, Abrar K., Zabila Khan, Jane Roque, and Arif O. Khan. "Intermittent exotropia – a potential confounding factor for full-field electroretinography." Ophthalmic Genetics 41, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 510–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13816810.2020.1778734.

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23

Kyougoku, Makoto. "Stratified Analysis and Regression Analysis：Proof of Causality Including Confounding Factor." Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 59, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 1106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrmc.59.1106.

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24

Oviedo, Natalia Fretes, and Vivek Variar. "#1707421 Dopaminergic medications as confounding factor for functioning adrenal adenoma." Endocrine Practice 30, no. 5 (May 2024): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2024.03.154.

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25

Xie, X., M. Q. Zhang, B. Zhao, and H. Q. Guo. "Temperature dependence of coastal wetland ecosystem respiration confounded by tidal activities: a temporal perspective." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 8, 2013): 4515–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-4515-2013.

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Abstract. Variations of temperature and hydrological conditions result in the fluctuation of ecosystem respiration (ER). Temperature sensitivity is widely used to describe ER-temperature relationship, but hydrological condition with similar dynamics as temperature could cause confounding effect. Many researchers have made comparisons between long-term and short-term models to show the confounding effect. However, how temperature sensitivity is confounded by hydrological condition in different time scales remains unknown. In this study, data from two coastal wetland sites were used. By comparing the variations of temperature and tidal influence at three time scales (monthly, seasonal and half-yearly), we found that: (1) the co-variation of temperature and other environmental factors accounted for the long-term confounding effect, and (2) the small variances of temperature in short time scale explained the short-term confounding effect. As a result of the long-term confounding effect, greater system errors were introduced in long-term model than short-term did. As the temperature sensitivity derived from long-term "ignored" the alternation of main driving factor of ER, temperature influence on ER was overestimated while the tidal influence was underestimated. Tidal activities had great influences on ER when the variances of temperature were small. If short-term model without tidal effect was applied, short-term confounding effect was inevitable. Compared to the long-term model (half-yearly), short-term model (monthly without tidal effect) performed better that helped reduce the long-term confounding effect, and integrating a proper secondary factor like tide would further reduce the short-term confounding effect.

26

KOUCHI, Makiko, and Kiyotaka KOIZUMI. "Secular Change: Confounding Factor or Causative Factor of Inter-population Differences in Modern Japanese Crania?" Journal of Anthropological Society of Nippon 100, no. 4 (1992): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.100.405.

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27

GOLD, BERT, MATTHEW HANSON, and MICHAEL DEAN. "Two Rare Confounding Polymorphisms Proximal to the Factor V Leiden Mutation." Molecular Diagnosis 6, no. 2 (2001): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00066982-200106020-00009.

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28

Gold, Bert, Matthew Hanson, and Michael Dean. "Two Rare Confounding Polymorphisms Proximal to the Factor V Leiden Mutation." Molecular Diagnosis 6, no. 2 (June 2001): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03262044.

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29

Cabra Rodríguez, Rocío, and María José Ruíz Márquez. "Anticoagulation as a confounding factor in the diagnosis of acquired hemophilia." Medicina Clínica (English Edition) 158, no. 1 (January 2022): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2021.03.026.

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30

Iulita, M. Florencia, Adrián Noriega de la Colina, and Hélène Girouard. "Arterial stiffness, cognitive impairment and dementia: confounding factor or real risk?" Journal of Neurochemistry 144, no. 5 (November 27, 2017): 527–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14235.

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31

Akotia, Devang. "Is Pharmacotherapy a Confounding Factor in ADHD and Obesity Association Studies?" Psychology Observer 1 (2015): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/pob.894203.

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32

Banoth, Balaji, and Fayyaz S. Sutterwala. "Confounding role of tumor necrosis factor in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes." Journal of Clinical Investigation 127, no. 12 (November 13, 2017): 4235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci98322.

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33

Mastropasqua, Ezio, Riccardo Rolandi, Angelo Farruggio, and Flavio Lirussi. "Giardia Duodenalis: A Confounding Factor for the Diagnosis of Celiac Disease." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 36, no. 2 (February 2003): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200302000-00023.

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34

Jones, Robert C., Michael J. Yost, and Stephen A. Fann. "Cocaine Induced Acidosis in the Trauma Patient: A Potential Confounding Factor." American Surgeon 74, no. 11 (November 2008): 1125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480807401123.

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35

Abdo, Wilson F. "Ethanol Intoxication is a Confounding Factor in Traumatic Brain Injury Outcome." American Surgeon 77, no. 5 (May 2011): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481107700538.

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36

Moore, Daniel B., Glenn J. Jaffe, and Sanjay Asrani. "Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measurements: Uveitis, A Major Confounding Factor." Ophthalmology 122, no. 3 (March 2015): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.09.008.

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37

Matas, Anna, Michael G. Sowa, Geoff Taylor, and Henry H. Mantsch. "Melanin as a confounding factor in near infrared spectroscopy of skin." Vibrational Spectroscopy 28, no. 1 (February 2002): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-2031(01)00144-8.

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38

PARRY, D., C. GREEN, and D. DUERKSEN. "Gum chewing is a potential confounding factor in assessing intestinal permeability." Gastroenterology 120, no. 5 (April 2001): A267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(01)81324-x.

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39

Parry, David M., Carol Green, and Donald R. Duerksen. "Gum chewing is a potential confounding factor in assessing intestinal permeability." Gastroenterology 120, no. 5 (April 2001): A267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(08)81324-8.

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40

Åkesson, K., P. Gärdsell, I. Sernbo, O. Johnell, and K. J. Obrant. "Earlier wrist fracture: A confounding factor in distal forearm bone screening." Osteoporosis International 2, no. 4 (July 1992): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01623927.

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41

Alegre-del Rey, Emilio Jesús, Jesús Sierra-Sánchez, Rocío Castaño-Lara, and Ramón Díaz-Alersi. "Peptic Disease: A Confounding Factor for Proton Pump Inhibitor-Clopidogrel Interaction?" American Journal of Cardiology 106, no. 2 (July 2010): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.04.008.

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42

Sharts-Hopko, Nancy C., and Maureen P. Sullivan. "Obesity as a Confounding Health Factor Among Women With Mobility Impairment." Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 15, no. 10 (October 2003): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2003.tb00329.x.

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43

H Abdelhafiz, Ahmed, and Alan J Sinclair. "Low HbA1c and Increased Mortality Risk-is Frailty a Confounding Factor?" Aging and Disease 6, no. 4 (2015): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.14336/ad.2014.1022.

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44

Pottinger, T. G., and G. M. Calder. "Physiological stress in fish during toxicological procedures: A potentially confounding factor." Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality 10, no. 2 (May 1995): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.2530100208.

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45

Kwatra, Shawn G. "Alcohol Intake and Risk of Psoriasis: Smoking as a Confounding Factor." Archives of Dermatology 147, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2011.15.

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46

Bonnan, Mickael, Henri Courtade, and Stéphane Debeugny. "Corticosteroid-induced low immunoglobulin levels in multiple sclerosis — A confounding factor." Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 79 (November 2023): 105039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2023.105039.

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47

Sivagnanasundaram, Sinthuja, Karl W. Broman, Michelle Liu, and Arturas Petronis. "Quasi-linkage: a confounding factor in linkage analysis of complex diseases?" Human Genetics 114, no. 6 (May 1, 2004): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-004-1109-7.

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48

Correia, Katharine FB, Laura E. Dodge, Leslie V. Farland, Michele R. Hacker, Elizabeth Ginsburg, Brian W. Whitcomb, Lauren A. Wise, and Stacey A. Missmer. "Confounding and effect measure modification in reproductive medicine research." Human Reproduction 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa051.

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Abstract The majority of research within reproductive and gynecologic health, or investigating ART, is observational in design. One of the most critical challenges for observational studies is confounding, while one of the most important for discovery and inference is effect modification. In this commentary, we explain what confounding and effect modification are and why they matter. We present examples illustrating how failing to adjust for a confounder leads to invalid conclusions, as well as examples where adjusting for a factor that is not a confounder also leads to invalid or imprecise conclusions. Careful consideration of which factors may act as confounders or modifiers of the association of interest is critical to conducting sound research, particularly with complex observational studies in reproductive medicine.

49

Nishimura, Tadashi, and Hajime Fujimoto. "Is the onset of immune-related adverse events themselves a prognostic factor or a confounding factor?" Lung Cancer 191 (May 2024): 107561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2024.107561.

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50

Yoo, Kyung, Jeongyeol Ahn, and Sang-Hun Lee. "The confounding effects of eye blinking on pupillometry, and their remedy." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): e0261463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261463.

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Pupillometry, thanks to its strong relationship with cognitive factors and recent advancements in measuring techniques, has become popular among cognitive or neural scientists as a tool for studying the physiological processes involved in mental or neural processes. Despite this growing popularity of pupillometry, the methodological understanding of pupillometry is limited, especially regarding potential factors that may threaten pupillary measurements’ validity. Eye blinking can be a factor because it frequently occurs in a manner dependent on many cognitive components and induces a pulse-like pupillary change consisting of constriction and dilation with substantive magnitude and length. We set out to characterize the basic properties of this “blink-locked pupillary response (BPR),” including the shape and magnitude of BPR and their variability across subjects and blinks, as the first step of studying the confounding nature of eye blinking. Then, we demonstrated how the dependency of eye blinking on cognitive factors could confound, via BPR, the pupillary responses that are supposed to reflect the cognitive states of interest. By building a statistical model of how the confounding effects of eye blinking occur, we proposed a probabilistic-inference algorithm of de-confounding raw pupillary measurements and showed that the proposed algorithm selectively removed BPR and enhanced the statistical power of pupillometry experiments. Our findings call for attention to the presence and confounding nature of BPR in pupillometry. The algorithm we developed here can be used as an effective remedy for the confounding effects of BPR on pupillometry.