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Journal articles on the topic 'Confocal microscopy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

J. H., Youngblom, Wilkinson J., and Youngblom J.J. "Telepresence Confocal Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 1164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600038319.

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The advent of the Internet has allowed the development of remote access capabilities to a growing variety of microscopy systems. The Materials MicroCharacterization Collaboratory, for example, has developed an impressive facility that provides remote access to a number of highly sophisticated microscopy and microanalysis instruments. While certain types of microscopes, such as scanning electron microscopes, transmission electron microscopes, scanning probe microscopes, and others have already been established for telepresence microscopy, no one has yet reported on the development of similar capabilities for the confocal laser scanning microscope.At California State University-Stanislaus, home of the CSUPERB (California State University Program for Education and Research in Biotechnology) Confocal Microscope Core Facility, we have established a remote access confocal laser scanning microscope facility that allows users with virtually any type of computer platform to connect to our system. Our Leica TCS NT confocal system, with an interchangeable upright (DMRXE) and inverted microscope (DMIRBE) set up,

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Youngblom, J. H., J. Wilkinson, and J. J. Youngblom. "Telepresence Confocal Microscopy." Microscopy Today 8, no. 10 (December 2000): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500054146.

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The advent of the Internet has allowed the development of remote access capabilities to a growing variety of microscopy systems. The Materials MicroCharacterization Collaboratory, for example, has developed an impressive facility that provides remote access to a number of highly sophisticated microscopy and microanalysis instruments, While certain types of microscopes, such as scanning electron microscopes, transmission electron microscopes, scanning probe microscopes, and others have already been established for telepresence microscopy, no one has yet reported on the development of similar capabilities for the confocal laser scanning microscope.

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3

Jester, J. V., H. D. Cavanagh, and M. A. Lemp. "In vivo confocal imaging of the eye using tandem scanning confocal microscopy (TSCM)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100102365.

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New developments in optical microscopy involving confocal imaging are now becoming available which dramatically increase resolution, contrast and depth of focus by optically sectioning through structures. The transparency of the anterior ocular structures, cornea and lens, make microscopic visualization and optical sectioning of the living intact eye an interesting possibility. Of the confocal microscopes available, the Tandem Scanning Reflected Light Microscope (referred to here as the Tandem Scanning Confocal Microscope), developed by Professors Petran and Hadravsky at Charles University in Pilzen, Czechoslovakia, permits real-time image acquisition and analysis facilitating in vivo studies of ocular structures.Currently, TSCM imaging is most successful for the cornea. The corneal epithelium, stroma, and endothelium have been studied in vivo and photographed in situ. Confocal scanning images of the superficial epithelium, similar to those obtained by scanning electron microscopy, show both light and dark surface epithelial cells.

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Youngblom, J. H., J. Wilkinson, and J. J. Youngblom. "Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy By Remote Access." Microscopy Today 7, no. 7 (September 1999): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500064798.

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In recent years there have been a growing number of facilities interested in developing remote access capabilities to a variety of microscopy systems. While certain types of microscopes, such as electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes have been well established for telepresence microscopy, no one has yet reported on the development of similar capabilities for the confocal microscope.At California State University, home to the CSUPERB (California State University Program for Education and Research in Biotechnology) Confocal Microscope Core Facility, we have established a remote access confocal laser scanning microscope facility that allows users with virtually any type of computer platform to connect to our system.

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5

Stefani, Caroline, Adam Lacy-Hulbert, and Thomas Skillman. "ConfocalVR: Immersive Visualization for Confocal Microscopy." Journal of Molecular Biology 430, no. 21 (October 2018): 4028–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.035.

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6

Jason Kirk. "Beyond the Hype - Is 2-Photon Microscopy Right for You?" Microscopy Today 11, no. 2 (April 2003): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500052469.

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Confocal microscopes have come a long way in the past decade. Not only are they more stable and easier to use than ever before, but their cost has dropped enough that multi-user facilities are finding competition from individual labs using the new breed of "personal" confocals. In fact it has, in some cases, become the de facto standard for fluorescence imaging regardless of whether the user actually has requirements for it or not.But, researchers always have an ear out for something better. Enter 2-photon microscopy (2PLSM). The “bigger & badder” cousin of the confocal microscope has become a new weapon in the arsenal of a microscopy industry that caters to researchers who can't wait to fill their labs with the latest and greatest imaging systems. Advertised by the industry and researchers alike as a technique that seems to solve most of the problems that plague confocal, “2-photon” has become the new buzzword in the vocabulary of researchers eager to enhance their fluorescence applications.

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7

Chapman, George B., and T. Wilson. "Confocal Microscopy." Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 110, no. 2 (April 1991): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3226760.

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8

Wilson, T., and Barry R. Masters. "Confocal microscopy." Applied Optics 33, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.33.000565.

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9

Beuerman, Roger W. "Confocal Microscopy." Cornea 14, no. 1 (January 1995): 1???2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-199501000-00001.

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10

Lichtman, Jeff W. "Confocal Microscopy." Scientific American 271, no. 2 (August 1994): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0894-40.

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11

Luck, B., K. Carlson, T. Collier, and Kung-Bin Sung. "Confocal microscopy." IEEE Potentials 23, no. 1 (February 2004): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mp.2004.1266933.

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12

Grant-Kels, Jane M., Giovanni Pellacani, and Caterina Longo. "Confocal Microscopy." Dermatologic Clinics 34, no. 4 (October 2016): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(16)30089-4.

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13

Chatterjee, Samrat, and Deesphikha Agrawal. "Confocal Microscopy." Ophthalmology 119, no. 2 (February 2012): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.10.027.

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14

Hendee, William R. "Confocal Microscopy." Academic Radiology 9, no. 5 (May 2002): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(03)80325-2.

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15

Kaufman, Stephen C., David C. Musch, Michael W. Belin, Elisabeth J. Cohen, David M. Meisler, William J. Reinhart, Ira J. Udell, and Woodford S. Van Meter. "Confocal microscopy." Ophthalmology 111, no. 2 (February 2004): 396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.12.002.

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16

Pellacani, G. "Confocal microscopy." Melanoma Research 20 (June 2010): e9-e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cmr.0000382763.16366.d1.

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17

Govil, Anurag, David M. Pallister, and Michael D. Morris. "Three-Dimensional Digital Confocal Raman Microscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 1 (January 1993): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934048497.

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We describe an iterative image restoration technique which functions as digital confocal microscopy for Raman images. We deconvolute the lateral and axial components of the microscope point spread function from a series of optical sections, to generate a stack of well-resolved Raman images which describe the three-dimensional topology of a sample. The technique provides an alternative to confocal microscopy for three-dimensional microscopic Raman imaging.

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Volkov, I. A., N. V. Frigo, L. F. Znamenskaya, and O. R. Katunina. "Application of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy in Biology and Medicine." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 90, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/0042-4609-2014-90-1-17-24.

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Fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy and reflectance confocal laser scanning microscopy are up-to-date highend study methods. Confocal microscopy is used in cell biology and medicine. By using confocal microscopy, it is possible to study bioplasts and localization of protein molecules and other compounds relative to cell or tissue structures, and to monitor dynamic cell processes. Confocal microscopes enable layer-by-layer scanning of test items to create demonstrable 3D models. As compared to usual fluorescent microscopes, confocal microscopes are characterized by a higher contrast ratio and image definition.

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19

Stelzer, Ernst H. K., and Steffen Lindek. "3D Microscopy using Confocal Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100163812.

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The importance of confocal fluorescence microscopy in modem biological research results from its optical sectioning capability, which allows the three-dimensional analysis of thick specimens. This property is due to the combination of a point-like light source and a point-like detector, which restrict the illumination and detection volumes, respectively. Only the volume that is illuminated and detected is relevant to the confocal observation volume. The smaller it is, the better is the resolution. The performance of a confocal microscope is thus primarily specified by the spatial extent of the confocal point spread function (PSF). The extent can be estimated, e.g., by the volume enclosed by the isosurface at half maximum of the PSF (VHM – volume at half maximum).The relationship of the parameters that determine the lateral resolution of a microscope has been described by Ernst Abbé. The diameter of a light spot in the focal plane Δx is proportional to the wavelength λ of the incident light and inversely proportional to the numerical aperture of the optical system (N.A. = n, ∙ sin α).

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20

Plant, Randall L., and David H. Burns. "Confocal Scanning Slit Microscopy using a Linear Detector Array." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100158406.

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Confocal microscopy has been shown to produce improved lateral and axial image resolution compared with conventional microscopy. Image degradation due to scattering is reduced since only those portions of the specimen in the focal plane of the objective will contribute to image formation at the light detector. Previous work has shown that slit apertures can be used instead of pinholes to achieve the advantages of confocal microscopy with increased illumination and deceased scan line artifact. Slit scanning microscopes are also simpler in design than pinhole scanners but their aperture forms an asymmetric point spread function. We have developed a confocal scanning microscope utilizing a slit aperture and a linear charge coupled device (CCD) as a photodetector. We characterize its resolution for imaging a thick luminescent specimen as a function of scanning axis, wavelength, and tissue depth.A schematic of the new confocal microscope is shown in figure 1. The illumination source is a 150 watt incandescent bulb.

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21

Elaine C. Humphrey. "Teaching Microscopy by Workshop." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 800–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600030075.

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The Biosciences Electron Microscopy Facility at UBC has at present two TEMs, one SEM, two confocals. several fluorescent light microscopes and an above average amount of digital imaging equipment used p by graduate students. The facility supports the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Science and is run by a Director (myself) with one assistant. It is busy having an average of 600 individual users per year. The only way this number of users can be accommodated is by making them independent of staff. Training students had been previously on a one-to-one basis. This is very time consuming. Four years ago with no full time assistant, I decided to approach training in a different way. We started a confocal microscopy workshop aided by one PhD student.We run a 1.5 day practical confocal workshop. It is one day as a group, giving the basic concept of confocal microscopy, and using the instrument from “this is how you switch the machine on” to “this is how you deal with the stack of images.”

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22

Monti, Manuela. "Basic confocal microscopy." European Journal of Histochemistry 56, no. 1 (March 13, 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2012.br3.

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23

WILSON, T. "Confocal Light Microscopy." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 483, no. 1 Recent Advanc (December 1986): 416–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb34551.x.

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24

Petroll, W. Matthew, H. Dwight Cavanagh, and James V. Jester. "Clinical confocal microscopy." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 9, no. 4 (August 1998): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199808000-00011.

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25

Webb, Robert H. "Confocal optical microscopy." Reports on Progress in Physics 59, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 427–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/59/3/003.

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26

Cox, Guy. "Biological confocal microscopy." Materials Today 5, no. 3 (April 2002): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(02)05329-4.

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27

Müller, J., W. Ibach, K. Weishaupt, and O. Hollricher. "Confocal Raman Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S02 (July 24, 2003): 1084–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760344542x.

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28

Summers, Robert. "Confocal Microscopy Listserver." Microscopy Today 2, no. 9 (December 1994): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500067626.

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The Confocal microscopy listserver discussion group was put on the air over 5 years ago by Don Parsons (Albany), Steve Paddock (Wisconsin), P.C. Cheng (Buffalo) and me at the suggestion of Parsons that there should be an open discussion forum for this rapidly developing technology. Parsons is an expert in infomatics (among other things) and appreciated the potential of the “mail reflector” concept at an early stage in its development.Listserver groups were pretty uncommon then but we figured that since we were dealing with digital microscopists, most of those interested would have computers and access to Bitnet or Internet. For the first month or so Parsons, Paddock, Cheng and I corresponded with one another to work wrinkles out of the system and we then began to publicize the existence of the group at meetings, symposia and through the commercial manufacturers of confocal microscopes and associated hardware.

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29

Shahriari, Neda, Jane M. Grant-Kels, Harold Rabinovitz, Margaret Oliviero, and Alon Scope. "Reflectance confocal microscopy." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 84, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.153.

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Shahriari, Neda, Jane M. Grant-Kels, Harold Rabinovitz, Margaret Oliviero, and Alon Scope. "Reflectance confocal microscopy." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 84, no. 1 (January 2021): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.154.

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31

Benedetti, P. A., V. Evangelista, D. Guidarini, and S. Vestri. "Confocal-line microscopy." Journal of Microscopy 165, no. 1 (January 1992): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1992.tb04309.x.

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32

Evans, John A., and Norman S. Nishioka. "Endoscopic confocal microscopy." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 21, no. 5 (September 2005): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mog.0000174217.62214.10.

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33

Smith, Carolyn L. "Basic Confocal Microscopy." Current Protocols in Neuroscience 00, no. 1 (September 1997): 2.2.1–2.2.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471142301.ns0202s00.

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34

Madrid-Wolff, Jorge, and Manu Forero-Shelton. "Protocol for the Design and Assembly of a Light Sheet Light Field Microscope." Methods and Protocols 2, no. 3 (July 4, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps2030056.

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Light field microscopy is a recent development that makes it possible to obtain images of volumes with a single camera exposure, enabling studies of fast processes such as neural activity in zebrafish brains at high temporal resolution, at the expense of spatial resolution. Light sheet microscopy is also a recent method that reduces illumination intensity while increasing the signal-to-noise ratio with respect to confocal microscopes. While faster and gentler to samples than confocals for a similar resolution, light sheet microscopy is still slower than light field microscopy since it must collect volume slices sequentially. Nonetheless, the combination of the two methods, i.e., light field microscopes that have light sheet illumination, can help to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of light field microscopes and potentially improve their resolution. Building these microscopes requires much expertise, and the resources for doing so are limited. Here, we present a protocol to build a light field microscope with light sheet illumination. This protocol is also useful to build a light sheet microscope.

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35

Schatten, G., S. Paddock, P. Cooke, and J. Pawley. "Confocal microscopy at the integrated microscopy resource for biomedical research (IMR) of the university of wisconsin." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100102547.

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Confocal microscopy holds great promise for improved imaging of fluorescent or reflective biomedical specimens. The IMR is actively investigating the advantages and optimal usage of the Medical Research Council's Lasersharp laser - scanning confocal microscope and Tracor/Northern's Tandem Scanning Microscope, which benefits from the principles outlined by Petran et al. and Boyde.Quantitative evaluation of microscopic images has always been complicated by the effect of out-of-focus structures on the final image. These effects can be greatly reduced if the conventional light microscope is replaced by a scanning-confocal light microscope. In such an instrument two conditions are met: 1) only a single point of the sample is illuminated at any time and 2) this point on the sample is then imaged onto the pinhole at the entrance to the photodetector. Because little light from out-of-focus planes will pass through the pinhole, only in-focus data is recorded.

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36

McMillan, William. "Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy for Materials Science." Microscopy Today 6, no. 5 (July 1998): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500067791.

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Confocal microscopy has gained great popularity in biology and medical research because of the ability to image three-dimensional objects at greater resolution than conventional optical microscopes. In a typical Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM), the specimen stage is stepped up or down to collect a series of two-dimensional images (or slices) at each focal plane. Conventional light microscopes create images with a depth of field, at high power, of 2 to 3 μm. The depth of field of confocal microscopes ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 μm, which allows information to be collected from a well defined optical section rather than from most of the specimen. Therefore, due to this “thin” focal plane, out of focus light is virtually eliminated which results in an increase in contrast, clarity and detection.

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37

White, J. G., W. B. Amos, and M. Fordham. "An evaluation of confocal versus conventional imaging of biological structures by fluorescence light microscopy." Journal of Cell Biology 105, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.105.1.41.

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Scanning confocal microscopes offer improved rejection of out-of-focus noise and greater resolution than conventional imaging. In such a microscope, the imaging and condenser lenses are identical and confocal. These two lenses are replaced by a single lens when epi-illumination is used, making confocal imaging particularly applicable to incident light microscopy. We describe the results we have obtained with a confocal system in which scanning is performed by moving the light beam, rather than the stage. This system is considerably faster than the scanned stage microscope and is easy to use. We have found that confocal imaging gives greatly enhanced images of biological structures viewed with epifluorescence. The improvements are such that it is possible to optically section thick specimens with little degradation in the image quality of interior sections.

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38

Zhibin Wang, Zhibin Wang, Guohua Shi Guohua Shi, and Yudong Zhang Yudong Zhang. "Adaptive aberration correction in confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy." Chinese Optics Letters 12, s1 (2014): S11103–311105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201412.s11103.

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39

Hell, Stefan W., Pekka E. Hanninen, Martin Schrader, Tony Wilson, and Erkki Soini. "Resolution beyond the diffraction limit: 4PI-confocal-, STED-, and GSD- fluorescence microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100136659.

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In far-field light microscopy resolution is determined by diffraction. In a far-field light microscope such as the confocal scanning light microscope, the resolution is governed by the extent of the squared intensity distribution in the focal region. Precise measurements of the confocal PSF have shown that the axial and lateral resolution of a confocal microscope (NA=1.4 oil, 1= 633 nm) is 520nm and 200nm (FWHM), respectively. At a wavelength of 375nm, this amounts to a resolution of 300 nm (axial) and 120 nm (lateral), obtainable with a standard confocal microscope of high aperture.A 3-7 fold increase in axial resolution is achieved with a 4Pi-confocal microscope. The 4Piconfocal microscope uses two high numerical aperture objective lenses that are used coherently for illuminating or detecting the same point in the object space. The present paper deals with the latest developments in the field of 4Pi-confocal microscopy. The Optical Transfer Functions (OTF) of 4Piconfocal microscopies with 4Pi-illumination (type A), 4Pi-detection (type B), and 4Pi illumination and detection (type C) are measured and compared with their standard confocal counterpart.

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40

W. Piston, David. "Two-Photon Excitation Imaging of Glucose Metabolism in Living Tissue." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600008412.

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Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) provides attractive advantages over confocal microscopy for three-dimensionally resolved fluorescence imaging and photochemistry. It provides three-dimensional resolution and eliminates background equivalent to an ideal confocal microscope without requiring a confocal spatial filter, whose absence enhances fluorescence collection efficiency. This results in inherent submicron optical sectioning by excitation alone. In practice, TPEM is made possible by the very high local instantaneous intensity provided by a combination of diffraction-limited focusing of a single laser beam in the microscope and the temporal concentration of 100 femtosecond pulses generated by a mode-locked laser. Resultant peak excitation intensities are 106 times greater than the CW intensities used in confocal microscopy, but the pulse duty cycle of 10−5 limits the average input power to less than 10 mW, only slightly greater than the power normally used in confocal microscopy. Because of the intensity-squared dependence of the two-photon absorption, the excitation is limited to the focal volume.

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41

Juškaitis, R., N. P. Rea, and T. Wilson. "Semiconductor laser confocal microscopy." Applied Optics 33, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.33.000578.

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42

Linna, Tuuli, Helena Mikkil??, Anni Karma, Ilkka Sepp??l??, W. Matthew Petroll, and Timo Tervo. "In Vivo Confocal Microscopy." Cornea 15, no. 6 (November 1996): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-199611000-00018.

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43

Lisch, Walter. "In Vivo Confocal Microscopy." Cornea 15, no. 6 (November 1996): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-199611000-00019.

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44

&NA;. "CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY OF ACANTHAMOEBAKERATITIS." Cornea 20, no. 7 (October 2001): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-200110000-00030.

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45

Prasad, V., D. Semwogerere, and Eric R. Weeks. "Confocal microscopy of colloids." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19, no. 11 (February 27, 2007): 113102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/11/113102.

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46

Paddock, Stephen W. "Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy." BioTechniques 27, no. 5 (November 1999): 992–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/99275ov01.

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47

Simon, D. S., and A. V. Sergienko. "Twin-photon confocal microscopy." Optics Express 18, no. 21 (October 5, 2010): 22147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.022147.

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48

Abramovits, William, Adrian M. Goldstein, and Salvador Gonzalez. "Confocal microscopy oriented cryosurgery." International Journal of Dermatology 41, no. 5 (May 2002): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01490.x.

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49

Nguyen, Thuy H., Lara T. Dudek, Tammie C. Krisciunas, Paul Matiaco, Stephen R. Planck, William D. Mathers, and James T. Rosenbaum. "In Vivo Confocal Microscopy." Cornea 23, no. 7 (October 2004): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ico.0000127482.00843.c8.

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50

HASEGAWA, Hirokazu. "Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy." Kobunshi 55, no. 12 (2006): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.55.961.

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