Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conflicts of obligations'
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Berggren, Theo. "Norm Conflicts in Public International Law : The Relationship Between Obligations Under the ECHR and Under the UN Charter." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323239.
Cornet, Alexis. "Algorithmes et résultats de complexité pour des problèmes de graphes avec contraintes additionnelles." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC034/document.
Domination problems (dominating set, independant dominating set, ...) as well as covering problems (vertex-cover, Steiner tree, ...) are NP-complete. However, for most of these problems, it is always possible to construct a (eventually bad) solution in polynomial time, or at least it is possible to determine whether a solution exists. Those problems originally came from industry, but are simplified modelizations of the real life problems. We add additional constraints modeling plausible practical constraints : conflicts which are pairs of elements that cannot apear simultaneously in a solution (to modelize various incompatibilities), connexity in a second graph (elements of the solution must be able to communicate, and the communication links are a second graph), and obligations which are subsets of interdependant vertices which must be added simultaneously in a solution.We don't aim to model a specific real-world problem, but to study how these plausible constraints affect the complexity of the studied problems. We will see that, in many cases, even determining the existence of a solution (regardless of its size) become hard. The firefighter problem models firefighters aiming to contain a fire spreading turn by turn in a (eventually infinite) graph. We studied this problem with the addition of deplacement constraints for the firefighters (a limited moving speed between turns). We will see that, most of the time, this constraint increase the number of firefighters necessary to contain the fire, but does not trigger such major change as constraints studied in the others problems
Aminoff, Elin. "En studie om konflikter i arbetslivet och det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetets roll som verktyg till förebyggande arbete." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-41514.
Nahlawi, Yasmine Khaled. "The responsibility to protect : an examination of host and third-state obligations in preventing and reacting to mass atrocity crimes in light of the Libyan and Syrian conflicts." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3536.
Müller, Amrie. "The relationship of state obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and international humanitarian law : an analysis of health-related issues in non-international armed conflicts." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555706.
Abegón, Novella Marta. "Los efectos de los conflictos armados en los tratados multilaterales normativos de protección del medio ambiente." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/127351.
The thesis The effects of armed conflicts on multilateral law-making treaties for the protection of the environment analyzes the effects of armed conflicts on treaties that protect the interest of the International community in safeguarding the environment, and examines to what extent they continue to be applied in such circumstances. The first part is devoted to the study of the codification of international rules related to the effects of armed conflicts on treaties; the second part examines the international treaties protecting the environment as a kind of multilateral law-making treaties for the protection of the general interests of the International community; and finally, the third part analyzes the application of the rules contained in the draft articles of the International Law Commission on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, adopted in 2011, on multilateral law-making treaties for the protection of the environment.
Cette thèse, intitulée Les effets des conflits armés sur les traités multilatéraux normatifs de protection de l'environnement, analyse quels sont les effets des conflits armés sur les traités qui protègent l’intérêt de la Communauté internationale pour la sauvegarde de l'environnement, et examine dans quelle mesure ils continuent à s'appliquer dans ces circonstances. La première partie est consacrée à l'étude de la codification des normes internationales relatives aux effets des conflits armés sur les traités; la deuxième partie examine les traités internationaux de protection de l'environnement en tant que traités multilatéraux normatifs de protection des intérêts généraux de la Communauté internationale; et, finalement, la troisième partie met analyse l'application des règles contenues dans le projet d'articles de la Commission du Droit International sur les effets des conflits armés sur les traités, adopté en 2011, aux traités multilatéraux normatifs de protection de l'environnement.
Dogar, Adnan Ahmad. "Les conflits régionaux de l'eau : une approche par la négociation." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0119.
The thesis addresses the issue of water sharing among riparian states. The principle objective of the research was to study the negotiations that took place among these states. The negotiations were based upon non-cooperative game theory. Although much of the work is qualitative, the models developed are based upon the actual agreements that were signed between these states. This allowed us to incorporate proper characteristics to the negotiations. We used four of such characteristics: (1) the presence of domestic constraints where their role is particularly important if countries are facing water stress; (2) the use of threats, especially the threat of supporting a rebel group within the country with which we are negotiating to improve the bargaining position; (3) the presence of a revocable commitment to restrict the strategy space of the partner in order to force an agreement which is unfavorable for her; and finally (4) the intervention of a mediator to secure the signing of an agreement. Different proposed models show clearly that an agreement can always be reached, although sometimes it may take longer period of time and as a result countries may have to bear the cost of negotiations. This makes it clear that water conflicts can be a source of cooperation which can be achieved through negotiation among the riparian states
Vasalou, Evangelia. "Les conflits d’obligations internationales devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0005.
This thesis explores the question of conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations for State parties by focusing on the case law of the ECtHR. The ECtHR's approach reflects the need for consistency in law and harmonisation of conflicting obligations. Setting the objective of harmonising potential conflicts, the Court of Strasbourg did not raise the question about the causes of those conflicts. This thesis seeks to examine whether there are any legal rules that could prevent conflicts by obliging States to establish norms that createcompatible obligations. In addition, the study aims to systematise conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations in cases which were lodged with the ECtHR, in order to highlight the conditions of emergence of these conflicts and to examine the means of their coordination. The overarching theme of the study goes beyond the criticism of the effectiveness of the means of harmonisation applied by the case-law of the Court of Strasbourg, proposing solutions for the avoidance of conflicts. The analysis of the applicability of the means of conflict resolution is part of the management of conflicts in which the obligations of the ECHRare involved. In this context, the thesis delves into the means of conflict resolution that could be applied in the future, should the ECtHR explicitly recognise a situation of conflict between the ECHR and another international obligation
Reydellet, Colin. "Corrélations entre conflits de lois et conflits de juridictions en droit international privé des obligations." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3074.
French private international law holds as usual the dissociation between choice of law and judicial jurisdiction. This independence between the two sets of rules is set up as a principle by both majority doctrine and law. According to this principle, any form of correlation is and must be refuted, whether it occurs at the time of implementation of the conflict rules or the time of their formulation. In other words, three hypotheses are thus denounced: that of the direct applicability of the lex fori as such, but also those of the jurisdiction of the forum legis and the parallelism of the conflict rules, which lead to an indirect applicability of the lex fori. However, according to this study, contracts and torts private international law shows that such a principle does not exist and that it is not necessarily appropriate. Indeed, both the mechanism of overriding mandatory provisions and freedom of choice of law give rise to a direct applicability of the lex fori. Moreover, the refutation of indirect correlation modes is inappropriate. On the one hand, the jurisdiction of forum legis makes it possible to guarantee the effectiveness of overriding mandatory provisions, insofar as no other remedy is sufficient. On the other hand, the specialisation of contracts and torts private international law and the influence of European Union law on this discipline generate rules of judicial jurisdiction rules and applicable law that present a certain parallelism that is not only accidental. The thesis thus invites us to question certain classic dogmas of private international law of obligations
Minois, Maud. "Recherche sur la qualification en droit international privé des obligations." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB132.
For a long time, the lege fori characterisation has dominated the international scene. It has evolved from a strict conception, witness of a particularistic approach of private international law, towards a more flexible conception. Nowadays, authors accept the lege fori characterisation as an appropriate characterisation method. Faced with the law of obligations, the lege fori characterisation shows its weaknesses. It is suffering from an original defect which prompts interrogations on its merits. Even relaxed, the lege fori characterisation cannot be detached from the concepts of the lex fori. An international situation will therefore be resolved according to concepts dictated based on the needs of the law of the forum. Such inadequacies can be observed when studying hybrid cases. Hybrid cases hypotheses are extremely difficult to classify as they stand on the border between matters relating to tort/delict and matters relating to contracts. The present study will search for a characterisation model able to fulfil the international function of the rule to apply. A European understanding of characterisation exists beside the lege fori characterisation. It revolves around the elaboration of autonomous characterisations, in principle distinct from the lege fori characterisation. The European Court of Justice chose an autonomous characterisation for the notions of matter relating to contract and matter relating to tort/delict. Faced with the lege fori characterisation, the autonomous characterisation reveals its true nature. In some respects, it is a type of lege fori characterisation. From another perspective, it diverges from it and can be interpreted as a true international characterisation. Unlike the lege fori characterisation, the autonomous characterisation fulfils the international function of the private international law rule. Therefore, it is suitable to the needs of international affairs. Once the merits of the autonomous approach have been established, it is necessary to consider whether it can be generalized or not. Indeed, the adoption of a complete set of rules in European private international law relating to contractual and non-contractual obligations highlights a debate on the opportunity to adopt a unitary characterisation for the common notions of the Rome and Brussels Conventions and Regulations. The present study suggests to consider an autonomous and monistic model for characterisation but only to the extent international relations are involved
Raspail, Hélène. "Le conflit entre droit interne et obligations internationales de l’Etat." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020096/document.
At first sight, international obligations define real actions of States. Domestic law seems, from certain points of view, unable to affect them. However, the mere enactment of national legal acts, understood by international law as immediate realizations of individual situations, may be amount to a breach of these international obligations. Without any enforcement, an international wrongful act will be exposed. Nevertheless, some domestic norms will still be very abstract from an international point of view. Their creation and maintenance in force can’t be seen an international failure rather a risk. Thus, our task will be to find some other kind of State’s obligations, that relates specifically to a given state of general domestic law. An international wrongful act will be then constituted by the very existence of a national norm, if its state is not the one required by international law. Still, the question of State responsibility for such actions, which don’t cause any concrete injury, has to be answered. The more abstract domestic law is, the furthest responsibility will be from a restorative dimension. Responsibility will only be aimed at protecting the international rule of law for the future. Finally, this leads us to the question of the implementation of this responsibility, since classic international litigation law can prevent a claim against domestic law as a wrongful act. This challenge is easily overcome as long as an individual legal act is at stake. On the contrary, a claim against the fact of a general norm is, on different levels, far more difficult to present before international courts. Today however, some international tribunals go beyond this frame, urging States to adapt their domestic law, following the new exigencies of international law
Tonkin, Hannah Jane. "States' international obligations to control private military & security companies in armed conflict." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1658758a-481a-4f1c-83c0-2ef269a78778.
Dubigeon, Antoine. "Le concours de qualités juridiques sur la tête d'une même personne dans les rapports d'obligation." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT4014.
There is a conflict of legal qualities on the head of one person in the relations of obligation in the following situations. In one case, the positions of creditor and debtor of an obligation, or those of liable party and victim of a same damage, are united but in competition in the same person and more precisely in the same estate. In another case, the same person, by virtue of two titles (own title and one conferred by proxy or two titles conferred by two powers) holds the positions of creditor and debtor of the obligation. The conflict of qualities leads to a confrontation between the legal subject and the obligation. When the legal subject acts under one title, the unity of the legal subject dispels the obligation (confusion, compensation and responsibility of the victim). Sometimes, the unity of the legal subject is frustrated and gives rise a semblance of obligation (punctual survival of the obligation despite the confusion, seizure on oneself). When the legal subject acts under two titles, the obligation hinges on the division of the legal subject. Substantially, the same legal subject can hold the two extremes of an obligation when there is no conflict of interests (self contracting, liability controlled by oneself). This situation reveals an obligation partly controlled by oneself (through the management of the obligation by a single legal subject) and an objectivized obligation, by the insertion of a certain immediacy into the right of creditor through the enjambment of the person of the principal. This splitting of the legal subject reaches its crisis point in proceedings conducted against oneself in a lawsuit relating to an obligation
Eriksson, Maria. "Defining rape emerging obligations for states under international law? /." Doctoral thesis, Kållared : Örebro Universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-10590.
Bonnamour, Blandine. "Le dommage en droit international privé européen. Réflexions à partir du règlement Rome II sur la loi applicable aux obligations non-contractuelles." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30033.
The Rome II regulation on the law applicable to non-Contractual obligations states a common rule of conflict into the European Union. Legal security is one of its main purposes and justifies more specifically the choice of an unprecedented connecting factor in comparative international private law: the damage. Nevertheless, the notion of damage covers many different meanings in the different countries of European Union. This plurality may compromise the satisfaction of legal security and, by failing to address this specific issue, the European regulation Rome II turns out to be unfinished.This study intends to suggest solutions to effectively complement and harmonize the notion of damage as a connecting factor in European international private law.Some theoretical and practical reflections lead us to consider two types of answer. The first one is aimed at practitioners. It consists in drawing up an autonomous notion of damage distinct from the material notion of prejudice. A second solution is aimed at the European legislator. It consists in a new methodology based on the adoption of a European international private law of the damage. This means drawing up new conflict categories, exclusively organized around the notion of damage
Ancel, Marie-Élodie. "La prestation caractéristique du contrat." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010269.
Royal-Dawson, Lucy. "Meeting human rights obligations in a situation of conflict : the right to higher education in the occupied Palestinian territories." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709813.
Lindgren, Jessica. "Extern granskning av gröna obligationer : Huruvida regulatoriska förändringar vad gäller betygsättning av gröna obligationer kan gynna marknaden för gröna obligationer." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Affärsrätt, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175188.
Through the management of financial resources, green bonds have received an important role in the development towards an environmentally sustainable society. External review of green bonds is today subject to voluntary market standards, of which GBP is the most common. In addition, the EU has recently presented its own voluntary standard, which includes supervision. Better access to climate-related information and clear and harmonised definitions of green activities are prerequisites for investors to move capital more efficiently to environmentally sustainable businesses to support the transition to a less fossil-based economy. With this paper it is shown that the current rating, despite different assessment methods, should be relatively reliable, but that there is room to wish for higher comparability and thus increased investor confidence. Clearer market standards can be an important aspect in increasing the reliability of ratings as the market for green bonds expands. The analysis shows that legislation that leads to an increased number of published reviews through green ratings should promote transparency, while the risk of rumors in the event of conflicts of interest should imply reluctance to make incorrect assessments. At the same time, excessive regulation may limit the opportunities for innovation, development and expansion of the market as a whole. Thus, it should be in the interest of the legislator not to introduce a regulation which is too strict, as the risk of not being able to achieve the desired financing of the climate goals then arises. As green bonds are an international phenomenon, all countries need to work together towards common standards in order to achieve the purpose of the climate goals. In the event that mandatory regulation is to be introduced, it should at least be at EU level. For market balance between the market participants as well as comparability between the bonds, it is important that the regulation is not perceived as unclear. In addition, regulation must be general and flexible enough to meet technological developments and new market conditions without the process becoming too lengthy. As long as the goal is to have a European capital market where market participants can provide financial services nationwide, financial supervision that does not stop at national borders is required. In the long run, ESMA should be the most appropriate authority to oversee all examiners of green bonds operating in the European market. This requires increased regulation that gives ESMA increased authority, as well as increased resources in order to be able to carry out the supervisory work effectively.
Harford, Charlotte Anstice. "The implementation and enforcement of the obligation under the international law of armed conflict to take precautions in attack (1980-2005)." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2415/.
Hallier, Cécile. "La connexité en droit international privé." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE0033.
The question : The related actions, protean concept, concerns both the form and the substance of law. The effects at the stage of the execution of the judgements reveal the interest of the notion: the existence of a risk of contradictory decisions questioning the international legal security. Handled in a indirect way in the international order through its effects, the notion does not offer a solution corresponding to its nature. From then on, it was necessary to envisage the method under a new angle: the function of guarantee at the same moment within the legal operations and in the good administration of the justice. This entails taking into account the coherence from the arising of the dispute to integrate it into the method of resolution of the private international law and restore its effectiveness. On the theoretical plan, the interest of a direct treatment of the notion of related actions allows to notice not only its compatibility with the objectives of harmonisation and co-ordination of the private international law but also the positive action which it can exercise in this domain
Iraguha, Ndamiyehe Patient. "Internally displaced children and HIV in situations of armed conflict in the DRC : a study of the obligations of the government and selected non-state actors." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/37290.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
Le, Roy Dominique. "La Force majeure dans le commerce international." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010267.
The notion of "force majeure" figuresin all the juridic systems, but these differ as far to the characters which they attribute to it. The international trade agents confronted with this diversity, which is imperfectly resolved by the conflict of laws, had tried to found a solution with specific clauses or by recourse to arbitration in case of dispute. However, it is more by precising the manner to front the consequences of the difficulties created by the "force majeure" than by its definition that the protagonists had put in evidence an uniform procedure. The contractors do not wish to renounce to the contract execution : even when it is greatly compromised, whole is done to preserve a part of it. The solution has been made possible by the development of duties of each party. Two aspects have to be distinguished: mutual information and cooperation to minimize the consequence of the "force majeure"
Grévain-Lemercier, Karine. "Le devoir de loyauté en droit des sociétés." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1G017.
The first part presents a review of the duty of loyalty in company law, to establish an understanding of the origins of the concept and consider its extension. The duty of loyalty, which has developed from case law, places upon directors an obligation to provide information on current negotiations to partners and not to compete with the company. The root of these two expressions of duty lies in the director's power to act in the interests of the partner or the company; by violating one of these obligations in order to favour a conflicting personal interest the director breaches this duty of loyalty. This understanding of the duty of loyalty, similar to that of fiduciary duties in common law, makes it possible to envisage an extension to those bound by the duty whenever a relationship of power and a conflict of interests can be seen to exist. It also provides a basis for imposing new obligations such as the obligation to declare conflicts of interests and not to vote in case of conflict. The second part uses a prospective approach to consider the various applications of the obligation of loyalty imposed on the director and partner. Respect for these obligations is based on two types of control. Firstly, legal control which can be provided internally by advisers and the general meeting, and externally by auditors and various experts in order to prevent disloyal decisions and actions. Secondly, courts are called upon to exercise their power in case of an action to declare null and void or accountable against a director or leading partner who has failed in his or her duty of loyalty
Adonis, Bongiwe. "Immunity for serving Heads of State for crimes under International Criminal Law: an analysis of the ICC-indictment against Omar Al Bashir." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2910.
This paper analyses head of state immunity, a traditional rule of international law, in relation to the indictments by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2009 against the current Sudanese President Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir. It can be agreed that the doctrine of immunity in international law attempts to overcome the tension between the protection of human rights and the demands of state sovereignty. The statutes and decisions of international criminal courts make it clear that no immunity for international crimes shall be attached to heads of states or to senior government officials. However, the case against the Sudanese President, where the jurisdiction of the ICC was triggered by the UN Security Council‟s referral of the situation in Darfur to the Court, represents the first case where a serving head of state has, in fact, been indicted before the ICC. From this case, a number of legal issues have arisen; such as the questions where the ICC‟s jurisdiction over an incumbent head of state, not party to the ICC Statute, is justified, and the obligations upon ICC state parties to surrender such a head of state to the requesting international criminal court. This paper gives an analysis of these questions.
South Africa
Abdi, Akam, and Wei Chen. "Tystnads- och anmälningsplikten : Revisorns hantering av konflikter för ett oberoende ställning och vid misstanke om brott." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-27392.
Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa oss en djupare samt bättre förståelse om hur respektive av - samt anmälningsplikten uppfattas av revisorer och vidare undersöka hur eventuella konflikter med utgångspunkt för oberoende ställning samt vid ”kan misstänkas” situationer hanteras av revisorer. För att uppnå syftet, har intervjuer med fyra olika revisionsbyråer genomförts. Intervjuerna har genomförts med Grant Thornton, BDO Mälardalen AB, PwC samt KPMG genomförts för att kunna besvara forskningsfrågorna. Därefter har en hermeneutik synsätt använts då tolkning av intervjumaterialen ansågs viktig för att kunna få kunskap för respondenternas uppfattning kring ämnesvalet. I analysavsnittet har sedan datamaterial från referensramen samt empiridelen använts för att kunna genomföra en analys av uppsatsen. Denna studie visar tystnadsplikten är viktig för att kunna skapa en bra relation med klienterna och anses inte skapa konflikter för revisorer i någon stor bemärkning. Anmälningsplikten skapar dock problem på grund av bristen på kunskap inom bedömning av brott hos revisorer. Revisorerna väljer därför att utreda en situation vid brottsmisstanke längre än vad som avses. För att inte bli beroende av sina klienter finns regler och praxis inom yrket som används samt genom att till exempel inte ha vänner och bekanta som klienter menar respondenterna.
Homem, Edson de Castro. "A ipseidade na ética argumentativa de Paul Ricoeur." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2004. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2999.
The ipseity in ethics argumentative of Paul Ricoeur is the basic reference of the hermeneutic of the selfhood that he always returns. She settles the constant reflexive mediation in the opposition supposed immediate position of the subject. The sameness of the selfhood has like counterpoint the other. In the comparison, it is a synonym of identity-ditto an opposition ipseity-ipse that it includes the others. This inclusion questions the capacity of the self to be ethical and, ergo responsible juridical and morals in the various junction of the other. The ethical project of Ricoeur is comprehensible from and inside his peculiar methodology that he nominates dialectics between the teleological ethics and the deontological moral. This dialectics settles the triad of desire, obligation and practical wisdom in reciprocal activity, privileging the teleological dimension of the desire goods life with the other and for other in fair institutions. The ethics argumentative has the function to give contents the two triads, through the inclusion of the other in selfhood without the reflection about ipseity would lose sense. The practical wisdom of the ethical and moral judgement in situation includes discussion because the conflict is insuperable and it determines the best argument for the eventual consensus. Our thesis is the affirmation capacitys of selfhood to actuate constructive actions. By critique on ideology and utopia Ricoeur bases the dialectics between the principlehope and the principle of responsibility through utopian way of future and realistic way of preoccupation with the present in front of the hard cases that life and the ecosystem are associated. The personal and collective ascription on the past, in the present towards the future is due to the moral responsibility. The selfhood constructs the future in the present by your ethics decisions. It deals about ethical capacity of selfhood.
Farhadi, Arian. "Intressekonflikter i kreditvärdering : Kan konkurrensens baksidor motverkas med några enklare regeländringar eller krävs en fullständig omstrukturering av kreditvärderingsmarknaden?" Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276749.
Credit rating agencies, operating as an independent third-party, publish credit ratings with the objective of counteracting information asymmetry between investor and investee. Due to the issuer-pays model, the oligopolistic structure of the credit rating market and the credit rating agencies’ profit-seeking business strategy, the independent nature of the credit rating agency is threatened. This paper deems to compile current theory on this topic while also furthering the discussion by proposing the examination of two alternative solutions: only allowing for credit rating to be carried out by the public sector, or giving a overseeing entity the assignment of publishing grades which distinguish between different agencies by way of credit rating quality. Grading credit rating agencies could likely hinder the presence of rating catering, meanwhile banning private credit rating agencies completely in favor of public sector alternatives eliminates the conflict of interest and rating inflation that originates from the presence of competition in this market. Both suggested solutions bear with them risks of their own, while also requiring further studies into the feasibility of the aforementioned suggestions in the current market.
Aghajanloo, Mahdi. "La mondialisation des politiques des droits de l'homme : une comparaison France-Canada-Turquie." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100112.
Indivisibility and interdependence of human rights have been indicated in all international documents. Any divergence and classification can endanger their execution and globalization by limiting certain dimensions of the fundamental rights and freedoms. This convergence is tested by comparing the level of social religiosity and intangible rights using a legal and practical basis for the convergence between civil and political rights. Still, considering a brief history of the enactment of two international Covenants, it seems that divergence is an inevitable outcome of ideological and political differences. We can investigate the conditions of this divergence and the different positive nature of socio-economic rights by studying labor rights.Considering a commitment at a national level might lead to divergence and unfulfilled rights because of the non-obligatory nature of these international commitments and the positive nature of socio-economic rights. Therefore, it only brings to mind the principle of a half-binding non-discriminatory commitment regarding the socio-economic rights. Extending the scope of this principle beyond the national borders can guarantee the indivisibility of fundamental rights. However, the vague nature of socio-economic rights and restrictions, such as the reciprocity principle, emphasize on an objective need to establish the binding international commitments. This can be investigated with studying the pandemic health crisis caused by the spread of coronavirus worldwide.By comparing the religious freedom, labor and health rights, we find out that the binding commitments have been considered regarding negative rights at international levels. However, there must be an objective need to persuade the governments to consider similar measures and obligations with respect to socio-economic rights. In fact, the level of international obligations of the governments depends on the type and level of this objective need
Casenave, Eric. "L'accountability ou l'obligation de rendre des comptes ressenties par le praticien du marketing : variable médiatrice entre antécédents personnels et réponses comportementales." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090048.
Marketing has been criticized for its lack of accountability, which is qualified by a misalignment with strategic objectives. Most of the researches propose that marketing accountability must be reinforced with more performance measures. In this doctoral thesis, we employ a different approach in treating the marketer as unit of analysis. We identify a marketers’ professional identity and make a distinction between two types of felt accountability: an accountability felt in a decision-Making situation (ASR) and an accountability felt within an organization (AOR). ASR is positively influenced by self-Determination that is a component of marketers’ professional identity, where self-Determination reduces conformity. In making marketers accountable, we show that that they seek to make the best decision according to marketing objectives even if they are conflicting with strategic objectives. In studying managers’ behavior, we show that role ambiguity, which is consistent with marketing practice, reduces AOR. Organizational cultures that promote accountability increase the likelihood of role conflicts detrimental to performance. However, the likelihood of role conflict is moderated by organizational cultures provided they encourage collaboration and initiatives. This type of culture is consistent with marketers’ professional identity therefore contributing to performance. Finally, we propose an accountability model tailored to marketing practice within the organization
Peketi, Essodjilobouwè. "Essai critique sur la notion d’homologation judiciaire." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020078.
Judicial approval shows in a remarkable way how the function of judging contains different aspects. This Judicial activity is in itself a judicial procedure which ensures the control of agreements validly concluded between parties or which will become valid if their conformity with the requirements of substantive law is judicially recognized / if their conformity with the requirements of substantive law is established/ if these agreements fulfil the conditions required by the substantive law.If there is no doubt that the process of judicial homologation is unique, it must be however observed that the homologation procedures according to their purposes are distinct from each other. In fact, the procedural rules of judicial approval/judicial depend considerably on the substantive law to be applied. That’s why, it can be said in this context, that substantive law controls procedural law; for it is substantive law which determines the judge's procedural conduct when judicial approval is requested. The degree or level of the judicial control exercised over the agreements of the parties is a proof of this.What about the registration judgment regime? It is inspired by the substantive law of each subject in which the registration judgment is rendered. We could give more examples. Let us confine ourselves to the authority of res judicata, allowed in the approved agreement on divorce by mutual consent, and refused in the approved notarial deed on change of matrimonial regime. The authority of res judicata is also considered to be admitted for certified transactions in administrative matters, but rejected for certified transactions in civil matters. These brief indications probably support the idea that judicial homologation is primarily a matter of substantive law. In other words, contrary to what is often said in doctrine, homologation is a matter of substantive law before it is a procedural matter
Zreik, Saba. "Conventions réglementées et intérêt social en droit comparé (Liban, France, USA)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020027/document.
The corporate interest is the main reason behind the regulation of related party transactions. Its limits are defined by similar interests and the personal interest embodied in these transactions. The inter-action of these conflicting interests may harm the company. The existence of a conflict and of its justification may be presumed. The corporate interest is from now on that of the enterprise seen within its wide economic context and the interest of a group of companies is distinctively acknowledged. The qualification of those transactions helps identify those that are subject to scrutiny. The protection of the corporate interest is achieved by the prevention of the conflicts of interests through the disclosure of the personal interest. This disclosure triggers the concerned corporate bodies’ evaluation process. Legislative and jurisprudential guarantees ensure the predominance of the corporate interest through limitations on the exercise of certain rights and a strict judicial enforcement of legal duties laid on the interested party. The fraudulent transaction is void. The unauthorized one that is damaging to the company is voidable and its consequences are assumed by the interested party who may be exposed to civil and, sometimes, criminal liability. The comparison of the treatment of this subject in the Lebanese, French and American legal systems revealed the weaknesses in the first two; amendment proposals are made
Forge, Alexis. "Essai sur l’éviction du juge en droit du travail." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020016.
The introduction of measures designed to avoid taking industrial disputes before a judge illustrates the current policy of anticipating outcomes and settling matters out of court. Preference is given to coming to an agreement that corresponds to the case in hand and satisfies all the parties involved rather than a decision imposed by a third party. The common consent termination and the settlement agreement, supported by both the legislator and the judge, have become widely appreciated practices. There is, however, room for improvement. After being excluded from employment law in France for many years, with the notable exception of industrial tribunal conciliation, alternative ways of settling disputes have recently been promoted by the public authorities, but have not proved as popular as expected. These mechanisms are designed for widespread application but they need to be reinforced and adapted to the corporate world. The judge’s position needs be revised and judges need to be able to exercise greater control
Amaro, Rafael. "Le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles : Étude des contentieux privés autonome et complémentaire devant les juridictions judiciaires." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05D014.
Pas de résumé en anglais
Ying-HsinChang and 張櫻馨. "On The conflicts between medical obligations and the patient’s right to refuse medical treatment, from the Criminal Law perspective." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36152233502889858544.
TASI, CHIH-HUNG, and 蔡志宏. "THE RESEARCH OF OBLIGATION CONFLICTS IN CRIMINAL LAW." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57044945913492961945.
國立臺北大學
法學系
91
The abstract is separated in six chapters. The main content is as follows: Chapter 1 Introduction It explains the motive, purpose, range, and ways of how I did the research. Chapter 2 The Concepts of Obligation Conflicts It explains the important conditions of obligation conflicts; distinguish the range and quality of obligations; differ the similar concepts of obligation conflicts, and examine the standards and benefits of three different types of obligation conflicts. Chapter 3 The Status of Obligation Conflicts on Criminal Theory System It discusses theories and examine if those are reasonable opinions, and choose the suitable one of obligation conflicts in criminal law. Chapter 4 The Sustained Type of Obligation Conflicts It lines up the types of obligation conflicts and discusses if the obligation conflicts can be sustained. Chapter 5 The Solution of Obligation Conflicts It differs the equal obligation conflicts from not equal one, and stand suitable solution. Chapter 6 Conclusion It concludes each chapter’s statements and express my thoughts of it.
Hassanli, Samaneh. "A proposal for the implementation of human rights treaty obligations in armed conflict." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/90270.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Law School, 2014
Burda, Marianne Louise. "Understanding a woman's moral obligation to her fetus maternal-fetal conflict as a convenant relationship /." 2009. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/etd,101940.
Bélanger, Marco. "Devoir et pouvoir : existe-t-il des dilemmes moraux insolubles ?" Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6580.
Tang, Ai-May, and 湯愛梅. "The qualitative research of gender equity in armed force:take the conflict of military appointment and maternal obligation as the center." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29079602682147172875.
CHEN, CHUNG-NI, and 陳仲妮. "The Protection of Embryos and the Conflict of the Fundamental Rights - Including the Protective Obligation (“Schutzpflicht”) of the State to Embryos and its Judicial Review." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hhpcd9.
東吳大學
法律學系
105
Since last century, the advancement in genetic technologies, such as artificial reproduction, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, embryonic stem cell and asexual reproduction, has results in marvelous achievements in medical health care. However, the application of embryonic stem cell has become extremely argumentative because it is sometimes regarded as to save one life by sacrificing another. For those who regard an embryo as a human, the embryo should have possessed all the fundamental rights; for those who have the opposite thoughts, the embryo can be treated accordingly under current legal framework. In addition to the above concepts, other proposals for embryo identity are not perfect as well. In this study, instead of making discretion on the human status of an embryo, not using the classification of being the subject/object of fundamental rights, an embryo deserves a certain level of protection because of the high possibility of becoming a human, which may ease these disputes, and reduce the inconsistencies among the current regulatory system. Also, the human dignity issue of an embryo and its stem cell is another complex and disputable question. Even with the prevailing doctrine of absolute nature adopted in Germany, a few related cases on this issue cause another dispute on the possibility of exception on human dignity. In this study, the weighing of interests is applied to the protection of human dignity, which does not necessarily make it becoming a relative value. The advanced research on the embryonic stem cell includes the study on the human dignity of future patients and service of life protection, so it is inappropriate to classify these related researches under the concept of academic freedom or embryo dignity. As for the remaining embryos after artificial reproduction, they can be protected based on the concept of pre-effect of fundamental rights, which may have specific practical meaning with functions of protection and restriction. For a patient, the rights of existence, health, and the promise of healing may not necessarily establish a foundation to request for a specific treatment for health rehabilitation. Instead, the objective-legal protective obligation can be transformed as a public right to maintain the basic survival with human dignity through personal request. Additionally, the precautionary principle apples in the regulatory control on the research of embryonic stem cell because of the unfamiliarity towards this study and uncertainty of possible damage. Anyhow, the actual harm does not occur when the preventive measure is in effect. The enforcement of these preventive measures should comply with the concept of constitutional justification. Although total prohibition in embryonic stem cell research may successfully protect the embryos and avoid all the negative impacts, the sacrifice of delaying the medical advancement and failing the anticipation of the patients is the inevitable expense that we have to pay. And due to the insufficiency of the rank of “Policy Instructions on the Ethics of Human Embryo and Embryonic Stem Cell Research”, no constitutional restrictions can be imposed to control the research on embryonic stem cell, unless with the self-discipline and professional morality of the researchers. Due to the principle of legal reservation, the adoption of the administrative guidance system from Japan, in place of a legislative law, as the regulatory control for embryonic stem cell research seems no longer appropriate.
Wang, Neng-Jian, and 王能建. "A Study on Director and Controlling Shareholder Obligation to Avoid Conflict of Interests from the Requirement of Article 178 of Company Act for Abstaining from Voting Rights." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36141223576791266608.
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
103
This dissertation aims at discussing whether requirement of abstaining from voting rights could be taken as the solution to conflict of interests, and whether there are better solutions. First of all, this dissertation discusses the nature of voting rights to question justification of requirement of abtstaining from voting rights when there is conflict of interests. And then collect the related verdicts and observe three controversial M&A cases to learn a lesson and arouse some inspiration. Involving the conflict of interests between directors and the corporation, it’s doubtful whether the shareholders or supervisors could obtain the necessary information to intervene the suspicious transaction in Taiwan. Moreover, abstaining from voting rights could not remove the structural bias, but there’s no further resolution in Taiwan. And it’s not clear whether there lies responsibility after the directors follow requirement of abstaining from voting rights. When relating to conflict between controlling shareholders and the corporation, Taiwan adopts the legistlative patterns of shadow directors, unlike the US imposing fiduciary duty on controlling shareholders. With regard to conflict between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders, Taiwan does not provide relief and subsidies.
Lopes, Kayo Sérgio. "As soluções de consenso no direito processual penal luso-brasileiro e o conflito de finalidades da delação premiada." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/92737.
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo verificar e compreender as soluções de consenso e o instituto da delação premiada no ordenamento jurídico luso-brasileiro, além do papel do Ministério Público e do Juiz diante de tais regimentos.Em Portugal e no Brasil, o princípio da obrigatoriedade (legalidade) norteia o direito processual penal. O Ministério Público, orientado por uma máxima acusatória, é obrigado a propor a ação penal quando presentes os pressupostos legais, fato típico, ilícito e culpável. Diante disso, as soluções de consenso e a delação premiada surgem como formas de supostas mitigações ao princípio da obrigatoriedade da ação penal. Com o objetivo de analisar até onde as soluções de consenso e a delação premiada estão em conformidade com as normas luso-brasileiras e quais as divergências e os conflitos existentes, será utilizado a metodologia da pesquisa bibliográfica, onde, inicialmente, analisar-se-á o princípio da obrigatoriedade (legalidade) e o da indisponibilidade no direito processual penal e, logo após, um estudo sobre o plea bargain nos Estados Unidos.Após esta análise, será estudado as soluções de consenso no direito processual penal luso-brasileiro, averiguando se há conformidade legislativa de tais institutos. Em seguida, será realizada a mesma abordagem com as normas do Brasil e de Portugal que trazem a regulamentação da delação premiada.Por fim, será realizado uma investigação mais detalhada acerca da Lei 12.850/13, que trata das organizações criminosas no Brasil. Alguns conflitos de finalidades existentes da delação premiadas serão levantados, a respeito da possibilidade de acordo entre o Ministério Público e o arguido da fase de inquérito, a moralidade da negociação entre o Estado e o arguido, réu confesso, o valor probatória das delações e a prisão preventiva para obtenção de delação premiada. Sendo assim, será verificado como a delação premiada pode ser um importante instrumento no combate a criminalidade organizada, entretanto, os fins não podem justificar os meios e as garantias e direitos fundamentais constitucionalmente assegurados em hipótese alguma devem ser violados.
The present dissertation aims to verify and understand the consensus solutions and the institute of the plea bargain in the Portuguese-Brazilian legal system, in addition to the role of the Public Ministry and the Judge in the face of such regulations.In Portugal and Brazil, the principle of mandatory (legality) guides criminal procedural law. The Public Prosecutor's Office, guided by a maximum accusation, is obliged to bring criminal action when the legal presuppositions are present, a typical, illegal and culpable fact. In view of this, consensual solutions and the winning plea bargain as forms of supposed mitigations to the principle of mandatory criminal action.In order to analyze the extent to which the consensus solutions and the winning statement are in accordance with the Luso-Brazilian norms and which divergences and conflicts exist, the bibliographic research methodology will be used, where, initially, it will be analyzed the principle of mandatory (legality) and that of unavailability in criminal procedural law and, soon after, a study on plea bargain in the United States.After this analysis, the consensus solutions in Portuguese-Brazilian criminal procedural law will be studied, investigating whether there is legislative compliance by such institutes. Then, the same approach will be carried out with the rules of Brazil and Portugal that bring the regulation of the plea bargain.Finally, a more detailed investigation will be carried out on Law 12.850 / 13, which deals with criminal organizations in Brazil. Some conflicts of existing purposes of the plaintiff's award will be raised, regarding the possibility of agreement between the Public Ministry and the defendant in the investigation phase, the morality of the negotiation between the State and the defendant, confessed defendant, the evidential value of the complaints and the preventive imprisonment for obtaining a prized sentence. Therefore, it will be verified how the award can be an important instrument in the fight against organized crime, however the ends cannot justify the means and the fundamental constitutional guarantees and rights under no circumstances should they be violated.
Kadlecová, Kristýna. "Mezinárodní právo soukromé ve srovnávacím pohledu: Určení rozhodného práva pro mimosmluvní závazkové vztahy v právu ČR a USA." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-310997.
Adonis, Bongiwe. "Transnational criminal justice and crime prevention: an international and African perspective." Thesis, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8246_1365584062.
This paper analyses head of state immunity, a traditional rule of international law, in relation to the indictments by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2009 against the current Sudanese President Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir. It can be agreed that the doctrine of immunity in international law attempts to overcome the tension between the protection of human rights and the demands of state sovereignty. The statutes and decisions of international criminal courts make it clear that no immunity for international crimes shall be attached to heads of states or to senior government officials. However, the case against the Sudanese President, where the jurisdiction of the ICC was triggered by the UN Security Councilâs referral of the situation in Darfur to the Court, represents the first case where a serving head of state has, in fact, been indicted before the ICC. From this case, a number of legal issues have arisen
such as the questions where the ICCâs jurisdiction over an incumbent head of state, not party to the ICC Statute, is justified, and the obligations upon ICC state parties to surrender such a head of state to the requesting international criminal court. This paper gives an analysis of these questions.
Nordbruch, Claus H. R. 1961. "Pflichtbegriff im Werk von Siegfried Lenz." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15662.
The present thesis undertakes a comprehensive survey and criticak analysis of the concept of duty and its significance in the prose of Siegfried Lenz (born in 1926). It concentrates on those novels and narratives in which duty is the main motif; these are Schwierige Trauer (1960), Das Feuerschiff (1960), Deutschstunde (1968) and Ein Kriegsende (1984). After an introduction which outlines the development and the influence of the concept of duty in Germany, the thesis deals with Lenz's prose in chronological order. Siegfried Lenz's main motif is the significance of the concept of duty within the moral code of the individual, the specific meaning and influence of which has been developed in Germany. Lenz does not deny that duty is a necessary element of the process of socialization. But he rejects the unreflected and uncritical acceptance of a dubious morality based on a sense of duty, at the expense of individuality and responsibility for oneself. It is a deformed understanding of duty which Lenz exposes and criticizes in his work: a characteristic mark of submissiveness and slavish obedience ("Untertanengeist und Kadavergehorsam"). These distortions are determined by political-historical events, theological dogmas, philosophical theses and an authoritarian upbringing. The reasons for the attitudes and behaviour of Lenz's fictitious characters have their roots in those factors. Lenz always insists on reflection. He refuses the uncritical acceptance of a morality based on duty, which allows a person to avoid his or her responsibility. However, Siegfried Lenz neither attempts to construct a social background nor does he offer recipes for a new social order. Rather he restricts himself to the sceptical questioning of norms and values, which are maintained by authority. The author creates a conflict in a hermetic environment, for example a ship or a small village, in which his fictitious characters have to prove themselves. By confronting his readers with such an extreme situation and the protagonists' questionable decisions, Lenz forces his public to reconsider their own position. The author's aim is to make his readers realize that right and wrong cannot always be distinguished in a clear-cut manner
Linguistics and Modern Languages
D.Litt. et Phil. (German)
Parent, Sébastien. "Les conséquences juridiques de la coexistence de l’obligation d’accommodement raisonnable et du régime public de réparation des lésions professionnelles." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18632.
Suite à l’étude de la genèse de deux régimes occupant une place fondamentale en droit du travail québécois, soit le régime public de réparation des lésions professionnelles institué par la Loi sur les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles, et l’obligation d’accommodement raisonnable, issue du droit à l’égalité consacré à l’article 10 de la Charte québécoise, ce mémoire s’intéresse au déploiement du conflit normatif et du conflit juridictionnel découlant de l’évolution en parallèle de ces deux sources d’obligations pour les employeurs, dont l’objet est la réintégration et le maintien du lien d’emploi du salarié atteint d’un handicap. Cette étude propose ensuite d’explorer les conséquences juridiques de la solution retenue par la Cour d’appel du Québec, dans l’arrêt Caron rendu en juin 2015, laquelle décide de juxtaposer une obligation d’accommodement raisonnable au régime public de réparation des lésions professionnelles. Ainsi, ce mémoire met en évidence les conséquences en droit constitutionnel canadien et quasi constitutionnel québécois de la démarche utilisée dans l’arrêt Caron et des résultats auxquels elle a conduit, en recentrant la place du droit à l’égalité en droit public et en discutant de ses impacts sur la séparation des pouvoirs. En outre, ce revirement jurisprudentiel engendre maintes difficultés au regard de la particularité du droit administratif, plus spécifiquement quant au rôle et aux pouvoirs limités de la C.N.E.S.S.T. et du T.A.T.-D.S.S.T. Enfin, cette analyse fait ressortir que la solution retenue par la Cour d’appel porte atteinte à l’équilibre que s’efforce de maintenir ce régime public reposant sur un important compromis social.
Following the review of the genesis of two fundamental regimes in Quebec labour law, the public system that provides repairs to injured workers, established by the Act respecting industrial accidents and occupational diseases, and the duty to provide reasonable accommodation arising from the right to equality under section 10 of the Quebec Charter, this thesis focuses on the development of the normative conflict and the jurisdictional conflict stemming from the parallel evolution of these two sources of obligations for employers. Both of these are based on the reinstatement of disabled workers and the continuation of their employment relationship. This study proposes to explore the legal consequences of the solution adopted by the Quebec Court of Appeal in Caron’s case, dated June 2015, in which the Court decided to overlay the employer’s duty to accommodate onto the Workers’ Compensation public system. Thus, emphasizing on the role that the right to equality plays in public law and discussing its impact on the separation of powers, this thesis shows the consequences from the approach used in the Caron judgment and its particular results through Canadian constitutional and Quebec quasi-constitutional principles. Furthermore, this significant change gives rise to many difficulties regarding the particularities of administrative law, and more specifically, the role and the limited powers of C.N.E.S.S.T. and T.A.T.-D.S.S.T. Finally, this analysis highlights that the solution held by the Court of Appeal infringes on the balance attempted by the public system based on an important social compromise.
Donfack, Narcisse Gaetan Zebaze. "The suitability of the CISG and OHADA for small and medium-sized enterprises engaging in international trade in west and central Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21020.
Private Law
LL. M.
Васильківська, Вікторія Владиславівна. "Правове регулювання статусу державного службовця в Україні." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/10686.
Дисертацію присвячено особливостям правового регулювання статусу державного службовця у контексті ухвалення Законів України «Про державну службу» і «Про запобігання корупції» та адаптації інституту державної служби до стандартів ЄС. Надано характеристику державної служби як сфери правового регулювання статусу державного службовця, визначено стан законодавчого регулювання статусу державного службовця. Охарактеризовано структурні елементи правового статусу державного службовця з акцентом на словосполучення «вимоги щодо державних службовців» як новий елемент цього статусу. Особливу увагу приділено питанню сутності та змісту поняття «правове регулювання статусу державного службовця» через такі елементи, як: встановлення, визначення забезпечення, захист. Охарактеризовано повноваження суб’єктів правового регулювання статусу державного службовця.
Диссертация посвящена особенностям правового регулирования статуса государственного служащего в контексте принятия Законов Украины «О государственной службе» и «О предупреждении коррупции» и адаптации института государственной службы к стандартам ЕС. Предоставлена характеристика государственной службы как сферы правового регулирования статуса государственного служащего, определено состояние законодательного регулирования статуса государственного служащего. Охарактеризованы структурные элементы правового статуса государственного служащего с акцентом на словосочетании «требования к государственному служащему» как новом элементе этого статуса. Особенное внимание уделено вопросу сущности и содержания понятия «правовое регулирование статуса государственного служащего» через такие элементы, как: установление, определение обеспечения, защита. Охарактеризованы полномочия субъектов правового регулирования статуса государственного служащего. С принятием Закона Украины «О государственной службе» 1995 г. выявлена позитивная динамика именно в административно-правовом определении ряда вопросов прохождения государственной службы, как основного фактора в реализации права на государственную службу, именно к: дисциплинарной ответственности, прекращению государственной службы, оплаты работы, ротации. При этом заслуживает одобрения предоставление приоритета законодательному акту в определении целого ряда вопросов статуса государственного служащего (в отличие от Закона Украины «О государственной службе» 1993 г.). Установлено, что законодательными актами, которые распространяют свое действие на всю государственную службу, независимо от вида, является, кроме Конституции Украины, Закон «О предотвращении коррупции» (правоограничения) и Кодекс административного судопроизводства Украины (судебная защита права на государственную службу). Установлено, что требования предъявляются к государственным служащим всех видов государственной службы, однако они различны по своему содержанию. Выделены и охарактеризованы общие (гражданство Украины, владение украинским языком, достижения восемнадцатилетнего возраста) и специальные требования (политическая беспристрастность/беспартийность/ политическая нейтральность; общий стаж работы; опыт работы на должностях/в сфере; свободное владение иностранным языком; полное общее среднее образование; степень высшего образования; уровень физической подготовки; личные качества; состояние здоровья; отсутствие обстоятельств, которые могут препятствовать выполнению должностных обязанностей). Охарактеризованы направления правового регулирования статуса государственного служащего Нацгосслужбой, которыми являются: определение (утверждение перечня задач для проверки компетентности государственного служащего, осуществление проверок соблюдения законодательства о государственной службе, утверждение специальных требований к лицам категорий «Б» и «В»; принятие общих правил этического поведения государственных служащих; утверждение правил внутреннего служебного распорядка), защита (рассмотрение жалоб государственных служащих относительно прохождения государственной службы; требования об отмене противоправных решений в части нарушений прав государственного служащего). Акцентировано внимание на том, что государственная должность является тем единственным фактором, который, в условиях её замещения, дает этому лицу определенный правовой статус. Охарактеризованы критерии классификации должностей государственной службы на категории для служащих административной службы. Представлена характеристика особенностей должностей государственной службы.
The dissertation is devoted to the peculiarities of legal regulation of the status of a state servant in the context of the adoption of the Laws of Ukraine “On the State Service” and “On Prevention of Corruption” and the adaptation of the State Service Institute to the EU standards. The description of the state service as a sphere of legal regulation of the status of a state servant is given, the status of legislative regulation of the status of a state servant is determined. The structural elements of the legal status of a state servant with a focus on “requirements for state servants” as the newest element of this status are characterized. Particular attention is paid to the essence and content of the concept of “legal regulation of the status of a state servant” through such elements as: the establishment, definition of security, protection. The authority of the subjects of legal regulation of the status of a state servant has been characterized.
Sýkorová, Michaela. "Institut ius cogens v mezinárodním právu." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-368007.
Franczak, Piotr. "Metody regulacji spółek zagranicznych w prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym." Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3219.
The subject of the thesis was the assessment of methods with which legal systems regulate foreign companies. Foreign company was understood as a company which has been incorporated by a foreign legal system and which is recognized by this system as its own. A comparative research was carried out in the dissertation, covering legal systems of selected English, German and French speaking countries, as well as Polish and Dutch law.Crucial for the dissertation was the distinction between the conflict-of-laws and substantive methods and its main thesis was that the conflict-of-laws method is used too often and should yield precedence to the substantive method in some cases.Among modern conflict-of-laws regulations of foreign companies three groups can be distinguished. First, solutions which subject all legal events and legal relations of a company to substantial law which did not necessarily create the company. The most important instance of the regulations of this kind is the real seat theory. Potentially it removes from authority of the law of incorporation, among others, legal events which include public acts and organizational legal relations – whereas those can effectively be governed only by the law of incorporation. Only within the law of incorporation relevant public acts have been issued and only to this law organizational legal relations have been adjusted. The second category of the conflict-of-laws regulations consists in solutions which always indicate parent law of a company as applicable. They include especially the theory of incorporation. In fact, these solutions refrain from regulation of corporate relations of foreign companies. The third group consists in limited conflict-of-laws regulations which subject to their own substantive law only selected relations of foreign companies closely connected with their country. They are practically oriented and usually cover relations which are suitable for effective conflict-of-laws regulation.Two most important categories of substantive regulations of foreign companies are the recognition and provisions imposing additional obligations on parties of corporate relations. The recognition consists in extension of legal effects which arose under a foreign legal system to the recognizing system. It should be applied to legal events which include constitutive public acts and to organizational relations. Provisions imposing additional obligations on foreign companies or persons involved in them do not regulate directly corporate relations. Above all, they require from foreign companies disclosure of certain information in the register of the admitting country and appointment of a representative and indication of an address there. They may, however, impose on persons involved in a company an obligation to specifically arrange its corporate relations and in this manner indirectly regulate these relations. Legal sanctions for breach of these provisions may resemble actual consequences of use of the real seat theory, but their application does not result in problems associated with the conflict-of-laws regulation.The most important question with respect to the Polish Act on the Private International Law is interpretation of the term “seat”, which the Act uses to designate law applicable to legal entities. It should be understood as the seat set in articles of association and not as the real seat. This results from the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which mandates that a company transferring its real seat within the European Economic Area be recognized as the company of the country of its incorporation. Although the Polish Act provides that transfer of the seat within the EEA does not result in loss of legal personality of the company, nevertheless this exception is not broad enough to satisfy requirements of the European law. Many functional arguments also speak in favour of the statutory seat theory.