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1
Ancel, Baudouin. "Lois de police et ordre public dans le droit des conflits (XIIe siècle-XXe siècle) : genèse et réception de l'article 3, alinéa 1er du Code civil." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020043.
Abstract:
Cette recherche propose un éclairage historique des avatars de deux mécanismes désormais intégrés au système français de droit international privé, celui des « lois de police » et celui de « l’ordre public international », qui ont pour trait commun de s’opposer au jeu normal de la règle de conflit et de s’appuyer, l’un et l’autre, sur l’art. 3, al. 1er du Code civil de 1804. Prévenant par préemption les atteintes à l’utilitas publica vel communis ou y réagissant par éviction de la loi normalement applicable, ces deux types de normes tissent une histoire commune depuis les antécédents que furent les statuts prohibitifs et les statuts territoriaux identifiés par la doctrine romano-canonique médiévale. Adaptés par les juristes de l’Ecole Hollandaise et de l’Ecole Française à l’hypothèse dominante à la fin de l’Ancien Régime des conflits de souverainetés, ceux-ci sont recueillis en 1804 par l’art. 3, al. 1er. Le travail conjoint de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence et une réaction à la notion hybride de « lois d’ordre public » qui émerge au long du siècle suivant permettent leur reformatage en les séparant l’un de l’autre dès le tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. Le déclin du conflit des souverainetés qui porte à se désintéresser des lois de droit public, voire des lois pénales, et une représentation plus privatiste du conflit de lois qui ne peut cependant méconnaitre l’interventionnisme croissant de l’Etat, confirment la distinction de deux figures appelées à être théorisées sous les concepts de lois de police ou d’application immédiate (promouvant l’utilitas communis) et d’exception d’ordre public (défendant les valeurs fondamentales)This research aims at shedding light on the historical background of the avatars of two mechanisms now integrated into the French system of private international law: lois de police (i.e. overriding mandatory rules) and (international) ordre public (i.e. public policy). Both share the common feature of opposing the normal interplay of choice-of-law rules and rely on Art. 3, para. 1 of the 1804 Civil Code. Preventing by pre-emption infringements of utilitas publica vel communis or reacting to them by eviction from the normally applicable law, these two types of norms have emerged from a common history beginning with the antecedents of prohibitive and territorial statutes identified by medieval romano-canonical commentators. Then members of the Dutch and French Schools adapted the two concepts to the prevailing hypothesis at the end of the Ancien Régime, that of conflicts of sovereignties. In 1804, lois de police and ordre public were collected in the French Civil Code. Thanks to the joint work of scholars and case law, on the one hand, and to a reaction to the hybrid notion of lois d’ordre public that emerged over the next century, on the other hand, the distinction between the two concepts was made possible at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. As conflict of sovereignties declined, leading to a loss of interest in public law, or even in criminal law, and as a more private-law-driven representation arose, without ignoring, however, growing state interventionism, the distinction has been confirmed between the two concepts: lois de police or d’application immédiate, promoting the utilitas communis, and exception d’ordre public, defending fundamental values
2
Herrmann, Thomas. "Unité d’action et concours d’infractions : la question du cumul de déclarations de culpabilité en droit pénal interne et en droit international penal." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA01D037.
Abstract:
La question du cumul de déclarations de culpabilité se pose dans le cas où une personne paraît avoir commis plusieurs infractions s’inscrivant dans une même unité d’action, soit parce qu’elles sont constituées par des faits partiellement ou totalement identiques, soit parce qu’elles sont constituées par des faits totalement distincts mais consécutifs ou concomitants. Partant du constat que cette question se pose dans les mêmes termes et avec la même acuité en droit pénal interne et en droit international pénal, la présente étude propose une méthode générale de résolution de la question en se fondant sur une règle logique dont la validité n’est pas limitée à un ordre juridique en particulier : l’existence d’une pluralité d’infractions en concours constitue une condition absolument nécessaire du cumul de déclarations de culpabilité. Ainsi, la méthode proposée consiste dans un premier temps à distinguer clairement les situations d’infraction unique (infraction unique en vertu du droit pénal spécial ou en vertu d’une théorie générale : conflit d’incriminations ou infraction continuée) et les situations de concours (idéal ou réel) d’infractions. Dans un second temps, la méthode consiste à résoudre les concours en vertu d’un principe de type téléologique, autorisant le cumul lorsqu’il est nécessaire afin d’atteindre un ou plusieurs objectifs légitimes (rendre pleinement compte du comportement délictueux de l’auteur, peines principales et complémentaires, récidive spéciale, recevabilité de l’action civile), prohibant le cumul dans le cas contraire. À cette fin, l’étude propose une classification affinée des différents types de concours idéals et réels d’infractionsThe question of multiple convictions arises in cases where a person appears to have committed several offences forming part of the same unit of action, either because they consist of partially or totally identical facts, or because they consist of totally distinct but consecutive or concomitant facts. Starting from the observation that this question arises in the same terms and with the same acuteness in domestic criminal law and in international criminal law, the present study proposes a general method of solving the question by basing itself on a logical rule whose validity is not limited to any particular legal system: the existence of a plurality of concurrent offences constitutes an absolutely necessary condition for the accumulation of convictions. Thus, the proposed method consists, in the first place, in making a clear distinction between situations of a single offence (a single offence under special criminal law or under a general theory: conflict of statutes or continuing offence) and situations of concurrent offences. Secondly, the method consists in resolving the concurrences by virtue of a teleological principle, authorizing cumulation when it is necessary in order to achieve one or more legitimate objectives (to take full account of the offender's criminal conduct, principal and complementary penalties, special recidivism, admissibility of civil action), prohibiting cumulation in the opposite case. To this end, the study proposes a refined classification of the different types of ideal and real concurrence of offences
3
Allison, Barbara Nehrig. "Identity status and parent-adolescent conflict among early adolescents." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1299762136.
4
Mann, Lili D. "Entrenchment of the status quo in the Arab-Israeli conflict." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/39651.
Abstract:
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.This study examines those endemic factors which contribute to the entrenchment of the status quo in the Arab-Israeli conflict. By removing the dynamics of the Cold War, the particular circumstances of the main actors- Israel, the Palestinian Liberation Organization, Syria, the United States and the United Nations--become apparent. It is the thesis of this paper that the underlying causes in the creation and perpetuation of the Arab-Israeli conflict include (1) the importance of ideology and security to Israel, (2) a lack of political will among the players to alter the status quo, (3) a plethora of systemic organizational constraints, and (4) limitations faced by the UN that inhibit its usefulness as an intermediary. While compelling arguments should move the actors toward a resolution of the conflict, particularly when a window of opportunity now exists in the aftermath of Desert Storm, the factors cited above comprise powerful counterforces which both serve to sustain Israel's de facto borders and provide a pretext for Arab hostility.
5
Schroeder, Jacquelyn Ann. "NGO-State Relations: Freedom House Status and Cooperation Versus Conflict." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1358101658.
6
Surianegara, Dewi Triyati. "La Pluralité des statuts personnels dans le droit indonésien (conflits internes et conflits internationaux)." Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010286.
Abstract:
Pays non-unifie de par sa structure geographique, physique et humaine, l'indonesie se caracterise par l'existence de conflits de lois internes. Issus de la periode coloniale, les lois applicables au statut personnel decoulent de la division de la population en plusieurs groupes : europeen, oriental etranger et autochtone, qu'ont etablie les pays-bas dans les indes neerlandaises. Cette differenciation de la population a induit une pluralite des statuts personnels, gouvernes par des reglementations propres a chacun des groupes de population, et la creation d'un droit specifique, le droit interpersonnel. Ce droit provient des rapports de droit entre personnes soumises de par leur appartenance a un groupe ethnique different a des lois differentes, qui suscitent des conflits de lois internes. Quel a ete l'evolution de cette branche du droit de sa naissance a sa reconnaissance?. Comment la doctrine ont-elles defini et apprehende cette notion?. Telles sont les questions auxquelles essai de repondre notre ouvrage. Malgre l'accession a l'independance de l'indonesie, cette classification de la population basee a l'origine sur des criteresIndonesian society has been divided into various groups of population since the earliest days of dutch colonisation. Those groups of population are subject to different private laws. An interpersonal law problem may then arise, when parties of different population groups enter into legal relationship, since choice of law has to be made to decide which law will be applicable to such legal relationship. This division into population groups has survived indonesian's indep endance. With the transfer of sovereignity, in 1945, another side of conflict of laws has grown up, it is to say, the pr ivate international law. Indeed the great theme since the independance is law reform and in the fiel of private law, the effort to supplant the classification of the population based on racial criteria with those of citizenship. Many regula tions promulgated since the tranfer of sovereignity apply uniformly to all indonesians, without regard to population gro up
7
Surianegara, Dewi Triyati. "La Pluralité des statuts personnels dans le droit indonésien conflits internes et conflits internationaux /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601388p.
8
Saïdi, Kamel. "Conflit entre la loi française et le statut personnel des Algériens musulmans : du conflit interpersonnel au conflit international." Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100110.
Abstract:
L’étude porte sur l'influence de la décolonisation sur les relations franco algériennes en matière de statut personnel. Il s'agit d'établir une symétrie entre le droit colonial et le droit international privé. La décolonisation n'a pas constitué une véritable rupture dans les solutions : elle a changé la nature du conflit sans rien changer à la nature du débat. La problématique demeure inchangée puisque la thèse soutenue dans le droit colonial de l'irréductibilité du droit musulman limite sa réception dans l'ordre juridique français. Le recours à la règle de conflit de droit commun marque le passage du conflit interpersonnel au conflit international, en même temps que la normalisation des rapports juridiques. La détermination de la nationalité des algériens musulmans est un préalable a l'étude du conflit de lois. L'application du droit commun montre l'écart entre les deux législations et pose les difficultés de coordination. En effet, l'élargissement des catégories françaises du mariage et du divorce est loin de masquer tout ce qui les sépare. Aussi le respect de la loi personnelle doit fléchir lorsque les valeurs fondamentales ou la cohérence de l'ordre juridique local sont menacées. Nous constatons alors l'érosion de la loi personnelle par l'intervention des lois d'application immédiate ou de l'ordre public international. Le besoin de prévisibilité et de certitude commande de réfléchir sur l'opportunité du facteur de rattachement par le domicile commun des épouxThe study turns on the influence of the decolonization over the French and Algerian relationship concerning personal statute. The question is to establish symmetry between colonial law and international private law. The decolonization didn't set up a real breaking off within the solutions: it has changed the nature of the conflict without changing anything as for the nature of the debate. The problematical point remains unchanged since the defended thesis in colonial law of mohammadan law irreducibleness restricts its acceptance in french legar order. The recourse to the rule of common law conflict indicates the passage from the interpersonal conflict to the international conflict at the same time as legal relationship are normalizing. The determination of algerians mohammedan nationality is previous to the study of the conflict of laws. The application of common law shows the divergence between the two legislation and raises the difficulties of coordination. Indeed the extension of french categories of marriage and divorce is far from screening allthat separates them, thus, the respect of personal law must falloof when fondamental values or the coherence of local legal order are threatened. Therefore we state the wearing away of personal law through the intervention of laws applying immediatly or of the international law and order. Necessity for thinking of the factor of the common domicile become timely
9
Dolan, Corrine, and Bill Mannan. "Potential Wildlife Conflicts." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146728.
Abstract:
2 pp.Tips for Arizona's Rural Landowners: Wildlife Unit
The Tips for Arizona's Rural Landowners Fact Sheet Series is intended to educate homeowners who have recently purchased small acreages in Arizona. The purpose of the series is to give homeowners information about living in rural settings. The Wildlife Unit includes fact sheets on wildlife habitat enhancement, the legal status of wildlife, venomous wildlife, wildlife transmitted diseases, aggressive wildlife and pet safety, wildlife-human conflicts, fencing, safe pesticide alternatives, and invasive wildlife.
10
Lenes, Joshua Guy. "Precarious Manhood and Men's Attributional Biases in Partner Conflict." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4358.
Abstract:
A study investigated men and women's attributions of criticism, rejection, and threats to gender status in a fictitious partner conflict scenario in which the victim was either a man or a woman. The results indicated that in the context of a partner conflict scenario that ends in violence, greater perceived threats to gender status are attributed to a female victim who criticizes a man's manhood more than a male victim who criticizes a woman's womanhood. The results also revealed that women attribute greater amounts of criticism/rejection and gender status threat in a victim's statements toward an abuser than men do, regardless of the gender of the victim. Individual differences in gender role stress, ambivalent sexism, and propensity for abusiveness failed to moderate these effects. These results present preliminary evidence grounded in precarious manhood theory that attributions of intention during domestic conflicts differ along gendered lines.
11
Siri, Luc. "Les conflits de lois du XIIe au XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020063.
Abstract:
Les conflits de lois du XIIe au XVIIIe siècle. L’étude des conflits de lois et des méthodes de leur résolution permet d’appréhender la naissance d’une nouvelle science juridique : le droit international privé. Cette étude montre comment, à partir du XIIe siècle, la doctrine s’est saisie de cette problématique en rejetant l’application systématique de la lex fori et en s’interrogeant sur la loi applicable au sujet étranger. De cette réflexion est née une première distinction entre la disposition ad ordinandam litem et la disposition ad decidendam litem. La première demeure la lex fori, alors que la seconde offre l’opportunité au juge d’appliquer une loi étrangère ; la théorie des statuts était née. Sous l’influence des juristes médiévaux français, la catégorisation des différentes normes suivant leur objet devient le fondement de cette nouvelle science juridique. Fort de cette avancée, Bartole tente une compilation systématique des règles de résolutions des conflits de lois sans pour autant voir son oeuvre reprise par la pratique. En effet, l’étude de la pratique révèle que la formation universelle du droit international privé envisagée par la doctrine médiévale ne correspond pas nécessairement à l’organisation politique des États en construction. Aussi, dès le XVe siècle, les Français envisagent la formation d’un système national de résolution des conflits de lois compatible avec l’affirmation de la souveraineté de l’État moderne. Cette formation conduit, au XVIIIe siècle, à une systématisation française de la théorie des statuts. Deux grandes catégories de lois subsistent : les statuts réels et les statuts personnels. Mais désormais le classement des normes se réalise ab effectu et non plus suivant l’objet des statuts. Cette dernière appréhension du conflit de lois appel une inclinaison de l’approche statutiste traditionnelle vers une approche plus conflictualiste ; l’objet de la loi est surpassé par l’effet de la norme et les circonstances du conflitThe conflicts of laws of the twelfth at the eighteenth century. The study of the conflicts of laws and of the methods of their resolution allows to apprehend the birth of a new legal science: the international private law. This study shows how starting with the twelfth century, doctrine seized of this problematic throwing systematic of the lex fori application and interrogating themselves on the applicable to the subject stranger law. Of this born reflection east a first distinction enters the disposition ad ordinandam litem and the disposition ad decidendam litem. The first stays the lex fori, while the second gives the appropriateness to the judge to use a foreign law ; the theory of the statutes was born. Under the influence medieval French lawyers, the categorization of the different norms according to their object becomes the base of this new legal science. Strongly this progress, Bartole held a systematic of rules compiling resigned conflicts of laws without in fact seeing its work picked up again by the practical. Indeed, the study of the practical reveals that the universal formation of the international private law considered by the medieval doctrine does not correspond necessarily at the politics organization of the States in construction. Also, from the fifteenth century, the French consider a national system of resolution of the conflicts of laws compatible with the assertion of the sovereignty of the modern State. This training led to the eighteenth century, a French systematization of the theory of the statutes. Two categories of laws subsist: the real statutes and the personal statutes. But from now on the filing of the norms themselves realise ab effectu and not more according to the object of the statutes. This last apprehension of the conflict of laws call an inclination of the traditional approach, carrying on the object of the law towards one approaches more modern, carrying on the effect of the norm and the circumstances of the conflict
12
Rassenfoss, Sarah E. "Managing women's role conflict : the effects of social change, attitude, and status /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260859495579.
13
Broedel-Zaugg, Kimberly Ann. "Women pharmacists : work factors, organizational commitment, family factors, conflict, and employment status /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487847309053075.
14
Cook, Justin. "Faire la paix par la reconnaissance : l’étude de cas de la transformation des relations moldo-pridnestroviennes de 1989 à 1998." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL20013/document.
Abstract:
Le conflit civil moldave entre 1989 et 1992 a laissé un pays et une population divisés entre le fleuve Dniestr/Nistru. Malgré la victoire de la Pridnestrovie (RMP) dans sa guerre d’indépendance, elle n’a pas atteint son objectif de devenir un Etat reconnu. L’Accord de cessez-le-feu de 1992 qui a mis officiellement fin à la guerre a renforcé la séparation de la RMP par la création d’une zone tampon et l’établissement des forces de maintien de la paix. Comme convenu dans cet accord, la fin du nouveau statu quo et donc la résolution finale du conflit devraient passer obligatoirement par la détermination d’un nouveau statut politique pour la RMP. Faute d’avoir réussi à déterminer un statut officiel, le conflit est resté gelé. Lors de la période d’après-guerre, l’équilibre des pouvoirs a favorisé la RMP sur le plan économique, énergétique et sécuritaire, la plaçant dans une position de force vis-à-vis de la Moldavie. Cependant, puisqu’une reconnaissance étatique n’a jamais été accordée à la RMP, cette dernière a donc hérité d’un déficit symbolique que seule la Moldavie pouvait lui octroyer par la reconnaissance. Une politique active de reconnaissance envers la RMP entre 1994 et 1998 a été le facteur déterminant dans la transformation du conflit, conduisant à la signature de trois « grands accords ». Le célèbre Mémorandum de Moscou de 1997 a souligné ce processus transformatif au travers duquel les deux « opposants » se sont dès lors considérés comme « partenaires » au sein des négociations. Au cours de l’année 1998, Chisinau et Tiraspol se sont engagées sur le chemin de la paix en adoptant des mesures de confiance et de sécurité avec l’Accord d’OdessaThe Moldovan civil conflict between 1989 and 1992 left the country and the people permanently divided between the banks to the Dniestr/Nistru River. Despite Pridnestrovia’s (PMR) victory in its war of independence, it would not achieve its goal of being a recognized state. The ceasefire agreement of 1992 officially put an end to the war and solidified Prinestrovia’s separation through the creation of a security zone and the establishement of peacekeeping forces. Furthermore, the resolution of the conflict and the end of the new status quo had to be synchronized with the accordance of a new political status for the PMR. As an official status was never determined, the conflict has remained frozen. During the post-war period, the balance of power favored the PMR from an economic, energy and security perspective, providing it with major leverage over Moldova. However, given that the PMR was never attributed statehood meant that it inherited a symbolic deficit because only Moldova could provide it with recognition. Moldova’s policy of recognition towards the PMR between 1994 and 1998 would be the determing factor in the transformation of the conflict, leading to the signing of three “major accords”. The historic Moscow Memorandum of 1997 highlighted this transformative process by which the two “opponants” considered eachother as “partners” within the negociation process. By 1998, Chisinau and Tiraspol embarked upon the path of confidence building and security measures with the Odessa Accord of 1998
15
Evangelista, Daniele Ferreira. "A pessoa é para o que nasce: um estudo sobre mudança de status e relações de poder no candomblé." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8600.
Abstract:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de explorar algumas das ambiguidades constituintes do universo religioso do candomblé, a partir da temática da mudança de status e das relações de poder. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que evidencia a história de uma mãe de santo iniciante e o processo de consolidação de seu terreiro, tendo como pano de fundo as ideias e regras gerais do candomblé. Antes de se tornar mãe de santo, Carla era equede em um terreiro angola comandado pelo seu pai biológico. A ruptura com o terreiro e a mudança de status de equede para mãe de santo geraram controvérsias, na medida em que esta mudança não poderia ocorrer sem estar remetida a algum tipo de erro iniciático. Contudo, é sabido que esse tipo de mudança não é incomum, porém depende de uma série de condições e situações que orientam as práticas religiosas no candomblé. Além disso, pretende-se também, abordar questões relativas à estruturação da família de santo e os conflitos decorrentes da interposição entre laços de sangue e de santo, bem como a relação com o universo religioso umbandista e suas implicações cosmológicas e rituais.
This study aims to explore some ambiguities of the candomblé, starting from the issue of status changes and the power relations. This is about a study case which highlights the story of a mãe de santo and the establishment process of her terreiro, in contrast with general ideas about candomblé and which supposed was the rules of religion. Before becoming mãe de santo, Carla was equede in another terreiro led by her biological father. The rupture with the terreiro and the status change from equede to mãe de santo caused controversy, because this change could not occur without being sent to some kind of initiation error. However, it is known that this kind of change is not uncommon, but depends on a number of conditions and situations that guide the religious practices in candomblé. Moreover, it is intended to also address issues relating to the structure of the família de santo and conflicts arising from the interposition between blood and saint ties, and the relationship with the umbanda religious world and their cosmological implications and rituals.
16
Hamilton, Kristen Auberry. "The Effects of Marital Conflict and Marital Environment on Change in Marital Status." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/9.
Abstract:
This study examined how marital conflict and marital environment contribute to change in marital status over time; while controlling for gender and other demographic characteristics. The current study used all three waves, 1987-1988, 1992-1994, 2001-2002, of the nationally representative dataset National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH). Four longitudinal models were tested using path analysis and the Bayesian estimation technique. Findings indicate there is no effect of marital conflict on change in marital status when demographic and marital environment variables are in the model. Age has the strongest direct and indirect effects. An increase in number of times married consistently increases the chance of a change in marital status. Variables measuring the marital environment—with the exception of the effects of unfairness of chores and spending money in the male models—primarily, contribute direct and mediating effects on the two measures of marital conflict. Overall, when considering all models, the variable with the strongest direct and indirect effects, is age of the respondent. This finding indicates that the dominate influence on marital environment and marital conflict, and, ultimately, change in marital status, is that of age as a proxy for developmental change over the lifecycle.
17
Adesanya, Wale-ade Grace. "The Nigerian experience of O.A.U. conflict management : a status quo mediator (1963-1988)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294442.
Abstract:
The dissertation assesses Nigeria's role within the Organisation of African Unity as a status quo mediator in African conflict situations between May 25 1963, which marks the beginning of her role, and 1988. Chapter One traces the historical background of the OAU since Nigeria's diplomatic effort in African conflicts have been channelled through the organisation. Chapter two examines the basis of Nigeria's influence in Africa. Chapter three addresses the thesis' first case study, the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970), to give a critical analysis of the federal government's diplomatic conduct, when the nation became the subject-matter of the organisation's conflict management machinery. Chapter four shows how Nigeria extended her influence in African politics through the Angolan independence crisis. Chapter five interprets Nigeria's interests in the Chadian conflict and examines the limitations of her leading role in OAU conflict management efforts as exemplified in her unilateral and collective peace-keeping roles in Chad in 1979 and 1981/82 respectively. Chapter six traces the historical background of the Cameroonian/Nigerian conflict of 1981 in order to sustain the claim that Nigeria is a status quo mediator in view of the 'pacific style' adopted by President Sheu Shagari during the border crisis. Chapter seven concludes that the imposing constraints on Nigeria's role as a status quo mediator are: (a) Limited economic resources. (b) Political instability. (c) Limitations of the domestic clause in the OAU Charter, Article III paragraph (2), which prohibits interference in the internal affairs of states. (d) Paucity of military resources.
18
Hicken, Walker. "Altman...now, more than ever : social conflict in the films of Robert Altman." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003120.
19
Parker, Richard J. "Closeness and Conflict in Children’s Friendships: Relations with Friendship Stability, Adjustment and Sociometric Status." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19847.
Abstract:
Not many children report relationships with friends that are both close and conflictual. There is a paucity of research examining the trajectory of children's relationship closeness and conflict together over time. This is unfortunate because contentious relationships are related to cardiovascular problems, at least in young adults and because the trajectories of these two aspects of children's relationship quality over time is not understood. Therefore, two longitudinal data sets with younger (mean age 7.5 years at Time 1; four data points over 2 years) and older (mean age 9.9 years at Time 1; two data points over 1 year) children were studied. In both cohorts, measures of friendship quality and peer nominations of liking/disliking as well as overt and relational (older cohort) aggression were completed. Children who reported relationships high in both closeness and conflict were generally satisfied with their friendships; they were not more likely to end their friendships than were children who reported different levels of closeness and conflict (younger cohort). Both boys' and girls' relationship closeness increased over time according to growth curve analyses. The relationships of girls who remained in the same friendship, and who therefore provided ratings on the same friend at each time point, tended to increase in closeness at a different rate over time than the relationships of girls who provided ratings on different friends (younger cohort). Children who reported relationships high in closeness and in conflict were not more aggressive over time than were children who reported different levels of relationship closeness and conflict. However, girls' closeness and overt aggression tracked each other (increased) over time (younger cohort). Girls who reported low social support and negative interactions in their friendships increased the most in overt aggression over time (older cohort). Aggressive and nonaggressive children generally reported similar friendship quality (both cohorts), but the friendship closeness of chronically aggressive boys decreased over time (younger cohort). There were negligible friendship quality differences amongst the sociometric groups. The discussion centers on friendship quality changes in children's continuing friendships, the potential dire effects of turbulent friendships and the friendships of aggressive as well as controversial children.
20
Hébert, Lisa. "A look at the status of women in Pakistan, conflict over the Islamic path." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0007/MQ32413.pdf.
21
Nordin, Johannes. "The EU as a Global Actor in the Korean Conflict : Rising Stature Under External Restraints." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173334.
Abstract:
Following the 2017-2018 North Korea nuclear crisis and a decade of disinterest, scholarly attention to the EU’s involvement in the Korean conflict has steadily increased. This thesis compares EU actorness in the Korean conflict, spanning the periods 2011-2012 and 2018-2019, using parts of Rhinard’s and Sjöstedt’s (2019) new actorness framework. Following recent developments in Actorness studies and heeding calls for a greater focus on external factors, it situates the analysis within the Korean conflict's broader context. It concludes that while the EU has deepened its overall engagement in the Northeast Asia region – shifting focus from North to South Korea – the EU has shown little interest in getting involved, despite other actors perceiving further EU involvement favorably. Brussels has continuously been unable to define what role it wants to play. Internal disunity concerning how the EU should balance its troubled relationship with the US with commitments to Seoul has led to the embrace of a traditional passive status quo approach, hindering proactive engagement. The EU’s stance on North Korea remains hardened, making all further cooperation and engagement entirely conditional on progress in the denuclearization talks with the US. The analytical variables borrowed from Rhinard and Sjöstedt’s actorness framework address key concerns in previous actorness studies, allowing for a detailed analysis even when no comprehensive EU-DPRK relations are found.
22
Diomandé, Aboubacar. "Le statut juridique de l'enfant dans les conflits armés." Poitiers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010POIT3011.
Abstract:
Les états membres des nations unies ont élaboré un corpus juridique destiné à protéger et à améliorer la condition de l’enfant dans les conflits armés. L’idée principale de cette protection est que l’enfant est un être particulièrement vulnérable. Dès lors, lorsqu’il ne participe pas aux hostilités, il ne doit pas être pris pour cible dans les attaques, encore moins recruté par les belligérants. En tant que membre de la population civile, il bénéficie d’une protection générale contre les attaques et d’une protection spéciale essentiellement conçue en vue d’assurer ses besoins essentiels et le protéger contre les effets des hostilités. Nonobstant cette dernière mesure, il est souvent contraint de fuir en tant que réfugié ou déplacé à l’intérieur de son pays. En fait l’enfant peut se retrouver comme soldat au sein des forces et groupes armés. Pour cette raison la communauté internationale a réglementé son recrutement et sa participation aux hostilités. Ceux-ci commettent les pires atrocités de guerre. Face à cette situation, comment le droit international appréhende-t-il l’identité des enfants soldats ? s’agit-il de bourreaux et/ou de victimes ? Cette étude tente de démontrer que le corpus juridique élaboré par la communauté internationale protège efficacement l’enfant dans les conflits armés. Seulement cette protection serait effective si ces normes étaient respectées par les belligérantsStates members of the United Nations elaborated a lawful corpus destined to protect the child and to improve his condition in armed conflicts. The main idea of this protection is that a child is a particularly vulnerable being. Therefore when he does not participate in the hostilities, he must not be taken for target of the attacks, and should not be recruited by the belligerents. As member of civilian population, he benefits from a general protection against the consequences of hostilities. Notwithstanding this last point, he is often forced to flee as refugee or moved inside his country. In fact the child can find itself as soldier in armed forces and armed groups. For that reason the international community has regulated his recruitment and his participation to the hostilities. Despite this legislation, many children are recruited and constantly participate in armed conflicts. These children often commit the worst atrocities of war. Given that fact, how does the international law apprehends children soldiers' identity ? is that law about executioners and / or victims ? This study tries to demonstrate that the lawful corpus elaborated by the international community protects effectively the child in armed conflicts. Only this protection will be effective if these standards were respected by the belligerents
23
Hancer, Zuhal Yonca. "Problems And Status Of Sociology In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605428/index.pdf.
Abstract:
The main question of this study is the insufficient developed character of sociology in Turkey. In this study it is assumed that there are few factors that lead to this situation. Official ideology and its effects on sociology and university, the problems arisen from the discipline itself, the developing character of Turkey, and the conflict among sociologist academicians can be accepted as the factors that affect the sociology in Turkey. Related to this problem, in this study the opinions of academics sociologists in Turkey are examined. By using the techniques such as questionnaire and depth-interview, academicians&rsquoevaluations are gathered.
24
Larpvanichar, Ratchaneekorn Bottiau Annie. "Le statut de la loi étrangère selon la Cour de Cassation." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://edoctorale74.univ-lille2.fr/fileadmin/master_recherche/T_l_chargement/memoires/intercomm/larpvanicharra06.pdf.
25
PARVIN, FARHAD. "Conflits internes et conflits internationaux en matiere de statut personnel, droit iranien et droit francais compares." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA111005.
Abstract:
Le but de cette recherche est l'etude comparative entre le droit positif iranien et le droit positif francais en matiere de statut personnel dans les conflits de lois, soit internes, soit internationaux. En conclusion, nous indiquerons que le conflit interregional du droit francais est en train de disparaitre, mais tres lentement. En revanche, le conflit interconfessionnel du droit iranien est tres actif. En ce qui concerne le conflit international, les ressemblances entre le droit iranien et le droit francais decroissent de plus en plus. Le droit iranien est tres attache au rattachement de la loi nationale ainsi qu'a la preponderance du droit musulman. Alors qu'en droit francais, a cause de l'intervention des conventions internationales et la pluralite des elements de rattachement comme le domicile et la proximite, la loi etrangere a deja perdu une grande partie de son importance surtout si celle-ci a un caractere religieux ayant certaines institutions incompatibles avec la societe francaiseThe purpose of this research is to study between french law and iranian law apropos of personal status in conflicts of laws including internal conflicts and international conflicts. In short, the provincial conflict of french law is disappearing, but slowly. On the other hand, the religious conflict of iranian law is very active. With regard to international private law, resemblance is decreasing gradually between french law and iranian law. In iranian law, nationality and supremacy of islamic law are very important. Howerver, in french law, because of intervention a number of international conventions and plurality of judicial factors like domicile and proximity, foreign law has been lost a great deal of his importance. Especially if it has some juridical institutions incompatible with franch society
26
Chabert, Cyril. "L'intérêt de l'enfant et les conflits de lois." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX32027.
Abstract:
C'est une idee communement recue que l'obscurite de la notion d'interet de l'enfant. C'est une idee fortement dementie par le detail de ses trois composantes. Deux, de droit interne, sont l'interet substantiel de l'enfant, synonyme de droit subjectif, et l'interet factuel de l'enfant, technique judiciaire d'evaluation d'un etat conditionnant les regles de droit. La troisieme releve du droit international prive, a savoir l'interet conflictuel de l'enfant reunissant les exigences de permanence et d'unite du statut personnel. Tous s'entremettent dans le conflit de lois, dans la mesure autorisee par ses deux objectifs d'efficacite de la decision a l'etranger et d'effectivite de la protection en france. L'interet de l'enfant intervint tres tot dans le conflit de lois selon deux fonctions. Outre les procedes d'application de la regle de conflit tels le renvoi, la qualification ou l'ordre public international, l'interet substantiel et l'interet conflictuel de l'enfant inspirerent des lois de police, des lois d'ordre public, des regles materielles et les regles de conflit de lois classiques. Ils s'affirment aujourd'hui avec force dans les normes dites engagees ou au sein d'instruments conventionnels en faveur d'une cooperation administrative, ou d'une liaison entre tribunal competent et loi applicable. Hors de cela, au moyen de sa fonction de condition, l'interet substantiel et l'interet conflictuel de l'enfant s'affichent dans les regles indirectes et l'interet factuel de l'enfant dans les regles directes. Mais le tableau presente aussi ses contrastes, tribut habituel de toute evolution. Pour les depasser, les conventions sur les droits fondamentaux composent une source moderne d'enrichissement, et specialement le traite universel de new york satisfaisant partiellement au filtre de l'applicabilite directe en depit d'oppositions pretoriennes. Au demeurant, ainsi fondees, l'interet factuel et l'interet substantiel de l'enfant doivent toujours se concilier avec l'interet conflictuel inherent a la matiere. De cette balance, les profits sont varies. Il y aurait d'abord une influence directe par la formulation de nouvelles regles de conflit ou a travers un ordre public de proximite. Il y aurait ensuite une influence mediate lors de l'application des normes sur une multitude de stades d'interpretation
27
Holladay, Hayley Maria. "Mothers' Work-to-Family Conflict and Children's Academic Achievement: Do School Involvement and Work Status Matter?" BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3930.
Abstract:
Structural equation modeling was used to explore associations between maternal work-to-family conflict, maternal involvement in schooling, and academic outcomes in early adolescents. Among a subsample of 725 fifth graders (and their employed mothers and teachers) from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (NICHD SECCYD), multigroup analyses were used to explore differences in this relationship between groups with mothers working part-time versus full-time. Results revealed that among part-time employed mothers maternal involvement in school fully mediated the relationship between maternal work-to-family conflict and fifth graders' academic achievement. For full-time employed mothers, maternal work-to-family conflict was not related to maternal involvement in school or academic outcomes. These findings suggest that mothers' involvement in school may be an important way in which negative outcomes of work-to-family conflict may be minimized. Prior research has not investigated the associations between work-to-family conflict and child outcomes. The present study suggests a need to further understand how aspects of the work-family interface relate to children. Further, results suggest a need to better understand the differences in the work-family interface between families where mothers are employed part-time versus full-time.
28
Robinson, Jacobus Abraham. "The right to recovery and reintegration of child victims of armed conflict : a public subjective rights approach / Jacobus Abraham Robinson." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8400.
Abstract:
The right of child victims of armed conflict to recovery and reintegration in essence is a particular exposition of the public law relationship. In this study reference is made to the theory of public subjective rights as it applies in German law to explain the relationship. Shortcomings in the theory are identified after which aspects of the Reformed Tradition are discussed to come to sound solutions. An effort is made to establish a theoretical framework in terms of which the relationship can be explained comprehensively.
The conclusion is reached that particular status aspects of child victims are activated in their relationship with the State. It is only in terms of the negative and positive status aspects (which relate to the juridical destination of the State) that child victims may demand negative or positive State conduct in their favour.Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011
29
Ali, Amir. "L'assimilation juridique du statut personnel mahorais." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1016/document.
Abstract:
L’étude a examiné la question de l’assimilation du statut personnel mahorais. Elle a permis surtout d’élucider le processus de la substitution des règles du Code civil aux institutions juridiques locales initialement d’essence islamique et coutumière. Certes, des avancées notables ont été réalisées durant la dernière décennie. Néanmoins, il subsiste des zones d’ombres qui exigent une intervention imminente du législateur afin que la lumière soit faite. En effet, le droit ne peut se satisfaire d’incertitudes. Pour son efficacité, il a besoin de l’énonciation de principes clairs. Les règles qu’il pose doivent être limpides pour écarter tout risque d’arbitraire. Il s’agit là d’un préalable, pour faciliter le travail du juge chargé s’en assurer l’observation. C’est aussi une armure avec laquelle chaque justiciable peut s’envelopper pour se sentir en sécurité. Le législateur doit être en mesure de garantir ces besoins élémentaires propres à fonder l’harmonie dans la société. Ce voyage dans les méandres de l’assimilation du statut personnel mahorais, a été également l’occasion de découvrir le renouveau de cette notion, et sillonner l’horizon qui se présente à elle. A charge maintenant pour le législateur, d’en explorer toutes les potentialités, et lui restituer son véritable sensThe study examined the question of assimilation status Mayotte staff. It allowed especially to elucidate the process of substitution of the Civil Code of rules to local legal institutions initially Islamic and customary gasoline. While significant progress has been made over the past decade. Nevertheless, there are still gray areas that require imminent legislative action so that light be shed.Indeed, the right can not be satisfied uncertainties. For efficiency, it requires the articulation of clear principles. The rules must be clear that it poses to rule out any risk of arbitrariness. This is a prerequisite to facilitate the work of the judge to ensure compliance. It is also an armor with which each individual can wrap himself to feel safe. The legislator must be able to guarantee these basic needs own to found harmony in society. This journey through the maze of assimilation status Mayotte staff, was also an opportunity to discover the revival of this concept, and crisscross the horizon that presents itself. A now supported for the legislature, to explore all potential and restore its true meaning
30
Keyanti, Frederick Kanjo. "The plight of internally displaced persons (IDPs) during armed conflict: the case of Sudan and Somalia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7839_1257146321.
Abstract:
The plight of internally displaced persons (IDPs)in Sudan and Somalia constitutes one of the greatest human tragedy of our time since the end of the Cold War. The concept of IDPs is immense and growing. This research paper addressed the plight of IDPs during armed conflict in Sudan and Somalia. This paper also investigated into the existing institutional and legal frameworks for the protection of IDPs during armed conflict and critically highlight some of the weaknesses of these institutions and legal instruments that protect IDPs during armed conflict.
31
Bostanji, Sami. "L'évolution du traitement reservé à la loi étrangère en matière de statut personnel." Dijon, 2000. https://nuxeo.u-bourgogne.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/291db5cb-749a-4afa-b466-f70f67c23b33.
Abstract:
L'objet de cette thèse est de mettre en exergue l'oscillation du droit international privé du statut personnel entre nationalisme juridique et éclectisme, mouvement qui traduit l'enchevêtrement, en la matière, des considérations nationales et internationales. Inspirées par "un souffle pragmatique", les nouvelles solutions de rattachement tendent autant que faire se peut, à favoriser la fex fori. Les moyens utilisés à cet effet divergent, mais le résultat est le même, à savoir la réduction du champ d'intervention de la loi étrangère paradoxalement. La recherche de solutions concrètes et pratiques va conduire au renforcement de la position de la loi étrangère lors de la mise en mouvement des règles de conflit inhérentes au statut personnel. Lorsqu'elle trouve droit de cité, la loi étrangère bénéficie, en effet, d'un statut procédural privilégié et semble moins exposée qu'auparavant à l'intervention de mécanismes conduisant à sa mise à l'écart. Sous cet angle, un mouvement dialectique s'établit entre la phase de l'élaboration des rattachements et celle de la mise en oeuvre des rattachements adoptés. Le recul de la compétence de la loi étrangère sur un plan statique est compensé par une amélioration qualitative du traitement réservé à cette loi sur un plan dynamique.
32
Karp, Candace. "The United States and the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1948-1967, with specific reference to final borders, refugees and the status of Jerusalem /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16310.pdf.
33
Nouwen, Sarah Maria Heiltjen. "Complementarity in conflict : law, politics and the catalysing effect of the International Criminal Court in Uganda and Sudan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609009.
34
Kimbembe-Lemba, Aymar. "Le statut des salariés des sociétés militaires privés participant aux conflits armés." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT3012.
Abstract:
Il existe une distinction entre les civils et les membres des forces armées. Cette distinction est implicitement la question de fond de cette étude sur la détermination du statut juridique des salariés des sociétés militaires privées (SMP) participant aux conflits armés. Par ailleurs, la défense et la sécurité de l'État sont assurées par divers acteurs de statuts différents qui ont des rôles bien définis par un cadre juridique : les civils et les membres des forces armées. La distinction sus-évoquée ne se limite pas là, mais elle concerne aussi les seuls membres des forces armées car il existe une distinction interne et une autre externe. Tous les membres des forces armées n'ont pas droit au statut de combattant. En revanche, la négation du statut de combattant à certains militaires n'est que relative et elle n'influence pas leur droit au statut de prisonnier de guerre. Ces militaires sont différents des personnes employées en dehors des forces armées et mandatées par leur employeur pour fournir des prestations auprès des armées sur un théâtre d'opérations. Cette utilisation soulève plusieurs questions en DIH. Les SMP fournissent des prestations qui vont de la logistique à la participation directe aux hostilités. Cette participation directe ou indirecte aux hostilités débouche sur une « hémorragie de langage » pour qualifier les salariés des SMP de mercenaires, de nouveaux mercenaires, de « security contractors », des soldats à vendre, des combattants irréguliers, etc. Ainsi, les salariés de ces sociétés exercent-ils une activité de mercenariat ? Leurs sociétés-employeurs constituent-elles des sociétés de secours ?A distinction is made between civilians and military personnel. This distinction is implicit in the substantive issue of this study on determining the legal status of employees of private military companies (PMCs) involved in armed conflicts. Moreover, the defense and State security are provided by various actors of different statuses that have defined roles for a legal framework. Civilians and members of the armed forces are indeed links in this chain. The distinction mentioned over is not confined there, but it is also about the only members of the armed forces because there is a distinction between internal and one external. All members of the armed forces are not entitled to combatant status. However, the denial of combatant status to certain military is only relative and does not affect their right to prisoner of war status. These soldiers are different from those employed outside the armed forces and mandated by their employer to provide benefits to the armies in a theater of operations. This use raises several issues in IHL. PMCs provide services that go from logistics to direct participation in hostilities. This direct or indirect participation in hostilities leads to a “hemorrhage of language” to describe employees of PMCs as mercenaries, new mercenaries, defense and security contractors, soldiers for sale, irregular combatants, etc. Thus, the employees of these companies undertake specific activities of mercenaries? Their companies-employers do they constitute relief societies ? Are they combatants, noncombatants or irregular combatants ? This is so prompt questions that this thesis attempts to answer
35
Bénac, Karine. "Le statut du sujet de la parole dans l'oeuvre de marivaux." Paris 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA030125.
Abstract:
A partir du constat de la diversite des modes de parole dans l'oeuvre de marivaux, ce travail cherche a mettre en evidence une apprehension neuve, par marivaux du sujet de la parole. Le sujet ne semble plus en effet compris par marivaux comme unifie autour de la raison, mais comme un sujet pluriel, fonde par l'activite conjointe de la raison, de la sensibilite et de l'imagination d'une part ; parle travail inconscient des desirs et l'intersubjectivite d'autre part. Dans quelle mesure un vrai sujet de la parole est-il donc possible ? vrai sujet, c'est-adire un sujet capable de recueillir et de manifester sa diversite dans une parole en premiere personne, une parole aussi qui reconnaisse l'autre comme autre ; une parole enfin qui evite les pieges de l'enfermement dans la specularite, le desir de l'autre ou les attachements oedipiens. Une analyse des rapports entre parents et enfants dans la comedie degage tout d'abord ces pieges qui guettent le sujet desirant a la recherche d'une autonomie. La mise en perspective du role structurant des fantasmes originaires dans la quete de soi permet ensuite de proposer un possible a du sujet. Enfin, l'etude des variations imaginaires dans les journaux et oeuvres diverses, ainsi que des rapports entre des positions antagoniques de la parole au theatre, tente d'esquisser les grandes lignes de l'avenement d'un sujet vrai de la parole, fonde dans et par l'intersubjectivite, et reconciliant en lui unite et diversite, connaissance de soi et reconnaissance de l'autre.
36
Davis, Elizabeth H. "Detection of rupture-repair sequences in patterns of alliance development the effects of client vs. therapist raters and therapist training status /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1133405084.
37
Taylor, Bryce E. (Bryce Ernest). "The Effects of Parental Marital Status, Just World Beliefs, and Parental Conflict on Trust in Intimate Heterosexual Relationships." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277792/.
Abstract:
The effects of divorce on trust in intimate heterosexual relationships were investigated using a sample of 478 college students (156 males, 322 females). Subjects were asked to respond to scenarios and questionnaires assessing parental marital status, just world beliefs, parental conflict, and trust. Attitudes toward divorce and common problems were also assessed.
38
Felker, Deborah. "The Impact of Civil War on Institutionalized Gender Inequality: Taking a New Approach." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1277146681.
39
Jouni, Hassan. "Le droit international humanitaire dans les conflits contemporains au Liban." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON10010.
Abstract:
La dimension du droit international humanitaire, notamment au travers des quasi totalité des états, traduit sans conteste des valeurs nobles et humaines dont la finalité et la protection de l'homme dans les situations de conflits armés. Là où il y a des victimes d'un conflit armé, ce droit doit prévaloir sur toute autre considération. Aucun conflit n'échappe à ce droit, qu'il s'agisse d'un conflit à caractère international ou à caractère interne. Ces deux catégories de conflits connus justement par le Liban, ont fait de ce pays un cas très particulier au regard de l'application du droit international humanitaire. L'étude des conflits au Liban démontre en effet, la complexité dans la mise en oeuvre de ce droit pendant et après les hostilités. Ceci est dû à plusieurs facteurs, notamment à la multiplicité des acteurs en présence, aussi bien étatiques que non étatiques. En dépit des limites du droit international humanitaire face aux souffrances des victimes des conflits au Liban, les actions menées sur le terrain notamment par le C. I. C. R. , montre la nécessité de ce droit pendant les conflits armés.
40
Khaled, Ghassan. "Recherche sur le statut juridique des réfugiés palestiniens au Proche-Orient." Phd thesis, Tours, 2001. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01024213.
Abstract:
Cette recherche s'intéresse tout d'abord au statut juridique des réfugiés palestiniens au Proche-Orient tel qu'il a été reconnu par le droit international, à savoir un statut particulier et provisoire résultant des résolutions de l'ONU, et de celles de la Ligue arabe. La spécificité du statut des réfugiés palestiniens se caractérise par l'exclusion de ceux-ci du statut général des réfugiés établi par la Convention de Genève (1951). On observera que selon les pays d'accueil (Jordanie, Syrie, Egypte, Liban, Cisjordanie et bande de Gaza) les statuts attribués aux réfugiés palestiniens sont variés, mais généralement précaires, et sont conditionnés par l'attente de l'application de leur droit au retour. Tandis que dans les territoires occupés, les réfugiés, comme les habitants originaires, ont subi un régime discriminatoire et répressif imposé par l'occupant israélien. Depuis l'instauration de l'autonomie dans ces territoires par les Accords d'Oslo, les réfugiés ont un statut transitoire dans l'attente d'un règlement définitif. Cette étude montre donc la nécessité de l'application du droit de retour afin de mettre un terme à ces statuts précaires. Le droit de retour a effectivement été reconnu par le droit international des droits de l'homme et par le droit international spécial. Ainsi, la résolution 194 (III) de 1948 de l'Assemblée générale constitue l'un des fondements juridiques de la revendication de l'application du droit de retour des réfugiés palestiniens. Application cependant continuellement rejetée et bafouée par l'état d'Israe͏̈l bien qu'il l'avait acceptée lors de son admission à l'ONU. De plus, ni les Accords de paix avec les pays arabes ni ceux d'Oslo avec les palestiniens et les négociations y ayant succédé n'ont prévu le règlement de cette question du retour. Il apparaît toutefois que seule l'application du droit de retour puisse aboutir à un règlement juste et à une paix durable.
41
Tsabora, James. "The application of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to illegal natural resource exploitation in the Congo conflic." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002612.
Abstract:
This thesis explores the phenomenon of illegal natural resource exploitation in conflict zones and the application of international criminal law, particularly the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to combat the roblem. Contemporary African conflicts, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo conflict explored as a case study herein, have become increasingly distinguishable by the tight connection between war and various forms of illegal natural resource exploitation, particularly targeting valuable and precious mineral resources. With their incidence being highest in Africa, wars funded by illegally exploited natural resources have gradually become one of the greatest threats to regional peace and human security on the African continent. The Congo conflict clearly demonstrated the problematic nature and impact of illegal natural resource exploitation and the widespread human, economic and political costs associated with this phenomenon. This thesis is based on the initial assumption that the quest by conflict actors to profit from war through illegal natural resource exploitation activities is at the centre of the commission of serious human rights violations as well as the complexity and longevity of African conflicts. Developments in international criminal law, culminating in the adoption of the Rome Statute and the establishment of the International Criminal Court, have given impetus to the argument that any group of conflict actors should be subjected to the individual criminal responsibility regime of this legal framework. A further underlying assumption of this thesis is therefore that international criminal law can constrain the acts and conduct defined in this thesis as illegal natural resource exploitation activities since they constitute war crimes under the Rome Statute framework. However, despite illustrating the illegal resource exploitation activities of various state and non-state actors, this thesis is confined to an application of the Rome Statute based international criminal liability regime against members of armed rebel groups involved in such acts. In exploring these issues, this work examines international criminal law institutions and the relevance of international criminal justice in addressing particular phenomena prevalent during African armed conflicts. It further provides the stage to assess the potential of international criminal law in safeguarding natural resources for the benefit of African societies perennially exposed to the depredations of natural resource financed warfare.Microsoft� Office Word 2007
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Chevalier, Chloé. "La protection internationale de l'enfant déplacé." Thesis, Antilles, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANTI0188/document.
Abstract:
En sa qualité d’enfant, le mineur doit être protégé. Lorsqu’il se déplace par delà les frontières, ce dernier est exposé à des problématiques particulières induisant un élément d’extranéité. Le particularisme de ces situations impliquant plusieurs États entraine régulièrement l’application des mécanismes du droit international privé. Pour autant, peut-on demander à cette matière de contribuer à la protection de l’enfant mobile au travers des règles qu’elle fixe ? C’est ce que la présente étude s’est proposé de faire en s’employant à justifier la recherche d’un objectif matériel en ce contexte par la matière du droit international privé. En effet, l’évolution privatiste régulatrice du droit international privé semble légitimer cette ambition en octroyant à la matière la capacité de chercher à protéger un intérêt et, plus particulièrement nous concernant, celui de l’enfant déplacé.Au final, cette étude se propose d’avoir recours à une utilisation fonctionnelle du droit international privé dont le seul but est d’apporter à l’enfant qui se déplace par-delà les frontières des solutions propres à lui garantir une protection satisfaisante et ce, en dépit de la complexité de sa situationAs a child, the minor must be protected. When moving across borders, minors are exposed to peculiar problems. These types of situations where several States are involved usually lead to the implementation of private international law. But can we apply the rules of private international law to the protection of the displaced child?This study proposes to clarify the use of this section of the law in achieving a tangible objective. Indeed, the private regulatory evolution of private international law seems to legitimize this aim in granting the subject matter the capacity to protect an interest and, more specifically that which concerns us, the interest of the displaced child.Specifically, this connection should be attributed to the competent authorities and to the law of the child's habitual residence in the event of continuous displacement. In order to understand the focus and integration centre of the displaced minor, the customary residence reflects the axiological system of the minor, that is to say, the focal point of his or her main ties. Of course, in the event of a change in the child's customary residence, the rules inherent to conflict of mobility should be able to justify their intervention in an effort to update the location of the focus and integration centre and, consequently, to the understanding. Thus, in the hypothetical case of temporary displacement, the closest chosen proximity should lead to the subsidiary, exceptional and temporary designation of the competent authorities and to the law of the State in whose territory the child is located.However, the flexibility of our proposals seemed to have lead to sometimes allowing deviations from the normal rules of jurisdiction. This would, however, only be achieved by the acceptance of the judges and the parties concerned.In conclusion, this study proposes to employ the functional use of private international law whereby the sole purpose is to provide children displaced across borders, with solutions that are ready to guarantee them adequate protection despite the complexity of the situation
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Al, Tabal Lyna. "Politique de colonisation, négociations de paix et statut disputé : Jérusalem au cœur du conflit israélo-palestinien." Paris 8, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA083749.
Abstract:
En 1947, 93 % de la terre appartenait à des propriétaires palestiniens, en 1949 c'est seulement 44 % qui est proposé aux Palestiniens, aujourd'hui d'éventuelles négociations situeraient le partage à 9-10 % de la Palestine d'avant 1948 pour les Palestiniens. Après 1967, Israël occupe la bande de Gaza et la Cisjordanie, Jérusalem-Est y compris, et cherche à coloniser les Territoires palestiniens occupés à travers une politique de construction de colonies. Malgré les négociations de paix entamées entre les deux partis, Israël poursuit sa politique coloniale. Les colonies constituent la pierre angulaire d'un système de facto d'apartheid dans les Territoires occupés : il se complète avec d'autres systèmes inégaux et distincts de construction de routes, de lois ainsi que d'une politique discriminatoire d'expropriation des ressources naturelles. Aujourd'hui, le seul espoir réside dans une coexistence digne et loyale entre les deux peuples, fondée sur l'égalité et l'autodétermination. Le défi est de faire cohabiter non pas des juifs, des musulmans et des chrétiens toujours prêts à se battre mais des citoyens égaux en paix sur une même terreIn 1947, 93% of the land was owned by Palestinians. In 1949, only 44% of it was offered to them. Nowadays, in the light of possible negotiations, only 9-10% of pre-1948 Palestine would be given to Palestinians. After occupying Gaza, the West Bank and East-Jerusalem in 1967, Israel is trying to settle the occupied Palestinian territories through a colony-building strategy. In spite of the peace process and negotiations thar were initiated between the two parties, Israel is still pursuing its settlement strategy. These colonies form the basis of a de facto apartheid system in the Palestinian territories. This scheme is being reinforced by a series of other unequal and separate systems of laws, the building of roads and of a discriminating policy of expropriation of natural resources. Today, the only hope is a dignified and fair coexistence between the two populations, on the basis of equality and self-determination. The real challenge is not making Jews, Muslims and Christians who would still be fighting each other live together, the real challenge is to make equal citizens live in peace on the same (piece of) land
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Stout, Tyler. "An Examination of Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Individualism-Collectivsm as Moderators of the Work/Family Antecedent and Work-Family Conflict Relationship." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1580.
Abstract:
This study examines the role of race, socioeconomic status, and individualism-collectivism as moderators of the relationship between selected work and family antecedents and work-family conflict and evaluates the contribution of energy-based conflict to the work-family conflict (WFC) research. The study uses data obtained from a survey questionnaire given to 414 participants recruited from an online labor market. Study hypotheses were tested through structural equation modeling. The results indicate that while moderating effects were slight, a proposed model where energy-based conflict is included outperforms traditional time/strain/behavior-based models and that established variables may drop to non-significance when additional variables are included in prediction. In addition, novel individual difference variables such as individualism and collectivism were demonstrated to have effects beyond moderating antecedent-outcome relationships in the model. The findings imply that WFC models would benefit from the inclusion of variables found in the current study.
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Meilhac-Perri, Marion. "L'autonomie de la volonté dans les filiations électives." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOD011/document.
Abstract:
La lourdeur de la procédure française d'adoption, ainsi que la baisse du nombre d'enfants adoptables ne permettent pas de répondre à la demande d'enfant des candidats à l'adoption. Ces derniers se rendent alors à l'étranger chercher ce qu'ils ne trouvent pas en France. Or, le recours aux filiations électives étrangères (adoption internationale ou maternité pour autrui) conduit les candidats à l'adoption ou les couples intentionnels français à conclure de nombreux contrats. On assiste alors à une véritable contractualisation des filiations électives, qui se développe en France, contre toute attente, le droit tentant de maintenir l'état et la capacité des personnes en dehors de la sphère contractuelle. L' étude de l'autonomie de la volonté dans les filiations électives met ainsi en parallèle, et parfois en opposition, plusieurs intérêts: celui des parents électifs ou biologiques, celui de l'enfant, mais aussi celui de l 'Etat qui entend préserver certains principes comme l'indisponibilité du corps humain ou l'état des personnes. La conciliation de ces différents intérêts doit donc passer par la mise en place d'un cadre juridique. Toutefois, dans un contexte de mondialisation (forum et law shopping, etc.), le problème de la réglementation de l'expression de la volonté dans les filiations électives entraine d'autres difficultés telles que la qualification juridique des accords conclus dans le cadre de l'adoption ou dans le cadre d'un recours aux mères porteuses, le refus de reconnaissance de la filiation établie à l'étranger ainsi que le statut de l'enfantA cumbersome process combined with fewer adoptable children impedes French demands for adoption which results in the potential parents seeking solutions abroad. Resorting to optional filiation through international adoption or surrogacy leads prospective French parents or actual candidates, to enter multiple contracts. This contractualization of optional filiations has surprisingly swept across France, clashing against principles of French law calling for a protection of the personal status and capacity by keeping them out of contracts. This study on freedom of will within the process of optional filiation highlights the tension between the prospective and also the biological parents', and the child's interests. This study also puts in perspective those interests with that of the State which intends to guard principles such as inalienability of the human body. In order to make sure every interest is taken into account, such a process needs to be regulated, and a legal framework needs to be implemented. However, in a world where globalization is the trend (forum shopping, law shopping) finding common ground to set rules and regulations regarding the optional filiation process is easier said than done and raises many difficulties concerning the adopted childÕs status and the refusal to recognize filiation through foreign adoption. Such a process also raises questions: What legal qualification should apply to agreements within the adoption process or in case of surrogacy contracts?
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Yan, Fei. "The politics of factional conflict and collective violence : the Cultural Revolution in Guangzhou, 1966-1968." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9d95e1f0-91f4-4244-8a08-1cc536d9e21b.
Abstract:
This thesis examines the nature of mass factionalism and rebellious alignment during the Chinese Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1968. This period in Chinese history presents an internecine mass conflict that boasts the largest political upheavals of the 20th century. The most puzzling question of the explosion of this intense rebellious rivalry lies in the mechanisms and processes of insurgents’ political choices: Why did people join and affiliate with different insurgent groups? What decision did people make and what were their reasons? In conventional social structural analyses of contentious politics, mass actors’ decisions are affected by functionally differentiated interests inherent in their pre-existing social positions. This model defines mass rebellion and factional alignment as a form of interest group politics, attributing political choices to participants’ pre-existing sociopolitical status quo and thus pits different social groups against one another. As a result, similar occupational and status groups in the previous hierarchical structure would make similar political choices that lead them to form well-defined competing factions. In contrast to this static structural interpretation, I propose a contextual process model to analyze processes of political division and factional contention within political movements. With a case study of Guangzhou, I argue that rebellious alignment was rooted in their political interactions in a rapidly evolving phase of the conflict, rather than rising from the tensions that existed between different socio-economic layers of society. During the times of radical instability such as the Chinese Cultural Revolution, political ambiguity and contingency were the defining characteristics. In such unstable political environment, the basic elements of the movement changed so many times: each phase of the rebel movement projected itself by means of different actors, agendas, targets, and so on. Consequently, individual rebels observed their embedded local political environment, interpreted it, and subsequently chose a course of action in a dynamic process. In this regard, mass actors from identical social strata in the previous hierarchical structure would make different political choices and tactically choose their factional camp.
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Greenfield, Julianne. "Consuming passions in the court of faded dreams: 'high conflict' in children's cases in the Family Court of Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20353.
Abstract:
This thesis examines the construct of 'high conflict' as it is currently applied to children's cases in the Family Court. Underpinned primarily by psychological understandings of separation and post-separation conflict, notions of 'high conflict' have been the dominant framework used to understand and work with difficult cases involving parenting after separation in the Family Court of Australia. However, from a social work perspective, many 'lenses' were available with which to view post-separation conflict: the social, the legal, the psychological and the overlapping categories of the socio-legal and the psycho-social. These have been used to critically interrogate the concept of 'high conflict'. This mixed methods study was designed to investigate whether 'high conflict' can be predicted, so that these cases may be able to be more effectively managed by the Family Court. Consistent with a mixed methods approach, the research has moved through various phases. Firstly a large group (one-hundred-and-sixty) of parent litigants in children's cases was selected and surveyed, and the legal matter tracked through the Court in order to ascertain the ease or difficulty of settlement. Matters that took over twelve months to settle were designated 'high conflict'. The 'high conflict' litigants were compared with litigants whose matters settled relatively quickly, on a large number of variables collected from the survey, to see if they differed in significant ways from each other. Secondly all litigants in the cohort were interviewed about their settlement behaviour to see if there were differences between 'settlers' and 'non-settlers' in their understandings of the settlement (or lack of it) which might provide insights into 'high conflict'. Thirdly, a sub-sample often litigants whose cases were marked by long duration or marked intensity were interviewed in-depth to explore their post-separation experiences including litigation. The interviews were analysed thematically to see if common themes, understandings or meanings emerged. Finally, a sub-sample of cases for which both parents had responded to the survey was analysed, using some of the variables of interest which had emerged from the previous investigations. The distinguishing feature of this latter investigation was that data from both parties was available. From the large body of data which was generated, the following findings were made: In relation to the initial survey data, which was analysed quantitatively to yield correlates of cases that took over twelve months to settle, knowing these correlates was of little assistance for prediction. The follow-up in-depth data from the large sample of parent litigants proved to have explanatory value but not predictive value. Some common themes and meanings emerged from the experiences of individuals in the small sample who were interviewed in depth, accentuating the complexity of the phenomenon being studied. The predictive capacity of these themes was evaluated and critiqued. The data from the parent-dyads was found to have explanatory value and arguably some predictive value, but above all highlighted the complexity of post-separation disputes about children. This research has demonstrated the problematic nature of the construct of 'high conflict'. The ultimate conclusion, that one must move beyond categorical and dichotomous ways of thinking when researching this field, is a somewhat surprising and radical one, which issues its own challenge to researchers and practitioners in this field.
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Rosas, Allan. "The legal status of prisoners of war : a study in international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts /." Turku/Åbo : Institute for Human Rights Åbo Akademi University, 2005. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00167125.pdf.
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Ioannis, Kalpouzos. "The applicability of international law to armed conflicts involving non-state armed groups : between status and humanitarian protection." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12056/.
Abstract:
This is a thesis about the applicability of the jus in bello to armed conflicts involving non-state armed groups. The thesis focuses on the thresholds of applicability. These are the definitions of actors and situations that activate the applicability of the jus in bello. The aim is to illuminate and critique the regulatory rationales behind the different definitions of actors and situations in the different thresholds. The evolution of the thresholds is reviewed chronologically. Accordingly, the enquiry ranges from the 19th century doctrines of recognition of belligerency and insurgency, through common article 3 and Additional Protocols I and II, to the law developed by the ICTY and included in the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court. While the thresholds constitute the centre of the enquiry, their meaning and function are further elucidated by the analysis of the process of their assessment, as well as the extent of the substantive legal regime they activate. The central question of the thesis is whether there has been a gradual shift from a status-based rationale to one focused on the humanitarian protection of individuals, in the evolution of the thresholds of applicability. A status-based rationale fits with a system of horizontal regulation of state-like collective entities and allows considerations and perceptions of the ascription of status through legal regulation to determine the threshold of applicability. A humanitarian-protection rationale is more related to a system of vertical regulation irrespective of status and links the applicability of the law to the individual and her protection. The argument proposed is that such a gradual shift is indeed visible, if tempered by the continuous role that considerations of status have in conflict situations and the still largely decentralised system of assessment of the applicability of the law.
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Baumeister, Hannah. "Unravelling the process of defining war rape and forced marriage in times of armed conflict under the statute of the International Criminal Court : actors and structures." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/eabc6a79-9dc1-414d-aad1-3145a8ef73f3.
Abstract:
The International Criminal Court's (ICC) provisions on sexualised violence are praised as progressive. However, they exclude forced marriage in times of armed conflict, interpreting it as a form of sexual slavery. Furthermore, the ICC rape definition can be interpreted as regressive and awkward. Puzzled by these contradictions, this thesis analyses the process of defining war rape and forced marriage. It focuses on the key actors, their influences, their understandings of war rape and forced marriage, and on how they shaped the definition process. The thesis argues that state and non-state actors drove the ICC negotiations of the two crimes. Their understanding of war rape and forced marriage was influenced by international, national and personal normative structures. Key actors shaped the definition process through research and policy analyses, producing reports and proposals, lobbing, and through serving on state delegations. The thesis stresses that International Law is made by women and men, not by abstract entities. It draws attention to (dis)continuities in international law-making, highlighting developments from a state-centric towards a more inclusive process. Moreover, the priority on international over national and personal normative structures is challenged. Appreciating how the actors in the ICC negotiations reached their understanding of war rape and forced marriage is crucial to understand their positions that shaped the starting point for reflection on the effectiveness of these methods. The aim and potential contribution of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of the ICC negotiations of war rape and forced marriage. By analysing forced marriage in this context, it aims to raise awareness of the crime and hence to contribute towards a better understanding of it. The thesis also highlights relevant factors that need considering when criminalising sexualised war violence under international law.