Relevant bibliographies by topics / Conflict clauses

Academic literature on the topic 'Conflict clauses'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 8 June 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Journal articles on the topic "Conflict clauses":

1

Bonet, M. L., S. Buss, and J. Johannsen. "Improved Separations of Regular Resolution from Clause Learning Proof Systems." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 49 (April 23, 2014): 669–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4260.

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This paper studies the relationship between resolution and conflict driven clause learning (CDCL) without restarts, and refutes some conjectured possible separations. We prove that the guarded, xor-ified pebbling tautology clauses, which Urquhart proved are hard for regular resolution, as well as the guarded graph tautology clauses of Alekhnovich, Johannsen, Pitassi, and Urquhart have polynomial size pool resolution refutations that use only input lemmas as learned clauses. For the latter set of clauses, we extend this to prove that a CDCL search without restarts can refute these clauses in polynomial time, provided it makes the right choices for decision literals and clause learning. This holds even if the CDCL search is required to greedily process conflicts arising from unit propagation. This refutes the conjecture that the guarded graph tautology clauses or the guarded xor-ified pebbling tautology clauses can be used to separate CDCL without restarts from general resolution. Together with subsequent results by Buss and Kolodziejczyk, this means we lack any good conjectures about how to establish the exact logical strength of conflict-driven clause learning without restarts.
2

Purnamasari, Wulan, Elza Syarief, and Rina S. Shahrullah. "The Conflict of Trade Secret Protection and Workers’ Rights in Non-Competition Clauses." SIGn Jurnal Hukum 5, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v5i1.273.

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This study aims to scrutinize the Non-Competition Clauses in employment contracts as a manifestation of trade secrets and understand how these clauses impact an individual’s right to choose employment. This study uses normative legal research with the statute and comparative approaches. The collected legal material is then qualitatively analyzed to describe the problem and answer study purposes. The results show that including Non-Competition Clauses in employment contracts by employers is a strategic measure to protect trade secrets from competitors. However, every contract must fulfill the requirements for the agreement’s validity subjectively and objectively. Non-Competition Clauses can potentially conflict with workers’ rights as regulated in Article 28D section (2) of the 1945 Constitution, Article 38 section (2) of Law Number 39 of 1999, and Article 31 of Law Number 13 of 2003, thereby violating the objective requirements of employment contracts based on Article 52 section (1) point d of Law Number 13 of 2003. Therefore, it recommended that relevant parties review and evaluate the implementation of Non-Competition Clauses in employment contracts in Indonesia. Before incorporating this clause into the employment contract, employers must consider the agreement’s validity requirements and workers’ rights. Furthermore, the employment contract should further explain the definition and scope of the Non-Competition Clause to avoid different interpretations. Meanwhile, the Government is recommended to create clear regulations concerning the legitimacy of Non-Competition Clauses in employment contracts. These regulations must consider the balance between protecting trade secrets and workers’ rights to employment and income. Lastly, Courts should prioritize protecting workers’ rights in resolving disputes related to breaches of the Non-Competition Clause, especially if employers cannot prove the workers have violated the company’s trade secrets.
3

Krüger, Tom, Jan-Hendrik Lorenz, and Florian Wörz. "Too much information: Why CDCL solvers need to forget learned clauses." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 26, 2022): e0272967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272967.

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Conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) is a remarkably successful paradigm for solving the satisfiability problem of propositional logic. Instead of a simple depth-first backtracking approach, this kind of solver learns the reason behind occurring conflicts in the form of additional clauses. However, despite the enormous success of CDCL solvers, there is still only a limited understanding of what influences the performance of these solvers in what way. Considering different measures, this paper demonstrates, quite surprisingly, that clause learning (without being able to get rid of some clauses) can not only help the solver but can oftentimes deteriorate the solution process dramatically. By conducting extensive empirical analysis, we furthermore find that the runtime distributions of CDCL solvers are multimodal. This multimodality can be seen as a reason for the deterioration phenomenon described above. Simultaneously, it also gives an indication of why clause learning in combination with clause deletion is virtually the de facto standard of SAT solving, in spite of this phenomenon. As a final contribution, we show that Weibull mixture distributions can accurately describe the multimodal distributions. Thus, adding new clauses to a base instance has an inherent effect of making runtimes long-tailed. This insight provides an explanation as to why the technique of forgetting clauses is useful in CDCL solvers apart from the optimization of unit propagation speed.
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Кондратьев, В. С., А. А. Семенов, and О. С. Заикин. "Duplicates of conflict clauses in CDCL derivation and their usage to invert some cryptographic functions." Numerical Methods and Programming (Vychislitel'nye Metody i Programmirovanie), no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26089/nummet.v20r106.

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Изучен феномен повторного порождения конфликтных ограничений SAT-решателями в процессе работы с трудными экземплярами задачи о булевой выполнимости. Данный феномен является следствием применения эвристических механизмов чистки конфликтных баз, которые реализованы во всех современных SAT-решателях, основанных на алгоритме CDCL (Conflict Driven Clause Learning). Описана новая техника, которая позволяет отслеживать повторно порождаемые дизъюнкты и запрещать их последующее удаление. На базе предложенных технических решений построен новый многопоточный SAT-решатель (SAT, SATisfiability), который на ряде SAT-задач, кодирующих обращение криптографических хеш-функций, существенно превзошел по эффективности многопоточные решатели, занимавшие в последние годы высокие места на специализированных соревнованиях. A phenomenon of conflict clauses generated repeatedly by SAT solvers is studied. Such clauses may appear during solving hard Boolean satisfiability problems (SAT). This phenomenon is caused by the fact that the modern SAT solvers are based on the CDCL algorithm that generates conflict clauses. A database of such clauses is periodically and partially cleaned. A new approach for practical SAT solving is proposed. According to this approach, the repeatedly generated conflict clauses are tracked, whereas their further generation is prohibited. Based on this approach, a multithreaded SAT solver was developed. This solver was compared with the best multithreaded SAT solvers awarded during the last SAT competitions. According to the experimental results, the developed solver greatly outperforms its competitors on several SAT instances encoding the inversion of some cryptographic hash functions.
5

Van Poecke, Thomas, Frank Verbruggen, and Ward Yperman. "Terrorist offences and international humanitarian law: The armed conflict exclusion clause." International Review of the Red Cross 103, no. 916-917 (April 2021): 295–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383121000321.

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AbstractWhile armed conflicts are principally governed by international humanitarian law (IHL), activities of members of non-State armed groups and their affiliates may also qualify as terrorist offences. After explaining why the concurrent application of IHL and criminal law instruments on terrorism causes friction, this article analyzes the chief mechanism for dissipating this friction: a clause excluding activities governed by IHL from the scope of criminal law instruments on terrorism. Such armed conflict exclusion clauses exist at the international, regional and national level. This article explains how an exclusion clause can best avoid friction between IHL and criminal law instruments on terrorism.
6

Spallitta, Giuseppe, Roberto Sebastiani, and Armin Biere. "Disjoint Partial Enumeration without Blocking Clauses." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 8 (March 24, 2024): 8126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i8.28652.

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A basic algorithm for enumerating disjoint propositional models (disjoint AllSAT) is based on adding blocking clauses incrementally, ruling out previously found models. On the one hand, blocking clauses have the potential to reduce the number of generated models exponentially, as they can handle partial models. On the other hand, the introduction of a large number of blocking clauses affects memory consumption and drastically slows down unit propagation. We propose a new approach that allows for enumerating disjoint partial models with no need for blocking clauses by integrating: Conflict-Driven Clause-Learning (CDCL), Chronological Backtracking (CB), and methods for shrinking models (Implicant Shrinking). Experiments clearly show the benefits of our novel approach.
7

HAMADI, YOUSSEF, SAÏD JABBOUR, and LAKHDAR SAÏS. "LEARNING FOR DYNAMIC SUBSUMPTION." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 19, no. 04 (August 2010): 511–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213010000303.

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This paper presents an original dynamic subsumption technique for Boolean CNF formulae. It exploits simple and sufficient conditions to detect, during conflict analysis, clauses from the formula that can be reduced by subsumption. During the learnt clause derivation, and at each step of the associated resolution process, checks for backward subsumption between the current resolvent and clauses from the original formula are efficiently performed. The resulting method allows the dynamic removal of literals from the original clauses. Experimental results show that the integration of our dynamic subsumption technique within the state-of-the-art SAT solvers Minisat and Rsat particularly benefits to crafted problems.
8

Longo Zocal, Raul. "Cláusula compromissória condicionada: estipulação e implementação." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 20, Issue 79 (September 1, 2023): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2023022.

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The article describes whether the parties may or not agree on conditions for arbitration clauses. Although every arbitration clause is conditioned to the rise of a conflict (a future and uncertain event that gives effect to the arbitration clauses), the article focuses on conditions that the parties may consider relevant to their goals or concerns. The article discusses the interpretation of the conditioned arbitration clause to evaluate its legality and application in cases. The article also discusses the analysis of the implementation of the condition, which gives grounds for the arbitrator’s jurisdiction, considering the position of the Superior Court of Justice on the matter of competence-competence and issues related to its implementation. Arbitration; arbitration agreement; conditional arbitration clause; competence-competence; kompetenz-kompetenz; condition.
9

Riddell, Troy Q., and F. L. Morton. "Reasonable Limitations, Distinct Society and the Canada Clause: Interpretive Clauses and the Competition for Constitutional Advantage." Canadian Journal of Political Science 31, no. 3 (September 1998): 467–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900009094.

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AbstractThis article connects the conflict in Canada over formal constitutional amendments—patriation (1982), the Meech Lake (1987) and the Charlottetown (1992) Accords—with constitutional litigation and interpretation. The authors posit that governments and organized social interests compete with and among themselves for constitutional advantage in both forums of constitutional modification, and that outcomes in each forum have predictable consequences for behaviour in the other. Specifically, they argue that conflicts over the “distinct society” (1987) and “Canada” (1992) clauses are best understood as predictable government attempts to regain constitutional resources lost to Charter-based interest groups during the framing of the “reasonable limitation” clause of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1980–1981) and its subsequent judicial operationalization—the “Oakestest” (1986).The conflicts over theses various “interpretative clauses” were not just about “symbolic Status” or “conflicting constitutional visions,” but about winning Charter cases and accumulating legal resources. The authors develop the corollary argument that “advocacy scholarship” has played a complementary role to litigation in “public interest” groups' use of the Charter to challenge government policies.
10

Asín Achá, Roberto, Rodrigo López, Sebastian Hagedorn, and Jorge A. Baier. "Multi-Agent Path Finding: A New Boolean Encoding." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 75 (September 29, 2022): 323–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.13818.

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Multi-agent pathfinding (MAPF) is an NP-hard problem. As such, dense maps may be very hard to solve optimally. In such scenarios, compilation-based approaches, via Boolean satisfiability (SAT) and answer set programming (ASP), have been shown to outperform heuristic-search-based approaches, such as conflict-based search (CBS). In this paper, we propose a new Boolean encoding for MAPF, and show how to implement it in ASP and MaxSAT. A feature that distinguishes our encoding from existing ones is that swap and follow conflicts are encoded using binary clauses, which can be exploited by current conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) solvers. In addition, the number of clauses used to encode swap and follow conflicts do not depend on the number of agents, allowing us to scale better. For MaxSAT, we study different ways in which we may combine the MSU3 and LSU algorithms for maximum performance. In our experimental evaluation, we used square grids, ranging from 20 x 20 to 50 x 50 cells, and warehouse maps, with a varying number of agents and obstacles. We compared against representative solvers of the state-of-the-art, including the search-based algorithm CBS, the ASP-based solver ASP-MAPF, and the branch-and-cut-and-price hybrid solver, BCP. We observe that the ASP implementation of our encoding, ASP-MAPF2 outperforms other solvers in most of our experiments. The MaxSAT implementation of our encoding, MtMS shows best performance in relatively small warehouse maps when the number of agents is large, which are the instances with closer resemblance to hard puzzle-like problems.
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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Conflict clauses' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conflict clauses":

1

Huang, Ze Yu. "Pathological arbitration clauses in international commercial arbitration :law and practice in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3570897.

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Vasalou, Evangelia. "Les conflits d’obligations internationales devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0005.

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Ayant comme axe principal la jurisprudence de la Cour EDH, la présente thèse est centrée sur les conflits entre la CEDH et les autres obligations internationales incombant aux États parties. L’approche de la Cour EDH témoigne de la nécessité de cohérence en droit et de l’harmonisation des conflits d’obligations. Visant à harmoniser les éventuelles contrariétés la Cour de Strasbourg ne s’est pas interrogée sur les causes de ces conflits. L’objet de cette thèse consiste ainsi à rechercher s’il y a des règles juridiques aptes à aménager les conflictualités en amont en générant pour les États l’obligation d’élaborer des normes créant des obligations concordantes. En outre, l’étude se fixe pour objectif de systématiser les cas des conflits entre la CEDH et les autres obligations internationales dans les affaires portées devant la Cour EDH, afin de mettre en relief les conditions d’émergence de ces conflits et de s’interroger sur les moyens de leur gestion. Une grande partie de la réflexion va au-delà de la critique de l’efficacité des moyens d’harmonisation employés par la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise pour proposer des solutions permettant d’éviter les conflits. L’analyse de l’applicabilité des moyens de résolution des conflits s’inscrit dans le cadre de la gestion des conflits dans lesquels sont impliquées les obligations issues de la CEDH. Dans ce contexte, la thèse met l’accent sur les moyens de résolution des conflits qui pourraient être appliqués dans le futur, dans l’hypothèse où la Cour EDH reconnaitrait explicitement une situation de conflit entre la CEDH et une autre obligation internationale
This thesis explores the question of conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations for State parties by focusing on the case law of the ECtHR. The ECtHR's approach reflects the need for consistency in law and harmonisation of conflicting obligations. Setting the objective of harmonising potential conflicts, the Court of Strasbourg did not raise the question about the causes of those conflicts. This thesis seeks to examine whether there are any legal rules that could prevent conflicts by obliging States to establish norms that createcompatible obligations. In addition, the study aims to systematise conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations in cases which were lodged with the ECtHR, in order to highlight the conditions of emergence of these conflicts and to examine the means of their coordination. The overarching theme of the study goes beyond the criticism of the effectiveness of the means of harmonisation applied by the case-law of the Court of Strasbourg, proposing solutions for the avoidance of conflicts. The analysis of the applicability of the means of conflict resolution is part of the management of conflicts in which the obligations of the ECHRare involved. In this context, the thesis delves into the means of conflict resolution that could be applied in the future, should the ECtHR explicitly recognise a situation of conflict between the ECHR and another international obligation
3

Ward, Jeffrey Alan. "Answer set programming with clause learning." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1092840020.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 170 p. : ill. Advisors: Timothy J. Long and John S. Schlipf, Department of Computer Science and Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-170).
4

Huchet, Guillaume. "La clause de médiation." Lyon 3, 2007. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2007_out_huchet_g.pdf.

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La clause de médiation est une stipulation qui a pour objet le règlement amiable des conflits apparaissant au cours de la vie d'un contrat. En ce sens, les parties contractantes s'obligent lors de la survenance d'un différend à mettre en oeuvre préalablement à toute action en justice, un processus de médiation, afin de trouver sous l'égide d'un médiateur une solution amiable. La clause de médiation est une stipulation originale, car elle a un objet duel à la fois contractuel et processuel. Elle comporte en effet un engagement de ne pas agir en justice et une obligation de négocier. Pour permettre une négociation utile, la clause de médiation suspend le droit d'action de chacune des parties. Toute action en justice exercée au mépris de cet engagement entraîne le prononcé d'une fin de non-recevoir ; l'action est dite prématurée. L'obligation de négocier peut se définir comme l'obligation par laquelle les parties s'engagent dans un premier temps à mettre en place le processus de médiation par la désignation d'un médiateur puis à conclure un protocole de mission. Elles devront ensuite s'efforcer de négocier, dans un esprit de bonne foi et de loyauté, une éventuelle solution amiable. Le processus de médiation prendra alors fin soit par la conclusion d'un accord de conciliation, généralement une transaction, soit par le constat d'un échec permettant alors aux parties de retrouver leur liberté d'agir en justice
The clause of mediation is a clause of a contract which has for matter, during execution contract, to settle the conflict out of court. Contracting parties are obliged during the emergence of a dispute to implement, before any suit, a process of mediation in order to conclude an amicable agreement. The clause of mediation is an original stipulation, because it has a duel object: contractual and "processuel". It indeed contains a commitment not to act in justice and an obligation to negotiate. To allow a useful negotiation, the clause of mediation is forbidden to act on court for each contracting parties. Any suit exercised in defiance of this commitment entails the pronouncement of an objection; the action is said premature. The obligation to negotiate can define itself as the obligation by which contracting parties undertake at first to set up the process of mediation by the designation of a mediator then to conclude a protocol of mission. They will have to make best efforts to negotiate, with loyalty and fairness, a possible amicable issue. The success of the mediation process is when contracting parties conclude a conciliation agreement, generally a compromise. The failure of the mediation process allows each contracting parties to act in a court of law in order to end up the dispute
5

Huchet, Guillaume Ouerdane-Aubert de Vincelles Carole. "La clause de médiation." Lyon : Université Lyon 3, 2008. http://thesesbrain.univ-lyon3.fr/sdx/theses/lyon3/2007/huchet_g.

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Stingl, Harald. "Forum selection in the conflict of laws /." Wien : Verlag Österreich, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009337363&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Demtchinsky, Nicolas. "La clause de conciliation." Paris 13, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA131012.

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Dans un contexte de développement des Modes Alternatifs de Règlement des Conflits, la conciliation a su s’imposer comme un système efficace de régulation juridique. La clause de conciliation permet aux parties d’anticiper le règlement des différends qui pourraient survenir, en les contraignant, préalablement à toute action en justice, à mettre en place un processus de conciliation afin de négocier les termes d’une solution amiable. Originale par sa forme, cette clause doit pouvoir être identifiée par sa singularité à l’égard des autres clauses de règlements amiables, permettant à ses éventuels usagers d’en comprendre le sens afin de pouvoir en soigner la rédaction, condition essentielle à son effectivité. Par sa finalité, la clause de conciliation permet de multiples avantages, tels que la facilité de son accès, son moindre coût et le gain de temps qu’elle met à la disposition des parties l’insérant dans le contrat, elle permet encore de préserver de bons rapports entre deux parties tels que cela peut être nécessaire dans le cadre de relations commerciales. Ce domaine, marqué par une réalité économique très concrète, a ainsi pu mettre à profit ce mode de résolution des conflits depuis un certain nombre d’années. Si ces atouts dans la résolution des conflits sont à opposer aux reproches souvent adressés à la justice étatique, la conciliation ne prétend pas pour autant à la remplacer, mais au contraire à la compléter. L’efficacité de cette clause a pu être critiquée, considérée comme relative, du fait de son exécution soumise à la bonne volonté des parties, posant la question de la sanction de sa non-application. Lui manifestant du même coup son accord de principe, la Cour de Cassation, dans une décision du 14 février 2003 prise en Chambre Mixte, est venue affirmer la dualité de son régime juridique, entre contrat et procès, restaurant ainsi sa force obligatoire, sanctionnant son non respect par l’irrecevabilité de l’action en justice
Alternative Dispute Resolutions are being more and more used. Therefore, conciliation is now seen as a good way to regulate conflicts. The conciliation clause is a tool that enables the parties to anticipate the resolution of conflicts that could happen. It obligates the parties to set up a conciliation process in order to find a friendly agreement, and it is only if this process fails that they can go to court. This clause is quite original, and should be distinguished from all the other types of friendly agreements in order to help its users to understand in what it consists exactly. That way, they will know how to write it, which is compulsory. The conciliation clause has many advantages such as its easy access, its low cost, the little time it takes. It is also a good way for its users to maintain a good relationship. Since a certain number of years, the economic field has benefited from this clause. Those advantages are to be opposed to the criticizes that are made against the state justice. Nevertheless, the aim of the conciliation is not to take the place of state justice, but to complement it. Yet, the efficiency of the clause has been criticized because its implementation depends on the parties, which has raised the question of the sanctions that should be taken in case of its unimplementation. The Cassation Court has given its agreement of principle to the clause of conciliation thanks to a decision taken on February 14th 2003 by the Mixt Chamber, and has given to it a compulsory force , which sustains its jurdical status. And this Court has decided that a tough sanction should by taken in case of its unimplementation
8

Barnaud, Caroline. "L'efficacité des clauses relatives aux litiges : l'influence de l'arbitrage sur la médiation." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS032S.

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La réponse du droit aux défis et aux enjeux des sociétés contemporaines, la « texture philosophique qui entoure le droit », cet art de dépasser les oppositions, de concilier les contraires sont une dialectique fondatrice des clauses relatives aux litiges en général et de l’arbitrage en particulier. Si l’arbitrage, de nos jours, n’a plus à affirmer sa légitimité, le chemin de la valorisation des clauses relatives aux litiges dans leur ensemble semble être encore parfois semé d’embûche en ce que celles-ci ont émergé relativement récemment dans les catégories juridiques traditionnelles et ont multiplié les difficultés méthodologiques en se situant au carrefour de plusieurs problématiques. La vision adoptée pour en comprendre les enjeux doit donc être résolument transversale. Si toute la matière est guidée par un esprit d’efficacité, elle s’inscrit dans la recherche d’un cadre conceptuel qui s’insère également dans la promotion d’une transformation moderne du droit. L’efficacité des clauses relatives au litige doit donc être éprouvée par une recherche systémique de leur processus d’élaboration nécessairement conventionnel et par leur mise en œuvre effective, répondant au souci d’une justice conventionnelle efficace dans le maintien et la gestion du contrat et imposant la recherche d’une harmonisation de solutions. Entre justice et contrat, « processualisation du contrat » et « contractualisation du procès », la tension et l’ambivalence qui peut exister entre le caractère contractuel et processuel de la clause relative aux litiges, pouvait, de prime abord, présenter le risque de mécontenter tout le monde, mais au final, elle donne l’impression générale d’un nécessaire esprit de … conciliation
The response of the right to the challenges and to the challenges of contemporary societies, the « philosophical texture that surrounds the right », this art to exceed the oppositions of reconciling the contrary are a founder dialectic of case clauses in general and arbitration in particular. If the arbitration, nowadays, has more to say its legitimacy, the path of the appraisal of the clauses relating to the case as a whole seems to be still sometimes planted of problems in what they emerged relatively recently in the traditional legal categories and have multiplied the difficulties methodological standing at the crossroads of several issues. The vision adopted to understand issues must be resolutely cross. If the matter is guided by a spirit of efficiency, it fits in the search of a conceptual framework also inserts in the promotion of a modern transformation of the law. The effectiveness of the clauses relating to the dispute must therefore be proven by a systemic of search their process necessarily conventional development and by putting them in effective work, meet the need for an effective in conventional justice the maintenance and management of the contract and imposing the search for a harmonization of solutions. Between justice and contract, « processualisation of the contract » and « trial contracting » the ambivalence that may exist between the contractual character and processuel of the case clause could, at first glance, present the risk of annoy everyone, but in the end, it gives the overall impression of a necessary spirit of. . . Conciliation
9

Posocco, Laurent. "La clause compromissoire : contribution à l'étude sur l'arbitrabilité des litiges." Toulouse 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU10070.

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Cette thèse apporte une contribution à la définition de l'objet de la clause compromissoire. Celui-ci appréhende l'ensemble du procès. Il embrasse la totalité de la résolution de l'antagonisme. De la description de l'objet, elle déduit un certain nombre de propriétés de la clause compromissoire qui motivent son cantonnement. Sont ainsi découverts les critères guidant la compromissibilité des hypothèses de litiges et qui relèvent soit de la préservation de l'accès au juge, soit de la disponibilité du pouvoir de sanctionner. En outre, la démonstration s'appuie sur une lecture nouvelle de l'article 2059 du Code civil qui lui permet de justifier tous les cas de compromissibilité. L'appréciation de certains critères de compromissibilité connait cependant un assouplissement commandé par la vie des affaires. Ainsi, sera déduite une qualité attachée à la clause compromissoire : celle de sa permanence
The thesis offers a contribution to the definition of the arbitration clause’s object. It is involved in the whole lawsuit. It embraces the entire resolution of the antagonism. From the object’s description, it deduces some attributes of the arbitration clause which explain the borders. Criteria guiding the arbitration possibilities from hypothesis litigation are discovering: they come from the conservation of the access to the judge, or from the availability of the power of sanction. Moreover, the demonstration is based on a new lecture of the article 2059 of the Civil Code justifying all arbitration cases. Assessment of specific arbitration possibilities criteria goes with a relaxation because of the business affairs. So, it appears that a quality is attached to the arbitration clause: her permanence
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Mansour, Mahran Riham. "Les clauses relatives aux litiges en droit français : aspects internes et internationaux." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010256.

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Les clauses relatives aux litiges sont très appréciées et plus utilisées dans le monde des affaires surtout dans les affaires internationales. Ce monde est marqué par certaines caractéristiques, comme la rapidité et la confidentialité, qui nécessitent un règlement de litige adapté. Or, les juridictions ordinaires donnent souvent des décisions inadaptées à ces relations d'affaires et ses décisions sont toujours imprévisibles. Pour ces raisons, les professionnels préfèrent écarter la solution judiciaire de leurs litiges ou, au moins, l'adapter à leurs besoins par l'insertion de ces clauses. Toutes ces clauses sont soumises au respect des obligations générales de validité des conventions. Elles doivent respecter l'ordre public et être appliquées de bonne foi. La liberté contractuelle joue plus aisément dans le cas des clauses donnant une alternative à la solution judiciaire (1ère partie) que dans les clauses visant à organiser le règlement judiciaire du litige (2ème partie).
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Books on the topic "Conflict clauses":

1

Marcel, Fontaine. Drafting international contracts: Analysis of contract clauses. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2006.

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Marcel, Fontaine. Droit des contrats internationaux: Analyse et redaction de clauses. 2nd ed. Paris: Forum Européen de la Communication, 2003.

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Fontaine, Marcel. Drafting international contracts: An analysis of contract clauses. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Pub., 2009.

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Marcel, Fontaine. Drafting international contracts: An analysis of contract clauses. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Pub., 2009.

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International Congress of Comparative Law (14th 1994 Athens, Greece). Les clauses d'exception en matière de conflits de lois et de conflits de juridictions, ou, le principe de proximité: XIVe congrès international de droit comparé = Exception clauses in conflicts of laws and conflicts of jurisdictions, or, the principle of proximity : XIVth International Congress of Comparative Law. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 1994.

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Werlauff, Erik. International contracts: The UNIDROIT principles as an alternative to clauses on governing law. Copenhagen, Denmark: Ex Tuto Publishing, 2013.

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Rutgers, Jacobien W. International reservation of title clauses: A study of Dutch, French, and German private international law in the light of European law. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 1999.

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Lupoi, Michele Angelo. Conflitti transnazionali di giurisdizioni. Milano: A. Giuffrè, 2002.

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Rasmussen-Bonne, Hans-Eric. Alternative Rechts- und Forumswahlklauseln: Eine vergleichende Darstellung. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1999.

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Office, General Accounting. International trade: Critical issues remain in deterring conflict diamond trade : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (441 G St., NW, Washington 20548): GAO, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Conflict clauses":

1

Reeves, Joseph E., Marijn J. H. Heule, and Randal E. Bryant. "Preprocessing of Propagation Redundant Clauses." In Automated Reasoning, 106–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10769-6_8.

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AbstractThe propagation redundant (PR) proof system generalizes the resolution and resolution asymmetric tautology proof systems used by conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) solvers. PR allows short proofs of unsatisfiability for some problems that are difficult for CDCL solvers. Previous attempts to automate PR clause learning used hand-crafted heuristics that work well on some highly-structured problems. For example, the solver SaDiCaL incorporates PR clause learning into the CDCL loop, but it cannot compete with modern CDCL solvers due to its fragile heuristics. We present PReLearn, a preprocessing technique that learns short PR clauses. Adding these clauses to a formula reduces the search space that the solver must explore. By performing PR clause learning as a preprocessing stage, PR clauses can be found efficiently without sacrificing the robustness of modern CDCL solvers. On a large portion of SAT competition benchmarks we found that preprocessing with PReLearn improves solver performance. In addition, there were several satisfiable and unsatisfiable formulas that could only be solved after preprocessing with PReLearn. PReLearn supports proof logging, giving a high level of confidence in the results.
2

Leidinger, Hendrik, and Christoph Weidenbach. "SCL(EQ): SCL for First-Order Logic with Equality." In Automated Reasoning, 228–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10769-6_14.

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AbstractWe propose a new calculus SCL(EQ) for first-order logic with equality that only learns non-redundant clauses. Following the idea of CDCL (Conflict Driven Clause Learning) and SCL (Clause Learning from Simple Models) a ground literal model assumption is used to guide inferences that are then guaranteed to be non-redundant. Redundancy is defined with respect to a dynamically changing ordering derived from the ground literal model assumption. We prove SCL(EQ) sound and complete and provide examples where our calculus improves on superposition.
3

Haifani, Fajar, and Christoph Weidenbach. "Semantic Relevance." In Automated Reasoning, 208–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10769-6_13.

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AbstractA clause C is syntactically relevant in some clause set N, if it occurs in every refutation of N. A clause C is syntactically semi-relevant, if it occurs in some refutation of N. While syntactic relevance coincides with satisfiability (if C is syntactically relevant then $$N\setminus \{C\}$$ N \ { C } is satisfiable), the semantic counterpart for syntactic semi-relevance was not known so far. Using the new notion of a conflict literal we show that for independent clause sets N a clause C is syntactically semi-relevant in the clause set N if and only if it adds to the number of conflict literals in N. A clause set is independent, if no clause out of the clause set is the consequence of different clauses from the clause set.Furthermore, we relate the notion of relevance to that of a minimally unsatisfiable subset (MUS) of some independent clause set N. In propositional logic, a clause C is relevant if it occurs in all MUSes of some clause set N and semi-relevant if it occurs in some MUS. For first-order logic the characterization needs to be refined with respect to ground instances of N and C.
4

Rutgers, Jacobien W. "The Influence of European Law on the Conflict Rules Governing a Reservation of Title Clause." In International Reservation of Title Clauses, 167–206. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-457-8_4.

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Kullmann, Oliver, and Ankit Shukla. "Transforming Quantified Boolean Formulas Using Biclique Covers." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 372–90. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30820-8_23.

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AbstractWe introduce the global conflict graph of DQCNFs (dependency quantified conjunctive normal forms), recording clashes between clauses on such universal variables on which all existential variables depend (called “global variables”). The biclique covers of this graph correspond to the eligible clause-slices of the DQCNF which consider only the global variables. We show that all such slices yield satisfiability-equivalent variations. This opens the possibility to realise this slice using as few global variables as possible. We give basic theoretical results and first supporting experimental data.
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Bryant, Randal E., and Marijn J. H. Heule. "Dual Proof Generation for Quantified Boolean Formulas with a BDD-based Solver." In Automated Deduction – CADE 28, 433–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79876-5_25.

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AbstractExisting proof-generating quantified Boolean formula (QBF) solvers must construct a different type of proof depending on whether the formula is false (refutation) or true (satisfaction). We show that a QBF solver based on ordered binary decision diagrams (BDDs) can emit a single dual proof as it operates, supporting either outcome. This form consists of a sequence of equivalence-preserving clause addition and deletion steps in an extended resolution framework. For a false formula, the proof terminates with the empty clause, indicating conflict. For a true one, it terminates with all clauses deleted, indicating tautology. Both the length of the proof and the time required to check it are proportional to the total number of BDD operations performed. We evaluate our solver using a scalable benchmark based on a two-player tiling game.
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Spears, Suzanne, and Maria Fogdestam Agius. "Protection of Investments in War-Torn States: A Practitioner’s Perspective on War Clauses in Bilateral Investment Treaties." In International Investment Law and the Law of Armed Conflict, 283–317. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10746-8_14.

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Palmiano Federer, Julia. "Conclusion: Should NGO Mediators Promote Norms?" In Twenty-first Century Perspectives on War, Peace, and Human Conflict, 179–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42174-7_8.

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AbstractThis concluding chapter synthesizes the main findings of the book and suggests some probing questions for future research agendas and larger soul-searching questions for both scholars and practitioners of peace mediation. While the book illustrates how NGO mediators do possess the agency to act as norm entrepreneurs of inclusion in mediation processes, given the unintended negative outcomes of the localization of inclusivity, it suggests that the assumption that mediators should promote liberal (and Western-centric) norms at all should be re-examined in a critical light. Yet the growth of the normative framework shows no signs of abating, with clauses in a growing number of ceasefire and peace agreements (for instance in South Sudan or Colombia) explicitly mentioning international norms such as gender equality and inclusivity. While widespread debate exists between mediation practitioners, the voices of national actors themselves often fall to the wayside. As armed conflicts become more violent and protracted and peace processes become more complex, the need to understand the role norms play in mediation processes remains imperative.
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Echandi, Roberto. "Investor-State Conflict Management Mechanisms (CMMs) in International Investment Law: A Preliminary Sketch of Model Treaty Clauses." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 1–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5744-2_51-1.

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Echandi, Roberto. "Investor-State Conflict Management Mechanisms (CMMs) in International Investment Law: A Preliminary Sketch of Model Treaty Clauses." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 709–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3615-7_51.

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Conference papers on the topic "Conflict clauses":

1

Osama, Muhammad, and Anton Wijs. "Multiple Decision Making in Conflict-Driven Clause Learning." In 2020 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictai50040.2020.00035.

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Hebrard, Emmanuel, and George Katsirelos. "Conflict Directed Clause Learning for Maximum Weighted Clique Problem." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/183.

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The maximum clique and minimum vertex cover problems are among Karp's 21 NP-complete problems, and have numerous applications: in combinatorial auctions, for computing phylogenetic trees, to predict the structure of proteins, to analyse social networks, and so forth. Currently, the best complete methods are branch & bound algorithms and rely largely on graph colouring to compute a bound. We introduce a new approach based on SAT and on the "Conflict-Driven Clause Learning" (CDCL) algorithm. We propose an efficient implementation of Babel's bound and pruning rule, as well as a novel dominance rule. Moreover, we show how to compute concise explanations for this inference. Our experimental results show that this approach is competitive and often outperforms the state of the art for finding cliques of maximum weight.
3

Majalawa, Vie’an Huzair, Putranto Hadi Utomo, Tri Atmojo Kusmayadi, and Diari Indriati. "Conflict driven clause learning approach for satisfiability modulo theory." In THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS: Education, Theory and Application. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0039296.

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Gocht, Stephan, Ruben Martins, Jakob Nordström, and Andy Oertel. "Certified CNF Translations for Pseudo-Boolean Solving (Extended Abstract)." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/716.

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The dramatic improvements in Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving since the turn of the millennium have made it possible to leverage conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) solvers for many combinatorial problems in academia and industry, and the use of proof logging has played a crucial role in increasing the confidence that the results these solvers produce are correct. However, the fact that SAT proof logging is performed in conjunctive normal form (CNF) clausal format means that it has not been possible to extend guarantees of correctness to the use of SAT solvers for more expressive combinatorial paradigms, where the first step is an unverified translation of the input to CNF. In this work, we show how cutting-planes-based reasoning can provide proof logging for solvers that translate pseudo-Boolean (a.k.a. 0-1 integer linear) decision problems to CNF and then run CDCL. We are hopeful that this is just a first step towards providing a unified proof logging approach that will extend to maximum satisfiability (MaxSAT) solving and pseudo-Boolean optimization in general.
5

Đorđević, Slavko. "Merodavno pravo za ugovor o distribuciji u međunarodnom privatnom pravu Srbije." In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.075dj.

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In this paper author analyses the conflict-of-law regime for cross-border distribution contracts in Serbian private international law. The study begins with the characterisation of distribution contract and its delimitation form other similar contracts in Serbian legal system, such as a sale contract, franchising contract and agency contract. It continues with the analysis of conflict-of-law rules of Serbian PIL Act which have to be applied to distribution contract, where the attention is given to the choice of law rule of Art. 19 of Serbian PIL Act and to the hard conflict-of law rule for innominate contracts contained in Art. 20 point 20 of Serbian PIL Act which may be derogated by special escape clause (Art. 20 sentence 1 of Serbian PIL Act). This hard conflict-of-law rule is heavily criticised because it deviates from the principle of characteristic performance which has been established in hard conflict- of-law rules of Art. 20 point 1-19 that apply to nominate contracts. Finally, author analyses the issue of determining applicable law for formal validity of distribution contract as well as the application of overriding mandatory rules which directly affect the cross-border distribution contracts.
6

Le Berre, Daniel, Pierre Marquis, Stefan Mengel, and Romain Wallon. "On Irrelevant Literals in Pseudo-Boolean Constraint Learning." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/160.

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Learning pseudo-Boolean (PB) constraints in PB solvers exploiting cutting planes based inference is not as well understood as clause learning in conflict-driven clause learning solvers. In this paper, we show that PB constraints derived using cutting planes may contain irrelevant literals, i.e., literals whose assigned values (whatever they are) never change the truth value of the constraint. Such literals may lead to infer constraints that are weaker than they should be, impacting the size of the proof built by the solver, and thus also affecting its performance. This suggests that current implementations of PB solvers based on cutting planes should be reconsidered to prevent the generation of irrelevant literals. Indeed, detecting and removing irrelevant literals is too expensive in practice to be considered as an option (the associated problem is NP-hard).
7

Đorđević, Slavko. "ODREĐIVANjE MERODAVNOG PRAVA ZA UGOVOR O FRANŠIZINGU – NEKOLIKO NAPOMENA IZ UGLA MEĐUNARODNOG PRIVATNOG PRAVA SRBIJE." In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.113dj.

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In this paper author analyses the conflict-of-law regime for cross-border franchise contracts in Serbian private international law. The study begins with the characterisation of franchise contract and its delimitation form other similar contracts in Serbian legal system, such as a distribution contract and licence contract. It continues with the analysis of conflict-of-law rules of Serbian PIL Act which have to be applied to franchise contract, where the attention is given to the choice of law rule of Art. 19 of Serbian PIL Act and to the hard conflict-of law rule for innominate contracts contained in Art. 20 point 20 of Serbian PIL Act which may be derogated by special escape clause (Art. 20 sentence 1 of Serbian PIL Act). This hard conflict-of-law rule deviates heavily from the principle of characteristic performance, which has been established in hard conflict-of-law rules of Art. 20 point 1-19 that apply to nominate contracts, so the author finds that it should be considered as meaningless and, therefore, replaced with the new conflict-of-law rule based upon mentioned principle of characteristic performance which can be created in accordance with Art. 2 of Serbian PILA. Finally, author analyses the issue of determining applicable law for formal validity of franchise contract and applicable law for master franchise contracts as well as the issue of application of overriding mandatory rules which directly affect the cross-border franchise contracts.
8

Böhm, Benjamin, Tomáš Peitl, and Olaf Beyersdorff. "QCDCL with Cube Learning or Pure Literal Elimination - What is Best?" In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/248.

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Quantified conflict-driven clause learning (QCDCL) is one of the main approaches for solving quantified Boolean formulas (QBF). We formalise and investigate several versions of QCDCL that include cube learning and/or pure-literal elimination, and formally compare the resulting solving models via proof complexity techniques. Our results show that almost all of the QCDCL models are exponentially incomparable with respect to proof size (and hence solver running time), pointing towards different orthogonal ways how to practically implement QCDCL.
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Blanchette, Jasmin Christian, Mathias Fleury, and Christoph Weidenbach. "A Verified SAT Solver Framework with Learn, Forget, Restart, and Incrementality." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/667.

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We developed a formal framework for SAT solving using the Isabelle/HOL proof assistant. Through a chain of refinements, an abstract CDCL (conflict-driven clause learning) calculus is connected to a SAT solver that always terminates with correct answers. The framework offers a convenient way to prove theorems about the SAT solver and experiment with variants of the calculus. Compared with earlier verifications, the main novelties are the inclusion of the CDCL rules for forget, restart, and incremental solving and the use of refinement.
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Bogaerts, Bart, and Antonius Weinzierl. "Exploiting Justifications for Lazy Grounding of Answer Set Programs." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/240.

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Answer set programming (ASP) is an established knowledge representation formalism. Lazy grounding avoids the so-called grounding bottleneck of ASP by interleaving grounding and solving; this technique was recently extended to work with conflict-driven clause learning. Unfortunately, it often happens that such a lazy grounding ASP system, at the fixpoint of the evaluation, arrives at an assignment that contains literals that are true but unjustified. The system then is unable to determine the actual causes of the situation and falls back to chronological backtracking, potentially wasting an exponential amount of time. In this paper, we show how top-down query mechanisms can be used to analyze the situation, learn a new clause or nogood, and backjump further in the search tree. Contributions include a rephrasing of lazy grounding in terms of justifications and algorithms to construct relevant justifications without grounding. Initial experiments indicate that the newly developed techniques indeed allow for an exponential speed-up.

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