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Academic literature on the topic 'Conflect'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Conflect"

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IVANCIU, Cosmin. "THE STATUS OF ARMED CONFLICTS. CASE STUDY: THE CONFLICT IN SYRIA." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE 18, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2016.18.2.13.

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Viegas, Moacir Fernando, and Adriana Janice Lenz. "Revisitando o conflito para pensar a prática educativa." Revista Educação e Emancipação 12, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2358-4319.v12n2p11-32.

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O artigo constitui-se de revisão teórica e reflexão sobre o conceito de conflito e seu significado na realidade atual, em especial na educação, apontando possibilidades de experiências com o mesmo na realidade escolar. O objetivo é compreender o significado dos conflitos sociais, de modo a subsidiar as discussões sobre o tema, assim como estimular a crítica de concepções tradicionais. A base teórica principal do texto é a dialética, entendendo essa teoria como fundamento essencial para pensar as relações sociais em que se configuram as diferentes formas de conflito nos dias de hoje. O texto parte das características básicas do conceito de conflito, onde, destacando as teorias de Durkheim e de Marx, menciona as ideias as quais têm sido associado na prática social. Depois enfoca as relações entre conflito e consenso, priorizando o debate sobre a teoria da solidariedade durkheiminiana. Conclui com uma discussão inicial sobre o conflito na escola na perspectiva da mediação, em que realça a problemática da compreensão das relações sociais de conflito para a construção das práticas educativas.Palavras-chave: Conflito e Educação. Conflito e Relações Sociais. Mediação de Conflitos.Revisiting the conflict to think about the educative practiceAbstractThe article is made of a theoretical review and a reflexion about the concept of conflict and its meaning in reality nowadays, mainly in education, pointing possibilities of experience with it on schools. The main goal is to contribute theoretically to the comprehension of the meaning of social conflicts, in a way to subsidize and stimulate the criticism of traditional conceptions. The main theoretical base of the text is the dialectic, understanding that this theory as an essential foundation to think about the social relationships in which the different forms of conflict are configured nowadays. Coming from the basic characteristics of the concept of conflict, the article focuses, next, on the relations between conflict and consensus, to then discuss about the conflicts in the social relationships and conclude with a initial discussion about the school conflict in the mediation perspective.Key words: Conflict and Education. Conflict and Social Relationship. Conflict Mediations.Revisitando el conflicto para pensarse la practica educativaResumenEl artículo se constituye de revisión teórica y reflexión sobre el concepto de conflicto y su significado en la realidad actual, en especial en la educación, señalando posibilidades de experiencias con el mismo en la realidad escolar. El objetivo es comprender el significado de los conflictos sociales, de modo a subsidiar las discusiones sobre el tema, así como estimular la crítica de concepciones tradicionales. La base teórica principal del texto es la dialéctica, entendiendo esa teoría como fundamento esencial para pensar las relaciones sociales en que se configuran las diferentes formas de conflicto en los días de hoy. El texto parte de las características básicas del concepto de conflicto, en que destacan las teorías de Durkheim y de Marx, mencionando las ideas que se han asociado en la práctica social. Luego enfoca las relaciones entre conflicto y consenso, priorizando el debate sobre la teoría de la solidaridade Durkheim. Concluye con una discusión inicial sobre el conflicto en la escuela en la perspectiva de la mediación, subrayando la problemática de la comprensión de las relaciones sociales de conflicto para la construcción de las prácticas educativas.Palabras-clave: Conflicto y Educación. Conflicto y Relaciones Sociales. Mediación de Conflictos
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Nagamani, Tadisetty, and SD Nagul Meera Sayyed. "Adaptive Conflict Resolution Mechanism for Multi-party Privacy Conflicts Resolving in Social Media." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 1179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11367.

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Rojo Guillamón, María Isabel. "La percepción de la conflictividad en el profesorado de Educación Secundaria: estudio de caso." AZARBE, Revista Internacional de Trabajo Social y Bienestar, no. 8 (December 26, 2019): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/azarbe.384081.

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El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer y analizar los tipos de conflictos entre el profesorado de un Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria (IES) en la Región de Murcia. Los instrumentos utilizados han seguido una doble metodología. Por una parte, una metodología cuantitativa con aplicación de la técnica de la encuesta y, por otra parte, con una metodología cualitativa en aplicación de las técnicas de grupo de discusión y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los participantes fueron 35 docentes seleccionados sobre una población total de 92. Los resultados indican que los tipos de conflictos principales son: discrepancias y desacuerdos entre estos y el equipo directivo y la administración. Al mismo tiempo, otro de los tipos de conflictos que se generan es la distribución de horarios y las franjas horarias en las que el profesorado desea impartir las asignaturas. Igualmente, se destacó que el profesorado percibe el conflicto de manera distinta en función de la edad, así pues, el profesorado con edades comprendidas entre los 36 y 45 años prefiere evitar el conflicto, frente al grupo del profesorado de mayor edad que percibe el conflicto como “lucha para vencer”. Sin embargo, el grupo de profesorado más joven y el grupo con mayor experiencia docente, lo percibe como oportunidad de cambio, desde el punto de vista positivo. El sexo femenino ante el conflicto, prefiere bien, ceder o ignorar a la otra parte. Siendo la principales causas de los conflictos: ideológicas, comunicación deficiente, insatisfacción laboral o diferencia de funciones. The objective of this work is to know and analyze the types of conflicts between the teaching staff of a Secondary Education Institute (IES) in the Region of Murcia. The instruments used have followed a double methodology. On the one hand, a quantitative methodology with application of the technique of the survey and, on the other hand, with a qualitative methodology in application of the techniques of discussion group and semi-structured interviews. The participants were 35 selected teachers out of a total population of 92. The results indicate that the main types of conflicts are: discrepancies and disagreements between them and the management team and the administration. At the same time, another of the types of conflicts that are generated is the distribution of schedules and the time slots in which the teaching staff wishes to teach the subjects. Likewise, it was highlighted that teachers perceive the conflict differently depending on their age, therefore, teachers aged between 36 and 45 prefer to avoid conflict, compared to the group of older teachers who perceive the conflict as "fight to win". However, the group of younger teachers and the group with the most teaching experience perceive it as an opportunity for change, from a positive point of view. The female sex in the face of conflict, prefers well, yield or ignore the other party. Being the main causes of conflicts: ideological, poor communication, job dissatisfaction or difference of functions. KEY WORDS: Secondary education, conflicts, teachers, job dissatisfaction.
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Conde, Gilberto. "El agua entre Turquía, Siria e Iraq." Regions and Cohesion 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2014.040205.

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This article revisits conflicts and the evolution of relationships between Turkey, Syria and Iraq, integrating the role of the Kurds in conflict over water resources, and addresses the causal role water played in the establishment of hydro-hegemonies amongst these riparian countries. The argument developed in this article is that water by itself, even though it is an ingredient of conflict and war, is not the only objective of water rivalries (or processes of cooperation) between co-riparian countries. More often, hydro-hegemonic relations form around this vital resource. Water is not the only cause of hydro-conflicts and even though it is part of basin conflicts, it contributes to a complex system of power relations between States and other actors involved in affairs that affect it. Spanish Tomando como referencia el conflicto entre Turquía, Siria e Iraq e integrando el papel de los kurdos en los conflictos por el agua, el objetivo principal de este artículo es determinar ¿qué indica la evolución de las relaciones entre Turquía, Siria e Iraq y los kurdos en cuanto al papel del agua como causal de conflicto en el establecimiento de hidrohegemonías entre países ribereños? Principalmente se encuentra que el agua per se, pese a ser ingrediente de conflictos y guerras, no es siempre el único objetivo de la rivalidad entre estados corribereños en torno del agua (como no lo es tampoco en los procesos de cooperación). Lo que sí ocurre con mayor frecuencia es el establecimiento de relaciones hegemónicas en torno del líquido vital. Es decir, el agua no es la única causa de los conflictos hídricos y, aunque es parte de los conflictos en las cuencas, entra a formar parte de un sistema complejo de relaciones de poder entre los Estados y otros actores involucrados en los asuntos que las afectan. French Cet article fait le point sur le conflit entre la Turquie, la Syrie et l'Irak, en intégrant le rôle des Kurdes dans les conflits pour l'eau, et tente de répondre à la question : qu'indique l'évolution des relations entre la Turquie, la Syrie et l'Irak relativement au rôle de l'eau comme causalité de conflit dans l'établissement d'hydrohégémonies entre pays riverains ? L'argument développé est que l'eau en soi, même si elle est ingrédient de conflits et de guerres, n'est pas toujours l'unique objet de la rivalité entre États riverains en matière d'eau (comme elle ne l'est pas non plus dans les processus de coopération). Ce qui se produit plus fréquemment est l'établissement de relations hégémoniques autour du liquide vital. L'eau n'est pas l'unique cause des conflits hydriques et, même si elle fait partie des conflits dans les bassins, elle participe d'un système complexe de relations de pouvoir entre les États et d'autres acteurs impliqués dans les sujets qui les affectent.
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Correa Rodríguez, Nieves, and Juan A. Rodríguez Hernández. "ESTRATEGIAS DE RESOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS EN LA PAREJA: NEGOCIANDO EN LO COTIDIANO." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v6.720.

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Abstract.STRATEGIES FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN COUPLES: EVERYDAY NEGOTIATINGConflicts are normal situations in family life wich offer opportunities for personal growth and strengthening family relationships when constructive strategies are provided like negotiation, commitments and agreements. The frequent use of destructive strategies in everyday conflicts is associated with a growing unease in the family and a discontinuity in the family project. Couples show difficulties to implement courses of action culminating in agreements and commitments. This is a logical issue considering that the conflicts and the resolution strategies are complex situations. This work provides an analysis of daily conflict in couples contemplating conflict variables that mediate the use of resolution strategies and transactional processes that characterize these episodes. Finally, some guidelines are suggested to direct research and intervention in the field of conflict and family life.Keywords: Marital Conflict; Conflict Resolution Strategies; Negotiation; Situational Variables; Emotional Variables; Cognitive Variables.Resumen.Los conflictos son situaciones normales en la vida familiar. Suponen oportunidades para el crecimiento personal y el fortalecimiento de las relaciones familiares, siempre que se aborden con estrategias constructivas en las que prime la negociación, los compromisos y los acuerdos. El empleo frecuente de estrategias destructivas en los conflictos cotidianos se asocia a un creciente malestar en la familia poniendo en peligro la continuidad del proyecto familiar. Las parejas muestran dificultades para poner en marcha cursos de acción que culminen en acuerdos y compromisos. Lo que resulta comprensible si consideramos que los conflictos y las estrategias de resolución son situaciones complejas. Este trabajo ofrece un análisis del conflicto cotidiano en la pareja los conflictos contemplando las variables que mediatizan el uso de las estrategias de resolución y los procesos transaccionales que caracterizan estos episodios. Finalmente, se sugieren ciertas orientaciones para encauzar la investigación e intervención en el campo de los conflictos y la convivencia familiar.Palabras clave: Conflicto Marital; Estrategias de Resolución de Conflictos; Negociación; Variables emocionales; Variables Cognitivas, Variables Situacionales.
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Hogbladh, S. "Peace agreements in armed conflicts: focusing on finding a solution to the conflict incompatibility." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2021): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2021-2-11-23.

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The Uppsala Conflict Data Program’s (UCDP) Peace Agreement Dataset was first published in 2006. Its main goal was to provide the research community with a dataset on peace agreements that was not linked to conflict termination, i. e. included both successful and failed agreements. The latest update of the dataset includes 355 peace agreements concluded in the 1975–2018 period. A number of studies have been based on the dataset over the years. The dataset is unique in its strict connection to the UCDP conflict data and in its focus on the conflict dyad, actors, and the conflict incompatibility. The dataset’s focus on only those agreements that involve the dyadic relationship between primary warring parties – between governments and rebel groups or between two governments – has direct policy implications, as it is exactly these parties who need to change their stances on incompatibilities in order to solve a conflict. Also, the Peace Agreement Dataset’s focus on agreements that address the key incompatibilities contested by the parties allow it to distinguish peace agreements on other negotiated deals, including ceasefires, and to differentiate between full, partial and peace process agreements. Finally, the analysis of key trends in peace agreements is presented. It shows that in contrast to the previous historical peak in the number of armed conflicts back in the early 1990s that corresponded to the peak in annual numbers of peace agreements, the new peak in annual numbers of armed conflicts in the late 2010s was not matched by a similar rise in peace agreements.
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Lafontaine, Fannie. "Justicia en Conflicto y Conflictos sobre Justicia: el Derecho Internacional Penal en Tiempos de Altas Expectativas." Araucaria, no. 32 (2014): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2014.i32.17.

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Sandoval Sandoval, Diego, and Georg Unger Vergara. "El problema del reconocimiento en el conflicto socioambiental por vertederos públicos en la Araucanía, Chile. / The problem of recognition in the socio-environmental conflict related to public landfills in Araucanía, Chile." Revista Liminales. Escritos sobre Psicología y Sociedad 6, no. 11 (April 1, 2017): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.54255/lim.vol6.num11.302.

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El artículo problematiza los alcances del reconocimiento -y el menosprecio- en el análisis del conflicto socioambiental por vertederos públicos en la Araucanía, Chile. Aun cuando no se aprecian rasgos que permitan plantear el presente teórico del Reconocimiento como una teoría del conflicto, se percibe en la noción una herramienta valiosa para su crítica. Lo central del análisis estaría dado en el cómo se estructuran psicosocialmente las posturas de los individuos afectados por esta forma de injusticia. The article address the concept of recognition -and the concept of neglect- in the analysis of the socioenvironmental conflict related to public landfills in Araucanía, Chile. Even though we do not identify traits that allow us to understand the present theory of Recognition as a theory of conflict, we still see in the notion of recognition a valuable tool for understanding social conflicts. The central analysis would be focused on the psychosocial structuration of the position of those affected by this form of injustice.
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Sandoval Sandoval, Diego, and Georg Unger Vergara. "El problema del reconocimiento en el conflicto socioambiental por vertederos públicos en la Araucanía, Chile. / The problem of recognition in the socio-environmental conflict related to public landfills in Araucanía, Chile." Revista Liminales. Escritos sobre Psicología y Sociedad 6, no. 11 (April 1, 2017): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.54255/lim.vol6.num11.302.

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El artículo problematiza los alcances del reconocimiento -y el menosprecio- en el análisis del conflicto socioambiental por vertederos públicos en la Araucanía, Chile. Aun cuando no se aprecian rasgos que permitan plantear el presente teórico del Reconocimiento como una teoría del conflicto, se percibe en la noción una herramienta valiosa para su crítica. Lo central del análisis estaría dado en el cómo se estructuran psicosocialmente las posturas de los individuos afectados por esta forma de injusticia. The article address the concept of recognition -and the concept of neglect- in the analysis of the socioenvironmental conflict related to public landfills in Araucanía, Chile. Even though we do not identify traits that allow us to understand the present theory of Recognition as a theory of conflict, we still see in the notion of recognition a valuable tool for understanding social conflicts. The central analysis would be focused on the psychosocial structuration of the position of those affected by this form of injustice.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conflect"

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Can, Levent. "Ethnic conflicts and governmental conflict management." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FCan%5FDA.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Peter Gustaitis. "December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-83). Also available in print.
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Hasan, Md Didarul. "Natural Resources, Conflicts, and Conflict Management." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1177.

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This dissertation examines, both theoretically and empirically, the effects of international policies, especially of sanctions, on conflicts. In theoretical analysis, we consider conflicts (both civil and inter-state) related to natural resources and examine how sanctions on natural resource exports affect the intensity of conflicts. However, for the empirical analysis, we consider only the civil conflicts and examine how international sanctions affect the duration of civil conflicts. In chapter 1, we develop a two-period general equilibrium model on the relationship between natural resources and civil conflicts. Contrary to the most of the existing literature, we assume that resource extraction and wage rate are endogenous during the conflict. We find that the effects of current international sanctions on civil conflict depend critically on whether the budget constraints of the warring groups are binding or non-binding, and whether wage rate is exogenous or endogenous. Under both binding and non-binding budgets, the current sanction can be counter-productive. However, a threat of future sanction reduces conflict intensity, when the budget constraint is non-binding. An improvement in agricultural productivity may also limit the conflict. Our results also suggest that the most effective policy for conflict resolution would be bilateral piece-meal reduction in war efforts. Chapter 2 develops a two-period general equilibrium model linking natural resources to inter-state conflict, treating resource extraction and wage rate are endogenous. First, we characterize the war equilibrium and derive a number of properties of it. Second, we examine the effects of different types of trade sanctions imposed by the international community on war efforts of the two countries. We find that a temporary current sanction on both countries, or even on one of the countries, will be counter-productive, and an anticipated future sanction on both countries will unambiguously reduce war intensity. Whether an anticipated future sanction on one of countries will reduce war intensity will depend on the level of resource stock; the effect of a permanent sanction on both countries is ambiguous: war intensities will fall only if the resource stocks of the countries are sufficiently high. Finally, in chapter 3, we examine empirically the effects of international sanctions on the expected duration of civil conflicts. Contrary to the most of the previous findings, we find that sanctions reduce the expected duration of civil conflicts. Our finding is robust for different controls, different parametric models, and with consideration of endogeneity of sanctions. However, not all types of sanction are equally successful in shortening conflicts. Total economic embargoes and arms sanctions are effective, but trade sanctions, aid suspension, and other sanctions do not work. We also find that both multi-lateral and unilateral sanctions (mainly US sanctions) can reduce duration of civil wars.
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Nimoh, Florence. "Essays in development economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664670.

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En esta tesis doctoral, utilizo estrategias empíricas en economía aplicada para proporcionar evidencias cuantitativas que pueden ayudar a mejorar las políticas de bienestar en los países en desarrollo. Mi principal objetivo es comprender la efectividad de las políticas y cómo los factores económicos pueden alterar las decisiones de las personas. En el capítulo 1, Evaluación de las políticas educativas sobre las tasas de matriculación en Ghana, analizo el impacto de las políticas educativas implementadas en Ghana en 2004 y 2005 sobre las tasas de matriculación en el nivel escolar básico. Estas políticas; La Subvención de Capitación, el Programa de Alimentación Escolar y el Kindergarten Obligatorio se implementaron con el objetivo principal de aumentar el acceso a la educación en el nivel básico. Usando el nivel del distrito datos del Ministerio de Educación, Ghana, y datos de encuestas de las Encuestas demográficas y de salud de Ghana, utilizo una estimación de diferencia en diferencias para estudiar cómo estas políticas han aumentado las tasas de matriculación a lo largo del tiempo. Los datos del nivel del distrito muestran que, en comparación con 2004, el NER aumentó en un 25% en 2006 y desde entonces ha fluctuado alrededor de este número, mientras que el GER aumentó en un 10% en 2006 y aumentó en un 20% en 2014. El nivel individual los datos también muestran un incremento en NER en un 10% en 2008 y un 8% en 2014, en comparación con 2003. Al examinar cómo las políticas afectaron a diferentes distritos y personas, ambos conjuntos de datos muestran disparidades en las tasas de matrícula por riqueza y lugar de residencia, pero no hay evidencia de disparidad de género. Además, la brecha que existe entre las regiones del norte y del sur se ha reducido. Desde la perspectiva de las políticas, estos hallazgos requieren atención sobre la equidad y los efectos sostenidos de estas políticas. En el capítulo 2, “Matrimonio precoz y conflicto, Evidence of Biafran War en Nigeria”, exploro las variaciones proporcionadas por la guerra civil nigeriana, conocida como la Guerra de Biafra, para estudiar el efecto del conflicto en el matrimonio precoz de las mujeres expuestas. Específicamente, realizo un análisis de diferencia en la diferencia mediante la explotación de la variación entre etnias y cohortes, que determinan si una mujer estuvo expuesta a la guerra o no. Encuentro que las mujeres expuestas a edades de 10 a 15 años tenían, en promedio, 6% más de probabilidades de casarse antes de cumplir 16 años que aquellas que no estuvieron expuestas. Este hallazgo llama la atención sobre el hecho de que el conflicto podría exacerbar el matrimonio precoz ya que los individuos pueden recurrir a esta dañina tradición solo para hacer frente a las crisis económicas que enfrentan. En el capítulo 3, “El impacto del conflicto sobre la edad al contraer matrimonio en el África subsahariana”, analizo el impacto de la variación en la intensidad del conflicto experimentado durante los años de matrimonio de las mujeres en el África subsahariana con respecto a su edad en el primer matrimonio. Usando datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud y estimando un modelo de riesgo discreto, encuentro que la exposición al conflicto tiene un impacto diferencial en el espectro de edad: el conflicto aumenta el riesgo de contraer matrimonio entre los 18 y los 21 años, sin efectos en el otra subpoblación de edad.
In this doctoral thesis, I use empirical strategies in Applied economics to provide quantitative evidences that can help improve welfare policies in developing countries. My main aim is to understand the effectiveness of policies, and how economic factors can alter the decisions of individuals. Specifically, I concentrate on the domain of gender and education. In the domain of gender, I study how the marital decisions of women can be altered when they are exposed to economic shocks such as conflict. And in the domain of education, I look at impact evaluations of educational programs aimed at improving access to education. In chapter 1, Evaluation of Educational Policies on Enrollment Rates in Ghana, I analyze the impact of educational policies implemented in Ghana in 2004 and 2005 on enrollment rates at the basic school level. These policies; the Capitation Grant, School Feeding Program, and Compulsory Kindergarten, were implemented with the main aim of increasing access to education at the basic level. Using district level data from the Ministry of Education, Ghana, and survey data from Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys, I employ a difference-in-difference estimation to study how these policies have increased enrollment rates over time. I measure enrollment rates as Net Enrollment Rate (NER) and Gross Enrollment Rates (GER): the NER measures the percentage of the official age population of a particular grade that are enrolled in that grade while the GER measures the total enrollment irrespective of age, expressed as a percentage of the official age population. The district level data shows that, compared to 2004, NER increased by 25% in 2006 and has since fluctuated around this number, while GER increased by 10% in 2006 and has increased over time, to about 20% in 2014. The individual level data also shows an increment in NER by 10% in 2008 and 8% in 2014, as compared to 2003. Examining how the policies affected different districts and individuals, both data sets show disparities in enrollment rates by wealth and place of residence, but no evidence of gender disparity. In addition, the gap that exists between the northern and the southern regions has reduced. From policy perspective, these findings call for attention on the equity and sustained effects of these policies. In chapter 2, Early Marriage and Conflict, Evidence from Biafran War in Nigeria, I explore variation provided by the Nigerian civil war, known as the Biafran War, to study the effect of conflict on early marriage of exposed women. Specifically, I perform a difference-in-difference analysis by exploiting variation across ethnicities and cohorts, which determine whether a woman was exposed to the war or not. I find that women exposed at ages of 10 to 15 years were, on average, 6% more likely to get married before they turn 16 than those who were not exposed. This finding draws attention to the fact that conflict could exacerbate early marriage as individuals may turn to this harmful tradition just to cope with the economic crises they face. In chapter 3, The impact of Conflict on the age at marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa, I analyze the impact of the variation in the intensity of conflict experienced during the marriageable years of women in Sub-Saharan Africa on their age at first marriage. Using data from Demographic and Health Survey and estimating a discrete-time hazard model, I find that exposure to conflict has differential impact across the age spectrum: conflict increases the hazard into marriage at the ages of 18 to 21 years, with no effect on the other age sub-population.
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Alvarado, Álvarez Cristina. "Comprensión de la gestión constructiva del conflicto en las empresas familiares: Un modelo teórico y un estudio mixed methods." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673394.

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La influència de la família propietària en la gestió i en el govern de les empreses familiars imprimeix un caràcter únic per a l'emergència de la gestió constructiva del conflicte, sent precisament aquest l'objecte d'aquesta tesi: comprendre la gestió constructiva del conflicte en les empreses familiars. Per a això es van plantejar dos objectius: 1) Desenvolupar un model conceptual que explica com les relacions de mutu benefici es creen en aquest context específic, generant open-*mindedness i una gestió constructiva del conflicte. 2) Aportar evidència empírica del model per a poder refinar la teorització plantejada. El primer objectiu, es va dur a terme a través de la revisió conceptual del model de Tjosvold (et al., 2014) derivant en la proposta d'un model que estén la teoria de familiness (Habbershon i & Williams, 1999; Pearson et al., 2008) plantejant que existeix una configuració especial de recursos (estructurals, cognitius i relacionals) definida com familiness col·laboratiu que fonamenta les relacions de mutu benefici i l'adopció de debats oberts, elements implicats en la gestió constructiva dels conflictes en l'empresa familiar (Alvarado-Álvarez et al., 2020). Aquesta revisió conceptual ha estat publicada en la revista acadèmica Negotiation and Conflict Management Research (Volum 3, Número 2, Maig 2020) durant el procés doctoral. El segon objectiu, es va dur a terme a través d'un estudi de cas múltiple sota l'enfocament de mixed methods. Es van estudiar cinc empreses espanyoles en l'etapa de societat de germans amb un destacat acompliment innovador. L'estudi va utilitzar l'observació indirecta (Anguera, Portell et al., 2018) de narratives de 17 entrevistes semiestructuradas (gravades en àudio i transcrites) aportades per persones que ocupaven càrrecs de direcció o en el govern de l'empresa familiar. Addicionalment, es van revisar fonts documentals de diferent procedència (internet, documents de l'empresa, entre altres). Seguint els passos per a dur a terme una observació indirecta (Anguera, Portell et al., 2018), aquestes narratives van ser segmentades en unitats de significat i codificades (obtenint-se una matriu de codis per a cada cas) a través de l'ús d'un sistema d'observació indirecta ad hoc. El control de la qualitat de la dada va ser dut a terme amb el 10% de les unitats textuals permetent confirmar la concordança intra i inter-observador. Les matrius de codis obtingudes es van analitzar amb la tècnica de coordenades polars. Una vegada obtingudes les estructures de relacions associatives significatives de cada cas, es va fer una comparació entre elles que va permetre identificar aquelles estructures de relacions associatives significatives que coincidien en almenys tres dels casos i servien com a evidència empírica del model conceptual. Els resultats obtinguts van mostrar una nodrida estructura de relacions associatives significatives (d'activació i inhibició) entre la visió compartida i la confiança i a diferents nivells del sistema de gestió constructiva del conflicte. Els rols exercits en l'empresa també guardaven relació amb aquests components. Es va obtenir evidència dels processos cerca de concurrència i open-*mindedness en fòrums familiars i de propietat indicatius de la rellevància de la governança familiar. Addicionalment, es va evidenciar que les empreses familiars són la suma de diversos subsistemes amb les seves respectives configuracions de recursos relacionals i cognitius. Els resultats també apunten que la confiança, la visió compartida i el conflicte participen en la innovació de les empreses. Aquest estudi ajuda a la comprensió de la gestió constructiva de conflictes en les empreses familiars en etapa de societat de germans i ofereix vies per a futures recerques i implicacions pràctiques per a gerents, accionistes i assessors.
La influencia de la familia propietaria en la gestión y en el gobierno de las empresas familiares imprime un carácter único para la emergencia de la gestión constructiva del conflicto, siendo precisamente éste el objeto de esta tesis: comprender la gestión constructiva del conflicto en las empresas familiares. Para ello se plantearon dos objetivos: 1) Desarrollar un modelo conceptual que explica cómo las relaciones de mutuo beneficio se crean en este contexto específico, generando open-mindedness y una gestión constructiva del conflicto. 2) Aportar evidencia empírica del modelo para poder refinar la teorización planteada. El primer objetivo, se llevó a cabo a través de la revisión conceptual del modelo de Tjosvold (et al., 2014) derivando en la propuesta de un modelo que extiende la teoría de familiness (Habbershon y & Williams, 1999; Pearson et al., 2008) planteando que existe una configuración especial de recursos (estructurales, cognitivos y relacionales) definida como familiness colaborativo que fundamenta las relaciones de mutuo beneficio y la adopción de debates abiertos, elementos implicados en la gestión constructiva de los conflictos en la empresa familiar (Alvarado-Álvarez et al., 2020). Dicha revisión conceptual ha sido publicada en la revista académica Negotiation and Conflict Management Research (Volumen 3, Número 2, Mayo 2020) durante el proceso doctoral. El segundo objetivo, se llevó a cabo a través de un estudio de caso múltiple bajo el enfoque de mixed methods. Se estudiaron cinco empresas españolas en la etapa de sociedad de hermanos con un destacado desempeño innovador. El estudio utilizó la observación indirecta (Anguera, Portell et al., 2018) de narrativas de 17 entrevistas semiestructuradas (grabadas en audio y transcritas) aportadas por personas que ocupaban cargos de dirección o en el gobierno de la empresa familiar. Adicionalmente, se revisaron fuentes documentales de distinta procedencia (internet, documentos de la empresa, entre otras). Siguiendo los pasos para llevar a cabo una observación indirecta (Anguera, Portell et al., 2018), dichas narrativas fueron segmentadas en unidades de significado y codificadas (obteniéndose una matriz de códigos para cada caso) a través del uso de un sistema de observación indirecta ad hoc. El control de la calidad del dato fue llevado a cabo con el 10% de las unidades textuales permitiendo confirmar la concordancia intra e inter-observador. Las matrices de códigos obtenidas se analizaron con la técnica de coordenadas polares. Una vez obtenidas las estructuras de relaciones asociativas significativas de cada caso, se hizo una comparación entre ellas que permitió identificar aquellas estructuras de relaciones asociativas significativas que coincidían en al menos tres de los casos y servían como evidencia empírica del modelo conceptual. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una nutrida estructura de relaciones asociativas significativas (de activación e inhibición) entre la visión compartida y la confianza y a diferentes niveles del sistema de gestión constructiva del conflicto. Los roles desempeñados en la empresa también guardaban relación con dichos componentes. Se obtuvo evidencia de los procesos búsqueda de concurrencia y open-mindedness en foros familiares y de propiedad indicativos de la relevancia de la gobernanza familiar. Adicionalmente, se evidenció que las empresas familiares son la suma de varios subsistemas con sus respectivas configuraciones de recursos relacionales y cognitivos. Los resultados también apuntan que la confianza, la visión compartida y el conflicto participan en la innovación de las empresas. Este estudio ayuda a la comprensión de la gestión constructiva de conflictos en las empresas familiares en etapa de sociedad de hermanos y ofrece vías para futuras investigaciones e implicaciones prácticas para gerentes, accionistas y asesores.
The influence of the owning family in the management and governance of family businesses provides a unique character for the emergence of constructive conflict management. This phenomenon is precisely the object of this thesis: to understand how constructive conflict management is carried out in family businesses. To achieve this aim, two objectives were proposed: 1) Developing a conceptual model that explains how mutually beneficial relationships and open debates exercise as roots for the emergence of constructive conflict management in family businesses. 2) Providing empirical evidence of this conceptual model to refine the proposed theorization. The first objective was carried out through the conceptual revision of Tjosvold’s model (et al., 2014) and its concurrent adaptation to the family business setting including the antecedents based on familiness concepts (Habbershon & Williams, 1999; Pearson et al., 2008). The conceptual model developed, states that there is a special configuration of resources (structural, cognitive, and relational) defined as collaborative familiness that roots mutually beneficial relationships and the adoption of open debates, two main elements involved in the constructive conflict management in the family business (Alvarado-Álvarez et al., 2020). This conceptual review has been published in an academic journal -Negotiation and Conflict Management Research (Volume 3, Number 2, May 2020)- as part of the doctoral process. The second objective was carried out through a multiple case study using a mixed methods approach. Five Spanish family businesses, in the sibling partnership stage, were studied, interviewing individuals who held management or governance positions in the family business (family and non-family). These businesses also demonstrated outstanding innovative performance. It involved indirect observation (Anguera, Portell et al., 2018) of narratives of 17 semi-structured interviews, recorded on audio and transcribed. In a complementary way, documentary sources of different origins were reviewed (internet, company documents, among others). Following the steps to carry out an indirect observation (Anguera, Portell et al., 2018), these narratives were segmented into units of meaning and coded through the use of an ad hoc indirect observation system. Data quality control was carried out with 10% of the textual units, allowing to confirm intra- and inter-observer concordance. The analysis of codes obtained from the coding process, was carried out through polar coordinates analysis individually for each case and according to a previous selection of focal behaviors and conditioned behaviors in coherence with the conceptual model. After obtaining the structures of significant associative relationships, a comparison of the five cases was made that allowed identifying those structures of significant associative relationships that coincided in at least three of the studied cases to identify those structures shared by the cases that could serve as empirical evidence of the conceptual model. The results obtained from the indirect observation of the narratives show a rich structure of significant associative relationships (activation and inhibition) between shared vision and trust at different levels of the constructive conflict management system and according to the different roles played by the family members within the company. Evidence on the specific processes of search for concurrence and open-mindedness in family and ownership forums that account for the relevance of family governance in this type of organization is also provided. Additionally, it can be observed that family businesses are the sum of several subsystems that present a particular resource configuration, highlighting relational and cognitive resources. Results also suggest the potential influence that shared vision, trust, and conflict have on innovation. This study sheds light on constructive conflict management in family businesses that are going through the sibling partnership stage, offering interesting avenues for future research and suggesting a series of practical implications for managers, shareholders, and advisers.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Psicologia de la Comunicació i Canvi
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5

Blasco, Martí Emilio José. "Les relacions de conflicte entre CDC i UDC a la premsa de Barcelona. Deu anys a la vida de CiU (1996-2006)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9217.

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La tesi estudia els conflictes entre Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya i Unió Democràtica de Catalunya. Des de la teoria del conflicte i utilitzant la metodologia de l'anàlisi de contingut, s'hi analitzen els articles de quatre diaris publicats a Barcelona (La Vanguardia, El Periódico, El País i Avui) durant tres moments d'especial confrontació entre CDC i UDC (1996-97, 2001 i 2006). La investigació se centra sobre les característiques del conflicte publicat i el paper dels diaris en relació amb el conflicte mateix i els seus dos actors principals. Les conclusions indiquen que es tracta d'un conflicte estructural, per quotes de poder a CiU, la tensió del qual és proporcional a la progressió en la preparació i execució de la successió de Jordi Pujol. La premsa hi intervé decisivament en el seu desenvolupament, com a tercer involucrat, però no com a part principal. La Vanguardia segueix l'interès d'UDC, enfoca el conflicte des d'UDC i és pro UDC. El Periódico se situa a l'oposició política, enfoca el conflicte des de CDC i s'hi posiciona contra UDC. El País adopta una oposició ideològica, des de fora i contra CDC. L'Avui hi interpreta l'interès de CiU, des de dins i a favor de CDC.
La tesis estudia los conflictos entre Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya y Unió Democràtica de Catalunya. Desde la teoría del conflicto y utilizando la metología del análisis de contenido, se analizan los artículos de cuatro diarios publicados en Barcelona (La Vanguardia, El Periódico, El País i Avui) durante tres momentos de especial confrontación entre CDC y UDC (1996-97, 2001 i 2006). La investigación se centra en las características del conflicto publicado y el papel de los diarios en relación con el conflicto mismo y sus dos actores principales. Las conclusiones indican que se trata de un conflicto estructural, por cuotas de poder en CiU, cuya tensión es proporcional a la progresión en la preparación y ejecución de la sucesión de Jordi Pujol. La prensa interviene decisivamente en su desarrollo, como tercero involucrado, pero no parte principal. La Vanguardia sigue el interés de UDC, enfoca el conflicte desde UDC y es pro UDC. El Periódico se sitúa en la oposición política, enfoca el conflicto desde CDC y se posiciona contra UDC. El País adopta una oposición ideológica, desde fuera y contra CDC. L'Avui interpreta el interés de CiU, desde dentro y a favor de CDC.
The thesis studies the conflicts between CDC and UDC as portrayed by some Barcelona newspapers. From the startpoint of the conflict theory and using the methodology of content analysis, articles published by four dailies (La Vanguardia, El Periódico, El País i Avui) during three moments of particular tension between CDC and UDC (1996-97, 2001 i 2006) are analysed. The research is focused on the characteristics of the conflict, as it was published, and on the role that the newspapers had relating to the development of the conflict itself and to its two protagonists. The conclusions from the study indicate that it is a structural conflict, motivated by a power struggle within CiU. The tension increases as the succession to Jordi Pujol's leadership approaches and it is implemented. The press, as a third party, albeit with a secundary role, has a decisive intervention in the conflict development. La Vanguardia follows the interests of UDC, looks at the conflict from UDC's viewpoint and it is pro-UDC. El Periódico adopts a political opposition, viewing the conflict from the stadtpoint of CDC and against UDC. El País adopts an ideological opposition looking at the conflict from the outside and against CDC. Avui follows the interests of CiU, acting from within and favouring CDC.
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6

Zamora, Escala Jaume Enric. "Els arxius i el conflicte polític en el segle XX: El cas dels arxius catalans (1931-1939)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83298.

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El gran objectiu d'aquesta tesi és reconstruir i analitzar la relació entre els arxius i el conflicte polític en el segle XX, tot presentant l'exemple dels arxius catalans durant el període comprès entre els anys 1931 i 1939. En primer lloc, cal destacar que els arxius entesos com els documents generats per un govern, una administració o un particular en base a la seva activitat, prenen uns valors complementaris en situacions de conflicte polític. Els arxius i els documents són com l'ADN que caracteritza i individualitza al seu productor i es converteixen en un element estratègic en un conflicte bèl•lic. La recerca s'inicia en el desenvolupament de la política cultural de la Generalitat de Catalunya, en matèria d'arxius, en el període entre 1931 i 1936. L'any 1931 la Generalitat de Catalunya crea el Consell de Cultura que alhora encarrega una ponència d'Arxius, Biblioteques i Belles Arts. A proposta d'aquesta ponència es publica un projecte d'organització dels arxius documentals de Catalunya que posa les bases d'un sistema d'arxius català. Com a precedents s'analitzen les pioneres actuacions en arxius de l'Institut d'Estudis Catalans creat per la Diputació Provincial de Barcelona l'any 1907. A continuació, el salvament dels arxius catalans durant la Guerra Civil espanyola (1936-1939) és el tema principal de l'estudi. La Secció d'Arxius del Servei de Patrimoni Històric, Artístic i Científic de la Generalitat de Catalunya, dirigida per Agustí Duran i Sanpere, du a terme la gestió del salvament. Els objectius de la Secció d'Arxius, la seva organització, els seus recursos humans, els dipòsits documentals en l'evolució del conflicte, ens permeten comprendre la dimensió del salvament del patrimoni documental català. S'acaba la guerra, els arxius retornen a Barcelona. Quins foren els arxius protegits ? Quines varen ser les actuacions de la Secció d'Arxius arreu del país ? I la seva gestió econòmica ? La conferència de Duran en el VIII Congrés de Ciències Històriques a Zuric, l'agost de 1938, presenta pràcticament el balanç de l'obra realitzada. L'altra cara de la moneda és l'acció de les tropes franquistes en l'ocupació de Catalunya, consistent en l'espoli i la confiscació de documents de l'administració, d'entitats i de particulars catalans, que tenia com a objectius la depuració i repressió del bàndol republicà, una vegada finalitzat el conflicte. Els processos judicials a Duran posen de manifest la imparable maquinària depuradora del règim franquista imposat. La depuració com a funcionari de l'Ajuntament de Barcelona i el consell de guerra pel càrrec que desenvolupà com a Cap de de la Secció d'Arxius a la Generalitat de Catalunya foren els esculls que va haver de superar finalitzada la guerra. És també aclaridor comprovar quins són els diversos usos dels documents i dels arxius a través de la premsa durant la guerra. Control de l'Estat i l'administració de la població a través dels documents, la seva manipulació i utilització, la propaganda, la memòria històrica, la confiscació, l'espoli, etc. són accions i conceptes que protagonitzen els documents i que destaquen més que mai en una situació de conflicte bèl•lic. Finalment, s'analitzen les vicissituds dels arxius dels presidents de la Generalitat de la Catalunya de la Segona República Espanyola i a l'exili, així com el seu estat, contingut, accessibilitat i ubicació actuals. Les conclusions que es deriven de la tesi són: - La pionera obra de l'Institut d'Estudis Catalans i la política activa de la Generalitat republicana sobre patrimoni documental. - Els arxius identificats amb el poder: la seva destrucció i el seu salvament. - Els arxius com a eina identitària. - Els arxius com a eina de repressió. - Els arxius com a memòria històrica. - Els arxius com a portadors i reveladors de la veritat, la justícia i els drets humans. Les fonts emprades han estat les documentals, orals, hemerogràfiques, bibliogràfiques i legislatives.
The main objective of this doctoral thesis is to reconstruct and analyze the connection between archives and political conflict in the XX century, taking as an example the Catalonian archives between the years 1931 and 1939. First of all, it is noteworthy that archives, in the sense of documents generated by a government, an admininistration or a citizen, take on additional value in political conflict situations. Archives and documents are like the DNA that characterize and individualize their producer and become a key strategic element in an armed conflict. The present investigation starts from the development of the cultural policy with regard to files of the Government of Catalonia between the years 1931 and 1936. The pioneering archive work of the Catalonian Studies Institute, created by the Provincial Council of Barcelona in 1907, will serve as the background to our research. After that, the main subject of the research is the salvaging of the Catalonian archives during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The archives section of the Service of Artistic, Scientific and Historical Heritage of the Government of Catalonia, that was managed by Agustí Duran Sanpere, was in charge of the management of the rescue. The objectives of the archives section, its organization, its human resources, the documentary deposit in the development of the conflict, allow us to understand the scale of the rescue of Catalonian heritage. Duran’s conference at the VII Congress of the Historical Science in Zurich, in August of 1938, showed the results. On the other side of the coin are the actions of Francois troops during their occupation of Catalonia, consisting in the confiscation of documents from the Catalonian administration, Catalonian organizations and citizens with the objective being the purging and repression of the Republican side. A. Duran’s judgement showed the unstoppable repression of the Franco regime. Finally, the analysis focuses on the ups and downs of the files of the presidents of the Catalonian Government in the Spanish Second Republic and in the exile, as well as their condition, content, accesibility and current location. The conclusions derived from the research are: - The pioneering work of the Catalonian Studies Institute and the active policy of the Government of Catalonia about its heritage. - The archives identify with the power, their destruction and rescue. - The archives as identity tool. - The archives as repression tool - The archives as historical memory - The archives proved very revealing of the truth, justice and human rights It has been used documentary, oral, hemerographic, bibliographic and legal sources.
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7

Ditzel, Facci Paula. "Dancing Conflicts, Unfolding Peaces: Dance as method to elicit conflict transformation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404493.

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This research explores dance as method to elicit conflict transformation and unfold peaces at the intrapersonal level. Peace is understood as presence, as a way of being in the world, and conflict as a natural feature of human relationships. This thesis investigates how to provide a frame which renders the embodied here and now moving experience meaningful, creating auspicious conditions for eliciting conflict transformation and unfolding peaces. Exploring elements that contribute to this process, it analyses interpretations of peaces and dance expressions. Furthermore, this thesis discusses the transrational peace philosophy and an approach to dance that acknowledges its potential for peace, and suggests twisting harmful tendencies with balance and awareness. It then explores elicitive conflict transformation and methods to facilitate it. Finally, this text presents a theoretical and practical approach to those elements through embodied movement, which informs the potentials and limitations of dance as method to elicit conflict transformation
La presente tesis explora la danza como método para elicitar la transformación de conflictos y desdoblar paces en nivel intrapersonal. Se investiga cómo propiciar un contexto en el cual se haga significativa la experiencia del movimiento corporal consciente en el momento presente, creando condiciones auspiciosas para elicitar conflictos y desdoblar paces. En busca de elementos que concierten tal método, esta pesquisa pone en diálogo interpretaciones de paces con expresiones de danza. Asimismo, se elabora sobre la filosofía de las paces transracionales y sobre el potencial de la danza para la paz, y se sugiere distorsionar tendencias nocivas con equilibrio y consciencia. Se explora también la perspectiva elicitiva de transformación de conflictos y los métodos para facilitarla. Finalmente, se presenta un abordaje teórico y práctico de estos elementos por medio del movimiento corporal consciente, que informa el potencial y las limitaciones de la danza como método elicitivo de transformación de conflictos.
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8

Hedelin, Ingrid. "Conflict Prevention in Internal Conflicts : Is political will all it takes?" Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1916.

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The purpose of the thesis is to see how operational prevention has been carried out in cases of internal conflicts in the last five to six years in order to see whether it has been ineffective just due to lack of political will or if there could be other explanations to it. To fulfil the purpose, two main questions are answered in two steps. The first question is:

What other factors than political will are necessary for operational prevention to be more effective? These other factors then form a model for more effective operational prevention together with political will. The second question is based on this model and is as follows:

Is the model that these factors form followed when operational prevention is applied in practise?

Three cases of conflict are looked at in order to answer the second question, Darfur, Nepal and Haiti. Both steps of the analysis are conducted by means of qualitative text analysis. The results support the common notion that effective conflict prevention is due to political will to act within the international community, but the results also indicate that political will is not all it takes for operational prevention to be effective.

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9

Jackson, Richard D. W. "Negotiation versus mediation in international conflict: Deciding how to manage violent conflicts." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8905.

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The thesis is an attempt to fill the theoretical and empirical gap in current conflict management research, which has failed to examine methods of conflict management comparatively. Two dominant paradigms exist, neither of which is adequate to the task of comparing negotiation and mediation in the real world of international politics: the Psychology paradigm and the Third Party Intervention paradigm. An alternative theoretical framework, the Contingency framework of negotiation and mediation was therefore, constructed. This model suggests that negotiation and mediation are conceptually and empirically different, and specifies a series of contextual and process variables which are vital to any examination of conflict management. Utilising a unique data set of thousands of cases of negotiation and mediation coded according to the variables specified in the Contingency model, a general bivariate analysis, followed by a more in-depth multivariate analysis, revealed a number of important differences and similarities between the two methods. The results suggest that negotiation and mediation are different forms of conflict management, which are most likely to be successful under contrasting conditions in international politics. Negotiation is the most successful method overall, but tends to be limited to low intensity, interstate conflicts. Mediation tends to occur in the most intense, intractable, and primarily civil conflicts, and is useful under a number of onerous circumstances.
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10

Masad, David P. "Agents in Conflict| Comparative Agent-Based Modeling of International Crises and Conflicts." Thesis, George Mason University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10131444.

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Inter-state conflicts are a key area of study in international relations, and have been approached with a variety of techniques, from case studies of individual conflicts, to formal analysis of abstract models and statistical investigations of all such conflicts. In particular, there are a variety of theories as to how states make decisions in the face of conflicts – such as when to threaten force, when to follow through, and when to capitulate to an opponent’s demand. Some scholars have argued that states may be viewed as rational decisionmakers, while others emphasize the role of psychological biases affecting individual leaders. Decisionmaking is challenging to study in part because of its complexity: the decisionmakers may not just be individuals but organizations, following internal procedures and reflecting institutional memory. Furthermore, the decisions are often believed to be strategic, reflecting the decisionmakers’ anticipation of multiple other actors’ potential responses to each possible decision.

In this dissertation, I demonstrate that agent-based models (ABMs) provide a powerful tool to address this complexity, and advance their use as a bridge between different methodologies. Agents in ABMs can be used to represent countries and endowed with a variety of internal decisionmaking models which can operationalize a variety of theories drawn from case studies, psychological experiments or game-theoretic analysis. The specific decision model agents utilize may be changed without altering the sub-models governing how the agents interact with one another. This allows us to simulate the same overall interactions utilizing different decisionmaking theories and observe how the outcomes differ. Furthermore, if these interactions correspond to real-world events, we may directly see how much explanatory or predictive power the outputs of the model variants provide. If one variant’s outputs correspond closer to the empirical data, it provides evidence supporting that variant’s underlying theory.

I implement two agent-based models, extending well-established prior models of international conflict: the International Interaction Game (Bueno de Mesquita and Lalman, 1992) and the Expected Utility Model (Bueno de Mesquita, 2002). For each, I start with their original agent decisionmaking models, and develop several variants grounded in relevant theories. I then instantiate the models with historic, empirically-derived data and run them forward to generate sets of simulated outcomes, which I compare to empirical data on the relevant time periods. I find that non-rational models of decisionmaking in the International Interaction Game provide similar explanatory power to the purely rational model, and yield rich satisficing behavior absent in the original model. I also find that the Expected Utility Model variant implementing a Schelling (1966)-inspired model of coercion yields richer dynamics and greater explanatory power than the original model.

In addition to providing evidence in support of particular theories and hypotheses, this work demonstrates the power of the comparative modeling methodology in studying international conflict. Future work will involve adding more statistical controls to the model output analysis, comparative analysis between the outputs of the two overall models, and extension of the decisionmaking models for each. The same methodology may also be expanded to other formal and computational models of international relations, and social science more broadly.

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Books on the topic "Conflect"

1

al- Irtiqāʼ naḥwa al-ṣifr: Qirāʼah fī khamsīnīyat ḍayāʻ Filasṭīn. ʻAmmān: Dār al-Yanābīʻ lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 1999.

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G, Nhema Alfred, Zeleza Tiyambe 1955-, and African Conflicts: Management, Resolution, Post-Conflict Recovery and Development (2004: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), eds. The resolution of African conflicts: The management of conflict resolution & post-conflict reconstruction. Addis Ababa: Ossrea, 2008.

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3

Resolving conflicts: How to turn conflict into cooperation. London: Vega, 2003.

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Salim, Salim Ahmed. African conflicts: Their management, resolution and post-conflict reconstruction. Addis Ababa: Development Policy Management Forum, 2002.

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Resolving conflicts: How to turn conflict into co-operation. Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element, 1997.

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Wolf, Aaron T. Middle East water conflicts and directions for conflict resolutions. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1996.

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Seura, Suomen Metsätieteellinen, and Metsäntutkimuslaitos, eds. Conflict cultures: Qualitative comparative analysis of environmental conflicts in forestry. Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Society of Forest Science, 2001.

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Ramsbotham, Oliver. Contemporary conflict resolution: The prevention, management and transformation of deadly conflicts. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2005.

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Conflict resolution in early childhood: Helping children understand and resolve conflicts. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall, 2004.

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Hugh, Miall, and Woodhouse Tom, eds. Contemporary conflict resolution: The prevention, management and transformation of deadly conflicts. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Conflect"

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Wæver, Ole. "Conflicts of Vision: Visions of Conflict." In European Polyphony, 283–325. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20280-5_18.

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Jungblut, Marc. "Content Analysis in the Research Field of War Coverage." In Standardisierte Inhaltsanalyse in der Kommunikationswissenschaft – Standardized Content Analysis in Communication Research, 125–36. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36179-2_11.

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AbstractWe live in an age of conflicts: Following data by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, the number of violent conflicts reached a peak after the year 2014 that was only matched by the early 1990s and resulted in a total number of 160 different conflicts in 2018. The analysis of how these conflicts are covered draws its relevance from the fact that conflict is often mediated since most wars take place outside of people’s direct sphere of experience. Consequentially, war coverage can influence the perceived relevance of a conflict, the predominant interpretation of conflict events, the public’s attribution of conflict roles (e.g. victim, perpetrator or hero) and the public support for conflict interventions. Content analytical research on war coverage mostly focuses on two main research interests. They either analyze (1) how independent the media is from political influences or they examine (2) how (different types of) media cover conflicts.
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Rohloff, Christoph. "Conflict Research and Environmental Conflicts: Methodological Problems." In Environmental Change and Security, 147–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60229-0_9.

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Dahrendorf, Ralf. "Conflict Groups, Group Conflicts, and Social Change." In Class and Conflict in an Industrial Society, 206–40. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003260257-8.

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Liwenga, Emma T., and Florian Silangwa. "Natural resource use conflicts in a changing climate: The case of the wetlands of Kilombero and Kilosa districts in Tanzania." In Climate change impacts and sustainability: ecosystems of Tanzania, 153–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242966.0153.

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Abstract In Tanzania studies on conflicts between subsistence farmers and agropastoralists/pastoralists as well communities versus conservationists have been frequently reported. These include studies on water use conflicts in the Pangan River Basin. Agropastoralists have also been evicted as a result of these conflicts. The overriding tendency has thus been centered on discussion about what keeps pastoralists and crop cultivators apart rather than what keeps them together. Although conflicts occur mainly as a result of resource competition, some conflicts constitute only one aspect of a much more complex interaction between the two groups. Little has been documented in examining the relative contribution of climatic and non-climatic factors in aggravating these conflicts and how this triggers various dimensions of conflicts among livelihood groups. This study examined the relative contribution of climatic and non-climatic factors as causes of natural resource conflict, based on a study conducted in Kilosa and Kilombero districts in south-central Tanzania. The study further examined conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of adaptive capacity to address these issues in a changing climate and in particular explored the roles of institutions in conflict resolution, and the associated challenges and opportunities involved. The study was conducted through a household survey, focus group discussions and expert interviews with Kilosa and Kilombero district land planning officers. The aim was to understand the challenges of land use planning and how those transformed into conflicts between users. The results of the interviews in the two districts revealed that there were land conflicts related to boundary disputes between and among villages, investors against villages or communities, and government agencies versus villages or investors. Unlike Kilosa, Kilombero District had more land conflicts involving villages and government institutions. There is a complicated land conflict in 25 villages against the Ramsar site area.
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Ajala, Luqman B. "Armed Conflicts in Africa and Indigenous Conflict Resolution." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, 5–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77954-2_209.

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Ajala, Luqman B. "Armed Conflicts in Africa and Indigenous Conflict Resolution." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_209-1.

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Ricarte, Joana. "The Construction of Identities in Protracted Conflicts." In Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, 31–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16567-2_2.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the concepts of identity and conflict. Drawing from many others who place identity as the central factor explaining the mutually reinforcing dynamics of protracted conflicts and protracted peace processes, this chapter suggests that the processes of identity building in protracted conflicts bear specific characteristics due to the multigenerational aspects of these contexts. The argument developed is that peace processes in this kind of conflicts tend to become protracted themselves, turning into a structure of their own that impact perceptions about the ‘self’ and the ‘other’, thus influencing the negative dimension of identity—the detachment or difference from others—and, therefore, the very behavior and interests of actors involved in the conflict. For this reason, identity and violence must be read as mutually constituted in the cases of historical conflicts, making it impossible to discuss conflict transformation without addressing the main categories of identity and violence, as well as their interconnectedness.
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Doll, Beth, and Susan Churchill Sarver. "Playground Conflicts: Everyday Opportunities for Children to Manage Conflict." In Justice, Conflict and Wellbeing, 337–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0623-9_13.

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Frelin, Jan. "Analysing Complex Conflicts: Requirements for Complexity-Aware Conflict Analysis." In Complexity Thinking for Peacebuilding Practice and Evaluation, 207–37. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60111-7_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Conflect"

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De Silva, Piyanwada, and Y. G. Sandanayake. "Conflicts Handling Styles Used by Professionals at Pre-Contract Stage of Building Construction Projects in Sri Lanka." In The SLIIT International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2022. Faculty of Engineering, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/vluv8738.

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Conflicts between design team professionals is a common experience in building construction projects in Sri Lanka. Depending on the way they are been handled, these conflicts bring either positive or negative impacts to the project. Thus, this paper investigates the conflict-handling styles that the professionals use to handle different types of conflicts among themselves at pre-contract stage of construction projects in Sri Lanka. The study on different types of conflicts and handling styles were derived through quantitative approach by a questionnaire survey designed incorporating Rahim’s Organisational Conflict InventoryII (ROCI-II) with the participation of 42 number of professionals engaged during the pre-contract stage of building construction projects in Sri Lanka. The scope of the study was limited to the building construction projects and only to the conflicts among professionals at the same level. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The research findings revealed that there are four types of conflicts: task, relationship, process and status conflicts, occur in different frequencies among the professionals. The task conflicts occur very often, and process conflicts occur often whilst relationship and status conflicts occur rarely among professionals during the pre-contract stage. This study revealed that professionals use different conflict handling styles to handle these four types of conflicts among themselves during the pre-contract stage of building construction projects in Sri Lanka. Further, majority of professionals use integrating style often to handle conflicts among themselves, and they use avoiding style very rarely to handle the conflicts among themselves except for relationship conflicts. However, to handle relationship conflicts, professionals use dominating style as the last option. The study would assist the industry practitioners to identify their personnel conflict handling style and the outcome of using each style with their supervisors when handling conflicts during the precontract stage. KEYWORDS: Conflicts, Conflict-Handling Styles, Conflicts With Professionals, Construction Industry, Pre-Contract Stage.
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Neumeyer, Xaver, and Ann F. McKenna. "Assessing Team Conflict in Student Design Teams." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63933.

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Our work is investigating the role of team conflict in the context of student design project work. We are interested in the types of conflicts that occur during the team’s development of their design solution, and how these conflicts may in fact contribute in a positive way to the overall design solution. We are using a mixed-method approach to data collection through student interviews, team observations, reflective memos, and surveys. This paper reports results from a study implemented in a required first-year engineering design course. Results from this study indicate that teams experience a range of conflicts, where some students perceive these conflicts as beneficial to team performance. In addition, our results describe several strategies teams use to manage and leverage these conflicts. Finally, methodologically we found that the team memos and team conflict surveys were better instruments for capturing team conflict, more so than self-report surveys.
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Oruwari, Humphrey Otombosoba. "Assessment of Conflict Management in Niger Delta and Implications for Sustainable Development of Oil and Gas in Nigeria." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208224-ms.

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Abstract Nigerian oil and gas industry have over the years witnessed incessant conflicts between the stakeholders, particularly the host communities in Niger Delta region and the oil and gas companies in partnership with the Federal Government. Conflict which is here defined as manifestation of disagreement between individual and groups arising from differing and mutually incompatible interests has both positive and negative effects depending on how it was managed. Managing conflicts is all about limiting the negative aspects. The study examined conflicts management in Nigeria oil and gas industry and how best the positive elements of conflicts can be maximally exploited for the mutual benefit of both oil and gas company and the host communities in Niger Delta. The study adopted the multidisciplinary approach, literature review, case study and relied on secondary sources using analytical method of data analysis. The study findings revealed that the major factors that precipitate conflicts between the oil and gas industry and host communities in Niger Delta include economic, social, political, and ecological factors. There are available strategies that can be used in conflict management. These include avoiding, accommodating, or smoothing, competing, or forcing, compromising, and collaborating. Any of these strategies can be used to manage conflict depending on the situation, the environment factor, and the nature of the conflict. The problem is that the oil and gas companies in partnership with the Nigerian government often adopted the wrong approach in dealing with the conflict with host communities, using avoiding or forcing strategies. The study recommends collaboration strategy which ensues long term-term solution to mutual benefits.
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Timmons, Eric, and Brian C. Williams. "Best-first Enumeration Based on Bounding Conflicts, and its Application to Large-scale Hybrid Estimation (Extended Abstract)." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/721.

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State estimation methods based on hybrid discrete and continuous state models have emerged as a method of precisely computing belief states for real world systems, however they have difficulty scaling to systems with more than a handful of components. Classical, consistency based diagnosis methods scale to this level by combining best-first enumeration and conflict-directed search. While best-first methods have been developed for hybrid estimation, conflict-directed methods have thus far been elusive as conflicts summarize constraint violations, but probabilistic hybrid estimation is relatively unconstrained. In this paper we present an approach (A*BC) that unifies best-first enumeration and conflict-directed search in relatively unconstrained problems through the concept of "bounding" conflicts, an extension of conflicts that represent tighter bounds on the cost of regions of the search space. Experiments show that an A*BC powered state estimator produces estimates up to an order of magnitude faster than the current state of the art, particularly on large systems.
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Dehkordi, Seyede Simin Mirhashemi, and Hojjat Mianabadi. "Game Theory and Dealing with Water Conflict." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.005.

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Abstract In the last century, water conflicts have increased in many parts of the world for reasons such as a strong desire for rapid development and poor governance. The impact of these conflicts on various sectors of society such as economic, political and legal subsystems has led researchers to focus on providing solutions and practical methods to deal with water conflicts. Game theory is one of the most common methods used by researchers to manage water conflicts and water allocation in shared and transboundary river basins. Despite the special place of game theory in reductionist sciences, the application of this theory to dealing with conflicts in complex water systems faces challenges. Whereas, the critique of the effectiveness of the game theory method in water conflict management has been neglected. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the capacity to apply the game theory to deal with water conflicts. In order to achieve this purpose, while using library resources, the basics of game theory and the capacity to apply it in the management of water conflicts are analyzed. The results reveal that following the theory of rational choice and rationalism in the game theory method has led to ignore many dimensions and factors affecting the water conflict formation and the way to deal with complex water conflicts. Keywords: Water Conflicts, Game Theory, Peacebuilding, Shared and Transboundary River Basins
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Jiang, Tianhong, and Gale E. Nevill. "Pattern-Based Approach in Conflict Cause Identification in Distributed Design Environment." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/cie-21237.

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Abstract In this paper, a well-organized structure of conflict classes and causes is presented. Based on our study of nature of the conflicts and the associated value patterns in design, a pattern-based computational model is proposed for conflict cause identification and successfully tested in Plane World distributed design simulation.
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Eifler, Rebecca, Jeremy Frank, and Jörg Hoffmann. "Explaining Soft-Goal Conflicts through Constraint Relaxations." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/641.

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Recent work suggests to explain trade-offs between soft-goals in terms of their conflicts, i.e., minimal unsolvable soft-goal subsets. But this does not explain the conflicts themselves: Why can a given set of soft-goals not be jointly achieved? Here we approach that question in terms of the underlying constraints on plans in the task at hand, namely resource availability and time windows. In this context, a natural form of explanation for a soft-goal conflict is a minimal constraint relaxation under which the conflict disappears (``if the deadline was 1 hour later, it would work''). We explore algorithms for computing such explanations. A baseline is to simply loop over all relaxed tasks and compute the conflicts for each separately. We improve over this by two algorithms that leverage information -- conflicts, reachable states -- across relaxed tasks. We show that these algorithms can exponentially outperform the baseline in theory, and we run experiments confirming that advantage in practice.
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Stojanovska, Slagjana, and Kristina Velichkovska. "COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2020.85.

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This paper aims to examine the challenges of cross-cultural communication in multicultural teams and the resolution of conflicts arising during that process of communication. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on individuals coming from various cultural backgrounds to determine how cultural differences affect the organizational communication styles, their perception of conflict situations and the choice of conflict resolution procedures. The study is underpinned by a literature review of cross-cultural communication and theories on culture, conflict resolution and multicultural team dynamics. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory will be used to define the cultural differences using four dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, and masculinity vs femininity. The outcome of the study assesses the intercultural communication competence of employees in North Macedonia and gives recommendations on how to improve communication and avoid conflicts that plague multicultural teams.
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Sitarama, Shankaran, and Alice M. Agogino. "Computational Patterns of Team Interactions and Associations With Conflict Within New Product Development Teams." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-88204.

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Abstract New Product Development involves team members coming together and working in teams to come up with innovative solutions to problems resulting in new products. They need to be creative as a team, debate extensively and come up with a breadth of ideas to solve the given customer need and problem. They also need to be very efficient in their teamwork and work cohesively. These two traits require the teams to have a divergent and a convergent thinking simultaneously. There needs to be a good balance. The team dynamics invariably result in conflicts among team members. While some amount of conflict (ideational conflict) is desirable in NPD teams to be creative as a group, relational conflicts (or discords among members) could be detrimental to teamwork. Team communication truly reflects these tensions and team dynamics. In this research study and paper, we explore the social network analysis of team communication to define and identify computational patterns of interaction and compare them with team’s assessed conflict level. We’ve identified and defined four distinctive patterns of interaction (Central member pattern, Subgroup and Aloof member pattern, Isolate member pattern and Pendant pattern). These patterns are then correlated to the level of conflict in teams. The patterns are found to capture the signatures of high and low to medium conflict in teams with a high level of accuracy.
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Deylami, Behavar. "Improving Social Capital, A Solution to Manage Water Conflicts." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.007.

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Abstract Water systems are categorized as coupled human-natural systems. It is argued that extreme events are primarily associated with the natural component of the system, while conflicts are considered as part of the human component of the water systems. Since the system is coupled, both human and natural components interact with each other. For instance, extreme events such as droughts can trigger conflict among societies. What needs to be noted here is that such disturbances in both systems are, to some extent, inevitable. However, by using the proper mechanisms and leverages, they can be alleviated. Enhancing social capital among stakeholders is one of those leverages to reduce the conflicts' likelihood or at least intensity. Social capital reflects people’s collective level of awareness on the issues, their reciprocal relationships, and public participation. In other words, social capital captures three concepts of “Public Justice,” “Public Cohesion,” and “Public Participation.” This paper aims to descriptively analyze the effect of social capital in social conflicts in the context of water systems. The results of this study indicated that social capital is effective in alleviating water conflicts, but requires large and long-term investments. Therefore, it can be used to alleviate conflicts to reduce vulnerability, and achieve development. Keywords: Social capital, Water systems, Conflict, Vulnerability
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Reports on the topic "Conflect"

1

Semotiuk, Orest. RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN MILITARY CONFLICT: TERMINOLOGICAL AND DISCURSIVE DIMENSIONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11399.

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The paper is devoted to terminological, typological and discursive dimension of concepts describing modern conflicts. Historical development of concept “war” is retraced including four generations of warfare. Difficulties in establishing a methodological framework for analyzing the media coverage of military conflicts are analyzed and an interdisciplinary approach to the media coverage of military conflicts is proposed. This enables the integration of different theories - international relations, conflict studies, political communication and journalism. Two dimensions of the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict (physical and discursive) are desribed. In the physical dimension, the conflict is localized. The discursive dimension of the conflict is implemented at the global, interstate (Russian-Ukrainian) and local (intra-Ukrainian) levels. Discursive understanding of the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict was investigated on local level. The object of analysis was coverage of the conflict in 4 Ukrainian online news portals. The need of new methodological approaches to analysis of the relationship between the media and security issues is emphasized.
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Adelaja, Adesoji, Justin George, Thomas Jayne, Milu Muyanga, Titus Awokuse, Adebayo Aromolaran, and Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool-Tasie. How Conflicts Affect Land Expansion by Smallholder Farmers: Evidence from Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.015.

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The expansion of smallholder farms into larger farm sizes is a key strategy for growing agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. This strategy could simultaneously expand farm incomes while addressing poverty since the majority of farms in sub-Saharan Africa are smallholder farms. There is limited existing research on the possible role of conflicts in stymying the ability of smallholder farmers to transition into larger-scale farming and on the impacts of conflicts in areas that are not directly within active conflict zones. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of conflict on the ability of smallholder farmers to transition to larger scales in two regions that are not in a traditional conflict zone, by developing a household utility maximisation model to explain choices made by farm households in response to conflict.
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Garza, Mario A. Conflict Termination: Every Conflict Must End. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328094.

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LATSOEV, G. R., V. V. ILCHENKO, and Yu A. AFANASYEVA. PSYCHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF MARITAL CONFLICTS OF MEN AND WOMEN. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2022-13-2-2-110-115.

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The article presents the results of an empirical study of the psychological characteristics of marital conflicts among men and women. The most conflict of family life, reactions to the conflict of respondents of various sexes are described. Differences in the studied indicators between the respondents of various sexes are determined. Correlation links between the peculiarities of marital communication and reactions of spouses to the conflict among respondents of various sexes were also described.
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Rao, Sumedh. Impact of Non-conflict Interventions on De-escalation of Conflict and Acceptance of Negotiations. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.059.

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There exists is a broad range of academic and grey literature that looks at non-conflict interventions and its impact on de-escalation of conflict and reduction of violence. There seems to be little in relation to the acceptance of negotiations. Of this literature there are a few studies of high quality, that demonstrate a clear connection between the intervention and reduction in violence or conflict. This report focuses on those studies and, in particular, those related to protracted conflict and involving local actors. The report aims to Identify literature which shows how non-conflict (eg. humanitarian, environmental) interventions have impacted on the de-escalation of conflict and acceptance of negotiations with focus on contexts of protracted, multi-actor conflicts and the role of local conflict actors. It entails a detailed summary of these studies, followed by an annotated bibliography of the studies.
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Idris, Iffat. Preventing Atrocities in Conflict and Non-conflict Settings. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.137.

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Atrocity prevention refers to activities to prevent atrocity crimes against civilians. These include genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, and can take place in both conflict and non-conflict settings. This points to the need to prioritise and implement atrocity prevention specifically, and not just as part of conflict prevention efforts. Atrocity prevention interventions are broadly of two types: operational (short-term responses) and structural (addressing underlying causes/drivers). These encompass a wide range of approaches including: acting locally (with local actors taking the lead in prevention activities); tackling hate speech, and promoting an independent and strong media; documenting human rights violations, and prosecuting and punishing those responsible (establishing rule of law). The international community should prioritise atrocity prevention, but work in a united manner, take a comprehensive approach, and give the lead to local actors. Atrocity crimes generally develop in a process over time, and risk factors can be identified; these traits make atrocity prevention possible. This rapid review looks at the concept of atrocity prevention, how it is distinct from conflict prevention, the different approaches taken to atrocity prevention, and the lessons learned from these. The review draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, in particular reports produced by international development organisations such as the United Nations (UN) and USAID. The literature was largely gender-blind (with the exception of conflict-related sexual violence) and disability-blind.
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Kıbrıs, Arzu. The conflict trap revisited: civil conflict and educational achievement. Sabancı University, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5900/su_fass_wp.2012.20097.

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Harvey, Paul, and Habiba Mohamed. The Politics of Donor and Government Approaches to Social Protection and Humanitarian Policies for Assistance During Crises. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.010.

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This paper examines social protection policy processes in fragile and conflict-affected settings (FCAS). It explores what the policies of donor governments, aid agencies, and crisis-affected governments reveal about the politics of assistance during crises, and how aid agencies are navigating tensions between humanitarian and development approaches to social assistance. It finds that social protection policies are prone to conflict blindness. Commitments to state-building often ignore dilemmas inherent in supporting states that are parties to ongoing conflicts and the political rather than technical challenges involved. Government social protection policies in FCAS often make little mention of the fact that war or conflict are taking place.
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Овчаров, Артем Валерьевич. Криминологические аспекты современных расовых конфликтов в США. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2074-1944-2021-0367.

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The article is devoted to the criminological aspect of the problem of racial conflicts in the United States of America. The author examines the concept of racial conflict and characterizes the causes of these conflicts. The article provides a brief criminological description of crime motivated by racial, national or religious hatred and enmity and analyzes the statistical data of both racial crime in the United States and crimes committed by representatives of different races
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Fraser, Niall M., Keith W. Hipel, and Marc D. Kilgour. Human Conflict Resolution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada182740.

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