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Published: 7 July 2024
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1

Okovido, J. O., and C. Kennedy. "Effect of Confining Pressures on Dynamic Response Characteristics of Silty Soils in the Niger Delta." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 5, no. 2 (October 2021): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2021.02.0258.

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The probability of earthquake occurrence in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was studied in this research. The resonant column/bender element tests were used for the study. Series of analysis were carried out on compacted silt in subsoil strata obtained from various locations in Rivers, Bayelsa, Delta and Akwa Ibom States. The effects of confinement on frequency, shear modulus, shear velocity and damping ratio were studied. The tests results revealed that confinement has effects on the investigated parameters. Thus, frequency response increases with increase in confinement pressure. Also, the resonance column test at various confinements revealed changes in shear modulus, accelerometer output and damping ratio. Accordingly, there was high disparity in the tested parameters as confinement pressure was increased. Similarly, the bender element tests also showed that pressure has effect on shear wave-velocity, shear modulus and damping ratio confinement. The shear modulus and shear wave-velocity generally increased as confinement pressure was increased, while damping ratio decreases as confinement pressure was increased. The variations in Resonance Column/Bender Element test parameters showed that the silty soil in the Niger Delta region, an oil and gas rich area, is likely to experience earthquake in the future. Therefore, geological data should be collated for monitoring, especially as several geological activities take place in the region.
2

Okovido, J. O., and C. Kennedy. "Effect of Confining Pressures on the Dynamic Response Characteristics of Niger Delta Clay Soils." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 5, no. 2 (October 2021): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2021.02.0257.

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The study investigated the earthquake potential in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. A series of resonant column and bender element test was performed on compacted clay soil samples across the investigated Niger Delta States, which showed the influence of confinement on frequency, shear modulus, shear velocity and damping ratio. The confinement in clay was high. The frequency response increases with pressure increase. Also, the resonance column test at various confinements revealed changes in shear modulus, accelerometer output and damping ratio. Thus, there was high variation in the test parameters as confinement pressure was increased. Similarly, the bender element tests also showed that pressure has effect on shear wave-velocity, shear modulus and damping ratio confinement. Although, unlike Resonance Column tests, the shear modulus and shear wave-velocity generally increased as confinement pressure was increased, while for damping ratio it decreases as confinement pressure was increased. The variations in resonance column/binder element test parameters showed that the Niger Delta region, as an oil and gas area, is susceptible to earthquake. Therefore, continuous monitoring of oil exploration activities must be put in place.
3

Hain, Frances M., and Jennifer GR Kromberg. "Trends in the twinning rate in Johannesburg, South Africa, 1969–1989 and estimated twinning rates for 1990." Twin Research 1, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.1.2.57.

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AbstractBirth statistics for the Johannesburg Metropolitan Region were collected for 757 151 confinements from 1969 to 1989 (467 513 Black, 194 375 White, 67 250 Coloured and 28 013 Indian confinements). From 1969 to 1978 data on the sexes of twins were also collected for 375 203 of the confinements (203 504 Black, 129 631 White, 28 253 Coloured and 13 815 Indian confinements). A twin confinement was defined as two deliveries during one confinement. Twinning rates (TRs), defined as the number of twin confinements per 1000 total confinements, were calculated per year for each population group and from 1969–1978 estimates of the relative proportions of dizygotic (DZ) and monozygotic (MZ) twins were calculated and thus the relative DZTRs and MZTRs. A significant decline in Black and Coloured TRs was observed between 1969 and 1989. A significant decline in Black DZTR but not Black MZTR was observed between 1969 and 1978, the Coloured twin sample was too small to show significant trends over this period. It is probable that the overall decline in Black twinning may be explained by a decline in the DZTR. An analysis of birth statistics for 159 748 confinements (134 504 Black and 25 244 White confinements) collected as part of a prospective study of TRs in the Johannesburg Metropolitan Region from 1988 to 1990, indicated that the Black TR continued to decline at least until the end of 1990. TRs in the Johannesburg Metropolitan Region calculated from City Health Department birth statistics collected from 1988 to 1990 were: 13.8 and 10.77 for the Black and White populations, respectively. TRs for this period calculated from the combined birth statistics of 14 hospitals, nursing homes and maternity clinics across the region were: 12.4 and 10.88 for the Black and White populations, respectively.
4

Goodman†, Michael L. "On driven, dissipative, energy-conserving magnetohydrodynamic equilibria." Journal of Plasma Physics 48, no. 2 (October 1992): 177–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800016482.

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A cylindrically symmetric, electrically driven, dissipative, energy-conserving magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium model is considered. The high-magnetic-field Braginskii electron electrical resistivity η parallel to a constant axial magnetic field B and ion thermal conductivity ĸ perpendicular to B are included in an energy equation and in Ohm's law. The expressions for η and ĸ depend on number density and temperature, which are functions of radius that are obtained as part of the equilibrium solution. The model has plasma-confining solutions, by which are meant solutions characterized by the separation of the plasma into two regions separated by a relatively thin transition region that is an internal boundary layer across which temperature and current density vary rapidly. The inner region has a temperature, pressure and current density that are much larger than in the outer region. The number density and thermal conductivity attain their minimum values in the transition region. The model has an intrinsic value of β, about 6.6%, which must be exceeded in order that a plasma-confining solution exist. The model has an intrinsic length scale, which, for plasma-confining solutions, is a measure of the thickness of the transition region separating the inner and outer regions of plasma. A larger class of transport coefficients is modelled by artificially changing η and ĸ by changing the constant coefficients ηO and ĸO that occur in their expressions. Increasing ĸO transforms a state that does not exhibit confinement into one that does, improves the confinement in a state that already exhibits it, and leads to an increase in ĸ in the confined region of plasma. The improvement in confinement consists in a decrease in the thickness of the transition region. Decreasing ηO subject to certain constraints, also transforms a state that does not exhibit confinement into one that does, improves the confinement in a state that already exhibits it, and leads to a decrease in η in the confined region of plasma. Increasing ηO up to a critical point increases the current, temperature, and volume of the confined region of plasma, and causes the thickness of the transition region to increase. If ηO is increased beyond the critical point, a plasma-confining state cannot exist. In all cases it is found that an increase in ĸ and a decrease in η in the confined region of plasma are associated with an improvement in the confinement properties of the equilibrium state. If the pressure and temperature are given on the cylinder wall, the equilibrium bifurcates when the electric field decreases below a critical value. The equilibrium can bifurcate into a state that exhibits confinement and a state that does not.
5

SREBRO, YAIR, DORON KUSHNIR, YONI ELBAZ, and DOV SHVARTS. "Modeling turbulent mixing in inertial confinement fusion implosions." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 3 (July 2003): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034603213100.

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Recent direct drive implosion experiments, performed on the OMEGA laser, have been analyzed by comparing full two-dimensional (2D) and one-dimensional (1D) numerical simulations. The 2D simulations result in a fusion yield higher than experimental results. A simple full-mixing model, leaving only the clean region, overestimates yield degradation. Fully turbulent mixing is expected to develop in most of the mixing region; however regions slightly beyond the radius of the most penetrating spike are expected to remain clean and to contribute to fusion yield. One can correct the mixing model by redefining the clean region. Accounting for this unmixed region results in improved agreement with experimental results. Differences in central pressure, density, temperature, and fusion rate in implosions dominated by low mode number perturbations imply that mix effects might not be limited to the mix region, and that 2D simulations are necessary to describe the large scale flow affecting the central region. The same analysis has been undertaken for implosions with different convergence ratios, but with similar initial perturbation spectra. These implosions should be compared to implosions dominated by high mode number perturbations, which might be described by models based on 1D simulations.
6

Herrera-Velarde, Salvador, Edith C. Euán-Díaz, and Ramón Castañeda-Priego. "Ordering and Dynamics of Interacting Colloidal Particles under Soft Confinement." Colloids and Interfaces 5, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids5020029.

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Confinement can induce substantial changes in the physical properties of macromolecules in suspension. Soft confinement is a particular class of restriction where the boundaries that constraint the particles in a region of the space are not well-defined. This scenario leads to a broader structural and dynamical behavior than observed in systems enclosed between rigid walls. In this contribution, we study the ordering and diffusive properties of a two-dimensional colloidal model system subjected to a one-dimensional parabolic trap. Increasing the trap strength makes it possible to go through weak to strong confinement, allowing a dimensional transition from two- to one-dimension. The non-monotonic response of the static and dynamical properties to the gradual dimensionality change affects the system phase behavior. We find that the particle dynamics are connected to the structural transitions induced by the parabolic trap. In particular, at low and intermediate confinement regimes, complex structural and dynamical scenarios arise, where the softness of the external potential induces melting and freezing, resulting in faster and slower particle diffusion, respectively. Besides, at strong confinements, colloids move basically along one direction, and the whole system behaves structurally and dynamically similar to a one-dimensional colloidal system.
7

Matuszewski, M., E. Infeld, G. Rowlands, and M. Trippenbach. "Stability analysis of three-dimensional breather solitons in a Bose–Einstein condensate." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 461, no. 2063 (September 14, 2005): 3561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2005.1531.

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We investigated the stability properties of breather soliton trains in a three-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) with Feshbach-resonance management of the scattering length. This is done so as to generate both attractive and repulsive interaction. The condensate is confined only by a one-dimensional optical lattice and we consider strong, moderate and weak confinement. By strong confinement we mean a situation in which a quasi two-dimensional soliton is created. Moderate confinement admits a fully three-dimensional soliton. Weak confinement allows individual solitons to interact. Stability properties are investigated by several theoretical methods such as a variational analysis, treatment of motion in effective potential wells, and collapse dynamics. Armed with all the information forthcoming from these methods, we then undertake a numerical calculation. Our theoretical predictions are fully confirmed, perhaps to a higher degree than expected. We compare regions of stability in parameter space obtained from a fully three-dimensional analysis with those from a quasi two-dimensional treatment, when the dynamics in one direction are frozen. We find that in the three-dimensional case the stability region splits into two parts. However, as we tighten the confinement, one of the islands of stability moves toward higher frequencies and the lower frequency region becomes more and more like that for the quasi two-dimensional case. We demonstrate these solutions in direct numerical simulations and, importantly, suggest a way of creating robust three-dimensional solitons in experiments in a BEC in a one-dimensional lattice.
8

Popov, Alexander D. "Geometric Confinement in Gauge Theories." Symmetry 15, no. 5 (May 9, 2023): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15051054.

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In 1978, Friedberg and Lee introduced the phenomenological soliton bag model of hadrons, generalizing the MIT bag model developed in 1974 shortly after the formulation of QCD. In this model, quarks and gluons are confined due to coupling with a real scalar field ρ, which tends to zero outside some compact region S⊂R3 determined dynamically from the equations of motion. The gauge coupling in the soliton bag model runs as the inverse power of ρ, already at the semiclassical level. We show that this model arises naturally as a consequence of introducing the warped product metric dsM2+ρ2dsG2 on the principal G-bundle P(M,G)≅M×G with a non-Abelian group G over Minkowski space M=R3,1. Confinement of quarks and gluons in a compact domain S⊂R3 is a consequence of the collapse of the bundle manifold M×G to M outside S due to shrinking of the group manifold G to a point. We describe the formation of such regions S as a dynamical process controlled by the order parameter field ρ.
9

Liu, Haihu, Yan Ba, Lei Wu, Zhen Li, Guang Xi, and Yonghao Zhang. "A hybrid lattice Boltzmann and finite difference method for droplet dynamics with insoluble surfactants." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 837 (December 21, 2017): 381–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.859.

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Droplet dynamics in microfluidic applications is significantly influenced by surfactants. It remains a research challenge to model and simulate droplet behaviour including deformation, breakup and coalescence, especially in the confined microfluidic environment. Here, we propose a hybrid method to simulate interfacial flows with insoluble surfactants. The immiscible two-phase flow is solved by an improved lattice Boltzmann colour-gradient model which incorporates a Marangoni stress resulting from non-uniform interfacial tension, while the convection–diffusion equation which describes the evolution of surfactant concentration in the entire fluid domain is solved by a finite difference method. The lattice Boltzmann and finite difference simulations are coupled through an equation of state, which describes how surfactant concentration influences interfacial tension. Our method is first validated for the surfactant-laden droplet deformation in a three-dimensional (3D) extensional flow and a 2D shear flow, and then applied to investigate the effect of surfactants on droplet dynamics in a 3D shear flow. Numerical results show that, at low capillary numbers, surfactants increase droplet deformation, due to reduced interfacial tension by the average surfactant concentration, and non-uniform effects from non-uniform capillary pressure and Marangoni stresses. The role of surfactants on the critical capillary number ($Ca_{cr}$) of droplet breakup is investigated for various confinements (defined as the ratio of droplet diameter to wall separation) and Reynolds numbers. For clean droplets,$Ca_{cr}$first decreases and then increases with confinement, and the minimum value of$Ca_{cr}$is reached at a confinement of 0.5; for surfactant-laden droplets,$Ca_{cr}$exhibits the same variation in trend for confinements lower than 0.7, but, for higher confinements,$Ca_{cr}$is almost a constant. The presence of surfactants decreases$Ca_{cr}$for each confinement, and the decrease is also attributed to the reduction in average interfacial tension and non-uniform effects, which are found to prevent droplet breakup at low confinements but promote breakup at high confinements. In either clean or surfactant-laden cases,$Ca_{cr}$first remains almost unchanged and then decreases with increasing Reynolds number, and a higher confinement or Reynolds number favours ternary breakup. Finally, we study the collision of two equal-sized droplets in a shear flow in both surfactant-free and surfactant-contaminated systems with the same effective capillary numbers. It is identified that the non-uniform effects in the near-contact interfacial region immobilize the interfaces when two droplets are approaching each other and thus inhibit their coalescence.
10

van Milligen, B. Ph, J. H. Nicolau, B. Liu, G. Grenfell, U. Losada, B. A. Carreras, L. García, and C. Hidalgo. "Filaments in the edge confinement region of TJ-II." Nuclear Fusion 58, no. 2 (January 5, 2018): 026030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa9db6.

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11

Asal, Ali Hussein Hammad, and Saeed Naif Turki Al-Rashid. "Effects of Quantum Confinement Energy on the Transmittance of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Within the Near Infrared Region (700-2500nm)." East European Journal of Physics, no. 3 (September 4, 2023): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2023-3-33.

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This study investigates how the energy of quantum confinement affects the transmittance of cadmium telluride, because of the importance of this substance, as it crystallizes in the form of cubes as thin films that are used in solar cells and liquid crystal imaging devices, as well as in infrared optics [1]. The MATLAB computer program version (2012a) was used, which is based on the characteristic matrix theory and Brus model, in addition to the quantum confinement energy equation. We found that the transmittance value of the nano CdTe thin film at normal incidence reaches 96.4% at a quantum confinement energy Eco = 2.7eV and at a particle size PS =2.6nm, while the value reaches 73.6% at a quantum confinement energy Eco = 0.01eV and at a particle size of PS=50nm.
12

Castorina, Paolo, and Alfredo Iorio. "Confinement horizon and QCD entropy." International Journal of Modern Physics A 33, no. 35 (December 20, 2018): 1850211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x18502111.

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Within the picture of quark confinement as due to a color event horizon, and of hadronization as an instance of the Unruh radiation for the strong force, we show here that QCD entropy, evaluated by lattice simulations in the region [Formula: see text], is in reasonable agreement with a melting color event horizon.
13

Medeiros, Ertha Janine Lacerda de, Francisco Harley de Oliveira Mendonça, Rita de Cássia Ramos do Egypto Queiroga, and Marta Suely Madruga. "Meat quality characteristics of exotic and SPRD crossbred goats from the semiarid region." Food Science and Technology 32, no. 4 (September 11, 2012): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612012005000102.

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Thirty-two intact male goats from four genetic groups (eight pure-bred Boers, eight ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD crossbreeds, eight ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbreeds, and eight ½ Anglo Nubian + ½ SPRD crossbreeds) were evaluated for meat quality. The goats were reared in confinement and slaughtered at the average live weight of 29 kg. Temperature and pH decrease in the longissimus dorsi muscle was determined for 24 hours, and analyses of colour, cooking loss, water-holding capacity, and sensory attributes were also performed. Genotype significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the confinement period; ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbreeds required the most time in confinement to reach the target weight, while the pure-bred Boers required the least time. Genotype also significantly influenced (P < 0.05) the weight loss due to cooking, shearing force, colour (intensity of yellowness and luminescence), and the sensory attributes of flavour, odour, and raw colour of the meat. The crossing of exotic Boer and Anglo Nubian breeds with the native SPRD resulted in a goat meat of high quality.
14

Calvet, B. "COVID-related confinement experience in people with major neurocognitive disorders and their caregivers in new aquitaine region, France." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.113.

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The COVID-19 epidemic is an unexpected global event that has shaken up the organisation of care in France. The spread of the epidemic was limited thanks to the confinement of people from Tuesday 17 March 2020 to Monday 11 May 2020. However, this confinement led to a change in the care of vulnerable people, including people suffering from neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). The aim of this study is to question people suffering from NCDs and their family carers about their experiences during the period of confinement introduced in connection with the COVID-19 epidemic and on any physical and/or functional consequences.MethodsAll persons whose memory consultations at CMRR Limoges were cancelled during the period of confinement (17 March to 11 May 2020) were contacted by telephone by the nurses or psychologists at CMRR.ResultsThe experience of the confinement episode as well as the deconfinement are studied. The survey records the clinical changes in patients and the medical/medical-social events that occurred during this period. The impact of the aids maintained and the place where people live is studied.DiscussionConfinement is an exceptional measure that makes it possible to reduce the risk of contagion in the event of an epidemic, at the risk of harmful consequences for people weakened by a NCDs. In the event of an epidemic episode in the future, this study could help to define the arrangements to be put in place to better protect people suffering from NCDs and their family caregivers.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
15

Сениченков, И. Ю., Е. Г. Кавеева, В. А. Рожанский, Е. А. Сытова, И. Ю. Веселова, С. П. Воскобойников, and D. P. Coster. "Роль электрического поля в формировании режима отрыва плазмы токамака." Письма в журнал технической физики 44, no. 6 (2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2018.06.45769.17085.

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AbstractModeling of the transition to the detachment of ASDEX Upgrade tokamak plasma with increasing density is performed using the SOLPS-ITER numerical code with a self-consistent account of drifts and currents. Their role in plasma redistribution both in the confinement region and in the scrape-off layer (SOL) is investigated. The mechanism of high field side high-density formation in the SOL in the course of detachment is suggested. In the full detachment regime, when the cold plasma region expands above the X -point and reaches closed magnetic-flux surfaces, plasma perturbation in a confined region may lead to a change in the confinement regime.
16

Bae, Jeong-Myeong, Ido Ben-Dayan, Marcelo Schiffer, Gibum Yun, and Heeseung Zoe. "Trapped Gravitational Waves in Jackiw–Teitelboim Gravity." Universe 7, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7020040.

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We discuss the possibility that gravitational fluctuations (“gravitational-waves”) are trapped in space by gravitational interactions in two dimensional Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity. In the standard geon (gravitational electromagnetic entity) approach, the effective energy is entirely deposited in a thin layer, the active region, that achieves spatial self-confinement and raises doubts about the geon’s stability. In this paper we relinquish the “active region” approach and obtain self-confinement of “gravitational waves” that are trapped by the vacuum geometry and can be stable against the backreaction due to metric fluctuations.
17

Yang, Leon, Devon Reed, Kofi W. Adu, and Ana Laura Elias Arriaga. "Quantum Confinement Effect in the Absorption Spectra of Graphene Quantum Dots." MRS Advances 4, no. 3-4 (2019): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.18.

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ABSTRACTOur preliminary investigation of the absorption and the photoluminescence response of selectively separated graphene quantum dots using centrifugation indicate that the photoluminescence is more sensitive to the size of the quantum dot than the absorption. We observed ∼143nm blueshift from 623nm to 480nm in the visible region of the photoluminescence with increasing successive centrifugation (decreasing size) and not in the corresponding absorption spectra in the visible region. However, for the first time, we observed a blueshift in the absorption spectra in the UV regions that is tentatively attributed to quantum confinement. Further detailed work is underway to confirm the blueshift in the absorption and correlate with deep UV photoluminescence and morphological quantification of the quantum dots size distribution using high resolution transmission electron microscope.
18

Ponomarev, E. I., E. G. Shvetsov, and V. I. Kharuk. "Fires in the Altai-Sayan region: Landscape and ecological confinement." Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 52, no. 7 (December 2016): 725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001433816070069.

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19

Castellà-Ventura, Martine, Alain Moissette, and Emile Kassab. "DFT Study of Si/Al Ratio and Confinement Effects on the Energetics and Vibrational Properties of some Aza-Aromatic Molecules Adsorbed on H-ZSM-5 Zeolite." Computation 8, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation8030081.

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The Si/Al ratio and confinement effects of zeolite framework on energetics and vibrational frequencies of pyridine and 4,4′-bipyridine adsorbed on Brønsted acid sites in the straight channel of H-ZSM-5 are investigated by DFT calculations at the B3LYP and M06-2X+D3 levels. The straight channel of H-ZSM-5 is simulated by a cluster of 32 tetrahedral centers covering the intersection between straight and zigzag channels. Pyridine and 4,4′-bipyridine adsorption at two different sites in the intersection (open region) and/or in the narrow region situated between two intersections (closed region) is studied. For two Si/Al ratios (31, 15), the ion pair complexes formed by proton transfer upon pyridine and 4,4′-bipyridine adsorption in the open region and for the first time in the closed region are characterized. Our results indicate: (i) the stability for all adsorption complexes is essentially governed by the dispersive van der Waals interactions and the open region is energetically more favorable than the closed region owing to the predominance of the dispersive interactions over the steric constraints exerted by the confinement effects; (ii) as the Al centers are sufficiently spaced apart, Si/Al ratio does not influence pyridine adsorption energy, but significantly affects the adsorption energies and the relative stability of 4,4′-bipyridine complexes; (iii) neither Si/Al ratio nor confinement significantly influence pyridine and 4,4′-bipyridine vibrational frequencies within their complexes.
20

Portugal, Guilherme Ribeiro, and Jeverson Teodoro Arantes. "Structural and electronic properties of NaTaO3 cubic nanowires." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 14 (2020): 7250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06769h.

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Remsing, Richard C., Erte Xi, Srivathsan Vembanur, Sumit Sharma, Pablo G. Debenedetti, Shekhar Garde, and Amish J. Patel. "Pathways to dewetting in hydrophobic confinement." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 27 (June 22, 2015): 8181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503302112.

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Liquid water can become metastable with respect to its vapor in hydrophobic confinement. The resulting dewetting transitions are often impeded by large kinetic barriers. According to macroscopic theory, such barriers arise from the free energy required to nucleate a critical vapor tube that spans the region between two hydrophobic surfaces—tubes with smaller radii collapse, whereas larger ones grow to dry the entire confined region. Using extensive molecular simulations of water between two nanoscopic hydrophobic surfaces, in conjunction with advanced sampling techniques, here we show that for intersurface separations that thermodynamically favor dewetting, the barrier to dewetting does not correspond to the formation of a (classical) critical vapor tube. Instead, it corresponds to an abrupt transition from an isolated cavity adjacent to one of the confining surfaces to a gap-spanning vapor tube that is already larger than the critical vapor tube anticipated by macroscopic theory. Correspondingly, the barrier to dewetting is also smaller than the classical expectation. We show that the peculiar nature of water density fluctuations adjacent to extended hydrophobic surfaces—namely, the enhanced likelihood of observing low-density fluctuations relative to Gaussian statistics—facilitates this nonclassical behavior. By stabilizing isolated cavities relative to vapor tubes, enhanced water density fluctuations thus stabilize novel pathways, which circumvent the classical barriers and offer diminished resistance to dewetting. Our results thus suggest a key role for fluctuations in speeding up the kinetics of numerous phenomena ranging from Cassie–Wenzel transitions on superhydrophobic surfaces, to hydrophobically driven biomolecular folding and assembly.
22

GOGOKHIA, V., and B. MAGRADZE. "QUARK CONFINEMENT AND DYNAMICAL CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKDOWN IN QCD." Modern Physics Letters A 04, no. 16 (August 20, 1989): 1549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732389001763.

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In the framework of the Schwinger-Dyson equation and corresponding Slavnov-Taylor identity in the infrared region, we obtain nonperturbative, infrared finite and gauge-invariant quark propagator, which has no pole (confinement-type solution) and implies dynamical chiral symmetry breakdown (dynamical quark mass generation). Our model is free of ghost complications. Nonperturbative (effective) quark mass is derived, which exhibits an essential singularity in the coupling constant, according to the renormalization group solutions in the infrared region.
23

Sekiguchi, Jun'ichi, Tomohiko Asai, Tsutomu Takahashi, and Toshiki Takahashi. "Translation of an FRC Plasma into a Quasi-spherical Confinement Region." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 134, no. 9 (2014): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.134.509.

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Boris, D. R., and G. A. Emmert. "Composition of the source region plasma in inertial electrostatic confinement devices." Physics of Plasmas 15, no. 8 (August 2008): 083502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2965148.

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Wilhelm, H., M. Baenitz, M. Schmidt, C. Naylor, R. Lortz, U. K. Rößler, A. A. Leonov, and A. N. Bogdanov. "Confinement of chiral magnetic modulations in the precursor region of FeGe." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 24, no. 29 (July 6, 2012): 294204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/24/29/294204.

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Wilson, H. R., J. W. Connor, A. R. Field, S. J. Fielding, R. L. Miller, L. L. Lao, J. R. Ferron, and A. D. Turnbull. "Ideal magnetohydrodynamic stability of the tokamak high-confinement-mode edge region." Physics of Plasmas 6, no. 5 (May 1999): 1925–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873492.

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Akemi, K., M. Fujisaki, M. Okuda, Y. Tago, Ph de Forcrand, T. Hashimoto, C. Hege, et al. "Monte Carlo renormalization group study at large β in confinement region." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 30 (March 1993): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(93)90263-6.

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28

Kalinina, Lyudmila B. "Agaricoid fungi new to Leningrad Region, Russia." Turczaninowia 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.25.3.12.

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Information on 18 species recorded for the first time in the Leningrad Region is given, including seven (Atheniella leptophylla, Cystoagaricus sylvestris, Lepiota subalba, Mycena mirata, Pluteus ephebeus, Psathyrella longicauda and Psathyrella pygmaea) previously not known from the north-west of European Russia. The species are annotated with comments on ecology, and colour illustrations of basidiomata are provided. Three species are recommended for the next edition of Red Data Book of the Leningrad Region: Atheniella leptophylla as confined to limestone outcrops, rare in the region, and Cystoagaricus sylvestris and Pluteus aurantiorugosus vulnerable due to substrate confinement to elm wood.
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Chiquete, Carlos, and Mark Short. "Characteristic path analysis of confinement influence on steady two-dimensional detonation propagation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 863 (January 29, 2019): 789–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.995.

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Steady detonation in multi-dimensional flow is controlled by the chemical energy release that occurs in a subsonic elliptic flow region known as the detonation driving zone (DDZ). It is the region encompassing the detonation shock and sonic flow locus (in the frame of the detonation shock). A detonation that is strongly confined by material surrounding the explosive has the shock and sonic locus separated at the material interface. Information about the material boundary is traditionally believed to influence the DDZ structure via the subsonic flow on the boundary ahead of the sonic locus. A detonation that is weakly confined has the detonation shock and sonic locus intersecting at the material boundary. The sonic nature of the flow at the intersection point on the boundary is believed to isolate the DDZ structure from the material properties of the confinement. In this study, we examine the paths of characteristics propagating information about the confinement through the supersonic hyperbolic flow region that exists beyond the sonic locus, and determine whether these paths may impinge on the sonic locus and consequently influence the DDZ structure. Our configuration consists of a solid wall boundary deflected through a specified angle on detonation shock arrival, so that the streamline turning angle of the wall at the explosive edge is unambiguously defined. By varying the wall deflection angle from small through large values, we can systematically capture the evolution of the DDZ structure and the characteristic flow regions that influence its structure for strongly to weakly confined detonations. In all strong and weak confinement cases examined, we find that a subset of characteristics from the supersonic flow regions always impinge on the sonic locus. Limiting characteristics are identified that define the boundary between characteristics that impinge on the sonic surface and those that propagate information downstream of the sonic surface. In combination with an oblique-shock polar analysis, we show that the effects on the DDZ of characteristic impingement can be significant.
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Hoang, Tu, Jisk Holleman, and Jurriaan Schmitz. "SOI-LEDs with Carrier Confinement." Materials Science Forum 590 (August 2008): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.590.101.

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Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) technology exhibits significant performance advantages over conventional bulk silicon technology in both electronics and optoelectronics. In this chapter we present an overview of recent applications on light emission from SOI materials. Particularly, in our work we used SOI technology to fabricate light emitting diodes (LEDs), which emit around 1130 nm wavelength with an external quantum efficiency of 1.4 × 10−4 at room temperature (corresponding to an internal quantum efficiency close to 1 %). This is almost two orders of magnitude higher than reported earlier for SOI LEDs. This large improvement is due to three carrier confinement mechanisms: geometrical effects, quantum-size effects, and electric field effects. Our lateral p+/p/n+ structure is powered through two very thin silicon slabs adjacent to the p+/p and n+/p junction. Such use of thin silicon films aims to reduce the p+ and n+ contact area and to confine the injected carriers in the central lowly doped p-region. With this approach, we realized an efficient compact infrared light source with high potential switching speed for on-chip integration applications.
31

He, Canzhong, Xiaodong She, Zheng Peng, Jieping Zhong, Shuangquan Liao, Wei Gong, Jianhe Liao, and Lingxue Kong. "Graphene networks and their influence on free-volume properties of graphene–epoxidized natural rubber composites with a segregated structure: rheological and positron annihilation studies." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 18 (2015): 12175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp00465a.

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32

Short, Mark, James J. Quirk, Carlos Chiquete, and Chad D. Meyer. "Detonation propagation in a circular arc: reactive burn modelling." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 835 (November 28, 2017): 970–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.751.

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The dynamics of steady detonation propagation in a two-dimensional, high explosive circular arc geometry are examined computationally using a reactive flow model approach. The arc is surrounded by a low impedance material confiner on its inner surface, while its outer surface is surrounded either by the low impedance confiner or by a high impedance confiner. The angular speed of the detonation and properties of the steady detonation driving zone structure, i.e. the region between the detonation shock and sonic flow locus, are examined as a function of increasing arc thickness for a fixed inner arc radius. For low impedance material confinement on the inner and outer arc surfaces, the angular speed increases monotonically with increasing arc thickness, before limiting to a constant. The limiting behaviour is found to occur when the detonation driving zone detaches from the outer arc surface, leaving a region of supersonic flow on the outer surface. Consequently, the angular speed of the detonation becomes insensitive to further increases in the arc thickness. For high impedance material confinement on the outer arc surface, the observed flow structures are significantly more complex. As the arc thickness increases, we sequentially observe regions of negative shock curvature on the detonation front, reflected shock formation downstream of the reaction zone, and eventually Mach stem formation on the detonation front. Subsequently, a region of supersonic flow develops between the detonation driving zone and the Mach stem structure. For sufficiently wide arcs, the Mach stem structure disappears. For the high impedance material confinement, the angular speed of the detonation first increases with increasing arc thickness, reaches a maximum, decreases, and then limits to a constant for sufficiently large arc thickness. The limiting angular speed is the same as that found for the low impedance confiner on the outer arc surface.
33

Hermassi, Souhail, Lawrence D. Hayes, Nilihan E. M. Sanal-Hayes, and René Schwesig. "Effect of Coronavirus-19 Restrictions in Male Handball Players: Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Satisfaction with Life." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 11373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311373.

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This experiment examined physical activity (PA), sitting time, and satisfaction with life (SL) in European (45%) and Middle Eastern and North African (MENA; 55%) handball players (n = 418; age: 25.6 ± 6.8 years; body mass: 88.1 ± 11.7 kg; height: 1.83 ± 0.08 m) during the coronavirus (COVID)-19 pandemic. The International Physical Activity (IPAQ) and Satisfaction of Life (LS) Questionnaires were administered. All PA variables (vigorous, moderate, walking, total PA) were negatively influenced, but no interaction effects (IE; region x time) were observed. Sitting time increased from 2.5 to 4.9 h∙weekday−1 (ηp2 = 0.80) and walking time decreased from 66.8 to 33.5 min∙day−1 (ηp2 = 0.83). Based on effect sizes (d), pre- to during-confinement reductions were similar between regions (MENA: d = 3.29; Europe: d = 3.41; IE: ηp2 = 0.01). The largest regional difference was in moderate PA (MENA: d = 1.88; Europe: d = 2.99; IE: ηp2 = 0.09). SL in the total sample reduced from 30.6 ± 2.02 to 13.9 ± 2.20 arbitrary units (AU). SL reduction was similar in both regions (dMENA = 8.44; dEUROPE = 8.06; IE: ηp2 = 0.01). To conclude, PA decreased during COVID-19 confinement, sitting time increased, and SL decreased irrespective of geographical region. These preliminary findings highlight risk of SL and physical inactivity during COVID-19 restrictions in 2021.
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Moumni, Hind, and Fatima Elghazouani. "The impact of COVID-19 and the confinement on the secondary level students of the Eastern region of Morocco." Indian Journal of Psychiatry 65, no. 11 (November 2023): 1176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_363_23.

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Context: In March 2020, Morocco announced the first COVID-19 case and implemented preventive measures, including home confinement. Aims: Monitoring the psychological effects and prevalence among high- and middle-school students. Settings and Design: This study is cross-sectional, carried online. Methods and Materials: The survey was conducted by publishing an online questionnaire between May 14, 2020 and June 14, 2020, which included inquiries about socio-demographic data, the conditions of home confinement, activities carried out during confinement, and medical history and sleep patterns. To assess depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and stress, the survey employed the “DSRS-c,” “SCARED,” and “PSS10” scales, respectively. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were received on Google forms coded by Excel 2010 and analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Results: Out of the 689 participants, 73.7% were females; the mean age was 16.08 years (standard deviation 1.48). 94.8% of subjects reported changes in sleep habits, and 41.4% of adolescents had high levels of depressive symptoms, while 50.7% had high levels of anxiety symptoms. Several factors were significantly associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms, including being a girl (P = 0.000), being a high-school student (P = 0.011), economic struggles during the pandemic (P = 0.003), doubting the necessity of home confinement (P = 0.000), spending over 3 hours a day on social networks and video games (P = 0.000), dropping out of remote learning (P = 0.000), having a psychiatric history (P = 0.000), having chronic illnesses in the family (P = 0.002), and changes in sleep habits (P = 0.000). Conclusions: The study found high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among students during the pandemic, emphasizing the need for mental health awareness and support.
35

Jora, Renata. "Phase transitions for SU(N) gauge theories with arbitrary number of flavors." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 34 (December 9, 2015): 1550203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15502036.

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We study the phase diagram of an [Formula: see text] gauge theory in terms of the number of colors [Formula: see text] and flavors [Formula: see text] with emphasis on the confinement and chiral symmetry breaking phases. We argue that as opposed to SUSY QCD there is a small region in the [Formula: see text] plane where the theory has the chiral symmetry broken but it is unconfined. The possibility of a new phase with strong confinement and chiral symmetry breaking is suggested.
36

Ebrahimi, Mehregan, and C. Michael Bull. "Determining the success of varying short-term confinement time during simulated translocations of the endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard (Tiliqua adelaidensis)." Amphibia-Reptilia 34, no. 1 (2013): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002863.

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Translocation is a powerful tool in conservation management, but one of the major problems of this tool is dispersal after release. Translocated animals might disperse from prime habitat and face unsuitable habitat and possible increased exposure to predators. This might lead to decline of a translocated population and could compromise the success of translocation. We assessed whether short-term confinement within enclosures at the translocation site can significantly decrease post release movement, if confinement allowed animals to become familiar with the new habitat, and to overcome handling related stress. We simulated the translocation of an Australian lizard, the endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard Tiliqua adelaidensis, into the centre of a large enclosure and compared the behaviour between individuals confined to the central region for one or five days before release. We found that lizards confined for five days spent less time basking, and were more likely to disperse than lizards confined for just one day. We suggest that short-term confinement of lizards induces additional stress and that extra days of short-term confinement will not necessarily improve the success of a translocation. Future research could determine the effectiveness of different durations of confinement for releasing animals at translocation sites.
37

Nekratova, Anna N., Nadezhda S. Zinner, and Anastasia V. Shchukina. "The genus Thalictrum species as promising medicinal plants of the Tomsk region (Western Siberia)." Acta Biologica Sibirica 7 (April 22, 2021): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/abs.7.e67078.

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The genus Thalictrum species (Ranunculaceae) are of interest for study as medicinal plants that are promising for expanding the gene pool and treating socially significant diseases. The data of the analysis of more than 100 geobotanical descriptions obtained in 2010-2017 were used to study the coenotic complexes of Thalictrum minus and Thalictrum simplex growing in Tomsk region and to determine their ecological-coenotic confinement. The aim of our research was to study the species of the genus Thalictrum growing in Tomsk region, their distribution and use in medicine, to investigate the coenotic complex, and to determine the ecological-coenotic confinement of Thalictrum minus L. and Thalictrum simplex L. growing in Tomsk region. The coenotic complex of Thalictrum minus includes 146 species. Thalictrum minus is the reserve of raw materials of Category II, which are identified in species confined to coenoses of different synanthropic degree, where they grow abundantly. The coenotic complex of Thalictrum simplex in Tomsk region includes 62 species. Thalictrum simplex is the reserve of raw materials of Category II.
38

Gupta, Supriya, and Paresh Chokshi. "Diblock copolymer templated self-assembly of grafted nanoparticles under circular pore confinement." Soft Matter 16, no. 14 (2020): 3522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00124d.

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Geometric confinement results in an asymmetric distribution of particles within the curved lamella domain with a higher concentration near the region of greater curvature, in addition to producing novel microstructures.
39

GODEFERD, F. S., and L. LOLLINI. "Direct numerical simulations of turbulence with confinement and rotation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 393 (August 25, 1999): 257–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099005637.

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The goal of this work is to analyse how solid body rotation affects forced turbulence enclosed within solid boundaries, and to compare it to results of the experiment performed by Hopfinger et al. (1982). In order to identify various mechanisms associated with rotation, confinement, and forcing, a numerical pseudo-spectral code is used for performing direct numerical simulations. The geometry is simplified with respect to the experimental one. First, we are able to reproduce the linear regime, as propagating inertial waves that undergo reflections at the walls. Second, the Ekman pumping phenomenon, proportional to the rotation rate, is identified in freely decaying turbulence, for which the evolution of the flow bounded by walls is compared to the evolution of unbounded homogeneous turbulence. Finally we introduce a local forcing on a plane in physical space, for simulating the effect of an oscillating grid, so that diffusive turbulence is created, and we examine the structuring of the flow under the combination of the linear and nonlinear mechanisms. A transition to an almost two-dimensional state is shown to occur between the region close to the forcing and an outer region in which vortices appear, the number of which depends on the Reynolds and Rossby numbers. In this region, the anisotropy of turbulence is examined, and the numerical predictions are shown to reproduce many of the most important features present in the experimental flow.
40

ZHANG, X. M., X. SHEN, B. N. WAN, Z. W. WU, and J. FU. "Heat transport analysis of the improved confinement discharge with LHW in the HT-7 tokamak." Journal of Plasma Physics 76, no. 2 (December 15, 2009): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377809990390.

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AbstractIn the HT-7 tokamak, heat transport analysis is carried out for the lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) experiments. Electrons and ions are coupled and good confinement can be obtained by properly optimizating LHCD and plasma parameters. Under the conditions that the plasma current is about 220 kA, the lower hybrid wave (LHW) power is about 300 kW and the central line-averaged density is about 1.5×1013 cm−3, lower hybrid wave power deposition is off-axis. Local transport analysis illustrated that both electron and ion thermal diffusivities are decreased during the LHW phase, and the electron internal transport barriers (eITBs) are formed while been accompanied by the ion internal transport barriers (iITBs) during LHW phase. Ions are heated by electron-ion collision in the region of the barriers although the ohmic power and the LHW power were absorbed by the electrons. Both electron temperature and ion temperature are increased during the LHW phase, and in the confinement region, the electron-to-ion temperature ratio, Te/Ti varies from 2.0 ~ 2.5 during OH phase to 1.3 ~ 1.6 during LHW injected into the plasma, which shows that electron confinement is not degraded by the electron–ion collisions meanwhile ions are also confined. The energy confinement is increased from 13 ms to 25 ms due to the formation of electron and ion internal transport barries after the LHW is injected into the plasma. LHW driven current and bootstrap current contribute to 60% of the total current.
41

Elhelw, Ahmed Refaat, Mahmoud Salman S. Ibrahim, Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Abd El-Naser A. Mohamed, Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed, and Salah S. A. Obayya. "Highly Sensitive Bilirubin Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber in Terahertz Region." Photonics 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10010068.

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An unstable bilirubin level in the human blood causes many dangerous health problems, such as jaundice, coronary artery disease, ulcerative colitis, and brain lesions. Therefore, the accurate and early detection of bilirubin concentrations in the blood is mandatory. In this work, a highly sensitive biosensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for monitoring bilirubin levels is proposed and analyzed. The sensor parameters, including relative sensitivity, effective mode area, confinement loss, and effective material loss, are calculated. The geometrical parameters are studied, and a modal analysis of the suggested sensor is carried out using the full-vectorial finite element method (FEM). The fabrication tolerance of the geometrical parameters is also studied to ensure the fabrication feasibility of the reported design. High sensitivities of 95% and 98% are obtained for the x-polarized and y-polarized modes, respectively. Furthermore, a small material loss of 0.00193 cm−1, a small confinement loss of 2.03 × 10−14 dB/cm, and a large effective mode area of 0.046 mm2 are achieved for the y-polarized mode. It is believed that the presented sensor will be helpful in health care and in the early detection of bilirubin levels in the blood.
42

Raiyani, Sunil, Paresh Patel, and S. Suriya Prakash. "Effectiveness of Partial Wrapping of Stainless-Steel Wire Mesh on Compression Behavior of Concrete Cylinders." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 18, no. 69 (April 20, 2024): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.69.06.

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Partial confinement can provide sufficient reinforcement to enhance the compressive strength and ductility of concrete with lesser confining material. This paper presents the results of an axial compression test conducted on eighteen plain concrete cylinders of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height partially confined with a Stainless-Steel Wire Mesh (SSWM) strip of different widths. The study included two specimens without wrapping, two fully wrapped specimens, and others wrapped with two SSWM strips of varying widths at both the ends of concrete cylinder. The strain on SSWM up to failure is measured to understand the effectiveness of lateral confining pressure on the behaviour of concrete cylinders. The peak axial compressive strength and corresponding strain of unconfined and SSWM-confined concrete cylinders are compared. The result shows a significant increase in peak confined compressive stress as compared to an unconfined concrete cylinder. However, the confinement efficiency is reduced when the height of the unconfined region exceeds the diameter of the cylinder, and significant strain localisation is detected within the unwrapped region. Based on experimental investigation, a confinement coefficient is suggested for a partial wrapping of SSWM on the concrete cylinder.
43

Wolf, C. "Confinement of disordered radiation by a false vacuum." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 1566–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-277.

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The common belief that ultrarelativistic particles and disordered radiation obeying the equation of state P = ε/3 cannot be contained by the gravitational field is shown to be incorrect if a thin film of Higgs vacuum (away from the minimum of the potential) is allowed to provide a transition region between the interior and the true vacuum outside the astrophysical object.
44

FU, Y., and K. A. CHAO. "EXCITON CONFINEMENT IN SEMICONDUCTOR MULTIPLE QUANTUM WELLS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 04, no. 15n16 (December 1990): 2345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979290001108.

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Exciton binding energy in semiconductor multiple quantum well (MQW) systems is analyzed with both the variational method and the perturbation theory. The intrinsic deficiency of the use of the two-dimensional exciton envelop wave function is clearly demonstrated. Using a GaAs/Al x Ga 1−xAs MQW as an example to calculate the exciton binding energy with a variational three-dimensional trial envelop function, we found that in many realistic samples the spatial extension of an exciton covers a region of several lattice constant dA + dB, where dA is the barrier width and dB is the well width.
45

ANISOVICH, V. V. "SCALAR MESONS AND LOW-MASS SIGMA: DOES THE σ REVEAL THE CONFINEMENT SINGULARITY?" International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 17 (July 10, 2006): 3615–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06031569.

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We present a short review of the current understanding of the scalar meson sector, with special attention to the problem of the low-mass σ. The dispersion relation N/D-method used for the restoration of the low-energy ππ (IJ PC = 00++)-wave amplitude is discussed. The low-energy ππ amplitude was determined from the data in the energy region 280–500 MeV and it was sewn with the previously found K-matrix solution for the region 450–1950 MeV. The N/D-amplitude has a pole on the second sheet of the complex-s plane, near the ππ threshold at [Formula: see text], that corresponds to the low-mass σ-meson. We discuss the hypothesis that this pole may be related to the confinement forces, thus being the eyewitness of confinement.
46

Tieszen, S., H. Merte, V. S. Arpaci, and S. Selamoglu. "Crevice Boiling in Steam Generators." Journal of Heat Transfer 109, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3248155.

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Experimental results are presented on the influence of confinement (normal to heated surface) on nucleate boiling in forced flow. The forced flow conditions and confinement geometry studied are similar to those found for boiling between a primary-fluid tube and a tube-support plate in steam generators of pressurized-water-reactor nuclear power plants. Visual observations of the boiling process within the confined region (crevice) between the tube and its support plate, obtained by high-speed photography, are related to simultaneous two-dimensional temperature maps of the hot primary-fluid-tube surface. The results demonstrate the existence of three confinement-dependent boiling regimes in forced flow conditions that are similar to those found in pool boiling conditions. These regimes are shown to be associated with the Weber number.
47

Tang, J., and K. W. Wang. "Vibration Confinement via Optimal Eigenvector Assignment and Piezoelectric Networks." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1597213.

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The underlying principle for vibration confinement is to alter the structural vibration modes so that the corresponding modal components have much smaller amplitude in concerned area than in the remaining part of the structure. In this research, the state-of-the-art in vibration confinement technique is advanced in two correlated ways. First, a new eigenstructure assignment algorithm is developed to more directly suppress vibration in regions of interest. This algorithm is featured by the optimal selection of achievable eigenvectors that minimizes the eigenvector components at concerned region by using the Rayleigh Principle. Second, the active control input is applied through an active-passive hybrid piezoelectric network. With the introduction of circuitry elements, which are much easier to implement than changing or adding mechanical components, the state matrices can be reformed and the design space for eigenstructure assignment can be greatly enlarged. To maximize the system performance, a simultaneous optimization/optimal eigenvector assignment approach to decide the passive and active parameters concurrently is outlined. The merits of the proposed system and scheme are demonstrated and analyzed using numerical examples.
48

Sonawane, Ulhas S., E. P. Samuel, Chetan Kasar, and D. S. Patil. "Analysis of Tunneling Phenomenon and Electron Confinement in Quantum Nanowire." Applied Mechanics and Materials 481 (December 2013): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.481.40.

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Using Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) the Eigen energy of the GaN/AlGaN quantum wire has been evaluated. Peak density results show the confinement and tunneling of electron distribution in quantum wire due to band offset of GaN (wire region) and AlGaN (barrier region). The impact of this band offset results in variation in Eigen energy and is significant in Tunneling phenomenon study to realize the transmission coefficient across the cross-section. Our analysis reveals that for wider wires transmission coefficient reaches to its peak for lower Eigen energy values. Likewise, increase in aluminum mole fraction in AlGaN decreases tunneling effect.
49

Gowre, Sanjaykumar, Sudipta Mahapatra, and P. K. Sahu. "A Modified Structure for All-Glass Photonic Bandgap Fibers: Dispersion Characteristics and Confinement Loss Analysis." ISRN Optics 2013 (September 22, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/416537.

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This paper investigates a modified structure for all-glass photonic bandgap fiber (AGPBF) having up-doped silica rods in the cladding region instead of air holes using plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods. The proposed AGPBF structure exhibits tunable dispersion properties and improved confinement loss. It is observed that the confinement loss can be reduced simply by using a higher doping concentration in silica rods in the cladding. Also, it is possible to achieve flattened dispersion of the order of 1 ps/nm/km over a wide wavelength range.
50

Das, Bhaskar, Balamurugan Balasubramanian, Ralph Skomski, Pinaki Mukherjee, Shah R. Valloppilly, George C. Hadjipanayis, and David J. Sellmyer. "Effect of size confinement on skyrmionic properties of MnSi nanomagnets." Nanoscale 10, no. 20 (2018): 9504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr08864g.

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