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Journal articles on the topic 'Confinement model'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Tyulemissov, Zh Zh, N. Habyl, S. A. Zhaugasheva, G. S. Nurbakova, and G. G. Saidullaeva. "Significance of confinement in covariant quark model." International Journal of Mathematics and Physics 6, no. 1 (2015): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/2218-7987-2015-6-1-88-91.

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2

Biswas, S., S. Kumar, and L. Das. "Model of confinement." Pramana 35, no. 1 (July 1990): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02846640.

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3

Chinappi, M., and E. De Angelis. "Confined dynamics of a single DNA molecule." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1944 (June 13, 2011): 2329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0096.

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The effect of a slit-like confinement on the relaxation dynamics of DNA is studied via a mesoscale model in which a bead and spring model for the polymer is coupled to a particle-based Navier–Stokes solver (multi-particle collision dynamics). The confinement is found to affect the equilibrium stretch of the chain when the bulk gyration radius is comparable to or smaller than the channel height and our data are in agreement with the ( R g,bulk / h ) 1/4 scaling of the polymer extension in the wall tangential direction. Relaxation simulation at different confinements indicates that, while the overall behaviour of the relaxation dynamics is similar for low and strong confinements, a small, but significant, slowing of the far-equilibrium relaxation is found as the confinement increases.

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4

Goncharov, Y. P., and N. E. Firsova. "Classical Model of Confinement." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 49, no. 5 (March 19, 2010): 1155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-010-0296-3.

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5

Biswas, S., and S. Kumar. "Confinement model for quarks." Pramana 33, no. 2 (August 1989): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02845755.

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6

Hošek, Jiří. "Macroscopic model of confinement." Physical Review D 46, no. 8 (October 15, 1992): 3645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.46.3645.

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7

Olsson, M. G. "SPECTROSCOPY AND CONFINEMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, no. 03 (January 30, 2003): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03014289.

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In this talk I progress semi-historically from the potential model as applied to heavy onia states to the QCD string dynamics of light quark mesons. The virtues and problems of the potential model are reviewed. Some of the difficulties are solved by the introduction of QCD string confinement. The method of solving string models numerically is outlined and some recent analytic results are discussed. We end by exploring some consequences of the model and how the observed light quark mesons can be classified simply.

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8

Koike, Yuji, Osamu Morimatsu, and Koichi Yazaki. "Quark Cluster Model and Confinement." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 137 (2000): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.137.21.

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9

Thaler, J., and M. J. Iqbal. "Potential model for quark confinement." Physical Review D 31, no. 11 (June 1, 1985): 3010–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.31.3010.

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10

Koike, Y., O. Morimatsu, and K. Yazaki. "Quark Cluster Model and Confinement." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 137 (May 16, 2013): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp.137.21.

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11

Irges, Nikos, and Francesco Knechtli. "A new model for confinement." Physics Letters B 685, no. 1 (February 2010): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2010.01.040.

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12

Staebler, G. M. "Model for improved divertor confinement." Nuclear Fusion 30, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 2295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/30/11/007.

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13

Swift, Arthur R. "Self-consistent model of confinement." Physical Review D 38, no. 2 (July 15, 1988): 668–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.38.668.

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14

Issifu, Adamu, and Francisco A. Brito. "Confinement of Fermions in Tachyon Matter." Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (April 25, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1852841.

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In this paper, we develop a phenomenological model inspired by QCD that mimics the QCD theory. We use the gauge theory in color dielectric medium (Gϕ) coupled with fermion fields to produce scalar and vector confinements in the chromoelectric flux tube scenario. The Abelian theory will be used to approximate the non-Abelian QCD theory in a consistent manner. We will calculate vector and scalar glueballs and compare the result to the existing simulation and experimental results and projections. The QCD-like vacuum associated with the model will be calculated and its behavior studied relative to changing quark masses. We will also comment on the relationship between tachyon condensation, dual Higgs mechanism, QCD monopole condensation, and their association with confinement. The behavior of the QCD string tension obtained from the vector potential of the model will be studied to establish vector dominance in confinement theories.

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15

Li, Ming, and Jizeng Wang. "Stretching Wormlike Chains in Narrow Tubes of Arbitrary Cross-Sections." Polymers 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 2050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11122050.

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We considered the stretching of semiflexible polymer chains confined in narrow tubes with arbitrary cross-sections. Based on the wormlike chain model and technique of normal mode decomposition in statistical physics, we derived a compact analytical expression on the force-confinement-extension relation of the chains. This single formula was generalized to be valid for tube confinements with arbitrary cross-sections. In addition, we extended the generalized bead-rod model for Brownian dynamics simulations of confined polymer chains subjected to force stretching, so that the confinement effects to the chains applied by the tubes with arbitrary cross-sections can be quantitatively taken into account through numerical simulations. Extensive simulation examples on the wormlike chains confined in tubes of various shapes quantitatively justified the theoretically derived generalized formula on the force-confinement-extension relation of the chains.

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16

KHADKIKAR, S. B., J. C. PARIKH, and P. C. VINODKUMAR. "EQUATION OF STATE FOR QUARK GLUON PLASMA IN A RELATIVISTIC HARMONIC CONFINEMENT MODEL." Modern Physics Letters A 08, no. 08 (March 14, 1993): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393000763.

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A relativistic harmonic confinement model for quarks and a similar current confinement model for gluons have been used to obtain an equation of state for quark-gluon plasma. Such models may be deduced from QCD under certain approximations, by considering small quantum fluctuations about a background field. At high temperatures a T7 dependence of pressure and energy density is obtained with relativistic harmonic mode of confinement.

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17

Lencsés, M., G. Mussardo, and G. Takács. "Confinement in the tricritical Ising model." Physics Letters B 828 (May 2022): 137008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2022.137008.

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18

Razvi, Salim, and Murat Saatcioglu. "Confinement Model for High-Strength Concrete." Journal of Structural Engineering 125, no. 3 (March 1999): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1999)125:3(281).

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19

Loh, S., T. S. Biró, U. Mosel, and M. H. Thoma. "A dynamical model of color confinement." Physics Letters B 387, no. 4 (October 1996): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(96)01125-2.

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20

Pirner, Hans J. "Confinement in the color dielectric model." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 15 (June 1990): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(90)90018-p.

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21

Schreuders, Z. Cliffe, Christian Payne, and Tanya McGill. "The functionality-based application confinement model." International Journal of Information Security 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2013): 393–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10207-013-0199-4.

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22

Alekseev, A. I., and B. A. Arbuzov. "A model of chromoelectric charge confinement." Physics Letters B 242, no. 1 (May 1990): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(90)91602-8.

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23

Wilke, Th, and S. P. Klevansky. "Confinement in the Coulomb Gauge Model." Annals of Physics 258, no. 1 (July 1997): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/aphy.1997.5688.

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24

Litvinov, I. V., E. U. Gorelikov, and S. I. Shtork. "The unsteady swirling jet in a model of radial burner." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2119, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2119/1/012106.

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Abstract The experimental study of an isothermal swirl flow with the formation of a precessing vortex core in the radial swirler upon non-confinement and confinement conditions is carried out. Velocity profiles are obtained with varying Re and guide vane angle, changing the swirl number S. Four acoustic sensors and LDA system are used to measure Strouhal number as the function of the integral swirl number in the range from 0.5 <S <0.8. It is shown that the unsteady flow with PVC effect significantly changes upon non-confinement and confinement conditions.

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25

Opathalage, Achini, Michael M. Norton, Michael P. N. Juniper, Blake Langeslay, S. Ali Aghvami, Seth Fraden, and Zvonimir Dogic. "Self-organized dynamics and the transition to turbulence of confined active nematics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 11 (February 25, 2019): 4788–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816733116.

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We study how confinement transforms the chaotic dynamics of bulk microtubule-based active nematics into regular spatiotemporal patterns. For weak confinements in disks, multiple continuously nucleating and annihilating topological defects self-organize into persistent circular flows of either handedness. Increasing confinement strength leads to the emergence of distinct dynamics, in which the slow periodic nucleation of topological defects at the boundary is superimposed onto a fast procession of a pair of defects. A defect pair migrates toward the confinement core over multiple rotation cycles, while the associated nematic director field evolves from a distinct double spiral toward a nearly circularly symmetric configuration. The collapse of the defect orbits is punctuated by another boundary-localized nucleation event, that sets up long-term doubly periodic dynamics. Comparing experimental data to a theoretical model of an active nematic reveals that theory captures the fast procession of a pair of +1/2 defects, but not the slow spiral transformation nor the periodic nucleation of defect pairs. Theory also fails to predict the emergence of circular flows in the weak confinement regime. The developed confinement methods are generalized to more complex geometries, providing a robust microfluidic platform for rationally engineering 2D autonomous flows.

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26

Bohanek, Vječislav, Muhamed Sućeska, Mario Dobrilović, and Philipp Hartlieb. "Effect of Confinement on Detonation Velocity and Plate Dent Test Results for ANFO Explosive." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 4404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124404.

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The detonation properties of nonideal explosives are highly dependent on charge diameter and existence and properties of confinement. In this study, the effect of different confinements on the detonation velocity of ANFO explosives was experimentally determined along with the results of the plate dent test. ANFO explosive was selected as one of the most commonly used nonideal explosives. Following the measurement results, we found that the detonation velocity increased with increasing wall thickness, and the velocity increase was different for different confinement materials. A strong correlation existed between the ratio of the mass of confiner and explosive (M/C) and the detonation velocity (R = 0.995), and between (M/C) and the depth of the dent (δ) (R = 0.975). The data presented in this paper represent preliminary findings in developing a confinement model required for reliable numerical modeling of nonideal explosives.

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27

Wilson Alphonse, Carlton Ranjith, and Rajesh Kannan Rajaretinam. "Habituation and Behavioural Response of Confinement-Induced Anxiety Conditions in a Zebrafish Model." Applied Biosciences 1, no. 3 (December 2, 2022): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1030020.

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The zebrafish model is an emerging model for the study of the complex behavioural patterns noted in depression and neurological disorders. Confinement and memory loss are linked with cognition and mental health impairment, where confinement paradigms are assessed using other behavioural responses based on novel tanks or T tanks. Since zebrafish are exploratory animals, the impact during confinement cannot be evaluated using a novel tank or T tank. The present study investigates the response of the zebrafish to acute confinement and assesses its memory-based learning behaviour through parameters such as movement, swimming speed, and time spent inside the confined space. The movement and swimming speed of the fishes in confinement showed no significant difference. When confined inside a space, the fish showed their anxiety with erratic movements or bouts of freezing, which declined by 83%, during the six days of confinement and the escape time from the confinement space also decreased by 58%. The impact of anxiety, resulting in clockwise and counter-clockwise movement, also reduced after three days. Our results summarise that the decrease in anxiety can help the fish in habituating itself to a forced condition. This experiment on zebrafish behavioural biology is used to assess the cognitive behaviour against confinement, and it emphasizes the learning of behavioural adaptions under both crowded and solitary conditions.

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28

Li, Ben-ben, Hai-bei Xiong, Jia-fei Jiang, and Yang Zhan. "Damage plasticity model for passively confined concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 275 (2019): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927502016.

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This paper presents a modified concrete damage plasticity model (CDPM) for passively confined concrete within the concrete damage plasticity theory frame in ABAQUS. The modified CDPM can be used to simulate concrete under non-uniform passive confinement, for example, Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-confined square concrete columns. The modification of CDPM includes a flow rule and a strain hardening/softening criterion in which dilation angle and yield stress are important parameters. Based on the true-triaxial experiment results of passively confined concrete, the dilation angle and yield stress were determined considering different confinement stiffness and non-uniform confinement stiffness ratio. Finally, the modified CDPM were incorporated in the ABAQUS model. The prediction of the finite element model of FRP-confined square concrete columns shows good prediction accuracy.

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29

Liu, Haihu, Yan Ba, Lei Wu, Zhen Li, Guang Xi, and Yonghao Zhang. "A hybrid lattice Boltzmann and finite difference method for droplet dynamics with insoluble surfactants." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 837 (December 21, 2017): 381–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.859.

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Droplet dynamics in microfluidic applications is significantly influenced by surfactants. It remains a research challenge to model and simulate droplet behaviour including deformation, breakup and coalescence, especially in the confined microfluidic environment. Here, we propose a hybrid method to simulate interfacial flows with insoluble surfactants. The immiscible two-phase flow is solved by an improved lattice Boltzmann colour-gradient model which incorporates a Marangoni stress resulting from non-uniform interfacial tension, while the convection–diffusion equation which describes the evolution of surfactant concentration in the entire fluid domain is solved by a finite difference method. The lattice Boltzmann and finite difference simulations are coupled through an equation of state, which describes how surfactant concentration influences interfacial tension. Our method is first validated for the surfactant-laden droplet deformation in a three-dimensional (3D) extensional flow and a 2D shear flow, and then applied to investigate the effect of surfactants on droplet dynamics in a 3D shear flow. Numerical results show that, at low capillary numbers, surfactants increase droplet deformation, due to reduced interfacial tension by the average surfactant concentration, and non-uniform effects from non-uniform capillary pressure and Marangoni stresses. The role of surfactants on the critical capillary number ($Ca_{cr}$) of droplet breakup is investigated for various confinements (defined as the ratio of droplet diameter to wall separation) and Reynolds numbers. For clean droplets,$Ca_{cr}$first decreases and then increases with confinement, and the minimum value of$Ca_{cr}$is reached at a confinement of 0.5; for surfactant-laden droplets,$Ca_{cr}$exhibits the same variation in trend for confinements lower than 0.7, but, for higher confinements,$Ca_{cr}$is almost a constant. The presence of surfactants decreases$Ca_{cr}$for each confinement, and the decrease is also attributed to the reduction in average interfacial tension and non-uniform effects, which are found to prevent droplet breakup at low confinements but promote breakup at high confinements. In either clean or surfactant-laden cases,$Ca_{cr}$first remains almost unchanged and then decreases with increasing Reynolds number, and a higher confinement or Reynolds number favours ternary breakup. Finally, we study the collision of two equal-sized droplets in a shear flow in both surfactant-free and surfactant-contaminated systems with the same effective capillary numbers. It is identified that the non-uniform effects in the near-contact interfacial region immobilize the interfaces when two droplets are approaching each other and thus inhibit their coalescence.

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30

Ramaglia, Giancarlo, Francesco Russo Spena, Gian Piero Lignola, and Andrea Prota. "Two Parameters Confinement Model for Clay Brick Masonry." International Journal of Computational Methods 17, no. 05 (May 24, 2019): 1940010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876219400103.

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Modeling of masonry confinement has been usually derived from concrete confinement, which was deeply tested in the last decades. However concrete and masonry have some crucial differences, e.g., ordinary concrete performance can be usually fully defined by the cylindrical compressive strength, while masonry does not. In the present work, a failure criterion is considered on a solid mechanics base. Such criteria are useful not only to introduce non-uniform stress states, as those developed in non-axisymmetric confined elements, but also to be implemented in FEM. The validity of the adopted failure criterion has been checked against actively confined clay brick masonry and a database of passive confinement tests available in the scientific literature.

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31

Alatshan, Faesal, Siti Aminah Osman, Fidelis Mashiri, and Roszilah Hamid. "Explicit Simulation of Circular CFST Stub Columns with External Steel Confinement under Axial Compression." Materials 13, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010023.

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Concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) structural members have been widely used in engineering projects for their superior strength and ductility. However, the different lateral dilation characteristics between concrete infill and steel tube have caused imperfect composite interaction during the early loading stage. To overcome this issue, external steel confinements in the form of rings and spiral were previously suggested to minimise the lateral expansion of the steel tube and enhance the concrete confinement effects. This study presented the analytical behaviour of circular CFST short columns with an external ring or spiral confinements which are subjected to axial loading. An explicit finite element (FE) model was developed and verified based on previous experimental findings. Besides that, this study analysed the failure modes, axial load–strain relationship, stress distributions, and bond strength of the composite column components. Parametric analysis was also undertaken to evaluate the impact of material strengths, total steel ratio, and diameter-to-thickness ratio. The results suggest that the use of external steel confinement can enhance the compressive behaviour of CFSTs better than increasing the thickness of the steel tube when using the same steel ratio. Finally, simplified design formulations were developed to accurately calculate the ultimate capacity of CFST columns with and without external steel confinement.

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32

Sahu, Anupam, and Dharmendra Kumar. "Effect of Confinement Strength on the Conversion Efficiency of Strained Core-Shell Quantum Dot Solar Cell-=SUP=-*-=/SUP=-." Журнал технической физики 128, no. 10 (2020): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2020.10.50027.1026-20.

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In this paper, the conversion efficiency (CE) of core-shell quantum dot (CSQD) solar cell is investigated within weak and strong confinements strength, using detailed balance model. The weak and strong confinement strength in solar cell structure is modeled using ZnTe/ZnSe and PbS/CdS CSQD, respectively. Considering size-dependent strain results of CE of CSQD solar cell for varying core radius is plotted with and without considering multiple exciton generation (MEG), and the results show the improvement in CE with MEG, thus indicating its importance in the low-dimensional system. The numerical results demonstrate that for the same CSQD size, the solar cell with a stronger confinement strength achieves the higher CE in comparison to the weaker confinement. Also, the MEG significantly increases the CE of stronger confined CSQD solar cell. The results plotted are in good agreement with the literature. Keywords: conversion efficiency, quantum dot, core-shell, solar cell, multiple exciton generation.

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33

Herrera-Velarde, Salvador, Edith C. Euán-Díaz, and Ramón Castañeda-Priego. "Ordering and Dynamics of Interacting Colloidal Particles under Soft Confinement." Colloids and Interfaces 5, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids5020029.

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Confinement can induce substantial changes in the physical properties of macromolecules in suspension. Soft confinement is a particular class of restriction where the boundaries that constraint the particles in a region of the space are not well-defined. This scenario leads to a broader structural and dynamical behavior than observed in systems enclosed between rigid walls. In this contribution, we study the ordering and diffusive properties of a two-dimensional colloidal model system subjected to a one-dimensional parabolic trap. Increasing the trap strength makes it possible to go through weak to strong confinement, allowing a dimensional transition from two- to one-dimension. The non-monotonic response of the static and dynamical properties to the gradual dimensionality change affects the system phase behavior. We find that the particle dynamics are connected to the structural transitions induced by the parabolic trap. In particular, at low and intermediate confinement regimes, complex structural and dynamical scenarios arise, where the softness of the external potential induces melting and freezing, resulting in faster and slower particle diffusion, respectively. Besides, at strong confinements, colloids move basically along one direction, and the whole system behaves structurally and dynamically similar to a one-dimensional colloidal system.

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34

Eid, R., A. N. Dancygier, and P. Paultre. "Elastoplastic Confinement Model for Circular Concrete Columns." Journal of Structural Engineering 133, no. 12 (December 2007): 1821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2007)133:12(1821).

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35

Nakamura, Gilberto, Basil Grammaticos, and Mathilde Badoual. "Confinement Strategies in a Simple SIR Model." Regular and Chaotic Dynamics 25, no. 6 (November 2020): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1560354720060015.

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36

Rogister, André L. "Enhanced D confinement mode: a theoretical model." Nuclear Fusion 44, no. 8 (July 6, 2004): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/44/8/005.

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37

Pilarczyk, Paweł, Luis García, Benjamin A. Carreras, and Irene Llerena. "A dynamical model for plasma confinement transitions." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 45, no. 12 (March 12, 2012): 125502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/45/12/125502.

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38

DA SILVA, MARIO L. L., DIMITER HADJIMICHEF, and CESAR A. Z. VASCONCELLOS. "GAUSSIAN CONFINEMENT IN A JKJ DECAY MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 09 (October 2007): 2927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307008744.

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In microscopic decay models, one attempts to describe hadron strong decays in terms of quark and gluon degrees of freedom. We begin by assuming that strong decays are driven by the same interquark Hamiltonian which determines the spectrum, and that it incorporates gaussian confinement. An A → BC decay matrix element of the JKJ Hamiltonian involves a pair-production current matrix elements times a scatering matrix element. Diagrammatically this corresponds to an interaction between an initial line and produced pair.

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39

Chapman, S. C., R. O. Dendy, and B. Hnat. "Sandpile Model with Tokamaklike Enhanced Confinement Phenomenology." Physical Review Letters 86, no. 13 (March 26, 2001): 2814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.86.2814.

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40

Barone, V., T. Calarco, and A. Drago. "A confinement model calculation of h1(x)." Physics Letters B 390, no. 1-4 (January 1997): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(96)01397-4.

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41

Gerhold, P., E. M. Ilgenfritz, and M. Müller-Preussker. "An KvBLL caloron gas model and confinement." Nuclear Physics B 760, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2006.10.003.

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42

Hellstern, G., R. Alkofer, and H. Reinhardt. "Diquark confinement in an extended NJL model." Nuclear Physics A 625, no. 4 (November 1997): 697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(97)00412-0.

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43

Case, Carl T. "Quantized Color Flux Model for Quark Confinement." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01c (September 2001): 1234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01009405.

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The principle of flux quantization of gauge fields is used to define a new Quantum Chromodynamic (QCD) theory. Calculated mass spectra results are presented for 26 different baryons. Variations are within 2% of the measured values.

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44

Cho, In Ho, and John F. Hall. "General Confinement Model Based on Nonlocal Information." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 140, no. 6 (June 2014): 04014026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0000724.

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45

Dziembowski, Zbigniew, and Hans J. Weber. "Model for light-cone quark confinement dynamics." Physical Review D 37, no. 5 (March 1, 1988): 1289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.37.1289.

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46

Langfeld, Kurt, and Mannque Rho. "Quark confinement in a constituent quark model." Nuclear Physics A 596, no. 3-4 (January 1996): 451–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(95)00410-6.

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47

Kostenko, Boris. "Quark-Parton Model and Relativistic Quantum Mechanics." EPJ Web of Conferences 173 (2018): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817302012.

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An attempt to treat the asymptotic freedom and the quark confinement as a self-consistent problem in the framework of relativistic quantum mechanics is realized. It is shown that the confinement of quarks induces a change of their helicities together with a simultaneous alteration of orbital momenta, so that the total angular momentum of each quark is conserved. This observation may cast light on the so-called proton spin puzzle after some additional numerical estimations.

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48

Ait Tahar, Kamal, F. Taouche, and Y. Bouamra. "Parametric Analysis of the Models of Confinement of the Concrete Column." Key Engineering Materials 498 (January 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.498.1.

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Existing models for the concrete confined show a great respect in terms of effectiveness of confinement. The concrete confinement which consists in preventing these strains can be carried out either by an external envelope, or by a weak spacing between the stirrups. All models consist of some modification factors multiplying the unconfined concrete properties; these modification factors depend on the strength ratio and the confinement level. The relation of the ultimate strength ‘and ultimate strain in many existing models is complexity by representing. Each author gauges his model according to the experimental data. In this study, we present the results of a parametric analysis of some the most used models of confinement. The results show that the models of confinement have an important disparity between the values of the strength (fCC) and axial ultimate strain (εcc) of confined concrete.

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Bhadraiah, K., and V. Raghavan. "A numerical study of the effect of radial confinement on the characteristics of laminar co-flow methane–oxygen diffusion flames." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 5 (April 28, 2011): 1213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041298310393446.

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A numerical investigation of the characteristics of laminar co-flow methane–oxygen diffusion flames has been carried out. The temperature and nitric oxide (NO) distributions in unconfined and partly confined flames are studied in detail. Radial confinements of different diameters and with a length of 150 times the fuel jet diameter have been considered to allow atmospheric nitrogen entry only from the top. A numerical model with a 43-step chemical kinetics mechanism and an optically thin radiation sub-model is employed to carry out simulations. The numerical model has been validated using the experimental data available in the literature. The effect of oxygen flowrate on temperature distributions is studied thoroughly. Confined flame extents are compared with the corresponding unconfined flame extents with the help of OH contours. The effect of confinement diameter on temperature and NO distributions is analysed in detail. At low oxygen flowrates, the extents of confined flames are higher than those of an unconfined flame. At a higher oxygen flowrate, the extent of unconfined flame becomes higher. The confined flames are in general hotter than the unconfined flames. However, at the highest oxygen flowrate and for an intermediate confinement diameter, the flame has the lowest maximum temperature. The amount of NO produced in confined flames is higher than the unconfined flames, due to air entrainment from the top of the confining tube, which increases the residence time for nitrogen transport and its oxidation. At the highest oxygen flowrate considered, numerical predictions show that for a given confinement length, there is an optimum confinement diameter which results in a minimum net production of NO among all the flames.

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50

SAHA, ANIRBAN, ANISUR RAHAMAN, and PRADIP MUKHERJEE. "ON THE QUESTION OF DECONFINEMENT IN NONCOMMUTATIVE SCHWINGER MODEL." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 34 (November 10, 2008): 2947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308026601.

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The (1+1)-dimensional bosonized Schwinger model with a generalized gauge-invariant regularization has been studied in a noncommutative scenario. The original commutative model with the indicated regularization revealed the transition from confinement to deconfinement of the fermion.10 We show that though the introduction of spacetime noncommutativity gives rise to new features in the confinement scenario, it does not affect the deconfining limit.

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