Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Confinement mechanism'

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1

Dix, James. "Understanding the mechanism of permeation through graphene-based membranes using molecular dynamics simulations." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/understanding-the-mechanism-of-permeation-through-graphenebased-membranes-using-molecular-dynamics-simulations(68f5ea06-3ba5-4b2c-91e9-18b57bb2b6d7).html.

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The UN predicts that by 2050 there will water shortages throughout the globe. Current sources for safe, clean drinking water are being over mined and exhausted. Seawater provides an alternative water source, but a high salt content makes it unsuitable for the majority of applications. However, reverse osmosis lowers the salt content producing water that is safe for human consumption. Reverse osmosis uses a semi-permeable membrane to prevent the transport of salt but allows for the transport of water. Currently these membranes are susceptible to fouling and contamination, which reduces their efficiency. Graphene-oxide membranes offer a new material for reserves osmosis membranes. Sheets of graphene-oxide are stacked in a layered structure. The separation between the sheets can be controlled using physical confinement, resulting in limited ion permeation of abundant cations in seawater, like Na+ and K+. This is believed to be due to the separation of 0.76 nm between the graphene sheets, forcing the ions to lose its surrounding water molecules, making it unfavourable for the ion to travel through the membrane. Molecular dynamics simulations can give an atomic level insight into the molecular processes within GO membranes. Recent simulations have shown that charged species are attracted to graphene surfaces due to polarisation of the pi-electron system. This work has managed to incorporate these ion-pi interactions into molecular dynamics simulations. Including ion-pi interactions caused some ions, like Na+ and K+, to prefer to lose water molecules and reside at a graphene surface. This work observed the same phenomena when ions were confined to graphene channel ranging from 1.3 nm - 0.7 nm. This observation could have a large impact on whether dehydration is limiting the permeation of these two ions, or if there are additional processes that limit their molecular transport.
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Shrestha, Pooja. "Mechanism of substrate protein remodeling by molecular chaperones." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1378113185.

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Müller, Martin Verfasser], Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kröger, Stefan [Gutachter] Krischok, and Simon [Gutachter] Crampin. "Single-atom junctions and novel electron confinement mechanism on Pb(111) / Martin Müller ; Gutachter: Stefan Krischok, Simon Crampin ; Betreuer: Jörg Kröger." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2017. http://d-nb.info/117814156X/34.

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Müller, Martin [Verfasser], Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Kröger, Stefan [Gutachter] Krischok, and Simon [Gutachter] Crampin. "Single-atom junctions and novel electron confinement mechanism on Pb(111) / Martin Müller ; Gutachter: Stefan Krischok, Simon Crampin ; Betreuer: Jörg Kröger." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2017. http://d-nb.info/117814156X/34.

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Tsegaye, Takele Dessie. "Confinement Mechanisms in Quantum Chromodynamics." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1051373650.

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Takele, Tsegaye. "Confinement mechanisms in quantum cherodynamics." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1051373650.

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7

Kadri, Abdelaziz. "Etude electrochimique des processus de corrosion d'un alliage fe-36 ni sous des couches minces d'elecrolyte, a l'air libre ou en situation de confinement." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066211.

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Etude du mecanisme de corrosion localisee observee sur les alliages fe-36ni et intervenant lors de leur stockage par empilement de feuilles destinees a la fabrication de supports de circuits integres. Utilisation d'une cellule de simulation ou l'epaisseur de l'electrolyte est maintenue a une tres faible valeur (
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Dangla, Rémi. "Microfluidique de gouttes 2D par gradient de confinement." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835536.

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L'usage de gouttes comme microréacteurs movite le développement rapide de la microfluidique de gouttes. En effet, une goutte peut être utilisée pour collecter, transporter et analyser du matériel chimique, biologique ou génétique. Ainsi, la microfluidique de goutte porte la promesse d'une miniaturisation et d'une automatisation sur puce des process actuellement mis oeuvre sur microplaques. Toutefois, l'architecture des dispositifs reste essentiellement sérielle et en opposition avec le format intrinsèquement 2D des microplaques. Ce travail de thèse fournit une nouvelle stratégie de gestion de gouttes sur puce qui permet d'implémenter des procédés de microfluidiques de goutte au sein de chambres bidimensionnelles. Les méthodes mises au point emploient des gradients de confinement pour agir sur les gouttes.
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9

Husowitz, Barry Charles. "Effect of Confinement and Heterogeneity on Phase Behavior: A Density Functional Approach." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196124.

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Density functional theory of statistical mechanics in a square gradient approximation was used to study nucleation in confined systems such as a cylindrical pore and in-between two cylindrical disks. This approximation was further applied to study the evaporation and condensation in nanopores with finite lengths. Confinement effects induced nucleation phenomena that are not observed in more open systems. Density functional theory was also used to explore the solvation properties of a spherical solute immersed in a supercritical diatomic fluid. The solute was modeled as a hard core Yukawa particle surrounded by a diatomic Lennard-Jones fluid represented by two fused tangent spheres using an interaction site approximation. The results of this study indicate that local density augmentation and the solvation free energies are particularly sensitive to changes in solute and solvent particle geometry and solute/solvent anisotropic interactions. Density functional theory allowed us to systematically study the effect of a variety of geometric and interaction parameters on the properties and behavior of all the systems. Although more sophisticated, but computationally more demanding, theoretical approaches can be used, our results provide fundamental physical insights into the behavior of real systems and create a solid basis for the development of more realistic models.
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Habibzadeh, Pouya. "Small Scale Plasticity With Confinement and Interfacial Effects." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/226220.

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The mechanical properties of crystalline metals are strongly affected when the sample size is limited to the micron or sub-micron scale. At these scales, the mechanical properties are enhanced far beyond classical predictions. Besides, the surface to volume ratio significantly increases. Therefore surfaces and interfaces play a big role in the mechanical properties of these micro-samples. The effect of different interfaces on the mechanical properties of micro-samples is not yet well understood. The aim of this project is to characterize, understand, and predict the effect of confinement on deformation mechanisms at micro-scale. In this study, micro-pillars were fabricated by Focused Ion Beam (FIB). Micro-pillars were homogeneously coated with thin films by magnetron sputtering and cathodic arc deposition. The mechanical properties of carbon-coated-, chromium coated-, naked-, annealed- and non-annealed micro-pillars were measured. Afterwards, the results of micro-compression tests and Automated Crystal Orientation Mapping on Transmission electron microscopy (ACOM TEM) were compared and led to some surprising new findings.Dislocations are blocked by amorphous- and even crystalline coating in the deformed samples. Parallel slip systems were detected in the chromium layer and the copper micro-pillar. Even though the chromium layer has parallel slip systems, dislocation pile-up at the interface was found after deformation. The most significant finding in this study concerns the back stress of the dislocation pile-up, which affects the dislocation sources and causes an increase of the flow stress to generate new dislocations from these sources. Thermal annealing increases the strength and flow stress of FIB fabricated micro samples. The annealing treatment restores the lattice that was damaged by the FIB fabrication process. A higher stress is required to initiate the dislocation nucleation in a pristine lattice. Techniques of fabrication and investigation were developed to study the role of confinement and interfaces on the mechanical properties of materials at micro scale. Mechanisms of deformation were unraveled and a better understanding of the key parameters was reached.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Sarva, Sai Sushilkumar. "Dynamic failure mechanisms in armor grade ceramics : the effect of lateral confinement and membrane restraint /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3104047.

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12

David, Martin. "Approche multi-échelle du comportement mécanique des structures en béton armé - Application aux enceintes de confinement des centrales nucléaires." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00765705.

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Cette thèse développe une stratégie multi-échelle pour représenter le comportement mécanique des armatures et des câbles de précontrainte dans une structure en béton armé. Cette stratégie est déclinée en plusieurs étapes, permettant d'intégrer progressivement de nouveaux phénomènes physiques dans la modélisation. Le premier modèle asymptotique développé permet de représenter le comportement élastique effectif d'hétérogénéités périodiquement réparties sur une surface. Il combine un comportement d'interface élastique et un comportement de membrane. Un second modèle asymptotique s'intéresse ensuite au comportement de fibres rigides réparties sur une surface, et susceptibles de glisser par rapport au volume environnant. Ces modèles présentent l'avantage d'induire moins de concentrations de contraintes que les modèles de barres utilisés classiquement. Ils sont implantés dans le code éléments finis Code_Aster, et validés par rapport à des simulations tridimensionnelles de référence. Leur interaction avec une fissure présente dans le béton est étudiée. Enfin, cette stratégie permet de modéliser des essais expérimentaux réalisés sur une portion d'enceinte de confinement à l'échelle 1.
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Petrolli, Vanni. "Confinement induced transition between wave-like cellular migration modes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY056.

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La capacité des cellules à générer spontanément de l'ordre a l’échelle supra cellulaire repose sur l'interaction de signaux mécaniques et biochimiques. Si le consensus général est que la signalisation chimique est le régulateur principal du comportement cellulaire, il est aujourd’hui bien établi que l'impact des facteurs mécaniques est primordial sur des processus fondamentaux de la physiologie cellulaire tel que la différenciation, la prolifération, la motilité et qu’une dérégulation des paramètres mécaniques du microenvironnement des cellules sont impliqués dans un grand nombre de pathologies allant du cancer aux myopathies. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs études ont récemment mis en évidence l'existence d’ondes mécaniques se propageant à l’échelle supra-cellulaire.Nous étudions dans le cadre de cette thèse l'origine de ces ondes de vitesse dans les tissus et discutons leur origine biologique. En pratique, nous confinons des monocouches de cellules épithéliales à des géométries quasi unidimensionnelles, pour forcer l'établissement presque omniprésent d'ondes au niveau tissulaire. En accordant la longueur des tissus, nous découvrons l'existence d'une transition de phase entre les oscillations globales et multi-nodales, et prouvons que dans ce dernier régime, longueur d'onde et période sont indépendantes de la longueur de confinement. Ces résultats démontrent que l’origine de ces oscillations est intrinsèque au système biologique, ce mécanisme apparait comme un candidat pertinent permettant aux cellules de mesurer avec précision des distances au niveau supra-cellulaire et potentiellement de structurer spatialement un tissu. Des simulations numériques basées sur un modèle de type Self-propelled Voronoi reproduisent la transition de phase que nous avons observé expérimentalement et aident à guider nos recherches sur l'origine de ces phénomènes ondulatoires et leur rôle potentiel dans l'apparition spontanée des follicules pileux dans les explants cutanés des souris
The ability of organisms to spontaneously generate order relies on the intricate interplay of mechanical and bio-chemical signals. If the general consensus is that chemical signaling governs the behavior of cells, an increasing amount of evidence points towards the impact of mechanical factors into differentiation, proliferation, motility and cancer progression. In this context, several studies recently highlighted the existence of long-range mechanical excitations (i.e. waves) at the supra-cellular level.Here, we investigate the origins of those velocity waves in tissues and their correlation with the presence of boundaries. Practically, we confine epithelial cell mono-layers to quasi-one dimensional geometries, to force the almost ubiquitous establishment of tissue-level waves. By tuning the length of the tissues, we uncover the existence of a phase transition between global and multi-nodal oscillations, and prove that in the latter regime, wavelength and period are independent of the confinement length. Together, these results demonstrate the intrinsic origin of tissue oscillations, which could provide cells with a mechanism to accurately measure distances at the supra-cellular level and ultimately lead to spatial patterning. Numerical simulations based on a Self-propelled Voronoi model reproduce the phase transition we measured experimentally and help in guiding our preliminary investigations on the origin of these wave-like phenomena, and their potential role for the spontaneous appearance of hair follicles in mouse skin explants
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Thiam, Hawa-Racine. "Cell migration under confinement : how can a cell squeeze through narrow gaps ?" Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T048/document.

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La migration cellulaire possède deux volets antagonistes ; nécessaire à plusieurs processus physiologiques tels que la réponse immunitaire, elle peut également induire la mort d’un organisme en permettant les cellules cancéreuses d’envahir des organes sains. In vivo, la migration s’effectue dans des milieux complexes et confinés qui imposent une forte déformabilité aux cellules migratoires. Récemment, divers études ont montré que le noyau impose la limite de la déformabilité cellulaire lors de la migration en 3D (Wolf et al. JCB, 2013; Harada et al. JCB, 2013). Il a, en effet, été montré que la migration cellulaire peut être augmentée en diminuant la rigidité nucléaire (Wolf et al. JCB, 2013). Cependant, il existe une limite de rigidité nucléaire en dessous de laquelle la migration cellulaire peut être inhibée via l’inhibition de la survie cellulaire (Harada et al. JCB, 2013). Les cellules cancéreuses qui migrent à des vitesses relativement faibles (µm/heure) et ont des noyaux rigides surmontent la limite imposée par la déformation nucléaire en dégradant et élargissant le milieu extracellulaire. Les cellules immunitaires telles que les neutrophiles qui migrent rapidement (10 µm/mn) et ont des noyaux mous sont connus pour mourir aux sites d’infections. Les cellules dendritiques, de la famille des cellules immunitaires, ont une fonction de présentation d’antigènes qui requiert à la fois une grande capacité migratoire et de survie. Elles représentent donc un modèle cellulaire intéressant pour l’étude de la déformation nucléaire chez les cellules qui migrent rapidement et survivent longtemps. Durant mon doctorat, j’ai étudié le mécanisme grâce auquel les cellules dendritiques déforment leurs noyaux afin de migrer de manière efficace en milieux confinés tout en préservant un haut taux de survie. J’ai utilisé un système expérimental nouveau et original consistant en des microcannaux avec des constrictions (Heuzé et al. MMB, 2011). Ces canaux, combinés à des manipulations génétiques et de la video microscopie nous ont permis de montré que les cellules dendritiques possèdent un mécanisme spécifique, indépendant de celui utilisé pour leur migration, leur permettant de déformer leurs noyaux tout en migrant dans des milieux hautement confinés. Ce mécanisme est basé sur la génération d’un réseau d’actin, autour du noyau, nucléé par Arp2/3 et indépendant du moteur Myosin II. Ce réseau d’actine co-localise avec des sites de rupture de la Lamin A/C. De plus, réduire la quantité de Lamin A/C dans les cellules dendritiques inhibe la formation de ce réseau d’actin perinucléaire. Basés sur ces résultats, nous avons proposé un nouveau mécanisme de déformation du noyau lors de la migration en milieux confinés basé sur Arp2/3 qui, en nucléant un réseau d’actine autour du noyau permet de casser la lamin A/C diminuant ainsi la tension de surface nucléaire et permettant le passage noyau
Cell migration has two opposite faces; necessary for many physiological processes such as immune response, it can also lead to the organism death by allowing metastatic cells to invade new organs. In vivo migration often occurs in complex 3D environments which impose high cellular deformability. Recently, cellular deformability during 3D migration has been shown to be limited by the nucleus (Wolf et al. JCB, 2013). For instance, cell migration can be increased by decreasing nuclear stiffness. However, below a given nuclear stiffness 3D cell migration can be reduced as a result of impaired cell survival (Harada et al. JCB, 2014). Cancer cells which display slow migration and have rather stiff nuclei have been shown to overcome the physical limits of 3D migration through adhesion combined to matrix degradation or high actomyosin contraction (Wolf et al. JCB, 2013). Immune cells such as neutrophils which are fast moving cells with soft nuclei have been reported to die at sites of infection. Interestingly, dendritic cells function as antigen presenting cells requires high migratory ability as well as high survival. They thus constitute an interesting model for studying nuclear deformation in fast moving and long lived cells. During my PhD, I studied the mechanism by which dendritic cells deform their nuclei to achieve proper migration in highly confining space while preserving a high survival rate. I used an original micro fabricated experimental set up (Heuzé et al. MMB, 2011) consisting of microchannels with constrictions to mimic cellular transmigration. Those channels combined with genetic manipulation and live cell imaging followed by image processing were used to assess the mechanism dendritic cells use to deform their nucleus, which we found to be specific and not required for cell motility per se. I showed that dendritic cells overcome the physical limitation imposed by nuclear deformation through small gaps by nucleating an Arp2/3 based actin network around the nucleus. Surprisingly, the formation of this actin network is independent of myosin II based contraction. This actin accumulation around the nucleus co-localized with sites of nuclear Lamin A/C breakage. Moreover, Lamin A/C depletion in dendritic cells leads to the disappearance of this actin ring and the release of the need for Arp2/3 for nuclear deformation. We thus propose a new mechanism of nuclear squeezing through narrow gaps based on an Arp2/3 nucleated actin meshwork which, by transiently breaking the Lamin A/C network, releases the nuclear surface tension and allows nuclear thus cell passage through micrometric constrictions. Lamin A/C repolymerization around the nucleus at the exit of constrictions would then restore nuclear stiffness, allowing cell survival. Interestingly, this actin accumulation around the nucleus was also observed in vivo in migrating macrophages but not in HL-60 derived neutrophils. Taken together, our data suggest that the Arp2/3 based nuclear squeezing mechanism would be a general feature of highly migratory cells which need to survive long enough to accomplish their functions
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Dastugue, Laurent. "Contributions à l'étude de la stabilité d'écoulements autosemblables d'onde thermique pour la fusion par confinement inertiel." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00975215.

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Les solutions exactes autosemblables de l'hydrodynamique, avec conduction thermique non-linéaire, pour des gaz parfaits en milieu semi-infini, constituent une approche possible pour l'étude de la stabilité d'écoulements en fusion par confinement inertiel. Ces solutions et leurs perturbations linéaires, calculées 'a l'aide d'une méthode spectrale de Chebyshev multidomaine, permettent de rendre compte, sans autre approximation, du caractère compressible et instationnaire de ces écoulements. Suite aux résultats (Clarisse et al., 2008; Lombard, 2008) représentatifs de l'ablation précoce d'une cible par un flux laser non-uniforme (conduction électronique, front thermique subsonique précédé d'un choc quasi-parfait), nous explorons ici d'autres configurations. Pour cette même phase d'ablation, mais avec un rayonnement X incident non-uniforme (conduction radiative), nous traitons un écoulement compressible et un autre faiblement compressible. Dans les deux cas, nous retrouvons les comportements des écoulements compressibles obtenus en conduction électronique avec une instabilité maximale pour un nombre d'onde nul. D'autre part, la méthode spectrale est étendue au calcul de solutions autosemblables en tenant compte de l'onde thermique supersonique en amont du choc. Basée sur une analyse des singularités des équations réduites (front infiniment raide), cette méthode permet d'accéder au régime d'onde thermique supersonique propre à l'irradiation initiale d'une cible et de retrouver les solutions ablatives calculées antérieurement dans l'approximation de précurseur thermique négligeable.
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Echegaray, Oviedo Javier Andrés. "Upgrading the push-off test to analyze the contribution of steel fiber on shear transfer mechanisms." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/43723.

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The shear behavior of a specimen made of reinforced concrete is complex. The resisting mechanisms are affected by different factors such as section form, slimness of the specimen, longitudinal and transversal reinforcement arrangement, adhesion between concrete and steel, among others. Addition of steel fibers to the concrete improves the ductility as well as the tensile behavior; providing good control during the cracking process. Fibers also enhance the shear behavior of structural elements, increasing ultimate resistance and ductility. Push-off tests had been used to study the mechanisms of concrete shear transfer. Shear strength of the specimen depends on the contribution of both concrete and reinforcement. Aggregate interlock has a significant contribution to the concrete shear capacity. In the last decades new kinds of concrete have been developed for industrial use, such as high strength concrete (HSC), self-compacting concrete (SCC) or fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), among others. In these new materials aggregate interlock phenomenon may be different when compared to conventional concrete (CC). There is a lack of information in literature about the mechanisms of shear transfer in fiber reinforced concrete elements.
Echegaray Oviedo, JA. (2014). Upgrading the push-off test to analyze the contribution of steel fiber on shear transfer mechanisms [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/43723
TESIS
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Vu, Xuan Dung. "Vulnérabilité des dalles en béton sous impact : caractérisation, modélisation et validation." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI028/document.

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Le béton est un matériau dont le comportement est complexe, notamment dans le cas de sollicitations extrêmes. L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser expérimentalement le comportement du béton lorsque celui-ci est soumis à des sollicitations générées par un impact (compression confinée et traction dynamique) ; et de développer un outil numérique robuste permettant de modéliser son comportement de manière fiable. Dans la partie expérimentale, on a étudié des échantillons de béton provenant du centre de VTT (Centre de recherche technique en Finlande). Dans un premier temps, des essais statiques de compression triaxiale dont le confinement varie de 0 MPa (compression simple) à 600 MPa ont été réalisés. On observe que, sous l’effet de confinement la rigidité du béton devient plus importante à cause de la réduction de la porosité. Par conséquent, la résistance maximale au cisaillement du béton est augmentée. La présence d’eau joue un rôle important lorsque le degré de saturation est élevé et le béton est soumis à un fort confinement. Au delà d’un certain seuil de confinement, la résistance maximale au cisaillement diminue avec l’augmentation de la teneur en eau. L’eau influence également le comportement volumique du béton. Lorsque tous les pores libres du béton sont fermés sous l’effet de la compaction, la faible compressibilité de l’eau s’oppose à la déformation du béton, de sorte que le béton humide est moins déformé que le béton sec pour une même contrainte moyenne. Le deuxième volet du programme expérimental concerne des essais de traction dynamique à différentes vitesses de chargement, et à différents états d’humidité du béton. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la résistance en traction du béton C50 peut augmenter jusqu’à 5 fois par rapport à sa résistance statique pour une vitesse de déformation de l’ordre de 100 s-1. Dans la partie numérique, on s’intéresse à développer le modèle de comportement du béton PRM couplé (Pontiroli-Rouquand-Mazars) capable de prédire le comportement du béton sous impact. Ce modèle repose sur un couplage entre un modèle d’endommagement capable de décrire des mécanismes de dégradation et de fissuration du béton à faible confinement et un modèle de plasticité permettant de simuler le comportement du béton sous très fort confinement. L’identification du modèle a été réalisée avec les résultats des essais expérimentaux. L’amélioration du modèle, notamment sur le modèle de plasticité, porte sur trois points principaux : prise en compte de l’effet de la contrainte déviatoire dans le calcul de la contrainte moyenne ; de l’effet de l’eau avec la loi poro-mécanique au lieu de la loi des mélanges ; amélioration de la variable de couplage entre le modèle d’endommagment et le modèle élastoplastique avec une prise en compte de l’angle de Lode. Ces améliorations ont ensuite été validées par une confrontation des résultats numériques obtenus et des essais de type impact qui démontrent la fiabilité de la prédiction du modèle. Le modèle amélioré est capable de reproduire le comportement du béton sous différents trajets de chargement et à différents niveaux de confinement tout en tenant compte du degré de saturation du béton
Concrete is a material whose behavior is complex, especially in cases of extreme loads. The objective of this thesis is to carry out an experimental characterization of the behavior of concrete under impact-generated stresses (confined compression and dynamic traction) and to develop a robust numerical tool to reliably model this behavior. In the experimental part, we have studied concrete samples from the VTT center (Technical Research Center of Finland). At first, quasi-static triaxial compressions with the confinement varies from 0 MPa (unconfined compression test) to 600 MPa were realized. The stiffness of the concrete increases with confinement pressure because of the reduction of porosity. Therefore, the maximum shear strength of the concrete is increased. The presence of water plays an important role when the degree of saturation is high and the concrete is subjected to high confinement pressure. Beyond a certain level of confinement pressure, the maximum shear strength of concrete decreases with increasing water content. The effect of water also influences the volumic behavior of concrete. When all free pores are closed as a result of compaction, the low compressibility of the water prevents the deformation of the concrete, whereby the wet concrete is less deformed than the dry concrete for the same mean stress. The second part of the experimental program concerns dynamic tensile tests at different loading velocities, and different moisture conditions of concrete. The results show that the tensile strength of concrete C50 may increase up to 5 times compared to its static strength for a strain rate of about 100 s-1. In the numerical part, we are interested in improving an existing constitutive coupled model of concrete behavior called PRM (Pontiroli-Rouquand-Mazars) to predict the concrete behavior under impact. This model is based on a coupling between a damage model which is able to describe the degradation mechanisms and cracking of the concrete at weak confinement pressure and a plasticity model which allows to reproduce the concrete behavior under strong confinement pressure. The identification of the model was done using the results of experimental tests. The improvement of this model, especially the plasticity part, focuses on three main points : taking into account the effect of the deviatoric stress in the calculation of the mean stress; better accounting for the effect of water using poromechanical law instead of mixing law, improvement of the coupling variable between the damage model and the elastoplastic model with consideration of the Lode angle. These improvements were then validated by comparing numerical results and impact tests. The improved model is capable of reproducing the behavior of concrete under different loading paths and at different levels of confinement pressure while taking into account the degree of saturation of concrete
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Zhang, Kaiyi. "CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure and Recovery Mechanisms in Heterogeneous Low Permeability Reservoirs." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93728.

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Benefited from the efficiency of hydraulic fracturing and horizon drilling, the production of unconventional oil and gas resources, such as shale gas and tight oil, has grown quickly in 21th century and contributed to the North America oil and gas production. Although the new enhancing oil recover (EOR) technologies and strong demand spike the production of unconventional resources, there are still unknowns in recovery mechanisms and phase behavior in tight rock reservoirs. In such environment, the phase behavior is altered by high capillary pressure owing to the nanoscale pore throats of shale rocks and it may also influence minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), which is an important parameter controlling gas floods for CO2 injection EOR. To investigate this influence, flash calculation is modified with considering capillary pressure and this work implements three different method to calculate MMP: method of characteristics (MOC); multiple mixing cell (MMC); and slim-tube simulation. The results show that CO2 minimum miscibility pressure in nanopore size reservoirs are affected by gas-oil capillary pressure owing to the alternation of key tie lines in displacement. The values of CO2-MMP from three different methods match well. Moreover, in tight rock reservoirs, the heterogeneous pore size distribution, such as the ones seen in fractured reservoirs, may affect the recovery mechanisms and MMP. This work also investigates the effect of pore size heterogeneity on multicomponent multiphase hydrocarbon fluid composition distribution and its subsequent influence on mass transfer through shale nanopores. According to the simulation results, compositional gradient forms in heterogeneous nanopores of tight reservoirs because oil and gas phase compositions depend on the pore size. Considering that permeability is small in tight rocks and shales, we expect that mass transfer within heterogeneous pore size porous media to be diffusion-dominated. Our results imply that there can be a selective matrix-fracture component mass transfer during both primary production and gas injection secondary recovery in fractured shale rocks. Therefore, molecular diffusion should not be neglected from mass transfer equations for simulations of gas injection EOR or primary recovery of heterogeneous shale reservoirs with pore size distribution.
Master of Science
The new technologies to recover unconventional resources in oil and gas industry, such as fracturing and horizontal drilling, boosted the production of shale gas and tight oil in 21st century and contributed to the North America oil and gas production. Although the new technologies and strong demand spiked the production of tight oil resources, there are still unknowns of oil and gas flow mechanisms in tight rock reservoirs. As we know, the oil and gas resources are stored in the pores of reservoir formation rock. During production process, the oil and gas are pushed into production wells by formation pressure. However, the pore radius of shale rock is extremely small (around nanometers), which reduces the flow rate of oil and gas and raises capillary pressure in pores. The high capillary pressure will alter the oil and gas phase behavior and it may influence the value of minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), which is an important design parameter for CO2 injection (an important technology to raise production). To investigate this influence, we changed classical model with considering capillary pressure and this modified model is implemented in different methods to calculate MMP. The results show that CO2 -MMP in shale reservoirs are affected by capillary pressure and the results from different methods match well. Moreover, in tight rock reservoirs, the heterogeneous pore size distribution, such as fractures in reservoirs, may affect the flow of oil and gas and MMP value. So, this work also investigates the effect of pore size heterogeneity on oil and gas flow mechanisms. According to the simulation results, compositional gradient forms in heterogeneous nanopores of tight reservoirs and this gradient will cause diffusion which will dominate the other fluid flow mechanisms. Therefore, we always need to consider molecular diffusion in the simulation model for shale reservoirs.
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19

Vu, Xuan Hong. "Caractérisation expérimentale du béton sous fort confinement : influences du degré de saturation et du rapport eau/ciment." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00304343.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser expérimentalement l'influence du degré de saturation et du rapport eau/ciment du béton sur son comportement sous fort confinement. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre plus général de la maîtrise du comportement du béton sous sollicitations sévères (explosions en champ proche ou impacts balistiques). Une explosion en champ proche ou un impact sur une structure en béton génère des niveaux de contrainte très élevés associés à des chemins de sollicitation complexes dans le matériau béton. Pour valider les modèles de comportement, des résultats expérimentaux sont nécessaires. Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire concerne des essais réalisés grâce à une presse triaxiale statique permettant d'atteindre des niveaux de contrainte de l'ordre du giga Pascal. Le caractère poreux du béton et le fort confinement ont nécessité d'une part, la mise au point d'un dispositif de protection du matériau, et d'autre part, la mise au point d'une instrumentation par jauges de déformation, ce qui est inédit pour de tels confinements. Des essais hydrostatiques et triaxiaux, réalisés d'une part sur des matériaux modèles et d'autre part sur du béton, ont permis de valider les procédures expérimentales développées ainsi que les techniques de mesures des déformations et des contraintes. Les études concernant l'influence du degré de saturation et du rapport eau/ciment du béton sur son comportement ont nécessité la formulation d'un béton ordinaire de référence et de deux bétons modifiés possédant des rapports eau/ciment différents.
L'analyse des essais triaxiaux effectués sur le béton de référence montre que le degré de saturation du béton a une influence majeure sur son comportement statique sous fort confinement. Cette influence se remarque particulièrement sur la capacité de chargement du béton et sur la forme de la courbe des états limites pour des degrés de saturation supérieurs à 50%. La capacité de chargement du béton augmente avec la pression de confinement pour des essais sur du béton sec tandis qu'au-delà d'une pression de confinement donnée, elle reste limitée pour du béton humide ou saturé. Les modes de rupture du béton se présentent sous forme de bandes de localisation. L'inclinaison de ces bandes évolue avec le niveau de contrainte atteint dans le matériau et s'oriente perpendiculaire à la direction axiale lorsque ce niveau devient important.
L'analyse des essais triaxiaux réalisés sur les bétons possédant des rapports eau/ciment différents met en évidence que sous faible confinement, le comportement du béton est gouverné par la résistance de la matrice cimentaire. Sous fort confinement, le béton se comporte comme un empilement granulaire sans aucune influence de la résistance de la matrice cimentaire. Ainsi la courbe d'états limites et les modes de rupture du béton sont sensibles à son rapport eau/ciment pour de faibles niveaux de confinement mais insensibles à ce paramètre au-delà une contrainte moyenne critique.
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20

Rojatkar, Prachi. "Numerical Analysis of Multi Swirler Aerodynamics." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1448037649.

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21

Machacek, A. C. "Extending the validity range of the linear, fluid description of parametric instabilities in laser produced plasma." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326108.

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22

Lascar, Celine Claire. "Shock Attenuation in Two-Phase (Gas-Liquid) Jets for Inertial Fusion Applications." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19849.

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Z-Pinch IFE (Inertial Fusion Energy) reactor designs will likely utilize high yield targets (~ 3 GJ) at low repetition rates (~ 0.1 Hz). Appropriately arranged thick liquid jets can protect the cavity walls from the target x-rays, ions, and neutrons. However, the shock waves and mechanical loadings produced by rapid heating and evaporation of incompressible liquid jets may be challenging to accommodate within a small reactor cavity. This investigation examines the possibility of using two-phase compressible (liquid/gas) jets to protect the cavity walls in high yield IFE systems, thereby mitigating the mechanical consequences of rapid energy deposition within the jets. Two-phase, free, vertical jets with different cross sections (planar, circular, and annular) were examined over wide ranges of liquid velocities and void fractions. The void fraction and bubble size distributions within the jets were measured; correlations to predict variations of the slip ratio and the Sauter mean diameter were developed. An exploding wire system was used to generate a shock wave at the center of the annular jets. Attenuation of the shock by the surrounding single- or two-phase medium was measured. The results show that stable coherent jets can be established and steadily maintained over a wide range of inlet void fractions and liquid velocities, and that significant attenuation in shock strength can be attained with relatively modest void fractions (~ 1%); the compressible two-phase jets effectively convert and dissipate mechanical energy into thermal energy within the gas bubbles. The experimental characteristics of single- and two-phase jets were compared against predictions of a state-of-art CFD code (FLUENT®). The data obtained in this investigation will allow reactor system designers to predict the behavior of single- and two-phase jets and quantify their effectiveness in mitigating the consequences of shock waves on the cavity walls in high yield IFE systems.
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23

Rojat, Fabrice. "Comportement des tunnels dans les milieux rocheux de faibles caractéristiques mécaniques." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00583982.

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Les projets de tunnels dans des milieux rocheux de faibles caractéristiques mécaniques, usuellement regroupés sous l'appellation sols indurés roches tendres (S.I.R.T.), se heurtent à de multiples difficultés. Ces matériaux présentent des spécificités de comportement qui les rendent atypiques dans les contextes usuels de la mécanique des sols comme de la mécanique des roches, compliquant les dimensionnements et pouvant engendrer des surcoûts importants pour les maîtres d'ouvrage. En se limitant aux S.I.R.T. modélisables par une approche continue, la non-linéarité du critère de rupture, les couplages hydromécaniques et la dépendance de la déformabilité à l'état de contrainte apparaissent comme des traits de comportements susceptibles d'influencer significativement la phase de creusement (équilibre à court terme). Bien que ces propriétés puissent être prises en compte de manière adéquate dans des modèles numériques, la pratique des calculs de tunnel a montré de longue date l'intérêt des méthodes simplifiées comme l'approche convergence-confinement. Elles permettent un prédimensionnement raisonnablement représentatif au moyen de formulations peu complexes et favorisent la réalisation d'études de sensibilité grâce à leur mise en œuvre simple et rapide. À partir d'une approche de type " milieux poreux ", prenant en compte la compressibilité des différents constituants du matériau, et d'une représentation adimensionnelle du critère de rupture de Hoek-Brown (incluant les régimes d'arête), de nouvelles formulations permettant le calcul des courbes caractéristiques du terrain sont donc présentées. Après s'être intéressé dans un premier temps à la seule non-linéarité du critère de rupture, avec un milieu monophasique, une complexification progressive du problème est mise en œuvre pour prendre en compte des situations biphasiques drainées ou non drainées. À chaque fois une résolution complète est proposée, aboutissant à des formulations explicites ou à des équations intégrables aisément par une méthode numérique à un pas. Un outil sous forme de tableur, directement utilisable et démontrant la simplicité de mise en œuvre des solutions établies, est systématiquement fourni. Le cas non drainé est ensuite complété par un schéma de calcul intégrant une élasticité non-linéaire de Fahey-Carter, avec la méthode des matrices de transfert. La partie finale du travail permet d'aborder l'applicabilité de ces développements analytiques à un cas réel, le tunnel d'Arbus. Elle souligne quelques difficultés de détermination de paramètres à partir de campagnes d'essais " standard " et insiste sur la variabilité naturelle des matériaux dans une géologie molassique du piémont pyrénéen. Ce contexte met en relief les avantages des méthodes développées : outre une représentation plus satisfaisante du comportement du milieu, elles permettent à peu de frais d'identifier les paramètres les plus influents sur l'équilibre massif - soutènement et d'aborder la problématique des incertitudes dans le dimensionnement. Les calculs font également ressortir l'intérêt des modèles à élasticité non linéaire, avec une prise en compte plus appropriée de la déformabilité du matériau mais aussi une réduction de la sensibilité du modèle à la variabilité des paramètres élastiques. Les approches présentées conservent néanmoins certaines limites, comme la nécessaire distinction des équilibres court terme et long terme, l'hypothèse de contrainte initiale hydrostatique qui se révèle au final assez forte et le problème de la représentation du soutènement qui mériterait d'être davantage approfondi même si des méthodes acceptables sont d'ores et déjà disponibles dans la littérature.
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24

Baudoin, Camille. "Numerical evaluations of mechanisms governing the heat transport in the edge plasma of tokamaks." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0053/document.

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La fusion nucléaire est une solution technologique prometteuse pour une nouvelle source d'énergie. Cependant, utiliser la par fusion nucléaire confinement magnétique comme source d'énergie constitue un challenge scientifique et technologique car cela requière à la fois un bon confinement du plasma de cœur et un contrôle des flux de chaleurs arrivant à la paroi. Ce travail est motivé par la problématique de la gestion des flux de chaleur dans les réacteurs de fusion. Cela est nécessaire pour éviter d'endommager les coûteux composants faisant face au plasma. La compréhension des mécanismes physiques régissant le transport de la chaleur dans le plasma de bord est une tâche critique pour le design des futures machines. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire de faire des prédictions fiables de l'étalement de la chaleur dans le but de dimensionner correctement ces futures machines. Cela appelle à un fondement théorique décrivant la manière dont l'énergie s'échappe du plasma. Des études théoriques et expérimentales ont tenté aboutir à cette fin, cependant les mécanismes en jeux ne sont toujours pas clairs. Pour atteindre ce but, la modélisation numérique est un complément nécessaire aux expériences. Ce travail de thèse est dédié à l'étude numérique des différents aspects du transport de la chaleur dans le plasma de bord un utilisant les approches fluides. Une attention particulière est porté à deux mécanismes suspectés de joué un grand rôle dans le transport de la chaleur : le transport intermittent due à la turbulence et le transport convectif à large échelle par les vitesses dérives. Le problème a été traité avec une approche graduelle en utilisant différent outils numériques
Fusion devices are a promising solution for a new source of energy. However, using fusion reaction to produce power within a magnetic confinement is a scientific and technological challenge as it requires a high confinement in the core plasma at the same time as a good control of plasma exhaust on the material walls. This work is motivated by the key problematic of power handling in fusion power plants necessary to avoid damaging the expensive plasma facing components (PFC). The understanding of the physics underlying the heat transport, and more specifically is a critical task for the engineering design of future Tokamak devices. In this context, it is mandatory to make reliable predictions of the power spreading in order to correctly size the future Tokamaks. This calls for a theoretical ground describing the way energy escapes the core plasma through the separatrix and deposits on the PFCs. Some theoretical and experimental studies attempt to achieve such a task, however no definitive conclusion have been drawn yet. To achieve this goal, numerical modelling is a necessary complement to experimental results. This PhD work has been dedicated to the study of the different aspects of the heat transport in the edge plasma using a numerical fluid approach. Special focus was devoted to two types of mechanisms suspected to play an important role in the heat transport: intermittent turbulence; the large-scale convective transport
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25

Mukherjee, Bikramjit. "Interfacial debonding from a sandwiched elastomer layer." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71464.

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The problem of a thin elastomeric layer confined between two stiff adherends arises in numerous applications such as microelectronics, bio-inspired adhesion and the manufacture of soft biomedical products. A common requirement is that the debonding of the elastomeric layer from the adherends be controlled to avoid undesirable failure modes. This level of control may necessitate understanding the collective role of the interfacial adhesion, material properties, part geometries, and loading conditions on the debonding. Analytical and numerical approaches using the finite element method and a cohesive zone model (CZM) for the interfacial debonding are used in this dissertation to delineate the role of the afore-mentioned parameters on the initiation and propagation of debonding for both rigid and non-rigid adherends. Extensively studied in the dissertation is the debonding of a semi-infinite relatively stiffer adherend from an elastomer layer with its other surface firmly bonded to a rigid base. The adherend is pulled upwards by applying normal displacements either on its entire unbonded surface or on the edge of its part overhanging from the elastomer layer. The adherend and the elastomeric layer materials are assumed to be linear elastic, homogeneous and isotropic and the elastomer is assumed to be incompressible. Viscoelasticity of the elastomer is considered in the first part of the work. Plane strain deformations of the system with a bilinear traction-separation (TS) relation in the CZM are analyzed. Two non-dimensional numbers, one related to the layer confinement and the other to the interfacial TS parameters, are found to determine if debonding initiates at interior points in addition to at corner points on the adherend/elastomer interface, and if adhesion-induced instability is exhibited. This work is extended to axisymmetric problems in which debonding can take place at both interfaces. Motivated by an industrial demolding problem, numerical experiments are conducted to derive insights into preferential debonding at one of the two interfaces, including for curved adherends. Results reported herein should help engineers design an elastomer layer sandwiched between two adherends for achieving desired failure characteristics.
Ph. D.
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26

Fradet, Etienne. "Microfluidique de gouttes pour l'étude cinétique de réactions biochimiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00929715.

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La microfluidique de gouttes - i.e. l'emploi de gouttelettes comme microréacteurs - offre de nombreux avantages pour l'étude des systèmes biologiques. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous présentons une nouvelle approche pour la production et la manipulation de gouttelettes au sein de microcanaux afin de suivre l'avancement de réactions biochimiques au cours du temps. Contrairement aux approches existantes, notre dispositif utilise des gradients de confinement afin de produire et guider une unique goutte vers son lieu de stockage. Ce faisant, deux gouttes de contenus différents peuvent être appariées et fusionnées afin de déclencher une réaction chimique. Les réactifs n'étant pas activement mélangés, un front de réaction se propage alors le long de la goutte fille duquel on peut extraire la cinétique de la réaction. Nous commençons par l'étude de réactions simples ayant lieu en une étape. Un modèle 1D de réaction-diffusion permet de représenter la dynamique du front de réaction ce qui est vérifié en confrontant les solutions de ce modèle, obtenues numériquement ou analytiquement, à des mesures effectuées en gouttes. Puis, nous nous intéressons au cas des réactions enzymatiques. Nous démontrons d'abord la parallélisation de notre technique d'appariement de gouttes afin de reproduire en microcanal différents tests enzymatiques usuellement effectués en plaque multipuits. Finalement, nous étudions le cas des réactions enzymatiques rapides à l'aide de notre modèle de réaction-diffusion. Là encore, la comparaison d'expériences tenues en gouttes et de prédiction issues de notre modèle nous permet d'extraire une mesure des paramètres cinétiques de la réaction mise en jeu.
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27

Aili, Abudushalamu. "Shrinkage and creep of cement-based materials under multiaxial load : poromechanical modeling for application in nuclear industry." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1014/document.

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L’intérêt principal de la thèse est le comportement mécanique à long terme des enceintes de confinement des centrales nucléaires françaises. Les enceintes de confinements des centrales sont des structures en béton précontrainte biaxiale. Nous résumons donc le problème que nous nous adressons en deux points clés : la biaxialité du chargement et les déformations différées à long terme.Afin de caractériser les déformations différées sous chargement biaxial, nous nous concentrons dans un premier temps au coefficient du Poisson viscoélastique du béton. Dans ce but, nous commençons par examiner minutieusement la définition du coefficient de Poisson dans le cadre de la viscoélasticité linéaire isotrope non-vieillissente. Puis, en analysant les résultats expérimentaux de la littérature, nous obtenons le coefficient de Poisson viscoélastique du béton. Comme extension, nous amenons une analyse micromécanique et essayons d’éclaircir le mécanisme du fluage à long terme du gel de C-S-H.Dans un deuxième temps, nous visons à proposer un modèle poroviscoélastique sans supposer préalablement la décomposition classique des déformations différées. Nous commençons par identifier les tendances expérimentales majeures et phénomènes physiques que nous voulons capturer par le modèle. À partir des résultats expérimentaux du retrait endogène et du fluage propre de la littérature, nous analysons l’origine physique possible du retrait endogène à long terme. À la fin, dérivé de la théorie de la poromécanique, un modèle poroviscoélastique basé sur la physique est proposé. La prédiction du modèle est comparée avec les résultats expérimentaux de la littérature
The main interest of the thesis is the long-term mechanical behavior of the containment building of french nuclear power plants. The containment buildings of the power plants are biaxially prestressed concrete structures. Therefore, we summarize the problem of interest into two following key points: biaxiality of load and long-term delayed strain.In order to characterize the delayed strain under biaxial load, our study first concentrates on the viscoelastic Poisson's ratio of concrete. In this purpose, we start by scrutinizing the definition of Poisson's ratio in non-aging linear isotropic viscoelasticity. Then, from the analysis of experimental results from the literature, we can obtain the viscoelastic Poisson's ratio of concrete. As an extension, we use micromechanics to shed some light on the long-term creep mechanism of the C-S-H gel.In a second step, we aim at proposing a poroviscoelastic model without postulating a priori the classical decomposition of delayed strains. We start by identifying the major experimental tendencies and physical phenomena that we aim at capturing with the model. From experimental data of autogenous shrinkage and basic creep from the literature, we analyze the possible physical origin of long-term autogenous shrinkage. In the end, a physics-based poroviscoelastic model is proposed, derived from the poromechanics theory. The prediction of the model is compared with experimental results from literature
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28

Granger, Laurent. "Comportement différé du béton dans les enceintes de centrales nucléaires : analyse et modélisation." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00520675.

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Les enceintes de confinement des centrales nucléaires françaises sont réalisées en béton précontraint de 1,2 m d'épaisseur. L'étanchéité de la structure dépend principalement de la précontrainte résiduelle du béton. Or les dispositifs de surveillance des déformations différées font apparaître des différences sensibles, suivant les sites, que les modèles de calcul réglementaires ne prennent pas en compte d'une façon satisfaisante. Pour améliorer la gestion du parc de centrales, au sens durée de vie, EDF a lancé en 1991 un vaste programme d'étude centré sur le matériau béton, et visant à prévoir le comportement réel en fluage des enceintes déjà construites. Ici, nous analysons une par une les différentes déformations différées du béton. Une analyse fine des phénomènes physico chimiques qui en sont à l'origine, nous conduit à proposer une modélisation d'ingénieur, sur la base d'un modèle du type milieu continu équivalent. Enfin, nous présentons les résultats de nos simulations et nous concluons en donnant les enseignements théoriques et pratiques de cette étude ainsi que quelques propositions réglementaires.
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29

Senouci, Sidi Mohammed. "Etude et réalisation d'un nouvel appareil d'essais in situ : le géomécamètre." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10126.

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Les essais in situ occupent une place grandissante dans la reconnaissance et la determination des proprietes mecaniques des sols et des roches. Ceci est tout autant du a la difficulte, voire l'impossibilite pour effectuer des essais de laboratoire, qu'a la rapidite de l'obtention des resultats lorsque l'on pratique des essais en place. Nous avons concu et developpe un nouvel appareil d'essais in situ : le geomecametre, qui est une nouvelle variante du pressiometre, exploitant les forces generees par un ecoulement d'eau controle autour de la sonde de mesure. L'ecoulement hydraulique permet de faire varier la contrainte verticale, artificiellement, au niveau des essais. L'influence de cette contrainte est prise en compte dans l'interpretation des resultats des essais. Le geomecametre permet de la quantifier et de la faire varier pour une meilleure evaluation des caracteristiques mecaniques du sol. Le sable fin d'hostun a ete choisi comme materiau pour realiser l'etude experimentale sur le geomecametre. Les essais ont ete realises dans deux cuves experimentales, a de tres faibles contraintes de confinement. Les variations des parametres deduits de l'essai, en fonction de la variation du gradient hydraulique et de la densite du sable ont ete etudiees. Ces parametres sont tres influences par les conditions initiales de realisation des essais sous faibles contraintes de confinement. Une simulation numerique des essais a ete effectuee avec le logiciel plaxis. Les resultats numeriques ont ete compares a ceux de l'experience. L'influence des parametres mecaniques du sable et des conditions de realisation des essais sur les resultats de calculs a ete etudiee.
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30

Bachelier, Guillaume. "Propriétés optiques de nano-structures métalliques et semi-conductrices." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008229.

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La spectrométrie Raman, mettant en jeu des phonons de longueur d'onde nanométrique, est une technique de choix pour l'étude des nanostructures. Elle met en évidence les effets de localisation ou de mélange des états électroniques. La cohérence spatiale des modes de vibration, à l'origine du phénomène d'interférence Raman, permet quant à elle de sonder de la structuration spatiale de la matière, tant d'un point de vue électronique qu'acoustique, ouvrant ainsi la voie vers des dispositifs de caractérisation intégrés. La spécificité de l'approche développée dans ce manuscrit réside dans la comparaison entre mesures et calculs de la section efficace de diffusion Raman. Elle apporte une compréhension quantitative des fréquences mais aussi des intensités des pics mesurés. Ainsi, cette démarche a permis d'identifier un nouveau mécanisme de couplage phonon-plasmon qui s'est avéré être le mécanisme dominant la diffusion Raman basses fréquences dans les nano-particules métalliques.
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31

Fen-Chong, Teddy. "Durabilité sous percolation et/ou cristallisation confinée en milieu poreux." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00287116.

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On aborde quelques problèmes de durabilité posés par l'utilisation de géomatériaux en génie civil dans lesquels interviennent de forts couplages thermo-hydro-physico-chimio-mécaniques : (i) perméabilité à l'eau liquide des matériaux cimentaires ; (ii) perméabilité électro-osmotique dans les argiles ; (iii) comportement mécanique des bétons au gel/dégel.
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32

Amitrano, Davide. "Emission acoustique des roches et endommagement : approches experimentale et numerique, application a la sismicite miniere." Grenoble 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10002.

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Lors de la sollicitation mecanique des roches, la propagation de fissures provoque l'emission d'une onde acoustique (ea) ainsi qu'une modification des proprietes elastiques du materiau. L'ea est donc un moyen direct pour etudier l'evolution de l'endommagement, depuis le stade diffus jusqu'a celui ou il se localise pour former une discontinuite macroscopique. L'ea est egalement consideree comme un modele a petite echelle de la sismicite induite par les travaux souterrains ou de celle de la croute terrestre. En effet, on observe a ces differentes echelles des distributions en loi puissance (exposant b) qui indiquent une invariance d'echelle. La premiere partie de ce travail est consacree a une etude experimentale de l'ea du granite du sidobre en compression triaxiale. Nous montrons que l'ea est liee a un comportement macroscopique non lineaire et peut etre utilisee comme un estimateur de l'endommagement. L'augmentation de la pression de confinement rend le comportement mecanique plus ductile et fait diminuer l'exposant b. Nous proposons, dans la deuxieme partie, un modele numerique base sur l'endommagement elastique et sur la methode des elements finis. Ce modele permet de simuler les principales observations concernant l'ea et le comportement des roches. En particulier, il permet de simuler un comportement macroscopique allant du fragile avec un endommagement localise au ductile avec un endommagement diffus avec un seul parametre de controle : l'angle de frottement interne. En utilisant des valeurs experimentales de ce parametre, nous parvenons a simuler les transitions fragile-ductile et localise-diffus observees lorsque la pression de confinement augmente. La troisieme partie concerne l'etude de la sismicite induite dans une mine. Le caractere critique de la distribution de la taille des seismes est propose comme un critere de surveillance du risque sismique. La relation entre l'exposant b et la dimension de correlation spatiale des sources sismiques est etudiee.
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33

Hsu, Che-Sheng, and 許哲昇. "Investigation of emission mechanism and environment confinement of Stilbene 3." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00879336640678213103.

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34

Guo, Hou-Jun, and 郭厚均. "Research of DNA Stretching Mechanism on Lipid Bilayer and Its Behavior Under Confinement." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40007021649627071092.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
化學工程學研究所
104
We have recently developed a DNA optical gene mapping platform. The working principle of the platform relies on the phenomenon that DNA can be adsorbed and spontaneously extended along a groove covered with cationic lipid bilayers. The physical gene map can then be readily obtained using nick-translating method. This new platform has great potential because of its low cost and easy operation; however, the reason why DNA can spontaneously extend along the grooves is not clear and it has to be investigated in order to optimize the platform. Since DNA extends only along the grooves, it suggests there exists an electrostatic energy well for DNA. Two possible sources of this well are postulated: (1) the steric effect drives cationic lipids to aggregate on curved surface, (2) the geometry effect allows DNA to interact with more cationic lipids on the curved surface. In order to examine our postulations, we observed DNA behavior on three sets of lipid bilayers (A) DOPC/DOTAP, (B) DOPC/EPC and (C) DOPE/EPC, in which the ratio of the area of the headgroup to that of the tail varies gradually from larger than one to smaller than one. The experimental results show both the streic and the geometry effect exist. However, the geometry effect is always in favor of DNA extension while the steric effect can either enhance or undermine the phenomenon. We have also investigated the effect of the concentration of the positively charged lipids and found higher concentration always help DNA extend. In order to quantify the geometry effect, we have derived the electrostatic potential of DNA on curved surface and found the theoretical prediction is in quantitative agreement with the experimental results. We have also calculated lipid distribution due to steric effect and found that a modest variation of lipid concentration in conjunction with the geometry effect can lead to drastic change on DNA extension. Last but not least, we want to measure the width of the DNA confinement using atomic force microscopy and compare our results with the prediction between DNA extension and the confinement width proposed by de Gennes and Odijk. However, since the lateral diffusion of the lipid bilayer is too fast, we cannot find DNA on lipid bilayer using normal AFM probes. We plan to solve this problem in the future by employing lipids with transition temperatures higher than the room temperature so that lipid bilayer can remain in gel phase during experiments.
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35

Yen, Hui-yen, and 嚴彗嫣. "Investigation of emission mechanism and environment confinement effects of [Ir(ppy)2bpy](PF6) using nonaqueous reverse micelles." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wfs777.

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36

Liu, Zhaohui. "Mechanistic Investigation into the Conversion of Methanol to Hydrocarbons by Zeolite Catalysts." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/628930.

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Catalytic conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH) provides an alternative route to the production of fuels and important industrial chemicals that are currently mainly produced from the refinery of petroleum. The ability to control the product distribution of MTH according to the demands of specific applications is of crucial importance, which relies on the thorough understanding of the reaction pathways and mechanisms. Despite the significant research efforts devoted to zeolite-catalyzed MTH, it remains a challenge to establish a firm correlation between the physicochemical properties of zeolites and their catalytic activity and selectivity. In this dissertation, we designed a series of experiments to gain fundamental understanding of how the structural and compositional parameters of zeolites influence their catalytic performances in MTH. We investigated different types of zeolites, covering large-pore Beta, medium-pore ZSM-5, and small-pore DDR zeolites, and tune their crystallite size/diffusion length, hierarchical (mesoporous) structure, and Si/Al ratio (density of acid sites) by controlled synthesis or post-synthesis treatments. The influence of mesoporosity of a zeolite catalyst on its catalytic performance for MTH, with zeolite Beta, was first investigated. The shorter diffusion length associated with the hierarchical structure results in a lower ethylene selectivity but higher selectivity towards C4-C7 aliphatics. Then we investigated the correlation between the Al content and the ethylene selectivity by ZSM-5 zeolites with similar crystal sizes but varied Si/Al ratios. We realized that ethylene selectivity is promoted with the increase of aluminum content in the framework. These two observations can be explained by the same mechanistic reason: the ethylene selectivity is associated with the propagation degree of the aromatics catalytic cycle and essentially determined by the number of the acid sites that methylbenzenes would encounter before they exit the zeolite crystallite. Last we explored how to maximize the propylene selectivity by tuning the physicochemical properties of DDR zeolites. Due to the confined pore space in DDR, the propagation of olefins-based catalytic cycle can be preferentially promoted in a tunable manner, which cannot be realized with zeolites having larger pores. Thus, the propylene selectivity increases with increasing the Si/Al ratio and decreasing the crystallite size.
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37

Stein-Montalvo, Lucia. "Shape-shifting and instabilities of plates and shells." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/42503.

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Slender structures like plates and shells -- for which at least one dimension is much smaller than the others -- are lightweight, flexible, and offer considerable strength with little material. As such, these structures are abundant in nature (e.g. flower petals, eggshells, and blood vessels) and design (e.g. bridge decks, fuel tanks, and soda cans). However, with slenderness comes suceptibility to large and often sudden deformations, which can be wildly nonlinear, as bending is energetically preferable to stretching. Though once considered categorically undesirable, these instabilities are often coveted nowadays in the engineering community. They provide mechanical explanations for observations in nature like the wrinkled structure of the brain or the snapping mechanism of the Venus fly trap, and when precisely controlled, enable the design of functional devices like artificial muscles or self-propelling microswimmers. As a prerequisite, these achievements require a thorough understanding of how thin structures "shape-shift" in response to stimuli and confinement. Advancing this fundamental knowledge is the goal of this thesis. In the first two chapters, we consider the shape-selection of shells and plates that are confined by their environment. The shells are made by residual swelling of silicone elastomers, a process that mimics differential growth, and causes initially flat structures to irreversibly morph into curved shapes. Flattening the central region forces further reconfiguration, and the confined shells display multi-lobed buckling patterns. These experiments, finite element (FE) simulations, and a scaling argument reveal that a single geometric confinement parameter predicts the general features of this shape-selection. Next, in experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we constrain intrinsically flat sheets in the same manner, so that their center remains flat when we quasi-statically force them through a ring. In the absence of planar confinement, these sheets form a well-studied conical shape (the developable cone or d-cone). Our annular d-cone buckles circumferentially into patterns that are qualitatively similar to the confined shells, despite the distinct curvatures and loading methods. This is explained by the dominant role of confinement geometry in directing deformation, which we uncover via a scaling argument based on the elastic energy. There are also marked differences between the way plates and shells change shape, which we highlight when we investigate the rich dynamics of reconfiguration. In the final two chapters, we demonstrate how mechanics, geometry, and materials can inform the design of structures that use instabilities to function. We observe in experiments that dynamic loading causes a spherical elastomer shell to buckle at ostensibly subcritical pressures, following a substantial time delay. To explain this, we show that viscoelastic creep deformation lowers the critical load in the same predictable, quantifiable way that a growing defect would in an elastic shell. This work offers a pathway to introduce tunable, time-controlled actuation to existing mechanical actuators, e.g. pneumatic grippers. The final chapter aims at reducing the energy input required for bistable actuators, wherein snap-through instability is typically induced by a stimulus applied to the entire shell. To do so, we combine theory with 1D finite element simulations of spherical caps with a non-homogeneous distribution of stimuli--responsive material. We demonstrate that restricting the active area to the shell boundary allows for a large reduction in its size, while preserving snap-through behavior. These results are stimulus-agnostic, which we demonstrate with two sets of experiments, using residual swelling of bilayer silicone elastomers as well as a magneto-active elastomer. Our findings elucidate the underlying mechanics, offering an intuitive route to optimal design for efficient snap-through.
2022-05-06T00:00:00Z
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38

Biswas, Rajib. "Dynamics of Water under Confinement and Studies of Structural Transformation in Complex Systems." Thesis, 2013. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3405.

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The thesis involves computer simulation and theoretical studies of dynamics of water under confinement and structural transformation in different complex systems. Based on the systems and phenomena of interest, the work has been classified in to three major parts: I. Dynamics of water under confinement II. Dynamics of water in presence of amphiphilic solutes III. Structural transformation in complex systems The three parts have further been divided into nine chapters. Brief chapter wise outline of the thesis is discussed below. Part I deals with the dynamics of water in confined systems. In Chapter I.1, we provide a brief introduction of water dynamics inc on fined systems. We also give a brief outline of relevant experimental and theoretical techniques used to study the water dynamics under confinement. Chapter I.2 describes a model based analytical study of dynamical correlation in confined systems. Here, we introduce a novel one dimensional Ising model to investigate the propagation and annihilation of dynamical correlations in confined systems and to understand the intriguing shortening of the orientational relaxation time that has been reported for small sized reverse micelles (RMs).In our model, the two spins located at the two end cells are oriented in the opposite directions to mimic the surface effects present in the real systems. These produce opposing polarizations which propagate from the surface to the center, thus producing bulk like condition at the center. This model can be solved analytically for short chains. For long chains, we solve the model numerically with Glauber spin flip dynamics (and also with Metropolis single-spin flip Monte Carlo algorithm).We show that the model satisfactorily reproduces many of the features observed in experiments. Due to the destructive interference among correlations that propagate from the surface to the core, one of the rotational relaxation time components decays faster than the bulk. In general, the relaxation of spins is non-exponential due to the interplay between various interactions. In the limit of strong coupling between the spins or in the limit of low temperature, the nature of the relaxation of spins undergoes a change with the emergence of homogeneous dynamics, where the decay is predominantly exponential. In Chapter I.3, layer-wise distance dependent orientation relaxation of water confined in reverse micelle s(RM)is studied using theoretical and computational tools. We use both a newly constructed spins on a ring (SOR) Ising-type model with modified Shore-Zwanzig rotational dynamics and atomistic simulations with explicit water. Our study explores the size effect of RMs and the role of intermolecular correlations, compromised by the presence of a highly polar surface, on the distance (from the surface) dependence of water relaxation. The SOR model can capture some aspects of distance dependent orientation relaxation, such as acceleration of orientation relaxation at intermediate layers. In atomistic simulations, layer-wise decomposition of hydrogen bond (H-bond) formation pattern clearly reveal that the H-bond arrangement of water at a certain distance away from the surface can remain frustrated due to interaction with the polar surface head groups. We show that this layer-wise analysis also reveals the presence of a non-monotonic, slow relaxation component which can be attributed to the frustration effect and is accentuated in small to intermediate size RMs. For larger RMs, the long-time component decreases monotonically from the interface to the interior of the RMs with slowest relaxation observed at the interface. In ChapterI.4, we present theoretical two dimensional infrared spectroscopic (2D-IR) studies of water confined within RMs of various sizes. Here we focus again mainly on the altered dynamics of confined water by performing a layer-wise decomposition of water. We aim to quantify the relative contributions to the calculated 2D-IR spectra by water molecules located in different layers. The spectra of 0-1 transition clearly show substantial elongation along the diagonal, due to in homogeneous broadening and incomplete spectral diffusion, in the surface water layer of different size of RMs studied in this work. Our study reveals that the motion of the surface water molecules is sub-diffusive, establishing the constrained nature of their dynamics. This is further supported by the two peak nature of the angular analogue of the van Hove correlation function. With increasing system size the motion of water molecules becomes more diffusive in nature and the structural diffusion is observed to be almost completed in the central layer of larger RMs. Comparisons between experiment and simulation help establishing the correspondence between the spectral decomposition available in experimental 2D-IR with the spatial decomposition of simulated 2D-IR. Simulations also allow a quantitative exploration of the relative role of water, sodium ions and sulfonate head groups in irrational dephasing. Interestingly, the negative cross correlation between forces on oxygen and hydrogen of O-H bond in bulk water significantly decreases in the surface layer of different RMs. This negative cross correlation gradually increases in the central layer with increasing size of the RMs and this is found to be partly responsible for the faster relaxation rate of water in the central layer. Part II consists of two chapters and focuses on the dynamics of water in presence of amphiphilic solutes. In Chapter II.1, we present a brief introduction of water – DMSO binary mixture and various anomalous properties of the same. In Chapter II.2, we present theoretical IR study of water dynamics in water–DMSO binary mixtures of different compositions. We show that with increasing DMSO concentration, the IR absorption peak maxima show the presence of structural transformation in similar concentration range, observed in earlier studies. Analysis of H-bonded network near hydrophilic and hydrophobic part of DMSO also suggests that average number of hydrogen bonds near the hydrophobic parts possess maxima at the same concentration range. We also show that with increasing DMSO concentration water dynamics becomes very slow. This has been supported by the diagonal elongation of the 2D-IR spectra and also the slow decay of frequency fluctuation correlation n function (FFCF) and the orientation time correlation function (OTCF). The decoupling of the OTCF establishes that water-DMSOH-bond is much stronger than that of water-water. The last part (Part III) consists of three chapters that deal with structural transformation in various complex systems. In Chapter III.1, we introduce polydisperse systems and present existing theoretical, computer simulation and experimental studies. It also contains the importance and diversity of polydisperse system in nature. In Chapter III.2, we present computer simulation study of melting of polydisperse Lennard-Jones (LJ) system with Gaussian polydispersity in size. The phase diagram reproduces the existence of an early temperature in variant terminal polydispersity (δt0.11), with no signature of re-entrant melting. The absence of re-entrant melting can be attributed to the influence of attractive part of the potential on melting. We find that at terminal polydispersity the fractional density change approaches zero that seems to arise from vanishingly small compressibility of the disordered phase. At constant temperature and volume fraction system undergoes a sharp transition from crystalline solid to disordered state with increasing polydispersity. This has been quantified by second and third order rotational invariant bond orientational orders as well as by the average inherent structure energy. The translational order parameter also indicates similar structural change The free energy calculation further supports the nature of the transition. The third order bond orientational order shows that with increasing polydispersity, local cluster favors more icosahedral-like arrangements and thus the system loses its crystalline symmetry. In Chapter III.3, we present study of phase transition and effect of confinement on it in SOR model. This system is similar to our SOR model discussed in Chapter I.3. The spins execute continuous rotation under a modified XY Hamiltonian. In order to understand the nature of phase transition in such confined spin systems we have performed extensive Monte Carlo simulations. The system size dependence of Binders cumulant, specific heat, order parameter and finite size scaling of order parameter universally suggest the existence of a phase transition. The absence of hysteresis and Scaling of Binders energy cumulant minimum confirm the continuous nature of the transition. The finite size scaling analyses give rise to the mean field nature of the transition. Plausible applications of the proposed model in modeling dipolar liquids in confined systems are also discussed. In Appendix A, we discuss a preliminary study of front propagation in a non-equilibrium system. The model system analogous to the super cooled liquid shows non-Avrami domain growth during rejuvenation. The origin of the non-Avrami nature of the domain growth and the presence of cross over are also discussed. In Appendix B, we discuss umbrella a sampling technique and WHAM analysis which is used in ChapterIII.2 to get the free energy of polydisperse LJ system.
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39

(8604438), Philip Morgan Kester. "Hydrothermal synthesis methods to influence active site and crystallite properties of zeolites and consequences for catalytic alkane activation." Thesis, 2020.

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Zeolites are crystalline microporous solid acids composed of silica-rich frameworks with aliovalent Al heteroatoms substituted in crystallographically-distinct location sand arrangements, which generate anionic lattice charges that can be compensated by protons and extra framework metal cations or complexes that behave as catalytic active sites. Protons that charge-compensate Al are similar in Brønsted acid strength, yet differ in reactivity because their bound intermediates and transition states are stabilized by van der Waals interactions with confining microporous cavities, and by electrostatic interactions with proximal heteroatoms and adjacent protons. A diverse array of framework Al and extra framework H+ site ensembles are ubiquitous in low-silica and low-symmetry zeolite frameworks (e.g., MFI, MOR), which cause measured turnover rates to reflect the reactivity-weighted average of contributions from each distinct site ensemble. The reactivity of distinct sites can be further masked by diffusion barriers often imparted by microporous domains and secondary reactions of primary products, which become increasingly prevalent as products encounter higher numbers of active sites during diffusion prior to egress from zeolite crystallites. Consequently,catalytic behavior often depends on zeolite material properties at orders-of-magnitude different length scales, which depend on the specific protocols used in their synthesis and crystallization.

In this work, CHA zeolites that contain only one symmetrically-distinct lattice site for Al substitution are used as model materials to decouple the effects of proton
location and proximity in vibrational spectra and turnover rates for acid catalysis. Interactions between proximal protons influence their equilibrium distribution among anionic lattice O atoms in AlO4/2 tetrahedra, and result in temperature-dependent changes to vibrational frequencies and intensities of the asymmetric OH stretching region in infrared spectra measured experimentally and computed by density functional theory (DFT). Protolytic propane cracking and dehydrogenation, a catalytic probe reaction of the intrinsic reactivity of Brønsted acid protons, occur with turnover rates (748 K, per H+) that are an order-of-magnitude higher on paired protons than isolated protons, resulting from entropic benefits provided to late carbonium ion-pair transition states by proximal protons. These results indicate that cationic transition states can be stabilized entropically through multi-ion interactions with lattice anion and cation sites. Precise interpretation and quantification of the reactivity of different types and ensembles of Brønsted acid protons in zeolites requires that protolytic chemistry prevails in the absence of secondary active sites or other kinetically-relevant processes, a requirement generally met for alkane cracking but not dehydrogenation on H-form zeolites. Propane dehydrogenation activation energies vary widely (by >100 kJ mol−1) among H-form zeolites of different structure (MFI, MOR, CHA) and composition (Si/Al = 10 – 140) because reactant-derived carbonaceous deposits form in situ and catalyze alkane dehydrogenation under non-oxidative conditions through hydride transfer pathways. Contributions of reactant-derived active sites to propane dehydrogenation rates are quantified through a series of transient and steady-state kinetic experiments with co-fed alkene and dihydrogen products, and are found to depend on gradients in product pressures that are present in integral reactors under non-ideal plug-flow hydrodynamics. Propane dehydrogenation rates collected at initial time-on-stream and in the presence of co-fed H2 solely reflect protolytic reaction events and can be used to interpret differences in the reactivity of distinct proton sites and ensembles for alkane activation catalysis. The reaction conditions identified here can be used to remove or suppress the reactivity of carbonaceous active sites during catalysis, or to engineer the formation of organocatalysts on zeolite surfaces for selective dehydrogenation or hydride transfer reactions.

Synthetic strategies to decouple bulk and active site properties at disparate length scales, which are typically correlated in MFI zeolites crystallized hydrothermally, are developed by adding a second heteroatom and organic structure directing agent (SDA) to synthesis media. Crystallite size and morphology are independently varied from Al content by incorporating B heteroatoms into zeolitic frameworks, which generate protons that are catalytically irrelevant compared to those compensating Al, and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption methods are developed to differentiate between these two types of proton sites. The siting of Al heteroatoms in distinct locations and ensembles is influenced by the decrease in cationic charge density among occluded SDAs, in cases where ethylenediamine is co-occluded with tetra-n-propylammonium cations. The co-occlusion of organic SDAs enables crystallizing MFI zeolites with different bulk properties but similar Al distributions, or with similar bulk properties and different Al distributions. MFI zeolites crystallized with these methods provide model materials that can be interrogated to decouple the effects of bulk and atomicscale properties on acid catalysis, and open opportunities to exploit these material properties by designing active site ensembles and crystallite diffusion properties for catalytic chemistries that depend on coupled reaction-transport phenomena.
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40

Hayes, Paul Michael. "Use of a Press-Fit Grip Sleeve for Cable-In-Conduit Superconductor Integration: Effects of Tensile and Fatigue Loading." 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/806.

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Presently, one of the most promising sources for a future of abundant, low-emission, and efficient energy comes in the form of nuclear fusion. However, in order for it to become a reality, fusion technology must overcome the obstacle of plasma confinement. Utilizing the tokomak based design for magnetic plasma confinement; ITER is currently developing a fusion reactor to prove its commercial viability. The purpose of this research was to determine the feasibility of pulling toroidal field cable with a press-fit grip sleeve that utilizes friction to generate a gripping force. Such a design is being considered by ITER to integrate (join) 800 m long sections of superconducting cable and conduit for use in toroidal field plasma confinement coil construction. In order to see if friction alone had the potential to withstand the required pulling load, eight grip sleeve samples were subjected to monotonic tensile loading until failure (sleeve slippage) occurred. It was also important that the grip could withstand the variable loading that will likely occur during the pulling process due to friction between the cable and conduit. Therefore, a period of cyclic loading, prior to tensile loading, was incorporated into the testing regimen. Based on the results of each experiment, additional modifications were made until the sleeve’s gripping strength exceeded that of the weld joint used in the design, meaning the physical limitations of the grip sleeve had been reached. Once the design was optimized, additional samples were tested under identical conditions to establish repeatability. In addition, Finite Element Analysis was used to obtain better insight into the deformation behavior of the cable. Based on the findings of this research, it was determined that a 300 mm long press-fit sleeve with a 25.4mm long reinforcement grip ring is capable of supporting a 116 kN (26,000 lbf) to 126.5 kN (28,500 lbf) tensile load, with little to no adverse effects from fatigue testing. Since this value exceeds the 8,000 lbf load used by a Japanese team to perform this same task, it can be concluded that the press-fit grip design is capable of performing the required cable pull with a generous safety factor.
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41

(5929610), Michael J. Cordon. "Consequences of the Hydrophobicity and Spatial Constraints of Confining Environments in Lewis Acid Zeolites for Aqueous-Phase Glucose Isomerization Catalysis." Thesis, 2019.

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Lewis acidic zeolites are silica-based, crystalline microporous materials containing tetravalent heteroatoms (M4+=Ti, Sn, Zr, Hf) substituted in framework locations, and have been reported to catalyze a wide range of reactions involving oxygenates and hydrocarbons. The synthetic protocols used to prepare Lewis acid zeolites determine the structures of the active sites and the reaction pockets that confine them, which in turn influences reactivity, product selectivity, and catalyst stability. Specifically, aqueous-phase reactions of biomass-derived molecules, such as glucose isomerization, are sensitive to the hydrophobicity of confining environments, leading to changes in turnover rates. As a result, precise evaluation of the structure and behavior of reaction environments and confined active sites among catalysts of varying provenance or treatment history requires quantitative descriptions of active Lewis acid site densities, of densities of surface functional groups that determine the polarity of microporous confining environments, and of the kinetic behavior of these catalytic materials.

Methods for quantifying Lewis acid sites and silanol defects are developed here by analyzing infrared (IR) spectra collected after Lewis base (CD3CN, pyridine) titrations of Lewis acidic zeolite surfaces and are compared to vapor-phase methanol and water adsorption isotherms. Additionally, IR spectra collected under ex situ (flowing vapor-phase water) and in situ (aqueous-phase, 373 K, 0-50 wt% glucose) conditions are used to compare co-adsorbed water densities and structures within hydrophobic (low silanol density) and hydrophilic (high silanol density) confining environments within M-Beta zeolites. Under reaction conditions relevant for sugar conversion in aqueous media (353-398 K, 1-50 wt% glucose), hydrophilic reaction pockets stabilize liquid-like extended water structures within microporous environments, while hydrophobic channels stabilize vapor-phase water at lower intraporous water densities. Higher aqueous-phase glucose isomerization rates (368-383 K, 1-50 wt% glucose, per kinetically relevant active site) are observed on hydrophobic Ti-Beta (~6-12x, per Lewis acidic Ti) and Sn-Beta (~50x, per Lewis acidic Sn in open configuration) zeolites over their hydrophilic analogs. Higher turnover rates on hydrophobic M-Beta zeolites reflect the absence of an extended, hydrogen-bonded network of waters, which entropically destabilizes kinetically relevant hydride shift transition states by reducing the flexibility of their primary solvation spheres. These findings suggest catalyst design strategies to minimize the generation of silanol groups within confining reaction environments would lead to increases in turnover rates.

The methods derived herein can be applied to understanding the role of the confining environment and the associated co-adsorbed water on zeolitic materials of different topology and Lewis acid site identity. For example, the transient formation of silanol defects under aqueous-phase operating conditions is primarily responsible for the deactivation of Sn-Beta catalysts observed during aqueous-phase glucose isomerization. Further, quantifying the role of the confining environment geometry and hydrophobicity on aqueous-phase glucose isomerization rates can be used as guidance for catalyst design to increase reaction rates and selectivities toward specific isomerization products. These findings show that both the active site identity and its confining environment, which vary with zeolite topology and micropore polarity, combine to influence reactivity, selectivity and stability for aqueous-phase glucose isomerization catalysis.
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