Journal articles: 'Confinement loss'

1

Sakai, Jun-ichi, and Norihiro Nishida. "Confinement loss, including cladding material loss effects, in Bragg fibers." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 28, no. 3 (2011): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.28.000379.

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Teng, Da, Yuanming Tian, Xuemei Hu, et al. "Sodium-Based Cylindrical Plasmonic Waveguides in the Near-Infrared." Nanomaterials 12, no. 12 (2022): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12121950.

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Subwavelength optical field confinement and low-loss propagation are of great significance for compact photonic integration. However, the field confinement capability of plasmonic devices is always accompanied by the inherent Ohmic loss. Although recent studies have shown that sodium (Na) exhibits lower loss than noble metals in the near-infrared band, the field confinement ability has not been adequately assessed. Meanwhile, the high chemical reactivity of Na should be regulated for practical application. Two dielectric-coated Na nanowires, consisting of cylindrical Na nanowires with one or two dielectric layers as claddings, are proposed and investigated in this paper. Based on finite element calculations, we thoroughly study the modal fields and low-loss propagation properties of dielectric-coated Na nanowires. The results demonstrate that Na exhibits lower loss and stronger field confinement than the typical plasmonic material silver. These findings indicate the performance of plasmonic devices can be considerably improved by employing the metal Na compared with devices using noble metals, which may promote the applications in subwavelength photonic devices.

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Sun, Tianran, Xinyang Su, Fanchao Meng та ін. "Design of 2 μm Low-Loss Hollow-Core Anti-Resonant Fibers". Micromachines 14, № 6 (2023): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14061198.

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We systematically studied several of the most traditional hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF) structures, with the aim of achieving low confinement loss, single-mode performance, and high insensitivity to bending in the 2 µm band. Moreover, the propagation loss of fundamental mode (FM), higher-order mode (HOMs), and the higher-order mode extinction ratio (HOMER) under different geometric parameters were studied. Analysis showed that the confinement loss of the six-tube nodeless hollow-core anti-resonant fiber at 2 µm was 0.042 dB/km, and its higher-order mode extinction ratio was higher than 9000. At the same time, a confinement loss of 0.040 dB/km at 2 µm was achieved in the five-tube nodeless hollow-core anti-resonant fiber, and its higher-order mode extinction ratio was higher than 2700.

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Khurgin, Jacob B. "Ultimate limit of field confinement by surface plasmon polaritons." Faraday Discussions 178 (2015): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00193a.

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We show that electric field confinement in surface plasmon polaritons propagating at metal/dielectric interfaces enhances the loss due to Landau damping, which effectively limits the degree of confinement itself. We prove that Landau damping, and associated with it surface collision damping, follow directly from the Lindhard formula for the dielectric constant of a free electron gas. Furthermore, we demonstrate that even if all of the conventional loss mechanisms, caused by phonons, electron–electron interactions, and interface roughness scattering, were eliminated, the maximum attainable degree of confinement and the loss accompanying it would not change significantly compared to the best existing plasmonic materials, such as silver.

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Xu, Ding Jie, Hong Ru Song, and Wei Wang. "Analysis of Transmission Characteristic in Single Polarization Dual Elliptical Assistant Holes Hollow Fiber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (December 2013): 1359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.1359.

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To improve the propagation quality in photonic crystal fibers,a novel dual elliptical assistant holes hollow fiber is proposed. Numerical model of confinement loss has been modeled by vector finite element method, then the core loss characteristics and the power ratio of the hollow fiber has been simulated and analyzed. The results show that the x-polarization confinement loss and the core power ratio are 0.06dB/m and 98.2% at 1550nm, respectively. By contrast, the y-polarization confinement loss is up to 243.34dB/m while the core power ratio is 47.86%. The novel optical fiber exhibits good single polarization characteristics and transmission characteristics, and the bandwidth range of single mode single polarization is 55nm. The novel optical fiber is very good to satisfy the requirement of single mode single polarization at the 1550nm.

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Ghoroku, Kazuo, and Kouki Kubo. "Accelerated quarks and energy loss in confinement theory." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 18 (2016): 1650103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16501037.

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We study the energy loss rate (ELR) of the accelerated quark in terms of the holographic models for the two different motions, linear acceleration and uniform rotation. They are examined by two different nonconformal models with confinement. We found in both models that the value of ELR is bounded from below by the string tension of the linear confinement potential between quark and antiquark. The lower bounds of ELR are independent of the types of the motion of the quark. They are determined by the string tension at the worldsheet horizon of the model. These results are obtained when the model has the diagonal background metric. Then we find the common perspective for the lower bounds of ELRs of the two different motions.

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Yi, Ni, An Liang, Xie Yuejian, Zhang Lei, and Peng Jiangde. "Confinement loss in solid-core photonic bandgap fibers." Optics Communications 235, no. 4-6 (2004): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2004.02.072.

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Monfared, Yashar E., A. R. Maleki Javan, and A. R. Monajati Kashani. "Confinement loss in hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fibers." Optik 124, no. 24 (2013): 7049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.05.168.

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Kuhlmey, Boris T., Hong C. Nguyen, M. J. Steel, and Benjamin J. Eggleton. "Confinement loss in adiabatic photonic crystal fiber tapers." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 23, no. 9 (2006): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.23.001965.

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Hossain, M. B., K. A. J. Alsalem, K. Ahmed, F. M. Bui, S. M. Ibrahim, and S. K. Patel. "Terahertz detection of chemicals through zeonex fiber material." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 18, no. 2 (2023): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2023.182.511.

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A PCF sensor is proposed for chemical (e.g., glycerol, acetic acid, and water) sensing through Zeonex fiber material. We investigate relative sensitivity, effective are, effective material loss, and confinement loss to analyze the sensor performance. The proposed sensor offers the relative sensitivity of almost 97.7% for glycerol, 96.25% for acetic acid, 95.28% for water at frequency 3.5 THz. In addition, the sensor possesses small effective material loss and tiny confinement loss that are important characteristics of an efficient chemical sensor. Furthermore, the modern fabrication techniques are well fitting for the fabrication of the presented sensor.

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Pourfathi Fard, Abdolreza, Somayeh Makouei, Morad Danishvar, and Sebelan Danishvar. "The Design of a Photonic Crystal Fiber for Hydrogen Cyanide Gas Detection." Photonics 11, no. 2 (2024): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11020178.

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Hydrogen cyanide gas is a dangerous and fatal gas that is one of the causes of air pollution in the environment. A small percentage of this gas causes poisoning and eventually death. In this paper, a new PCF is designed that offers high sensitivity and low confinement loss in the absorption wavelength of hydrogen cyanide gas. The proposed structure consists of circular layers that are located around the core, which is also composed of circular microstructures. The finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the results. According to the results, the PCF gives a high relative sensitivity of 65.13% and a low confinement loss of 1.5 × 10−3 dB/m at a wavelength of 1.533 µm. The impact of increasing the concentration of hydrogen cyanide gas on the relative sensitivity and confinement loss is investigated. The high sensitivity and low confinement losses of the designed PCF show that this optical structure could be a good candidate for the detection of this gas in industrial and medical environments.

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12

Yuan, Ziwei, Yi Wang, Dexian Yan, et al. "Study on the high birefringence and low confinement loss terahertz fiber based on the combination of double negative curvature and nested claddings." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 11 (2021): 115106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4136.

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Abstract A novel double negative curvature nested fiber structure is designed by adding extra circular cladding tubes to enhance the birefringence and reduce the confinement loss. The fiber structure is composed of eight circular cladding tubes and two semi-elliptical nested tubes. The transmission performances of terahertz fiber, including birefringence, confinement loss, dispersion and effective mode field area, are studied by changing the parameters of cladding tubes. In the frequency range of 1.75–2.6 THz, the broad bandwidth of 850 GHz with high birefringence (above 10−4) can be achieved. The confinement loss of y-polarization mode with the frequency of 2.575 THz can be as low as 0.00231 dB cm−1. The waveguide dispersion coefficient is between ±0.188 ps (THz cm)−1 in the frequency range of 2.0–2.475 THz. The maximum effective mode field area of x-polarization mode is 2.618 × 10−6 m2 at 2.6 THz.

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Wang, Wei, and David Bird. "Confinement loss of anti-resonant capillaries with curved boundaries." Optics Express 29, no. 16 (2021): 25314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.433189.

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14

Lorenzini, R., F. Auriemma, P. Innocente, E. Martines, S. Martini, and D. Terranova. "Confinement loss during dynamo relaxation event in RFX-mod." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 50, no. 3 (2008): 035004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/50/3/035004.

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15

Chen, Daru, and Linfang Shen. "Ultrahigh Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber With Ultralow Confinement Loss." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 19, no. 4 (2007): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2006.890040.

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16

Cheng, Tonglei, Meisong Liao, Weiqing Gao, Zhongchao Duan, Takenobu Suzuki, and Yasutake Ohishi. "Low confinement loss hybrid-guiding tellurite photonic bandgap fiber." Optical Fiber Technology 18, no. 6 (2012): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2012.07.017.

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17

Foroni, M., D. Passaro, F. Poli, et al. "Confinement loss spectral behavior in hollow-core Bragg fibers." Optics Letters 32, no. 21 (2007): 3164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.32.003164.

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Khalid, M., I. Arshad, and M. Zafarullah. "DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS TO EVALUATE DISPERSION AND CONFINEMENT LOSS FOR WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING SYSTEMS." Nucleus 51, no. 2 (2014): 249–58. https://doi.org/10.71330/thenucleus.2014.711.

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Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) is the innovative and vital advancement in the field of optical communication. Research is being carried out in this field to study the transmission properties of PCF and how these properties can be improved to get the most optimum design. In this paper, two different categories of PCF are used (i) single solid-core PCF and (ii) multi solid-core PCF. We evaluated the confinement loss and dispersion properties for different designs of PCF to find an appropriate design for effective propagation of light in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems. For WDM systems, both the confinement loss and dispersion of the fiber should be minimized for effective propagation of light. We made different designs of PCF and compared them to achieve the best possible design. The wavelength range for WDM systems is from 1300nm to 1500nm. We studied the confinement loss and dispersion for this range of wavelengths.

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19

Le, Van Hieu. "Dispersion management in organic liquid-cladding photonic crystal fiber based on GeSe2–As2Se3–PbSe chalcogenide." Communications in Physics 35, no. 1 (2025): 87. https://doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/22079.

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We present a numerical study of the influence of the liquids on fiber properties. The PCF was proposed based on the GeSe2–As2Se3–PbSe chalcogenide, infiltrated with six organic liquids in air holes in the cladding. The guiding properties in terms of dispersion characteristics, mode area, nonlinear coefficient, and confinement loss of the fundamental mode were numerically investigated. The result is that it is possible to shift the wavelength of the zero dispersion by about 20 nm to longer wavelengths and to reduce the slope of the dispersion curve of the fiber by the liquid filling. The results obtained also show that the PCF has a larger mode area (lower nonlinear coefficient) when infiltrated with liquids with a higher refractive index. At the same time, the presence of liquid in the cladding is responsible for the increase in confinement loss. In particular, the fiber has a lower confinement loss when infiltrated with liquids with a higher refractive index.

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Butler, H. Daniel, Benjamin Steiner, Matthew D. Makarios, and Lawrence F. Travis. "An Examination of the Influence of Exposure to Disciplinary Segregation on Recidivism." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 4 (2019): 485–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128719869194.

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Inmates who violate prison rules and regulations may be confined in disciplinary segregation as a punishment, which includes a loss of privileges and reduced opportunities to socialize and participate in prison programming. Few studies have explored the relationship between confinement in disciplinary segregation and recidivism. In this study, data collected from offenders released to postrelease supervision in Ohio are used to examine how various types of exposure to confinement in disciplinary segregation influence the odds of recidivism. In addition, confinement in disciplinary segregation in the months preceding release from prison is examined by use of difference of means tests. We found that confinement in disciplinary segregation and the timing of confinement prior to release are associated with increased odds of recidivism.

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Gowre, Sanjaykumar, Sudipta Mahapatra, and P. K. Sahu. "A Modified Structure for All-Glass Photonic Bandgap Fibers: Dispersion Characteristics and Confinement Loss Analysis." ISRN Optics 2013 (September 22, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/416537.

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This paper investigates a modified structure for all-glass photonic bandgap fiber (AGPBF) having up-doped silica rods in the cladding region instead of air holes using plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods. The proposed AGPBF structure exhibits tunable dispersion properties and improved confinement loss. It is observed that the confinement loss can be reduced simply by using a higher doping concentration in silica rods in the cladding. Also, it is possible to achieve flattened dispersion of the order of 1 ps/nm/km over a wide wavelength range.

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García, Inmaculada Jimeno, and Anne Marie Garvey. "Economic and Social Interactions in Business Students during COVID-19 Confinement: Relationship with Sleep Disturbance." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 4 (2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12040100.

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The objective of the study was to observe the effect of sleep on students in the first week (Point 1) of strict confinement and to analyze its evolution after one and two months (Point 2) of strict confinement during COVID-19. The evolution of sleep, in association with affected income status, family relations, and the death or infection of a family member or friend by COVID-19 was examined. Students responded to a survey that included questions relating to sleep quality and general well-being from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS). Sleep disturbance increased over strict confinement but was substantially more and with greater intensity in the case of students not living with family members. The results show that loss of family income, loss of a family member or friend, and having a friend or family member infected affected sleep quality negatively at Point 1. However, at Point 2, confinement itself affected students sleep, as well as the variables analyzed. Domestic harmony was a positive correlation for better sleep health. The study is important for managing coping policies and diagnosis.

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Du, Yuhang, Dinghao Zhou, Ruizhe Zhang, Jingkai Zhou, and Hui Zou. "Anti-Resonant Hollow-Core Fibers with High Birefringence and Low Loss for Terahertz Propagation." Electronics 13, no. 12 (2024): 2382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13122382.

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A new type of anti-resonant hollow-core fiber for terahertz waveguides is proposed. By introducing central support pillars and an elliptical structure, the fiber achieves high birefringence while maintaining low confinement loss and low material absorption loss. The fiber structure is optimized through simulation using the finite element method. The optimized fiber exhibits a birefringence of up to 1.22 × 10−2 at a frequency of 1 THz, with a confinement loss of 8.34 × 10−6 dB/cm and a material absorption loss of 7.17 × 10−3 dB/cm. Furthermore, when the bending radius of the fiber is greater than 12 cm, the bending loss of the anti-resonant optical fiber at 1 THz is less than 1.36 × 10−4 dB/cm, demonstrating good bending resistance and high practical value. It is expected to play a significant role in optical communication systems.

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Xu, Litu, Fang Li, Lai Wei, Jianxin Zhou, and Shuai Liu. "Design of Surface Plasmon Nanolaser Based on MoS2." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (2018): 2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112110.

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The paper has proposed a new structure based on MoS2. The electric field distribution, the locality and the loss of the mode, and the threshold under different geometric shapes and parameters are investigated using COMSOL Multiphysics software, based on the finite element method. The different influenced degree of each component is also analyzed. Simulation results reveal that this kind of nanolaser has a low loss and high field confinement ability, the radius of CdS and Ag make a major contribution to the low loss and low threshold, and field confinement ability is mainly affected by the height of air gap. Under optimal parameters, effective propagation loss is only 0.00013, and the lasing threshold can be as low as 0.11 μm−1. The results provide theory and technique support to the field of new nanolaser design.

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Rumpa, Ramin Chapa. "Ultra-High Birefringence Property and Low Confinement Loss of Circular Photonic Crystal Fiber for Telecommunication Application." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 3 (2024): 3366–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.58219.

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Abstract: A redesigned PCF structure with minimal confinement loss and high birefringence is proposed in this research paper. It employs a circular lattice arrangement with one ring of identical air holes. High birefringence and low confinement loss are two of the properties that have been numerically studied using the finite element method with circular perfectly matched layer boundary conditions. By adjusting the hole size and spacing, it is possible to achieve both properties simultaneously. At an excitation wavelength of 1550 nm, a numerically obtained modal birefringence of 2.3179×10-2 is observed. Simultaneously, by methodically evaluating the cladding rings, the center-to-center distance between the air holes, and the number of cladding rings with equal diameters, a minimal confinement loss (<10-1) may be achieved. Additionally, the suggested PCF verifies that it is feasible to acquire. Our extremely birefringent fiber can be controllably created thanks to the development of birefringence with structural modifications. The suggested structure has better optical characteristics, making it a potential contender for sensing and broadband dispersion correction.

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Tobon, Monica. "Separation, Loss, Confinement, and Change: How Evagrius Can Speak to the Experience of Lockdown." Vox Patrum 82 (June 15, 2022): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.13460.

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Separation, loss, confinement, and change have been imposed on entire populations during the Covid-19 pandemic in the form of lockdowns aimed at limiting the spread of the virus. They are also central to Evagrian asceticism, where they establish the conditions for the change at which the monastic life aims, namely to begin to reverse the effects of the fall by restoring the soul to health. This paper examines how they do so in order to gain an understanding of their ascetic function. Following the Introduction, it outlines Evagrius’ anthropology in order to lay the groundwork for its main theme, the healing of pathos through the practical life. Separation, loss, and confinement are each considered in turn by referencing Evagrius’ descriptions of their ascetic function and his own experience of them. Next, the change at which they aim is described, again drawing upon a range of Evagrian material. The final section of the paper considers how Evagrius can speak to the experience of lockdown by endowing separation, loss, confinement with meaning and purpose in relation to spiritual awakening and growth, highlighting our freedom to choose our attitude to them, and acting as both our guide and our companion.

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Biswas, Shovasis Kumar. "DESIGN OF HEXAGONAL PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER WITH ULTRA-HIGH BIREFRINGENT AND LARGE NEGATIVE DISPERSION COEFFICIENT FOR THE APPLICATION OF BROADBAND FIBER." International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 2, no. 1 (2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijoest.v2.i1.2017.02.

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The purpose of this paper is to design a hexagonal microstructure photonic crystal fiber (PCF) which gives ultra-high birefringence and very low confinement loss for sensing application. To characterize the modal properties of the proposed photonic crystal fiber, finite element method is used. We found ultra-high birefringence of 3.34×10-2 at operating wavelength 1550nm by using simulation software comsol multiphysics. Our proposed PCF gives large value of nonlinear coefficient of 63.51 W-1km-1, large value of negative dispersion coefficient of -566.6 ps/ (nm.km), and also ultra-low confinement loss which is in the order of 10-7.

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Maidi, Abdul Mu’iz, Md Abul Kalam, and Feroza Begum. "Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Detecting Sulfuric Acid in Different Concentrations." Photonics 9, no. 12 (2022): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120958.

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A high-performance photonic crystal fiber sensor for sulfuric acid detection is designed and investigated, undertaken through a full vector Finite Element Method on COMSOL Multiphysics software to establish the optical properties of effective refractive index, power fraction, relative sensitivity, confinement loss, chromatic dispersion, and propagation constant. Different aqueous sulfuric acid concentrations of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% were selected as the test analytes. The dimensions of two cladding rings of the hexagon- and circular-shaped air holes and a circular core hole denoted outstanding outcomes of relative sensitivity and confinement loss. At 1.1 µm optimum wavelength, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% sulfuric acid concentrations depict relative sensitivities of 97.08%, 97.67%, 98.06%, 98.39%, and 98.67%, respectively, and confinement losses of 1.32 × 10−12 dB/m, 4.11 × 10−12 dB/m, 1.46 × 10−12 dB/m, 6.34 × 10−12 dB/m, and 2.12 × 10−12 dB/m, respectively.

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Zheng, Hong Jun, Chong Qing Wu, Zhi Wang, Jian Wang, Shan Liang Liu, and Xin Li. "A Single-Polarization Single-Mode Photonic Crystal Fiber with Four Lines of Small Elliptical Air-Holes." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.50.

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We present a novel single-polarization single-mode photonic crystal fiber (SPSM-PCF) design with four lines of small elliptical air-holes in order to obtain wider bandwidth for SPSM operation. The characteristics of the proposed SPSM-PCF are studied by using a full-vector finite element method (FEM) with perfect matched layer (PML) boundary conditions. At the wavelength of 1.55 µm, the confinement loss of the x-polarized mode is lower than 0.5 dB/km, whereas the loss of the y-polarized mode is larger than 50 dB/km. Compared with the case of x-polarized mode, the y-polarized mode can be suppressed in the PCF. Then, the SPSM operation is obtained. The proposed PCF can perform SPSM operation with broadband of 600 nm for considering the confinement loss ratio and the loss difference.

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Doughan, Isaac, Kehinde Oyemakinwa, Olli Ovaskainen, and Matthieu Roussey. "Low Loss Vertical TiO2/Polymer Hybrid Nano-Waveguides." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (2023): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030469.

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This article proposes a novel demonstration of a low-loss polymer channel hybridized with a titania core leading to a nano-waveguide elongated in the normal direction to the substrate. It is aimed at using the quasi-transverse magnetic (TM) mode as the predominant mode in compact photonic circuitry. A detailed design analysis shows how a thin layer of a higher-refractive index material in a trench within the core of the waveguide can increase the confinement and reduce the propagation losses. This thin layer, produced by atomic layer deposition, covers the entire polymer structure in a conformal manner, ensuring both a reduction of the surface roughness and a stronger field confinement. The trench can be made at any place within the polymer channel and therefore its position can be tuned to obtain asymmetric modal distribution. The waveguide is demonstrated at telecom wavelengths, although the material’s properties enable operation over a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum. We measured propagation losses as low as 1.75 ± 0.32 dB/cm in a 200 nm × 900 nm section of the waveguide core. All processes being mass-production compatible, this study opens a path towards easier integrated-component manufacture.

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R., Manojguru, and Ravindranath Chandra R. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON HIGH TEMPERATURE MESH CONFINED CONCRETE." International Journal of Engineering Research and Modern Education Special Issue, April 2017 (2017): 242–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.579566.

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This paper presents a fire accidents are happening in most of the buildings which causes heavy damage to the buildings and result in loss of durability. In order to avoid the consequences an experimental investigation is carried out using mesh confinement concrete. Concrete is a non-combustible material and has a slow rate of heat transfer. High temperature can cause the formation of cracks. These cracks resembles like any other cracks propagation may eventually cause loss of structural collapse and shorting of span life. One mighty problem which occurs when concrete is exposed to fire is spalling. This is the phenomenon in which explosion ejection of chunks in concrete from the surface of the material, In order to reduce early cover spalling, a new idea has been investigated. This is implemented by installing relatively cheap materials such as glass mesh, nylon mesh, GI weld mesh and wire mesh in cylindrical specimens with a length of 300mm and 150mm diameter. It has been understood from the literature to reduce the spalling in concrete and strength can be improved by mesh confinement. Hence an experimental investigation will be done to study the performance of mesh confinement concrete subjected to fire. In this project work the four types of meshes such as glass, wire, nylon and GI weld type were used as confinement materials in the cylinders.

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Zendehnam, Akbar, Mahmoud Mirzaei, and Razieh Solgi. "Confinement Loss and GVD for HF and AHAOF by FEM." International Journal of Optics and Applications 2, no. 4 (2012): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.optics.20120204.01.

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Liang, Wenbin, Ningliang Liu, Zhihua Li, and Peixiang Lu. "Highly Birefringent Elliptical-Hole Microstructure Fibers With Low Confinement Loss." Journal of Lightwave Technology 30, no. 21 (2012): 3381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2012.2217314.

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Pogossian, S. P., L. Vescan, and A. Vonsovici. "High-confinement SiGe low-loss waveguides for Si-based optoelectronics." Applied Physics Letters 75, no. 10 (1999): 1440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124719.

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Hao, Rui, Zhiquan Li, Guifang Sun, Liyong Niu, and Yuchao Sun. "Photonic crystal fiber with high birefringence and low confinement loss." Optik 124, no. 21 (2013): 4880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.02.033.

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Dominguez-Espinosa, Alejandra del Carmen, and Johnny R. J. Fontaine. "It Is Not the Virus Exposure: Differentiating Job Demands and Resources That Account for Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Health Sector Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (2023): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021212.

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A cross-sectional study of 3860 health-sector workers across two data collections was conducted to identify the predictive power of different job demands and job resources during the COVID-19 pandemic based on four indicators of distress (COVID-19 traumatic stress, burnout, generalised anxiety, and depression) among health-sector workers. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, measurement invariance checks, and structural equation models were used to evaluate the dimensionality and the effect of the job demands and resources on distress indictors. The identified job demands were workload, confinement, loss, and virus exposure, while the identified job resources were self-efficacy, momentary recuperation, and meaning making. Loss and workload predicted the distress indicators best, while confinement and virus exposure mainly predicted COVID-19 traumatic stress and were less important for the other distress outcomes. Self-efficacy and meaning making negatively predicted distress, while momentary recuperation, controlled for the other demands and resources, was positively related to the distress indicators. Of the typical pandemic-related demands and resources, the experience of loss due to COVID-19 infection was the most important predictor of distress outcomes. Confinement, and especially the awareness of virus exposure, were far less important predictors.

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Luo, Weixuan, Bin Zhang, Anping Xiao, et al. "All-Solid Single-Polarization Anti-Resonant Fiber Base on Anisotropic Glass." Photonics 10, no. 4 (2023): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040412.

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A single-polarization solid-core anti-resonant fiber is proposed, and the influence of the fiber core material anisotropy of the solid-core anti-resonant fiber on polarization characteristics is investigated using the finite element method. Single-polarization guidance is achieved by using the anisotropy of optical fiber materials, which also ensures high birefringence. The numerical simulation results indicate that there are two single-polarization intervals (1210–1440 nm and 1490–1560 nm), with a maximum bandwidth of up to 230 nm, when the confinement loss difference between the two orthogonal polarizations exceeds two orders of magnitude. Specifically, when the work wavelength is 1550 nm, a polarization extinction ratio (PER) of 108 is obtained by optimizing the structure parameters. Additionally, the y-polarization fundamental mode (YPFM) can be well confined in the fiber center with a low confinement loss of 0.04 dB/m, while the x-polarization fundamental mode (XPFM) has a huge confinement loss larger than 4.65 dB/m due to the coupling with the tube mode. The proposed single-polarization solid-core anti-resonant fiber has a huge potential in applications such as laser systems, fiber-optic gyroscopes, and optical fiber communications.

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Gallman, Antonia E., Finn D. Wolfreys, David N. Nguyen, et al. "Abcc1 and Ggt5 support lymphocyte guidance through export and catabolism of S-geranylgeranyl-l-glutathione." Science Immunology 6, no. 60 (2021): eabg1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abg1101.

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P2RY8 promotes the confinement and growth regulation of germinal center (GC) B cells, and loss of human P2RY8 is associated with B cell lymphomagenesis. The metabolite S-geranylgeranyl-l-glutathione (GGG) is a P2RY8 ligand. The mechanisms controlling GGG distribution are poorly understood. Here, we show that gamma-glutamyltransferase-5 (Ggt5) expression in stromal cells was required for GGG catabolism and confinement of P2RY8-expressing cells to GCs. We identified the ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (Abcc1) as a GGG transporter and showed that Abcc1 expression by hematopoietic cells was necessary for P2RY8-mediated GC confinement. Furthermore, we discovered that P2RY8 and GGG negatively regulated trafficking of B and T cells to the bone marrow (BM). P2RY8 loss-of-function human T cells increased their BM homing. By defining how GGG distribution was determined and identifying sites of P2RY8 activity, this work helps establish how disruptions in P2RY8 function contribute to lymphomagenesis and other disease states.

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Medeiros, Ertha Janine Lacerda de, Francisco Harley de Oliveira Mendonça, Rita de Cássia Ramos do Egypto Queiroga, and Marta Suely Madruga. "Meat quality characteristics of exotic and SPRD crossbred goats from the semiarid region." Food Science and Technology 32, no. 4 (2012): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612012005000102.

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Thirty-two intact male goats from four genetic groups (eight pure-bred Boers, eight ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD crossbreeds, eight ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbreeds, and eight ½ Anglo Nubian + ½ SPRD crossbreeds) were evaluated for meat quality. The goats were reared in confinement and slaughtered at the average live weight of 29 kg. Temperature and pH decrease in the longissimus dorsi muscle was determined for 24 hours, and analyses of colour, cooking loss, water-holding capacity, and sensory attributes were also performed. Genotype significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the confinement period; ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbreeds required the most time in confinement to reach the target weight, while the pure-bred Boers required the least time. Genotype also significantly influenced (P < 0.05) the weight loss due to cooking, shearing force, colour (intensity of yellowness and luminescence), and the sensory attributes of flavour, odour, and raw colour of the meat. The crossing of exotic Boer and Anglo Nubian breeds with the native SPRD resulted in a goat meat of high quality.

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S., M. Rakibul Islam, Monirul Islam Md., Nafiz Ahbabur Rahman Md., Mahmudul Alam Mia Mohammad, Shahrier Hakim Md, and Kumar Biswas Shovasis. "DESIGN OF HEXAGONAL PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER WITH ULTRA-HIGH BIREFRINGENT AND LARGE NEGATIVE DISPERSION COEFFICIENT FOR THE APPLICATION OF BROADBAND FIBER." International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 2, no. 1 (2017): 9–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1036615.

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The purpose of this paper is to design a hexagonal microstructure photonic crystal fiber (PCF) which gives ultra-high birefringence and very low confinement loss for sensing application. To characterize the modal properties of the proposed photonic crystal fiber, finite element method is used. We found ultra-high birefringence of 3.34×10-2 at operating wavelength 1550nm by using simulation software comsol multiphysics. Our proposed PCF gives large value of nonlinear coefficient of 63.51 W-1km-1, large value of negative dispersion coefficient of -566.6 ps/ (nm.km), and also ultra-low confinement loss which is in the order of 10-7.

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Wang, Wang, Jin Luo, Wenhui Chen, Jun Li, Wei Xing, and Shengli Chen. "Synthesis of mesoporous Fe/N/C oxygen reduction catalysts through NaCl crystallite-confined pyrolysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 33 (2016): 12768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta05075a.

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Noh, Byung-Il, Salvio Reza, Cassie Hardy, et al. "Low Dielectric Medium for Hyperbolic Phonon Polariton Waveguide in van der Waals Heterostructures." Nanomaterials 14, no. 16 (2024): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14161344.

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Polar van der Waals (vdW) crystals, composed of atomic layers held together by vdW forces, can host phonon polaritons—quasiparticles arising from the interaction between photons in free-space light and lattice vibrations in polar materials. These crystals offer advantages such as easy fabrication, low Ohmic loss, and optical confinement. Recently, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), known for having hyperbolicity in the mid-infrared range, has been used to explore multiple modes with high optical confinement. This opens possibilities for practical polaritonic nanodevices with subdiffractional resolution. However, polariton waves still face exposure to the surrounding environment, leading to significant energy losses. In this work, we propose a simple approach to inducing a hyperbolic phonon polariton (HPhP) waveguide in hBN by incorporating a low dielectric medium, ZrS2. The low dielectric medium serves a dual purpose—it acts as a pathway for polariton propagation, while inducing high optical confinement. We establish the criteria for the HPhP waveguide in vdW heterostructures with various thicknesses of ZrS2 through scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and by conducting numerical electromagnetic simulations. Our work presents a feasible and straightforward method for developing practical nanophotonic devices with low optical loss and high confinement, with potential applications such as energy transfer, nano-optical integrated circuits, light trapping, etc.

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Wilson Alphonse, Carlton Ranjith, and Rajesh Kannan Rajaretinam. "Habituation and Behavioural Response of Confinement-Induced Anxiety Conditions in a Zebrafish Model." Applied Biosciences 1, no. 3 (2022): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1030020.

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The zebrafish model is an emerging model for the study of the complex behavioural patterns noted in depression and neurological disorders. Confinement and memory loss are linked with cognition and mental health impairment, where confinement paradigms are assessed using other behavioural responses based on novel tanks or T tanks. Since zebrafish are exploratory animals, the impact during confinement cannot be evaluated using a novel tank or T tank. The present study investigates the response of the zebrafish to acute confinement and assesses its memory-based learning behaviour through parameters such as movement, swimming speed, and time spent inside the confined space. The movement and swimming speed of the fishes in confinement showed no significant difference. When confined inside a space, the fish showed their anxiety with erratic movements or bouts of freezing, which declined by 83%, during the six days of confinement and the escape time from the confinement space also decreased by 58%. The impact of anxiety, resulting in clockwise and counter-clockwise movement, also reduced after three days. Our results summarise that the decrease in anxiety can help the fish in habituating itself to a forced condition. This experiment on zebrafish behavioural biology is used to assess the cognitive behaviour against confinement, and it emphasizes the learning of behavioural adaptions under both crowded and solitary conditions.

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FECHNER, WALTER, and P. D. MORLEY. "THE PLASMA ANVIL IN INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION." International Journal of Modern Physics E 01, no. 01 (1992): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301392000102.

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We examine theoretically an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target consisting of a spherical wedge embedded in a relatively nondeformable "anvil". Questions such as heat loss to the anvil, optimum wedge angle, liner and anvil materials, anvil deformations and deleterious 2-D shock effects on D-T burn and compression symmetry are discussed.

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Liu, Zhaolun, Chunlan Zhang, and Yuwei Qu. "An All-Solid Dispersion-Compensating Photonic Crystal Fiber Based on Mode Coupling Mechanism in Dual-Concentric Core." International Journal of Optics 2020 (December 9, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4718054.

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An all-solid dispersion-compensating photonic crystal fiber based on mode coupling mechanism in dual-concentric core has been proposed. The mode coupling characteristics, dispersion, confinement loss of the fiber, and the influence on dispersion of some structure parameters are simulated by full-vector finite element method. By using the relationship between phase matching wavelengths and coupling strength with the change of fiber microstructure parameters, an all-solid dual-concentric-core dispersion-compensating photonic crystal fiber is presented. The structure parameters on dispersion characteristic are investigated. The results demonstrate that the proposed fiber has a large negative dispersion value 8465 ps/(nm·km) at 1550 nm. The effective mode area and the splicing loss to the standard single mode fiber are 12.8 μm2 and 1.89 dB at 1550 nm, respectively. At 1550 nm, the confinement loss is less than 1 × 10−3 dB/km and the bending loss with 2 cm bending diameter is less than 1 × 10−2 dB/km.

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Habib, Md Ahasan. "A Refractive Index Based Micro-Structured Sensor for Blood Components Detection in Terahertz Regime." Sensor Letters 18, no. 1 (2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4186.

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In this article, a hexagonal packing photonic crystal fiber based optical sensor is presented and analyzed for different blood components identification using terahertz (THz) signal. The numerical analysis of the proposed sensor is performed by using finite element method based software Comsol V5.0. The proposed fiber is investigated in terahertz frequency spectrum from 1.3 THz to 2.5 THz for higher relative sensitivity and numerical aperture as well as lower absorption loss and confinement loss for better sensing applications. The reported hollow core fiber provide better interaction of light and the analytes, so that high relative sensitivity of 83.45%, 81.20%, 80.78%, 79.60% and 78.80% are obtained for RBCs, Hemoglobin, WBCs, Plasma and Water respectively at a particular geometric condition. Moreover, very low confinement loss and absorption loss with high numerical aperture is offered by the proposed sensor in terahertz spectrum. This optical sensor may be an alternative option to detect blood components present in the blood in a very efficient manner.

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Woo, K. M., and R. Betti. "Impact of areal-density asymmetries on the loss of confinement and ignition threshold in inertial confinement fusion capsules." Physics of Plasmas 28, no. 5 (2021): 054503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0045317.

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Lin, Xianqing, Jian Ye, Yongli Yan, et al. "Loss compensation during subwavelength propagation of enhanced second-harmonic generation signals in a hybrid plasmonic waveguide." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 2, no. 3 (2018): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7qm00471k.

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Palummo, Maurizia, Conor Hogan, and Stefano Ossicini. "Ab initio energy loss spectra of Si and Ge nanowires." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 43 (2015): 29085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp05074j.

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By means of parameter-free quantum-mechanical dielectric response calculations of thin Si and Ge nanowires we explain the presence of the low energy peaks observed in EELS-TEM experiments and predict an important nanowire diameter dependence of the volume plasmon peak due to quantum-confinement effects, which is consistent with the blue shift observed experimentally in thicker wires.

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Wang, Xiu Ping, and Zhong Jiao He. "Highly Birefringent Extruded Elliptical-Hole Photonic Crystal Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 663 (February 2013): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.663.387.

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Highly birefringent extruded elliptical-hole photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with single defect and double defect are proposed and investigated, which are supposed to be achieved by extruding conventional triangular-lattice circular-hole PCFs. Comparative research on the birefringence and the confinement loss of the proposed PCFs with single defect and double defect is presented. Simulated results show that the proposed extruded elliptical-hole PCFs with single defect and double defect can be with high birefringence up to the order of 10-2. Confinement loss increases when the ellipticity of the air hole of the proposed PCFs increases, which nevertheless can be overcome by increasing the ring number or the area of the air holes in the fiber cladding.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Confinement loss'

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