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Journal articles on the topic 'Confinement loss'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 September 2023

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1

Sakai, Jun-ichi, and Norihiro Nishida. "Confinement loss, including cladding material loss effects, in Bragg fibers." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 28, no. 3 (February 8, 2011): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.28.000379.

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2

Teng, Da, Yuanming Tian, Xuemei Hu, Ziyi Guan, Wencang Gao, Pengyuan Li, Hongli Fang, Jianjun Yan, Zhiwen Wang, and Kai Wang. "Sodium-Based Cylindrical Plasmonic Waveguides in the Near-Infrared." Nanomaterials 12, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12121950.

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Subwavelength optical field confinement and low-loss propagation are of great significance for compact photonic integration. However, the field confinement capability of plasmonic devices is always accompanied by the inherent Ohmic loss. Although recent studies have shown that sodium (Na) exhibits lower loss than noble metals in the near-infrared band, the field confinement ability has not been adequately assessed. Meanwhile, the high chemical reactivity of Na should be regulated for practical application. Two dielectric-coated Na nanowires, consisting of cylindrical Na nanowires with one or two dielectric layers as claddings, are proposed and investigated in this paper. Based on finite element calculations, we thoroughly study the modal fields and low-loss propagation properties of dielectric-coated Na nanowires. The results demonstrate that Na exhibits lower loss and stronger field confinement than the typical plasmonic material silver. These findings indicate the performance of plasmonic devices can be considerably improved by employing the metal Na compared with devices using noble metals, which may promote the applications in subwavelength photonic devices.

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3

Ghoroku, Kazuo, and Kouki Kubo. "Accelerated quarks and energy loss in confinement theory." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 18 (June 29, 2016): 1650103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16501037.

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We study the energy loss rate (ELR) of the accelerated quark in terms of the holographic models for the two different motions, linear acceleration and uniform rotation. They are examined by two different nonconformal models with confinement. We found in both models that the value of ELR is bounded from below by the string tension of the linear confinement potential between quark and antiquark. The lower bounds of ELR are independent of the types of the motion of the quark. They are determined by the string tension at the worldsheet horizon of the model. These results are obtained when the model has the diagonal background metric. Then we find the common perspective for the lower bounds of ELRs of the two different motions.

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4

Yi, Ni, An Liang, Xie Yuejian, Zhang Lei, and Peng Jiangde. "Confinement loss in solid-core photonic bandgap fibers." Optics Communications 235, no. 4-6 (May 2004): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2004.02.072.

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5

Monfared, Yashar E., A. R. Maleki Javan, and A. R. Monajati Kashani. "Confinement loss in hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fibers." Optik 124, no. 24 (December 2013): 7049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.05.168.

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6

Kuhlmey, Boris T., Hong C. Nguyen, M. J. Steel, and Benjamin J. Eggleton. "Confinement loss in adiabatic photonic crystal fiber tapers." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 23, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.23.001965.

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7

Sun, Tianran, Xinyang Su, Fanchao Meng, Zaining Wang, Jiale Song, Chenglong Zhang, Tianjia Xu, et al. "Design of 2 μm Low-Loss Hollow-Core Anti-Resonant Fibers." Micromachines 14, no. 6 (June 5, 2023): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14061198.

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We systematically studied several of the most traditional hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF) structures, with the aim of achieving low confinement loss, single-mode performance, and high insensitivity to bending in the 2 µm band. Moreover, the propagation loss of fundamental mode (FM), higher-order mode (HOMs), and the higher-order mode extinction ratio (HOMER) under different geometric parameters were studied. Analysis showed that the confinement loss of the six-tube nodeless hollow-core anti-resonant fiber at 2 µm was 0.042 dB/km, and its higher-order mode extinction ratio was higher than 9000. At the same time, a confinement loss of 0.040 dB/km at 2 µm was achieved in the five-tube nodeless hollow-core anti-resonant fiber, and its higher-order mode extinction ratio was higher than 2700.

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8

Khurgin, Jacob B. "Ultimate limit of field confinement by surface plasmon polaritons." Faraday Discussions 178 (2015): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00193a.

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We show that electric field confinement in surface plasmon polaritons propagating at metal/dielectric interfaces enhances the loss due to Landau damping, which effectively limits the degree of confinement itself. We prove that Landau damping, and associated with it surface collision damping, follow directly from the Lindhard formula for the dielectric constant of a free electron gas. Furthermore, we demonstrate that even if all of the conventional loss mechanisms, caused by phonons, electron–electron interactions, and interface roughness scattering, were eliminated, the maximum attainable degree of confinement and the loss accompanying it would not change significantly compared to the best existing plasmonic materials, such as silver.

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9

Xu, Ding Jie, Hong Ru Song, and Wei Wang. "Analysis of Transmission Characteristic in Single Polarization Dual Elliptical Assistant Holes Hollow Fiber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (December 2013): 1359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.1359.

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To improve the propagation quality in photonic crystal fibers,a novel dual elliptical assistant holes hollow fiber is proposed. Numerical model of confinement loss has been modeled by vector finite element method, then the core loss characteristics and the power ratio of the hollow fiber has been simulated and analyzed. The results show that the x-polarization confinement loss and the core power ratio are 0.06dB/m and 98.2% at 1550nm, respectively. By contrast, the y-polarization confinement loss is up to 243.34dB/m while the core power ratio is 47.86%. The novel optical fiber exhibits good single polarization characteristics and transmission characteristics, and the bandwidth range of single mode single polarization is 55nm. The novel optical fiber is very good to satisfy the requirement of single mode single polarization at the 1550nm.

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10

Hossain, M. B., K. A. J. Alsalem, K. Ahmed, F. M. Bui, S. M. Ibrahim, and S. K. Patel. "Terahertz detection of chemicals through zeonex fiber material." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 18, no. 2 (April 2023): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2023.182.511.

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A PCF sensor is proposed for chemical (e.g., glycerol, acetic acid, and water) sensing through Zeonex fiber material. We investigate relative sensitivity, effective are, effective material loss, and confinement loss to analyze the sensor performance. The proposed sensor offers the relative sensitivity of almost 97.7% for glycerol, 96.25% for acetic acid, 95.28% for water at frequency 3.5 THz. In addition, the sensor possesses small effective material loss and tiny confinement loss that are important characteristics of an efficient chemical sensor. Furthermore, the modern fabrication techniques are well fitting for the fabrication of the presented sensor.

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11

Wang, Wei, and David Bird. "Confinement loss of anti-resonant capillaries with curved boundaries." Optics Express 29, no. 16 (July 23, 2021): 25314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.433189.

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12

Lorenzini, R., F. Auriemma, P. Innocente, E. Martines, S. Martini, and D. Terranova. "Confinement loss during dynamo relaxation event in RFX-mod." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 50, no. 3 (January 30, 2008): 035004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/50/3/035004.

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13

Chen, Daru, and Linfang Shen. "Ultrahigh Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber With Ultralow Confinement Loss." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 19, no. 4 (February 2007): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2006.890040.

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14

Cheng, Tonglei, Meisong Liao, Weiqing Gao, Zhongchao Duan, Takenobu Suzuki, and Yasutake Ohishi. "Low confinement loss hybrid-guiding tellurite photonic bandgap fiber." Optical Fiber Technology 18, no. 6 (December 2012): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2012.07.017.

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15

Foroni, M., D. Passaro, F. Poli, A. Cucinotta, S. Selleri, J. Lægsgaard, and A. Bjarklev. "Confinement loss spectral behavior in hollow-core Bragg fibers." Optics Letters 32, no. 21 (October 24, 2007): 3164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.32.003164.

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16

Yuan, Ziwei, Yi Wang, Dexian Yan, Mingxuan Cao, Miao Meng, Xiangjun Li, and Shuai Sun. "Study on the high birefringence and low confinement loss terahertz fiber based on the combination of double negative curvature and nested claddings." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 11 (December 17, 2021): 115106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4136.

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Abstract A novel double negative curvature nested fiber structure is designed by adding extra circular cladding tubes to enhance the birefringence and reduce the confinement loss. The fiber structure is composed of eight circular cladding tubes and two semi-elliptical nested tubes. The transmission performances of terahertz fiber, including birefringence, confinement loss, dispersion and effective mode field area, are studied by changing the parameters of cladding tubes. In the frequency range of 1.75–2.6 THz, the broad bandwidth of 850 GHz with high birefringence (above 10−4) can be achieved. The confinement loss of y-polarization mode with the frequency of 2.575 THz can be as low as 0.00231 dB cm−1. The waveguide dispersion coefficient is between ±0.188 ps (THz cm)−1 in the frequency range of 2.0–2.475 THz. The maximum effective mode field area of x-polarization mode is 2.618 × 10−6 m2 at 2.6 THz.

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17

Butler, H. Daniel, Benjamin Steiner, Matthew D. Makarios, and Lawrence F. Travis. "An Examination of the Influence of Exposure to Disciplinary Segregation on Recidivism." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 485–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128719869194.

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Inmates who violate prison rules and regulations may be confined in disciplinary segregation as a punishment, which includes a loss of privileges and reduced opportunities to socialize and participate in prison programming. Few studies have explored the relationship between confinement in disciplinary segregation and recidivism. In this study, data collected from offenders released to postrelease supervision in Ohio are used to examine how various types of exposure to confinement in disciplinary segregation influence the odds of recidivism. In addition, confinement in disciplinary segregation in the months preceding release from prison is examined by use of difference of means tests. We found that confinement in disciplinary segregation and the timing of confinement prior to release are associated with increased odds of recidivism.

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18

Gowre, Sanjaykumar, Sudipta Mahapatra, and P. K. Sahu. "A Modified Structure for All-Glass Photonic Bandgap Fibers: Dispersion Characteristics and Confinement Loss Analysis." ISRN Optics 2013 (September 22, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/416537.

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This paper investigates a modified structure for all-glass photonic bandgap fiber (AGPBF) having up-doped silica rods in the cladding region instead of air holes using plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods. The proposed AGPBF structure exhibits tunable dispersion properties and improved confinement loss. It is observed that the confinement loss can be reduced simply by using a higher doping concentration in silica rods in the cladding. Also, it is possible to achieve flattened dispersion of the order of 1 ps/nm/km over a wide wavelength range.

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19

García, Inmaculada Jimeno, and Anne Marie Garvey. "Economic and Social Interactions in Business Students during COVID-19 Confinement: Relationship with Sleep Disturbance." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12040100.

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The objective of the study was to observe the effect of sleep on students in the first week (Point 1) of strict confinement and to analyze its evolution after one and two months (Point 2) of strict confinement during COVID-19. The evolution of sleep, in association with affected income status, family relations, and the death or infection of a family member or friend by COVID-19 was examined. Students responded to a survey that included questions relating to sleep quality and general well-being from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS). Sleep disturbance increased over strict confinement but was substantially more and with greater intensity in the case of students not living with family members. The results show that loss of family income, loss of a family member or friend, and having a friend or family member infected affected sleep quality negatively at Point 1. However, at Point 2, confinement itself affected students sleep, as well as the variables analyzed. Domestic harmony was a positive correlation for better sleep health. The study is important for managing coping policies and diagnosis.

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20

Zendehnam, Akbar, Mahmoud Mirzaei, and Razieh Solgi. "Confinement Loss and GVD for HF and AHAOF by FEM." International Journal of Optics and Applications 2, no. 4 (August 31, 2012): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.optics.20120204.01.

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21

Liang, Wenbin, Ningliang Liu, Zhihua Li, and Peixiang Lu. "Highly Birefringent Elliptical-Hole Microstructure Fibers With Low Confinement Loss." Journal of Lightwave Technology 30, no. 21 (November 2012): 3381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2012.2217314.

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22

Pogossian, S. P., L. Vescan, and A. Vonsovici. "High-confinement SiGe low-loss waveguides for Si-based optoelectronics." Applied Physics Letters 75, no. 10 (September 6, 1999): 1440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124719.

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23

Hao, Rui, Zhiquan Li, Guifang Sun, Liyong Niu, and Yuchao Sun. "Photonic crystal fiber with high birefringence and low confinement loss." Optik 124, no. 21 (November 2013): 4880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.02.033.

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24

Doughan, Isaac, Kehinde Oyemakinwa, Olli Ovaskainen, and Matthieu Roussey. "Low Loss Vertical TiO2/Polymer Hybrid Nano-Waveguides." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 24, 2023): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030469.

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This article proposes a novel demonstration of a low-loss polymer channel hybridized with a titania core leading to a nano-waveguide elongated in the normal direction to the substrate. It is aimed at using the quasi-transverse magnetic (TM) mode as the predominant mode in compact photonic circuitry. A detailed design analysis shows how a thin layer of a higher-refractive index material in a trench within the core of the waveguide can increase the confinement and reduce the propagation losses. This thin layer, produced by atomic layer deposition, covers the entire polymer structure in a conformal manner, ensuring both a reduction of the surface roughness and a stronger field confinement. The trench can be made at any place within the polymer channel and therefore its position can be tuned to obtain asymmetric modal distribution. The waveguide is demonstrated at telecom wavelengths, although the material’s properties enable operation over a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum. We measured propagation losses as low as 1.75 ± 0.32 dB/cm in a 200 nm × 900 nm section of the waveguide core. All processes being mass-production compatible, this study opens a path towards easier integrated-component manufacture.

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25

Xu, Litu, Fang Li, Lai Wei, Jianxin Zhou, and Shuai Liu. "Design of Surface Plasmon Nanolaser Based on MoS2." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112110.

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The paper has proposed a new structure based on MoS2. The electric field distribution, the locality and the loss of the mode, and the threshold under different geometric shapes and parameters are investigated using COMSOL Multiphysics software, based on the finite element method. The different influenced degree of each component is also analyzed. Simulation results reveal that this kind of nanolaser has a low loss and high field confinement ability, the radius of CdS and Ag make a major contribution to the low loss and low threshold, and field confinement ability is mainly affected by the height of air gap. Under optimal parameters, effective propagation loss is only 0.00013, and the lasing threshold can be as low as 0.11 μm−1. The results provide theory and technique support to the field of new nanolaser design.

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26

Tobon, Monica. "Separation, Loss, Confinement, and Change: How Evagrius Can Speak to the Experience of Lockdown." Vox Patrum 82 (June 15, 2022): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.13460.

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Separation, loss, confinement, and change have been imposed on entire populations during the Covid-19 pandemic in the form of lockdowns aimed at limiting the spread of the virus. They are also central to Evagrian asceticism, where they establish the conditions for the change at which the monastic life aims, namely to begin to reverse the effects of the fall by restoring the soul to health. This paper examines how they do so in order to gain an understanding of their ascetic function. Following the Introduction, it outlines Evagrius’ anthropology in order to lay the groundwork for its main theme, the healing of pathos through the practical life. Separation, loss, and confinement are each considered in turn by referencing Evagrius’ descriptions of their ascetic function and his own experience of them. Next, the change at which they aim is described, again drawing upon a range of Evagrian material. The final section of the paper considers how Evagrius can speak to the experience of lockdown by endowing separation, loss, confinement with meaning and purpose in relation to spiritual awakening and growth, highlighting our freedom to choose our attitude to them, and acting as both our guide and our companion.

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27

Biswas, Shovasis Kumar. "DESIGN OF HEXAGONAL PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER WITH ULTRA-HIGH BIREFRINGENT AND LARGE NEGATIVE DISPERSION COEFFICIENT FOR THE APPLICATION OF BROADBAND FIBER." International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 2, no. 1 (August 17, 2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijoest.v2.i1.2017.02.

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The purpose of this paper is to design a hexagonal microstructure photonic crystal fiber (PCF) which gives ultra-high birefringence and very low confinement loss for sensing application. To characterize the modal properties of the proposed photonic crystal fiber, finite element method is used. We found ultra-high birefringence of 3.34×10-2 at operating wavelength 1550nm by using simulation software comsol multiphysics. Our proposed PCF gives large value of nonlinear coefficient of 63.51 W-1km-1, large value of negative dispersion coefficient of -566.6 ps/ (nm.km), and also ultra-low confinement loss which is in the order of 10-7.

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28

Zheng, Hong Jun, Chong Qing Wu, Zhi Wang, Jian Wang, Shan Liang Liu, and Xin Li. "A Single-Polarization Single-Mode Photonic Crystal Fiber with Four Lines of Small Elliptical Air-Holes." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.50.

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We present a novel single-polarization single-mode photonic crystal fiber (SPSM-PCF) design with four lines of small elliptical air-holes in order to obtain wider bandwidth for SPSM operation. The characteristics of the proposed SPSM-PCF are studied by using a full-vector finite element method (FEM) with perfect matched layer (PML) boundary conditions. At the wavelength of 1.55 µm, the confinement loss of the x-polarized mode is lower than 0.5 dB/km, whereas the loss of the y-polarized mode is larger than 50 dB/km. Compared with the case of x-polarized mode, the y-polarized mode can be suppressed in the PCF. Then, the SPSM operation is obtained. The proposed PCF can perform SPSM operation with broadband of 600 nm for considering the confinement loss ratio and the loss difference.

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29

Maidi, Abdul Mu’iz, Md Abul Kalam, and Feroza Begum. "Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Detecting Sulfuric Acid in Different Concentrations." Photonics 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120958.

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A high-performance photonic crystal fiber sensor for sulfuric acid detection is designed and investigated, undertaken through a full vector Finite Element Method on COMSOL Multiphysics software to establish the optical properties of effective refractive index, power fraction, relative sensitivity, confinement loss, chromatic dispersion, and propagation constant. Different aqueous sulfuric acid concentrations of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% were selected as the test analytes. The dimensions of two cladding rings of the hexagon- and circular-shaped air holes and a circular core hole denoted outstanding outcomes of relative sensitivity and confinement loss. At 1.1 µm optimum wavelength, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% sulfuric acid concentrations depict relative sensitivities of 97.08%, 97.67%, 98.06%, 98.39%, and 98.67%, respectively, and confinement losses of 1.32 × 10−12 dB/m, 4.11 × 10−12 dB/m, 1.46 × 10−12 dB/m, 6.34 × 10−12 dB/m, and 2.12 × 10−12 dB/m, respectively.

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30

Woo, K. M., and R. Betti. "Impact of areal-density asymmetries on the loss of confinement and ignition threshold in inertial confinement fusion capsules." Physics of Plasmas 28, no. 5 (May 2021): 054503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0045317.

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31

Dominguez-Espinosa, Alejandra del Carmen, and Johnny R. J. Fontaine. "It Is Not the Virus Exposure: Differentiating Job Demands and Resources That Account for Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Health Sector Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021212.

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A cross-sectional study of 3860 health-sector workers across two data collections was conducted to identify the predictive power of different job demands and job resources during the COVID-19 pandemic based on four indicators of distress (COVID-19 traumatic stress, burnout, generalised anxiety, and depression) among health-sector workers. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, measurement invariance checks, and structural equation models were used to evaluate the dimensionality and the effect of the job demands and resources on distress indictors. The identified job demands were workload, confinement, loss, and virus exposure, while the identified job resources were self-efficacy, momentary recuperation, and meaning making. Loss and workload predicted the distress indicators best, while confinement and virus exposure mainly predicted COVID-19 traumatic stress and were less important for the other distress outcomes. Self-efficacy and meaning making negatively predicted distress, while momentary recuperation, controlled for the other demands and resources, was positively related to the distress indicators. Of the typical pandemic-related demands and resources, the experience of loss due to COVID-19 infection was the most important predictor of distress outcomes. Confinement, and especially the awareness of virus exposure, were far less important predictors.

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32

Luo, Weixuan, Bin Zhang, Anping Xiao, Zhiwei Duan, Qiang Ling, Yusheng Zhang, Zhangwei Yu, Zuguang Guan, and Daru Chen. "All-Solid Single-Polarization Anti-Resonant Fiber Base on Anisotropic Glass." Photonics 10, no. 4 (April 6, 2023): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040412.

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A single-polarization solid-core anti-resonant fiber is proposed, and the influence of the fiber core material anisotropy of the solid-core anti-resonant fiber on polarization characteristics is investigated using the finite element method. Single-polarization guidance is achieved by using the anisotropy of optical fiber materials, which also ensures high birefringence. The numerical simulation results indicate that there are two single-polarization intervals (1210–1440 nm and 1490–1560 nm), with a maximum bandwidth of up to 230 nm, when the confinement loss difference between the two orthogonal polarizations exceeds two orders of magnitude. Specifically, when the work wavelength is 1550 nm, a polarization extinction ratio (PER) of 108 is obtained by optimizing the structure parameters. Additionally, the y-polarization fundamental mode (YPFM) can be well confined in the fiber center with a low confinement loss of 0.04 dB/m, while the x-polarization fundamental mode (XPFM) has a huge confinement loss larger than 4.65 dB/m due to the coupling with the tube mode. The proposed single-polarization solid-core anti-resonant fiber has a huge potential in applications such as laser systems, fiber-optic gyroscopes, and optical fiber communications.

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33

FECHNER, WALTER, and P. D. MORLEY. "THE PLASMA ANVIL IN INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION." International Journal of Modern Physics E 01, no. 01 (March 1992): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301392000102.

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We examine theoretically an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target consisting of a spherical wedge embedded in a relatively nondeformable "anvil". Questions such as heat loss to the anvil, optimum wedge angle, liner and anvil materials, anvil deformations and deleterious 2-D shock effects on D-T burn and compression symmetry are discussed.

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34

Gallman, Antonia E., Finn D. Wolfreys, David N. Nguyen, Moriah Sandy, Ying Xu, Jinping An, Zhongmei Li, Alexander Marson, Erick Lu, and Jason G. Cyster. "Abcc1 and Ggt5 support lymphocyte guidance through export and catabolism of S-geranylgeranyl-l-glutathione." Science Immunology 6, no. 60 (June 4, 2021): eabg1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abg1101.

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P2RY8 promotes the confinement and growth regulation of germinal center (GC) B cells, and loss of human P2RY8 is associated with B cell lymphomagenesis. The metabolite S-geranylgeranyl-l-glutathione (GGG) is a P2RY8 ligand. The mechanisms controlling GGG distribution are poorly understood. Here, we show that gamma-glutamyltransferase-5 (Ggt5) expression in stromal cells was required for GGG catabolism and confinement of P2RY8-expressing cells to GCs. We identified the ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (Abcc1) as a GGG transporter and showed that Abcc1 expression by hematopoietic cells was necessary for P2RY8-mediated GC confinement. Furthermore, we discovered that P2RY8 and GGG negatively regulated trafficking of B and T cells to the bone marrow (BM). P2RY8 loss-of-function human T cells increased their BM homing. By defining how GGG distribution was determined and identifying sites of P2RY8 activity, this work helps establish how disruptions in P2RY8 function contribute to lymphomagenesis and other disease states.

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35

Medeiros, Ertha Janine Lacerda de, Francisco Harley de Oliveira Mendonça, Rita de Cássia Ramos do Egypto Queiroga, and Marta Suely Madruga. "Meat quality characteristics of exotic and SPRD crossbred goats from the semiarid region." Food Science and Technology 32, no. 4 (September 11, 2012): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612012005000102.

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Thirty-two intact male goats from four genetic groups (eight pure-bred Boers, eight ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD crossbreeds, eight ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbreeds, and eight ½ Anglo Nubian + ½ SPRD crossbreeds) were evaluated for meat quality. The goats were reared in confinement and slaughtered at the average live weight of 29 kg. Temperature and pH decrease in the longissimus dorsi muscle was determined for 24 hours, and analyses of colour, cooking loss, water-holding capacity, and sensory attributes were also performed. Genotype significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the confinement period; ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbreeds required the most time in confinement to reach the target weight, while the pure-bred Boers required the least time. Genotype also significantly influenced (P < 0.05) the weight loss due to cooking, shearing force, colour (intensity of yellowness and luminescence), and the sensory attributes of flavour, odour, and raw colour of the meat. The crossing of exotic Boer and Anglo Nubian breeds with the native SPRD resulted in a goat meat of high quality.

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36

Wang, Wang, Jin Luo, Wenhui Chen, Jun Li, Wei Xing, and Shengli Chen. "Synthesis of mesoporous Fe/N/C oxygen reduction catalysts through NaCl crystallite-confined pyrolysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 33 (2016): 12768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta05075a.

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Palummo, Maurizia, Conor Hogan, and Stefano Ossicini. "Ab initio energy loss spectra of Si and Ge nanowires." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 43 (2015): 29085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp05074j.

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By means of parameter-free quantum-mechanical dielectric response calculations of thin Si and Ge nanowires we explain the presence of the low energy peaks observed in EELS-TEM experiments and predict an important nanowire diameter dependence of the volume plasmon peak due to quantum-confinement effects, which is consistent with the blue shift observed experimentally in thicker wires.

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Lin, Xianqing, Jian Ye, Yongli Yan, Haiyun Dong, Jianmin Gu, Wei Zhang, Cong Wei, Jiannian Yao, and Yong Sheng Zhao. "Loss compensation during subwavelength propagation of enhanced second-harmonic generation signals in a hybrid plasmonic waveguide." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 2, no. 3 (2018): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7qm00471k.

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Liu, Zhaolun, Chunlan Zhang, and Yuwei Qu. "An All-Solid Dispersion-Compensating Photonic Crystal Fiber Based on Mode Coupling Mechanism in Dual-Concentric Core." International Journal of Optics 2020 (December 9, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4718054.

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An all-solid dispersion-compensating photonic crystal fiber based on mode coupling mechanism in dual-concentric core has been proposed. The mode coupling characteristics, dispersion, confinement loss of the fiber, and the influence on dispersion of some structure parameters are simulated by full-vector finite element method. By using the relationship between phase matching wavelengths and coupling strength with the change of fiber microstructure parameters, an all-solid dual-concentric-core dispersion-compensating photonic crystal fiber is presented. The structure parameters on dispersion characteristic are investigated. The results demonstrate that the proposed fiber has a large negative dispersion value 8465 ps/(nm·km) at 1550 nm. The effective mode area and the splicing loss to the standard single mode fiber are 12.8 μm2 and 1.89 dB at 1550 nm, respectively. At 1550 nm, the confinement loss is less than 1 × 10−3 dB/km and the bending loss with 2 cm bending diameter is less than 1 × 10−2 dB/km.

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Habib, Md Ahasan. "A Refractive Index Based Micro-Structured Sensor for Blood Components Detection in Terahertz Regime." Sensor Letters 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4186.

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In this article, a hexagonal packing photonic crystal fiber based optical sensor is presented and analyzed for different blood components identification using terahertz (THz) signal. The numerical analysis of the proposed sensor is performed by using finite element method based software Comsol V5.0. The proposed fiber is investigated in terahertz frequency spectrum from 1.3 THz to 2.5 THz for higher relative sensitivity and numerical aperture as well as lower absorption loss and confinement loss for better sensing applications. The reported hollow core fiber provide better interaction of light and the analytes, so that high relative sensitivity of 83.45%, 81.20%, 80.78%, 79.60% and 78.80% are obtained for RBCs, Hemoglobin, WBCs, Plasma and Water respectively at a particular geometric condition. Moreover, very low confinement loss and absorption loss with high numerical aperture is offered by the proposed sensor in terahertz spectrum. This optical sensor may be an alternative option to detect blood components present in the blood in a very efficient manner.

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Meng, Fanchao, Xiaoting Zhao, Jinmin Ding, Yingli Niu, Xinghua Zhang, Lvyun Yang, Xin Wang, et al. "Discovering extremely low confinement-loss anti-resonant fibers via swarm intelligence." Optics Express 29, no. 22 (October 14, 2021): 35544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.440949.

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Koren, U., B. I. Miller, Y. K. Su, T. L. Koch, and J. E. Bowers. "Low internal loss separate confinement heterostructure InGaAs/InGaAsP quantum well laser." Applied Physics Letters 51, no. 21 (November 23, 1987): 1744–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.98510.

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Lu, Dunke, Xuedian Zhang, Min Chang, Ge Wang, Lina Pan, and Songlin Zhuang. "Endlessly single-polarization single-mode holey fibers with low confinement loss." Optics Letters 38, no. 15 (August 1, 2013): 2915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.002915.

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Chen Xiang, 陈翔, 胡雄伟 Hu Xiongwei, and 李进延 Li Jinyan. "Influence Factors of Confinement Loss of Negative Curvature Hollow Core Fiber." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 56, no. 5 (2019): 050602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop56.050602.

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Lee, Yu-Lin. "Establishment of the confinement loss curve using the tunnel convergence data." Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 43, no. 7 (February 12, 2020): 613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2020.1719901.

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Siriani, Dominic F., Paul O. Leisher, and Kent D. Choquette. "Loss-Induced Confinement in Photonic Crystal Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 45, no. 7 (July 2009): 762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.2009.2013124.

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Pfeiffer, Martin Hubert Peter, Clemens Herkommer, Junqiu Liu, Tiago Morais, Michael Zervas, Michael Geiselmann, and Tobias J. Kippenberg. "Photonic Damascene Process for Low-Loss, High-Confinement Silicon Nitride Waveguides." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 24, no. 4 (July 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2018.2808258.

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Vincetti, Luca, and Valerio Setti. "Confinement Loss in Kagome and Tube Lattice Fibers: Comparison and Analysis." Journal of Lightwave Technology 30, no. 10 (May 2012): 1470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2012.2186559.

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He, Xueqing, Tigang Ning, Shaohua Lu, Jingjing Zheng, Jing Li, Rujiang Li, and Li Pei. "Ultralow loss graphene-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide with deep-subwavelength confinement." Optics Express 26, no. 8 (April 9, 2018): 10109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.010109.

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Lu, Qijing, Chang-Ling Zou, Daru Chen, Pei Zhou, and Genzhu Wu. "Extreme light confinement and low loss in triangle hybrid plasmonic waveguide." Optics Communications 319 (May 2014): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2013.12.072.

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