Relevant bibliographies by topics / Confinement

Academic literature on the topic 'Confinement'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Confinement"

1

Wang, Zhe, Xiaoguang Zhou, and Jili Feng. "An Innovative Method for Conventional Triaxial Tests of Concrete: Applications of PVC Pipes as a Mould and Sealing Membrane." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (August 25, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4125428.

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In this paper, we propose an innovative method for conventional triaxial tests of concrete with a confining cell. The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe is used as a mould to cast concrete and also as a membrane to isolate the concrete specimen from oil under confinements. This method is termed as PMM (i.e., PVC pipe is used as a mould and membrane). However, a heat-shrink sleeve is used as a membrane in the traditional test method (TMM). Specimens were made from mortar without coarse aggregates in the present experiment. Under six confinements (0–70 MPa), the conventional triaxial compression tests were performed on ultrahigh-strength (150 MPa) and high-strength (82 MPa) mortar specimens by PMM and TMM. The results indicate the following: (i) there is a characteristic confinement p0; when the confinement is lower than p0, the strength by PMM is higher than that by TMM; on the contrary, when the confinement is higher than p0, the strengths by both methods are almost identical. In this work, p0 is between 0 and 5 MPa. (ii) When the confinement is 5–70 MPa, the relationship between the peak stress of high-strength mortar and confinement is characterized by a monotonically rising straight line; however, a monotonically rising upward convex curve describes the peak stress of ultrahigh-strength mortar related to the confinement. (iii) The residual strength using PMM is significantly higher than that using TMM at zero confinement or lower confinements, but the residual strengths by these two methods are approximately identical at higher confinements. (iv) The transverse cracks appear in the mortar specimen inside the PVC pipe after enduring a triaxial loading using PMM. However, there is no such phenomenon when TMM is applied.
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2

Demuth, Dominik, Melanie Reuhl, Moritz Hopfenmüller, Nail Karabas, Simon Schoner, and Michael Vogel. "Confinement Effects on Glass-Forming Aqueous Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solutions." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184127.

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Combining broadband dielectric spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance studies, we analyze the reorientation dynamics and the translational diffusion associated with the glassy slowdown of the eutectic aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solution in nano-sized confinements, explicitly, in silica pores with different diameters and in ficoll and lysozyme matrices at different concentrations. We observe that both rotational and diffusive dynamics are slower and more heterogeneous in the confinements than in the bulk but the degree of these effects depends on the properties of the confinement and differs for the components of the solution. For the hard and the soft matrices, the slowdown and the heterogeneity become more prominent when the size of the confinement is reduced. In addition, the dynamics are more retarded for dimethyl sulfoxide than for water, implying specific guest-host interactions. Moreover, we find that the temperature dependence of the reorientation dynamics and of the translational diffusion differs in severe confinements, indicating a breakdown of the Stokes–Einstein–Debye relation. It is discussed to what extent these confinement effects can be rationalized in the framework of core-shell models, which assume bulk-like and slowed-down motions in central and interfacial confinement regions, respectively.
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Chinappi, M., and E. De Angelis. "Confined dynamics of a single DNA molecule." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1944 (June 13, 2011): 2329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0096.

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The effect of a slit-like confinement on the relaxation dynamics of DNA is studied via a mesoscale model in which a bead and spring model for the polymer is coupled to a particle-based Navier–Stokes solver (multi-particle collision dynamics). The confinement is found to affect the equilibrium stretch of the chain when the bulk gyration radius is comparable to or smaller than the channel height and our data are in agreement with the ( R g,bulk / h ) 1/4 scaling of the polymer extension in the wall tangential direction. Relaxation simulation at different confinements indicates that, while the overall behaviour of the relaxation dynamics is similar for low and strong confinements, a small, but significant, slowing of the far-equilibrium relaxation is found as the confinement increases.
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Ghani, Muhammad Usman, Nauman Ahmad, Kahsay Gebresilassie Abraha, Rana Zafar Abbas Manj, Muhammad Haroon Sharif, and Li Wei. "Review and Assessment of Material, Method, and Predictive Modeling for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Partially Confined Concrete Columns." Polymers 16, no. 10 (May 10, 2024): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16101367.

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The repairing and strengthening of concrete structures using external and internal partial confinements are inevitable in the construction industry due to the new standards and rapid developments. The conventional materials and methods of confinement are unable to meet modern safety and functional standards. The fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) enhances the strength and ductility of deteriorating and new concrete columns by reducing lateral confinement pressure and resistance against seismic shocks. The precise methods of partial confinement are inevitable for effective FRP-concrete bonding, durability, and cost-effectiveness under different loading conditions and to cope with external environmental factors. Predictive modeling and simulation techniques are pivotal for the optimization of confinement materials and methods by investigating the FRP-concrete novel confinement configurations, stress–strain responses, and failure modes. The novel materials and methods for concrete columns’ partial confinement lack high compressive strength, ductility, chemical attack resistivity, and different fiber orientation impacts. This review provides an overview of recent confinement materials, novel methods, and advanced modeling and simulation techniques with a critical analysis of the research gaps for partial FRP confinement of concrete columns. The current challenges and future prospects are also presented.
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Sriboonma, Krissachai, and Sacharuck Pornpeerakeat. "Experimental Investigation of Steel Confinement of Clustered Large-Size Stud Shear Connector in Full-Depth Precast Bridge Deck Panel." Key Engineering Materials 856 (August 2020): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.856.99.

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The research focuses on investigating different types of steel confinements around a clustered large-size stud shear connector using in full-depth precast concrete bridge deck panel. The tests were based on Push-off test of two main groups of specimens: (1) the specimens with 4-stud shear connector where three different types of confinement were adopted including of O-ring confinement, Wire-mesh confinement, and L-angle confinement), and (2) the specimens with 8-stud shear connector where two different types of confinement were investigated including of Plate-ring confinement and L-angle confinement. The test results concluded that L-angle confinement type of the group of specimens with 4-Stud is the most sufficient type comparing between the different types of confinement in the same group. The maximum resistance was found at 41-ton, while as the displacement was found to be the most expansible and gradually reduced until the failure point. This means that the sign of failure can be noticeable prior to a collapse of the structure. For the group of specimens with 8-Stud, the resistance of this group was higher than the group of specimens with 4-Stud about 50 - 100% increase depending on each type of confinement. The maximum resistance was found for Plate-ring confinement type at 70-ton, which was agreed with the increment of the displacement about 20 - 50%. In comparison between specimens with 8-Stud, the Plate-ring confinement showed greater resistance and more relative displacement about 15% than the L-angle confinement.
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Rezansoff, T., U. S. Konkankar, and Y. C. Fu. "Confinement limits for tension lap slices under static loading." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 3 (June 1, 1992): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-054.

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In tension lap splices, the benefit provided to the lap by stirrups placed to intercept longitudinal cracking due to bond splitting action is recognized by the American Concrete Institute code (ACI 318-89) and the design recommendations of ACI Committee 408, on which the American code provisions are partially based. However, a limit exists on the benefit that can be derived from this confinement. In Canada, Canadian Standards Association Standard CAN3 A23.3 M-84 does not directly recognize the confinement benefit provided by stirrups placed along a lap splice. The current study shows that the ACI limit of 1 bar diameter of equivalent concrete cover provided by the transverse reinforcement confinement is too restrictive under static loading. When the concrete cover is small, much larger transverse reinforcement confinement, up to 2-2.5 bar diameters of equivalent concrete cover, can be utilized, in lieu of requiring very long lap lengths. The tests also show that total confinement (actual concrete confinement plus equivalent concrete confinement provided by stirrups) is effective beyond the current limit of 3 main bar diameters, when stirrups are provided. Good performance was found with confinements of 4-4.5 bar diameters, and correspondingly shorter lap splice lengths. Key words: concrete, reinforcement, lap splices, beams, confinement, stirrups, tension, static loading.
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Fang, Ranran, Junchang Li, Jiangen Zheng, Xiaofa Wang, Rui Li, Simin Li, Shiyao Yang, Cheng Li, and Anatoliy Y. Vorobyev. "Spatiotemporal dynamics of water film confinement during spreading and evaporation in highly hierarchical wicking nano/microstructure on Si surface at 120 °C." AIP Advances 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 035209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0138916.

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Enhancing the wicking/evaporative functionality of materials by surface nano/microstructuring is a key approach in creating advanced technologies based on the liquid–vapor phase change, particularly in the field of power generation for substantial fuel savings and reducing global greenhouse gas pollution. Despite the technological importance, the capillary flow of a liquid undergoing intensive evaporation on a hot nano/microstructured surface is not well understood. During the capillary flow on a nano/microstructured surface, water confinement undergoes a dramatical spatiotemporal change. The evaporation mechanisms of water confined in capillary nano/microstructures fundamentally depend on the scale of liquid confinement, making the dynamics of water confinement one of the basic characteristics in spreading/evaporation behavior of water on a hot capillary surface. Here, we develop an experimental technique for studying the water film confinement dynamics based on different optical footprints of nanoscale and microscale water confinements found in our work. We study both water film confinement dynamics and traditional capillary flow/receding dynamics of a water drop in a highly hierarchical capillary surface nano/microstructure created in our work using femtosecond laser processing. For the first time, we obtain the spatiotemporal map of water nano/microstructural confinements that provides basic data for the identification of evaporation mechanisms. The obtained results give important guidelines for engineering advanced materials with an efficient wicking/evaporative functionality.
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Pasquetti, Silvia, and Giovanni Picker. "Urban informality and confinement: Toward a relational framework." International Sociology 32, no. 4 (April 21, 2017): 532–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580917701605.

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In the 21st century, a growing number of people live ‘informal’ lives within fissures between legality and informality. Concomitantly, power relations are increasingly expressed through devices of confinement. While urban informality and confinement are on the rise often occurring simultaneously, scholars have so far studied them separately. By contrast, this article proposes a new framework for analysing urban informality and confinement relationally. It generates new insights into the role of informality in the (re)production of confinement and, vice versa, the role of confinement in shaping informal practices. While these insights are valuable for urban studies in general, the article charts new lines of research on urban marginality. It also discusses how the six articles included in this special issue signal the heuristic potential of this relational framework by empirically examining distinct urban configurations of ‘confined informalities’ and ‘informal confinements’ across the Global North and the Global South.
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Okovido, J. O., and C. Kennedy. "Effect of Confining Pressures on the Dynamic Response Characteristics of Niger Delta Clay Soils." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 5, no. 2 (October 2021): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2021.02.0257.

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The study investigated the earthquake potential in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. A series of resonant column and bender element test was performed on compacted clay soil samples across the investigated Niger Delta States, which showed the influence of confinement on frequency, shear modulus, shear velocity and damping ratio. The confinement in clay was high. The frequency response increases with pressure increase. Also, the resonance column test at various confinements revealed changes in shear modulus, accelerometer output and damping ratio. Thus, there was high variation in the test parameters as confinement pressure was increased. Similarly, the bender element tests also showed that pressure has effect on shear wave-velocity, shear modulus and damping ratio confinement. Although, unlike Resonance Column tests, the shear modulus and shear wave-velocity generally increased as confinement pressure was increased, while for damping ratio it decreases as confinement pressure was increased. The variations in resonance column/binder element test parameters showed that the Niger Delta region, as an oil and gas area, is susceptible to earthquake. Therefore, continuous monitoring of oil exploration activities must be put in place.
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PETER, A. JOHN. "THE EFFECTS OF QUANTUM CONFINEMENT ON THE BINDING ENERGY OF HYDROGENIC IMPURITIES IN A SPHERICAL QUANTUM DOT." Modern Physics Letters B 20, no. 18 (August 10, 2006): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984906011487.

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The binding energy of a shallow hydrogenic impurity of a spherical quantum dot confined by harmonic oscillator-like and by rectangular well-like potentials, using a variational procedure within the effective mass approximation, has been determined. The calculations of the binding energy of the donor impurity as a function of the system geometry, and the donor impurity position have been investigated. The binding energy of shallow donor impurity depends not only on the quantum confinements but also on the impurity position. Our results reveal that (i) the donor binding energy decreases as the dot size increases irrespective of the impurity position, and (ii) the binding energy values of rectangular confinement are larger than the values of parabolic confinement and (iii) the rectangular confinement is better than the parabolic confinement in a spherical quantum dot.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Confinement"

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Brutzer, Hergen, Evgeni Sperling, Katrin Günther, Jasmina Dikic, Friedrich Schwarz, Daniel Klaue, Frank Cichos, Michael Mertig, and Ralf Seidel. "DNA under confinement and the use of DNA as confinement." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-198891.

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In living systems DNA is subjected to considerable confinement but the molecule acts itself also as a confinement mechanism for cellular structures. Here we present investigations that study DNA under the confinement of supercoiling and within nanofluidic channels. Furthermore, we use DNA to confine the motion of microscopic and nanoscopic objects. In particular, we show how the motion dynamics of DNA-attached magnetic particles under external tension is affected and how DNA can confine the diffusion of enzymes to one dimension to follow the DNA contour.
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Brutzer, Hergen, Evgeni Sperling, Katrin Günther, Jasmina Dikic, Friedrich Schwarz, Daniel Klaue, Frank Cichos, Michael Mertig, and Ralf Seidel. "DNA under confinement and the use of DNA as confinement." Diffusion fundamentals 23 (2015) 2, S. 1-16, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14581.

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In living systems DNA is subjected to considerable confinement but the molecule acts itself also as a confinement mechanism for cellular structures. Here we present investigations that study DNA under the confinement of supercoiling and within nanofluidic channels. Furthermore, we use DNA to confine the motion of microscopic and nanoscopic objects. In particular, we show how the motion dynamics of DNA-attached magnetic particles under external tension is affected and how DNA can confine the diffusion of enzymes to one dimension to follow the DNA contour.
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Jamie, Elizabeth A. G. "Colloidal interfaces in confinement." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:26b47a79-7198-4983-9109-174ac2d3e01d.

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A fluid-fluid demixing colloid-polymer system provides us with an opportunity to study interfacial phenomena that cannot be observed in molecular systems due to unfavourable length and timescales. We develop such a system compatible with cells of varying dimensions, allowing us to investigate confined interfacial behaviour in real space using Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy. The degree to which a system is affected by the sedimentation-diffusion gradient is dependent on the ratio of the suspension height to the gravitational length of the colloids. We illustrate that we may control the distance of our interface to the critical point by altering the suspension height, determining the importance of the gravitational field. Furthermore, the timescale on which the sedimentation- diffusion gradient is established is considerably longer than that of initial fluid-fluid demixing. We show that after the formation of the macroscopic interface, the system passes through a series of local mechanical equilibria on the way to achieving full equilibrium. Should the system be of sufficient height, it will pass through the gas-liquid critical point opening up new ways to study critical phenomena. The time and length scales of the fluid-fluid demixing of our system may be manipulated by altering the density and viscosity of our solvent. We exploit a slowed phase separation process to study the interplay between demixing and wetting phenomena of systems in the vicinity of a single wetting surface, and confined between two parallel plates. We demonstrate that the presence of a surface strongly affects the morphology of phase separation. The growth of the wetting layer is determined by the demixing regime of the system, and may be accelerated by hydrodynamics. The additional restriction by a second surface limits the lengthscale of coarsening domains and may further alter the mechanism of wetting layer growth.
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Morgan, Lee W. G. "Inertial confinement fusion neutronics." Thesis, University of York, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4427/.

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Since fire was first harnessed one million years ago, man's appetite for energy has become ever more insatiable. As we come close to the end of the fossil fuel era, new energy sources must be found as a matter of urgency. The utilisation of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, to completely satisfy the world energy demands would be an ideal scenario. However, the low energy density achieved by renewables as well as local opposition to the building of renewable energy infrastructure will ensure that renewable energy sources will continue to play a relatively minor role in the supply of electricity to the grid. Hence, high energy density energy sources must be employed in order to minimize local opposition to building new power stations, while sustaining the growing energy demands. Nuclear fission is a strong candidate for meeting these high energy demands due to its reliability and safety-driven new technologies. However, nuclear waste and accidents, such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, still remains a concern for many people; thus, other high energy density technologies must utilized in conjunction with fission and renewables in order to maintain energy stability without the loss of public approval. A technology which would revolutionise power production is that of nuclear fusion. However, technological complexities and limited funding ensure that commercial fusion power plants are still at least 30 years away. In essence, fusion is a process whereby two light nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus. In order to meet binding energy requirements in the newly formed nucleus, energy is released in the form of gammas or particle kinetic energy. The ejected particles have a large amount of kinetic energy, which can be used to heat water and drive electricity generating turbines as in a conventional fossil fuel power plant. The proposed fuels for all mainstream fusion reactor concepts are deuterium, which can be extracted from sea water, and tritium, which can be manufactured on the power plant site using relatively small amounts of lithium. In order to initiate and maintain fusion reactions, the fusion fuel must be heated to approximately 100 million degrees Celsius, resulting in the fuel being in the plasma state. Until fairly recently, the quest for safe and clean energy in the form of IFE has mainly been driven by areas of research relevant to formation and the ignition of the fuel. The understanding of this physics holds the key to creating a reactor that can efficiently and effectively ignite the fuel and release more energy than is supplied. However, in recent years, as these area of physics have become more understood and the reality of fusion gain actually occurring in the near future has become more apparent, the need to understand the physics and technology issues, which are peripheral to the reactor core, has become more important. An area of research which is gaining popularity is reactor blanket technology. The blanket is a component which surrounds the fusion core whose main functionality includes: Shielding fusion reactor staff from harmful neutron radiation; absorbing the energy of the 14.1MeV neutrons emitted from the D-T reaction and using this energy to convert water into steam and drive turbines; producing tritium, via the ^{\text{6}} Li(n,α)T reaction, in order to maintain reactor tritium self-sufficiency. In order to achieve this functionality, the neutron and materials physics must be understood in greater detail. The extremely high temperatures and neutron fluxes exert forces on the reactor walls which are much higher than experienced by fission reactors. It is vital that fusion energy is to produce energy with significantly less nuclear waste than is produced in the fission industry. To achieve this, blanket materials must be chosen such that they are adequately resilient to transmutation via neutron interactions. Thus, ensuring that the blanket materials, once decommissioned, will be classified as low or medium level nuclear waste and that the amount of such waste is minimal. In addition to environmental concerns, the transmutation of nuclides in the blanket, other than lithium, is not beneficial to the mechanical properties of the material which can reduce the blanket performance. A balance must be found between the addition of impurities, such as molybdenum and niobium in steels, to improve the mechanical properties of materials and the potential nuclear waste associated with the added chemicals. Thus, the study and control of nuclide transmutations within the blanket is crucial in determining the level of success of fusion reactors. The production of tritium is an important function of the blanket, as without this function the reactor core would have no fuel to burn. In order for a fusion reactor to become commercially viable, the blanket must create at least 10% more tritium than the reactor core is burning. This is due to tritium decay, small losses of tritium to the environment and tritium retention within structural materials. The vast majority of tritium produced in the blanket is a result of neutron absorption of lithium-6, which then decays to tritium and releases an alpha particle as a by-product. As the blanket ages, the amount of lithium in blanket decreases and so does the rate of tritium production, hence a solid blanket needs to be replaced every 3-6 years in order to maintain a large enough tritium breeding rate to sustain the reactor core. The concept of utilising the neutron energy, to create electricity, and a lithium blanket, to create tritium, has been studied extensively for magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) devices. Recent advancements in ICF research have lead to the realisation that ICF blanket technology (BT) must now be developed in order to ensure the technology is well understood by the time that commercial scale ignition has been achieved experimentally. However, ICFBT is generally less developed when compared to MCFBT; MCFBT research cannot be assumed to be directly applicable to ICFBT due to the vast difference in temporal distribution of neutron radiation emitted by ICF and MCF confinement regimes which results in different transmutation rates, damage and tritium breeding rates. This thesis includes an introduction to fusion and presents background theory of fusion blanket technology. The main features include the description and benchmarking of a fusion specific depletion code named FATI (Fusion Activation and Transport Interface), the development and evaluation of control theory applied to blanket impurity removal, the study of time-dependent depletion and the development of a fusion specific energy binning format for Monte-Carlo modelling. Both fission and fusion neutronic calculations rely heavily on Monte-carlo neutron transport codes, such as MCNP. The most important and frequently used functions used within these codes is the calculation of reaction rates. Calculating reaction rates can be accomplished via the point-wise estimator approach, which is accurate but very computationally expensive, or the multi-group method, which is fast but can lack accuracy if an inappropriate energy group structure is used to bin the reaction energies. Jean-Christophe Sublet, CCFE, was planning to develop a energy group structure, to be used in conjunction with Monte-carlo calculations of fusion devices. Thus, this work was completed via a collaboration between the author and Jean-Christophe. This study concluded that a 16,000 group structure was required in order to achieve < 5% uncertainty. This study could potentially have a large impact on the group structure used in fusion activation calculations. The most commonly used group structure used for fusion activation analysis is comprised of only 175 groups. Thus, the 175 group calculations could be significantly over estimating activation.
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Kärger, Jörg. "Molecular diffusion under confinement." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-196367.

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With reference to molecular transport in manifold media of porous structure, a survey is given on the ample spectrum of diffusion phenomena under confinement. The presentation is mainly based on the evidence provided by pulsed field gradient NMR and by interference and IR microscopy. These "microscopic" techniques of diffusion measurement are particularly powerful for exploring the diverse features of molecular propagation in complex systems. The presented data cover the peculiarities of molecular diffusion under the regime of "intracrystalline" zeolitic diffusion, refer to deviations from normal diffusion and deal with the practically particularly important case where the overall diffusion process includes molecular propagation in the gas phase. In many cases, the reported experimental studies have been performed in immediate response to theoretical issues including single-file diffusion and sorption hysteresis. Simultaneously, they have given rise to new challenges for basic research correlating equilibrium and non-equilibrium phenomena of molecular propagation.
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Klop, Kira. "Colloidal rods in confinement." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:18e45dff-277f-481b-a7e5-b9aa9a5b7b88.

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We study colloidal rods in confinement and under flow on the single particle level using optical microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. First, we investigate liquid crystals in confinement. A mathematical method for calculating distortion energies is developed and illustrated by applying it to both artificial data and experimental results. Next, we study an isotropic phase in strong confinement, and observe a capillary nematisation transition. This is the first observation of capillary nematisation in a colloidal liquid crystal. The results are compared to the Zwanzig model and a DFT model for semi-flexible rods, and we find good agreement with both. The DFT model, in which rod orientations are unrestricted and rod flexibility is taken into account, was found to have a better quantitative agreement with the experiments. In the second half of this thesis, we study single colloidal rods flowing in a plane Poiseuille flow. For the most simple case of non-magnetic Brownian rods in water, we observe aperiodic kayaking and xy-tumbling behaviour. The results are compared to Jeffery theory for non-Brownian rods in a simple shear flow and to multi-particle collision dynamics simulations. The experimental results were found to undergo the same type of behaviour as predicted by Jeffery's theory, but without periodicity, and particles were seen to switch from one type of behaviour to another. We find qualitative agreement between the experiment and simulations, which indicates that the presence of Brownian motion can explain the differences between theory and experiment. Following on, we investigate further deviations from Jeffery theory by studying the effect of an external magnetic field and of a non-Newtonian fluid on the orientational behaviour of rods. We find that a magnetic field shows somewhat similar behaviour as the kayaking and tumbling found in the non-magnetic system, but suppressed towards a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. Rods flowing through a non-Newtonian fluid are found to be aligned in the direction of flow, and do not undergo any tumbling behaviour. The absence of tumbling can be explained by the depletion interaction between rods and the wall. It is unclear why the preferred orientation for rods is along the direction of flow.
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7

Kärger, Jörg. "Molecular diffusion under confinement." Diffusion fundamentals 2 (2005) 78, S. 1-24, 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14413.

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With reference to molecular transport in manifold media of porous structure, a survey is given on the ample spectrum of diffusion phenomena under confinement. The presentation is mainly based on the evidence provided by pulsed field gradient NMR and by interference and IR microscopy. These "microscopic" techniques of diffusion measurement are particularly powerful for exploring the diverse features of molecular propagation in complex systems. The presented data cover the peculiarities of molecular diffusion under the regime of "intracrystalline" zeolitic diffusion, refer to deviations from normal diffusion and deal with the practically particularly important case where the overall diffusion process includes molecular propagation in the gas phase. In many cases, the reported experimental studies have been performed in immediate response to theoretical issues including single-file diffusion and sorption hysteresis. Simultaneously, they have given rise to new challenges for basic research correlating equilibrium and non-equilibrium phenomena of molecular propagation.
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8

Hardoüin, Jérôme. "Active Liquid Crystals in Confinement." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668450.

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Living systems flow. What appears obvious from our daily observation of people, birds or insects remains surprisingly true at the smallest scale of life. Even at the earliest stages of embryonic development, the most elementary units of living systems, cell tissues, exhibit sustained currents. This perpetual movement is a signature of one of the fundamental properties of living systems - their ability to consume energy and transform it into directed motion. Living systems also cooperate. In the same way as fish swimming collectively form large scale structures to fool their predators, cells self-organize in tissues of increasingly complex shapes. Pattern formation in biology involves many processes from chemical signalling to hydrodynamics. Yet, the striking similarity between the flows and shapes adopted by collective systems at all scales of life motivated the development of a unifying theory, containing the minimal physical processes involved. This framework is called active soft matter. It refers to any system composed of self-driven units that consume and convert energy into directed motion. In some cases, the particles are so densely packed that they can be described as a continuous phase with long-range orientational order. This particular class has been termed active liquid crystals, of which cell tissues are the flagship illustration. These systems are characterized by a peculiar interplay between order and flows. The constant energy consumption drives them out of thermodynamic equilibrium. As a consequence, they are constantly deforming by sustained - and typically chaotic - flows. Reciprocally, the flow pattern directly depends on the local ordering of the particles. Beyond the apparent chaos, this interplay between activity and order also confers to active liquid crystals a fascinating ability to adapt to the environments where they reside. In this work, we investigate the interplay between the geometry, the order and the flows of an active liquid crystal. Using novel micro-printing techniques, we develop versatile experimental setups that allow us to study how geometrical confinement tames the active flows and defect properties. We specifically investigate the effect of lateral confinement, topology, boundary roughness and Gaussian curvature. We report dramatic transformations of the spatio-temporal dynamics of an in vitro microtuble-based active nematic system. The so-called active turbulence reorganizes into vortex lattices, directed, or defect-free unidirectional flows. Topological defects, which determine the active flow behavior, are created and annihilated on the boundaries rather than in the bulk, and acquire a strong orientational order in narrow channels. Their nucleation is governed by an instability whose wavelength is effectively screened by the lateral confinement. Their density, spatial distribution, orientation, and velocities evade most of the laws derived for unconfined active nematics. The careful description of the co-evolving order and flow patterns away from active turbulence enables us, to some extent, to disentangle the way they interact. In addition, we relate the transition to ordered regimes to generic descriptions of spatio- temporal chaos in out-of-equilibrium fluids, in an effort to understand the physics of these complex systems through universal laws. Dramatic transitions also occur in the case of closed interfaces i.e surfaces with no boundaries. In the last part of the manuscript, we report an original example of spinning active nematic droplets. We condense an active nematic layer on the outer surface of oil droplets with an ellipsoidal shape. In this configuration, topology and Gaussian curvature contribute to the emergence of a chiral symmetry breaking in the active deformations. This chirality is transferred to the solid-body dynamics of the ellipsoids, which rotate with a surprisingly constant pulsation. These results demonstrate how the non- equilibrium dynamics of active materials could be converted into macroscopic engines. Our result not only improve the theoretical understanding of active liquid crystals. We also demonstrate promising strategies to control the spatial organization and the active flows through geometrical confinement, which could contribute to the design of autonomous microfluidic systems performing complex tasks without any external input.
Els sistemes vius flueixen. El que sembla evident a partir de la nostra observació diària de persones, aus o insectes segueix sent sorprenentment cert a la menor escala de la vida. Aquest moviment perpetu és una signatura d’una de les propietats fonamentals dels sistemes vius: la seva capacitat de consumir energia i transformar-la en moviment dirigit. Els sistemes de vida també cooperen. La cridanera similitud entre els fluxos i les formes adoptades pels sistemes col·lectius a totes les escales de la vida va motivar el desenvolupament d’una teoria unificadora, que contenia els processos físics mínims implicats. Aquest marc s’anomena matèria tova activa. Es refereix a qualsevol sistema compost per unitats impulsades per si mateixes que consumeixen i converteixen l’energia en moviment dirigit. En aquest treball s’investiga la interacció entre la geometria, l’ordre i els fluxos d’un cristall líquid actiu. Amb noves tècniques de microimpressió, desenvolupem configuracions experimentals versàtils que ens permeten estudiar com la confinament geomètrica doma els fluxos actius i les propietats dels defectes. Investiguem específicament l'efecte del confinament lateral, la topologia, la rugositat del límit i la curvatura gaussiana. Es reporten transformacions dramàtiques de la dinàmica espaciotemporal d’un sistema nemàtic actiu basat en microtubs. Una acurada descripció de l'ordre i dels patrons de flux que evolucionen lluny de les turbulències actives ens permet, fins a cert punt, desvincular la forma en què interactuen. A més, relacionem la transició a règims ordenats a descripcions genèriques del caos espaciotemporal en fluids fora d'equilibri, en un esforç per comprendre la física d'aquests sistemes complexos mitjançant lleis universals. A la darrera part del manuscrit, es presenta un exemple original de gota de gotes nemàtiques actives. Aquests resultats demostren com la dinàmica de no equilibri dels materials actius es podia convertir en motors macroscòpics. El nostre resultat no només millora la comprensió teòrica dels cristalls líquids actius. També demostrem estratègies prometedores per controlar l’organització espacial i els fluxos actius mitjançant confinament geomètric, que podrien contribuir al disseny de sistemes microfluídics autònoms que realitzen tasques complexes sense cap entrada externa.
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9

Grira, Mongi Ben M. "Innovative approaches to column confinement." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4407.

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Reinforced concrete columns subjected to strong earthquakes may experience inelastic deformations. Inelastic deformability of these columns is of utmost importance for overall strength and stability of structures. Column deformability may be increased through confinement of core concrete. Conventional confinement reinforcement for square mid rectangular columns consist of closely spaced perimeter hoops, overlapping hoops, and crossties. The confinement steel requirements of current building codes often result in high volumetric ratios of transverse reinforcement which may lead to the congestion of column cages, which may result in concrete placement problems. An alternative to conventional transverse reinforcement is to use welded reinforcement steel grids (WRG) prefabricated to the required size and amount of steel, double headed studs (DHS) made of high-strength steel with conventional perimeter hoops, or Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) grids. An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of the new confinement reinforcement. Column tests were conducted to investigate structural performance of concrete columns reinforced with WRG, DHS, or FRP grids. Thirty-one large-scale columns with different volumetric ratios, spacings, and arrangements of confinement reinforcement were tested under simulated seismic loading. Test results indicate that the welded reinforcement grids can be used effectively as confinement reinforcement provided that the steel used has sufficient ductility and the welding process employed does not alter the strength and elongation characteristics of steel. The experimental program met these requirements and showed 7% to 10% strains prior to failure. Concrete columns confined with double head snub and conventional perimeter hoops also showed ductile behavior, developing lateral drifts of 4% to 6% prior to a significant loss in moment capacity, depending on the degree of confinement provided. The failure of these columns was characterized by the sudden opening of the 135-degree hooks of perimeter hoops followed by the crushing of core concrete and buckling of longitudinal bars. In addition, test results indicated also that concrete columns properly confined with fiber reinforced plastic grids showed ductile response and behaved as well as the companion columns confined with welded steel grids. The research program also included analysis of columns tested in the experimental phase. A rational analytical model was developed for buckling of longitudinal reinforcement in columns. The model was incorporated in the analytical procedure to compute the ultimate deformation capacity of concrete columns, many of which failed due to bar buckling. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Grira, Mongi. "Innovative approaches to column confinement." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0017/NQ45174.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Confinement"

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McMahon, Katharine. Confinement. Long Preston: Magna, 2011.

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Brown, Carrie. Confinement. New York: Berkley Books, 2005.

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Hazeltine, R. D. Plasma confinement. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 2003.

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Katel, Peter. Solitary Confinement. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: CQ Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre20120914.

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D, Meiss J., ed. Plasma confinement. Redwood City, Calif: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1992.

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James, Joy, ed. States of Confinement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10929-3.

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Zedlewski, Edwin W. Making confinement decisions. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1987.

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O, Demokritov Sergej, ed. Spin wave confinement. Singapore: Pan Stanford Publishing, 2009.

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O, Demokritov Sergej, ed. Spin wave confinement. Singapore: Pan Stanford Publishing, 2009.

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O, Demokritov Sergej, ed. Spin wave confinement. Singapore: Pan Stanford Publishing, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Confinement"

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Mercado, Gustavo. "confinement." In The Filmmaker's Eye: The Language of the Lens, 56–57. London; New York: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429446894-6.

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Teays, Wanda. "Solitary Confinement." In Doctors and Torture, 95–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22517-9_7.

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Goldner, Lori S. "Nanodroplet Confinement." In Encyclopedia of Biophysics, 1684–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6_490.

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Miyamoto, Kenro. "Inertial Confinement." In Plasma Physics for Controlled Fusion, 439–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49781-4_19.

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Greensite, Jeff. "Coulomb Confinement." In An Introduction to the Confinement Problem, 159–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51563-8_10.

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Morse, Edward. "Magnetic Confinement." In Graduate Texts in Physics, 109–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98171-0_5.

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Ramani, A., B. Grammaticos, and V. Papageorgiou. "Singularity confinement." In CRM Proceedings and Lecture Notes, 303–18. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/crmp/009/28.

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Greensite, Jeff. "Coulomb Confinement." In An Introduction to the Confinement Problem, 131–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14382-3_9.

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Zaccone, Alessio. "Confinement Effects." In Theory of Disordered Solids, 267–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24706-4_9.

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Demarest, Megan T., and Hannah G. Cortina. "Solitary Confinement." In Mass Incarceration in the 21st Century, 62–71. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003274292-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Confinement"

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Suganuma, H., M. Fukushima, and H. Toki. "Quantum Chromodynamics and Color Confinement (Confinement 2000)." In Proceedings of the International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812811202.

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SWANSON, E. S., and A. P. SZCZEPANIAK. "CONSTRUCTING CONFINEMENT." In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Lake Louise Winter Institute. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812705136_0040.

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Olsson, M. G. "Confinement Dynamics." In INTERSECTIONS OF PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS: 8th Conference CIPANP2003. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1664300.

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QUIGG, Chris. "Beyond Confinement." In Xth Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.171.0031.

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Banerjee, Debasish, Philippe Widmer, Fu-Jiun Jiang, and Uwe-Jens Wiese. "Crystalline confinement." In 31st International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory LATTICE 2013. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.187.0333.

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Greensite, Jeff, and Kazue Matsuyama. "On the distinction between color confinement, and confinement." In XIII Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.336.0046.

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McGuire, Thomas, and Raymond Sedwick. "Confinement Limitations in Gridded Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Devices." In 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-4829.

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DEL DEBBIO, L. "MECHANISMS OF CONFINEMENT." In Proceedings of a Meeting Held in the Framework of the Activities of GISELDA, the Italian Working Group on Strong Interactions. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776532_0023.

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Azar, Yossi, Shay Kutten, and Boaz Patt-Shamir. "Distributed error confinement." In the twenty-second annual symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/872035.872041.

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Cutkosky, R. E. "The confinement problem." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 132. AIP, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.35354.

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Reports on the topic "Confinement"

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Fonck, R. J., R. Howell, K. Jaehnig, L. Roquemore, G. Schilling, S. Scott, M. C. Zarnstorff, M. Bitter, C. Bush, and R. Goldston. Ion thermal confinement in the TFTR enhanced confinement regime. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6602483.

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Powers, L., R. Condouris, and M. Kotowski. Inertial confinement fusion. Edited by P. W. Murphy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6456354.

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Berk, H. L. Fusion, magnetic confinement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7082095.

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Berk, H. L. Fusion, magnetic confinement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10173251.

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Sugihara, M., and C. Singer. Energy confinement in tokamaks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5079747.

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R. Robert Stevens and Stephen P. Rojas. Confinement Vessel Dynamic Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10595.

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Navrotsky, Alexandra, Brian Woodfield, and Nancy Ross. The energetics and dynamics of confinement in flexible frameworks and molecular confinement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1608972.

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Woodfield, Brian. The energetics and dynamics of confinement in flexible frameworks and molecular confinement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1833062.

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Lewis, B. B. Final report for confinement vessel analysis. Task 3, Analysis of confinement vessel doors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10189636.

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Kaye, S. M. ITER L-mode confinement database. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/304189.

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