Journal articles: 'Confined space'

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Ross, Peggy. "Confined Space Entry." AAOHN Journal 55, no. 6 (June 2007): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990705500605.

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Greenberg, Stephen R. "The Confined Space." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 10, no. 1 (March 1989): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-198903000-00009.

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Andronescu, Corina, Justus Masa, Richard D. Tilley, John J. Gooding, and Wolfgang Schuhmann. "Electrocatalysis in confined space." Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 25 (February 2021): 100644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2020.100644.

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You, Ye-Zi, and Cai-Yuan Pan. "Confined space regulated polymerization." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 46, no. 5 (2008): 1730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.22514.

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Brown, Randy. "Confined-Space Safety Questions." Opflow 26, no. 6 (June 2000): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2000.tb02249.x.

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Spear, Jerome E. "Confined Space Entry: A Review of Confined Space Standards Applicable to Contractors." Synergist 16, no. 3 (2005): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2759446.

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Okada, Tetsuo. "Chemistry in Ice-Confined Space." Review of Polarography 67, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5189/revpolarography.67.57.

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Zugibe, Frederick T., James T. Costello, Mark K. Breithaupt, Eduardo Zappi, and Burton Allyn. "The Confined Space-Hypoxia Syndrome." Journal of Forensic Sciences 32, no. 2 (March 1, 1987): 11161J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs11161j.

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De Giorgio, Fabio, Antonio Abbate, Vincenzo Arena, Domenico De Mercurio, Nadia Fucci, and Giuseppe Vetrugno. "Asphyxia in a confined space." Medicine, Science and the Law 47, no. 2 (April 2007): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.47.2.165.

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Sahli, B. P., and C. W. Armstrong. "Confined space fatalities in Virginia." Journal of Safety Research 24, no. 2 (June 1993): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(93)90011-b.

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11

Moore, Pamela V., and Les Bailey. "Confined Space: Occupational Health Hazards." AAOHN Journal 42, no. 4 (April 1994): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507999404200407.

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Fairfax, Richard, and Gloria Conway. "A Construction Confined Space Fatality." Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 13, no. 9 (September 1998): 634–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047322x.1998.10390129.

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CHEW, M. Y. L., N. H. WONG, and J. C. L. HO. "SMOKE CONTROL IN CONFINED SPACE." Journal of Applied Fire Science 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3g5q-hxla-cbn5-w68e.

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14

Karamesines, Patricia Gunter. "Flying in a Confined Space." Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 38, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45228186.

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Wang, Zhixue, Yongbin Liu, Haibin Liang, Zhe Xu, Fanxi Bu, Jina Zhang, Hua Du, Yan Wang, and Shuangqing Chen. "Leakage Analysis and Hazardous Boundary Determination of Buried Gas Pipeline Considering Underground Adjacent Confined Space." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 6859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186859.

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Urban underground construction projects are intertwined vertically and horizontally, and adjacent confined spaces such as water supply and drainage pipelines, side ditches and underground canals may exist near buried gas pipelines. Once the buried gas pipeline leaks, the gas will diffuse into the confined space through the soil and even enter the residential room by the confined space, which brings serious potential safety hazards. In this paper, the underground adjacent confined space hazardous boundary (HB) of underground gas pipeline leakage was defined, the distribution properties of gas leakage diffusion flow field were analyzed by numerical simulation and the distribution law of gas entering the confined space was studied. Using the least-squares method and multiple regression theory, the gas concentration prediction model in the adjacent confined space of buried gas pipeline leakage was established, the HB calculation model was further deduced, and the HB drawing board was drawn. The results showed that in the initial stages, the internal and external pressure and velocity distribution of the pipeline near the leakage hole were unstable, reaching a stable state after 60 s, and then the reverse flow occurred in the pipeline downstream of the leak hole. Reducing the minimum construction distance between the buried gas pipeline and the confined space improved the gas distribution concentration in the confined space. When the minimum construction distance increased from 3 m to 9 m, the gas concentration distribution decreased from 90.21% to 0.88%. Meanwhile, increasing the pipeline pressure and leakage diameter enhanced the gas concentration distribution in the confined space. The HB calculation model and HB drawing board realize the rapid determination of the HB between buried gas pipeline and confined space and offer a more reasonable basis for the design of gas pipeline safe distance in urban underground engineering construction.

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Shrestha, Prakash, Sagun Jonchhe, Tomoko Emura, Kumi Hidaka, Masayuki Endo, Hiroshi Sugiyama, and Hanbin Mao. "Confined space facilitates G-quadruplex formation." Nature Nanotechnology 12, no. 6 (March 27, 2017): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.29.

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17

Bender, Joel R. "Confined Space Hazards and Fiberglass Exposure." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 38, no. 7 (July 1996): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199607000-00003.

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18

CELENZA, L. S., C. M. SHAKIN, HUI-WEN WANG, and XIN-HUA YANG. "SPACE-TIME PROPAGATION OF CONFINED GLUONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, no. 15 (September 1989): 3807–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89001539.

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We assume that there is gluon condensate in the zero-momentum mode in the QCD ground state. A lowest-order calculation in terms of a condensate order parameter leads to a dynamical mass for gluons via the Schwinger mechanism and a gluon propagator with no on-mass-shell singularities — that is, the gluon is a "nonpropagating mode" in the gluon condensate. We transform our momentum-space propagator into coordinate space and find that the propagator has essentially the same delta-function light-cone singularities as the free propagator. However, in contrast to a theory without confinement, we show that the propagator exhibits exponential decay, both for time-like and space-like propagation. In this manner, we obtain a space-time characterization of the confinement phenomenon in terms of an order parameter of the condensate.

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Lu, Si-Min, Yue-Yi Peng, Yi-Lun Ying, and Yi-Tao Long. "Electrochemical Sensing at a Confined Space." Analytical Chemistry 92, no. 8 (March 17, 2020): 5621–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00931.

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20

Zeimet, Denis E., and John Van Ast. "Lessons Learned in Confined Space Training." Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 11, no. 2 (February 1996): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047322x.1996.10389305.

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21

Naxerova, Kamila. "Clonal competition in a confined space." Nature Genetics 52, no. 6 (May 18, 2020): 553–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41588-020-0638-x.

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22

Suruda, A. J., T. A. Pettit, G. P. Noonan, and R. M. Ronk. "Deadly rescue: The confined space hazard." Journal of Hazardous Materials 36, no. 1 (January 1994): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(93)e0051-3.

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23

Robey, Rod. "Establishing a Confined-Space Entry Program." Opflow 18, no. 7 (July 1992): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1992.tb00296.x.

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24

Brown, Randy. "Common Questions About Confined-Space Safety." Opflow 22, no. 4 (April 1996): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1996.tb00545.x.

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Brad, Muise A., Brad Freeman, and Earl Blair. "YouTube as a Source of Information on Confined Space Safety." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2012): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v2i1.5626.

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Safety professionals looking for information on confined space safety often use the Internet as a resource. YouTube is a popular website that may be used to supplement safety training or as a source of information pertaining to Confined Spaces (CS). YouTube was examined as a source of information on CS safety. YouTube was queried using key phrases “confined space,” “confined space entry,” and “confined space rescue.” Two safety experts reviewed each video and assigned scores for accuracy and view-ability. Of the 220 videos screened, 48 were found to have relevant information about CS safety and were selected for inclusion in the study. Approximately 70.8% of the videos were rated as inaccurate and 87.5% were rated as offering little value. Results of our study suggest that YouTube may currently be an inadequate source of information on CS safety. Safety professionals should verify YouTube video content against trusted agencies such as OSHA before using them as a resource for CS information.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v2i1.5626International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2012) 39-42

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Nartowski, K. P., J. Tedder, D. E. Braun, L. Fábián, and Y. Z. Khimyak. "Building solids inside nano-space: from confined amorphous through confined solvate to confined ‘metastable’ polymorph." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 38 (2015): 24761–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp03880d.

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27

Chiu, Chien-Chen, Yi-Ming Chang, and Terng-Jou Wan. "Characteristic Analysis of Occupational Confined Space Accidents in Taiwan and Its Prevention Strategy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051752.

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According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 882 people were killed or injured due to confined space accidents in 2011–2017. Occupational accident statistics published in 2008–2018 by the Taiwan Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, Taiwan) show that 70 people suffered from disasters and 52 were injured in the 64 accident reports involving confined spaces. In the US, on average, 126 people die each year in accidents related to confined spaces, and in Taiwan, an average of 8 people per year are casualties of accidents involving confined spaces, proving that it is an area of concern that cannot be neglected. When misjudgments occur in confined spaces, not only can people be hurt, but they can even lose their lives, and the risks associated with confined spaces can subsequently result in rescue personnel also being killed or injured. This study was conducted via the systematic causal analysis technique (SCAT), which was proposed and developed by the International Loss Control Institute (ILCI), with the intention of identifying the critical basic causes of the confined space accidents that have occurred over the years in the Taiwan area, in order to propose corresponding improvement strategies. After investigating the statistics in Taiwan, it was determined that hydrogen sulfide was involved in 45% of accidental deaths in confined spaces, followed by 11% involving carbon dioxide, 9% involving carbon monoxide, and 7% involving toluene. Additional analysis of non-standard acts identified “failure of operating procedures” as being involved in 27% of accidents, followed by 25% involving “improper personal protective equipment” and 23% involving “incorrect position”. The analysis of non-standard conditions revealed that “dangerous workplace” was involved in 39% of accidents, “improper protective measures” in 30%, and “inadequate ventilation” in 27%. In accordance with our analysis results, it could be suggested that hazard prevention strategies for confined spaces, in addition to encouraging avoidance of non-standard acts by personnel, should also strive to improve these non-standard conditions. Otherwise, if not prevented deliberately and in a fundamental, relevant accidents will remain inevitable.

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Mufaidah, Vievi Ruldi, and Endang Dwiyanti. "HAZARD IDENTIFICATION OF WELDING IN CONFINED SPACE OF THE CEMENT PRODUCTION COMPANY." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v17i1.2022.132-144.

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Introduction: Maintenance of a electrostatic precipitator cooler machine involving welding activities in confined spaces, so the company of cement production need to understand the existing hazard by conducting hazard identification. Welding are related with physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical hazards that can cause accidents and occupational illnesses. When the welding is carried out in confined spaces, it can increasing the hazards include chemical hazards in the air, configuration of the building structure, poor airflow, or any combination of existing hazards. Methods: This research aimed to conduct hazard identification on welding activities in confined spaces. The research design used a descriptive observational with cross sectional approach. The research population was the workers who repair the electrostatic precipitator cooler machines. Sample of this research were selected using the Purposive sampling method, 2 welders in the rapping bar and 1 safetyman. Primary data was collected by conducting observation and interviews using checklist sheet, secondary data was obtained by collecting company profile and daily safety reports. Result: The results of the analysis showed that the identified hazards of welding activities in confined space are 5 of mechanical hazards, 4 of atmospheric hazards, 5 of ergonomics hazards, 5 of falling hazards, 6 of physical hazards, 5 chemical hazards, and 4 electrical hazards. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research was the dominant potential hazard come from physical hazards consisting of inadequate light, welding sparks, optical radiation, noise, high pressure gas and hoses. Some hazards inflict accidents and illness due to work on welding in confined space are welding sparks, fume, oxygen and asitelyn gases, as well as toxic and carcinogenic substance i.e. cement and coal dust. Keywords: confined space, hazard identification, welding

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Lushch, V., Ya Velykyy, and V.-P. Parkhomenko. "CREATION OF WORKPLACE FOR PREPARATION OF FIREFIGHTERS IN ORDER TO CONDUCT RESCUE OPERATIONS IN A CONFINED SPACE ON THE HORIZONTAL SECTIONS." Fire Safety 36 (July 21, 2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.36.2020.06.

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Every year in Ukraine there are accidents when working in confined spaces, including fatalities. In most cases, people do not perform the necessary pre-screening of the environment and do not use adequate respiratory and visual protection. Work in a confined space is classified as hazardous work because there is a real threat of the release of harmful vapours, gases, and other substances into the working area that can poison workers and cause damage to the body in certain concentrations. Such spaces include open hatches and inspection wells, sewers, trenches, pipelines, ducts, closed cellars and other areas with insufficient ventilation. Quite often, rescue attempts lead to tragedies when both an employee and a poorly equipped, unprepared rescuer (firefighter) are killed at the same time. An analysis of the rescue work in a confined space shows us that it is both horizontal and vertical. Therefore, the effectiveness of rescuing people and carrying out rescue work in a foggy, smoky environment in a confined space depends largely on the level of training of firefighters and their equipment, namely: individual respiratory protection and equipment for the rescue of humans and animals. Therefore, the actual scientific and practical task that needs specific justification will be the choice of the site and structural elements for the work place arrangement and the procedure for conducting rescue operations in a confined space by the firefighters. The article analyzes the tragic cases that have occurred with firefighters and other workers in water and sewerage wells, reservoirs and tanks, the difficulties that arise in carrying out emergency rescue operations in a confined space, and the feasibility of creating such workplaces in order to train firefighters.

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Page-Bottorff, Tim. "Confined Space Update: Changes and What's New." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2009, no. 8 (January 1, 2009): 7478. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864709793957319.

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Wang, Xiaofeng, and Qiaolong Yuan. "Preparation of Polystyrene Nanospheres in Confined Space." Acta Chimica Sinica 70, no. 09 (2012): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/a1112021.

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32

Parvez, Aiman. "IOT Based Atmosphere Monitoring of Confined Space." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.7001.

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Delleman, Nico J., Véronique Colaciuri, Emeric Wiederkehr, and Pierre J. L. Valk. "Sustained Operations in Confined-Space Military Vehicles." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 14, no. 3 (January 2008): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2008.11076768.

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Knossalla, Johannes, Paul Paciok, Daniel Göhl, Daniel Jalalpoor, Enrico Pizzutilo, Andrea M. Mingers, Marc Heggen, et al. "Shape-Controlled Nanoparticles in Pore-Confined Space." Journal of the American Chemical Society 140, no. 46 (October 19, 2018): 15684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b07868.

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35

LEE, MAW TIEN, YU MIN YANG, and JER RU MAA. "NUCLEATE POOL BOILING IN A CONFINED SPACE." Chemical Engineering Communications 117, no. 1 (September 1992): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986449208936067.

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36

Handley, Anthony J., and Juliette A. Handley. "Performing chest compressions in a confined space." Resuscitation 61, no. 1 (April 2004): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2003.11.012.

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37

Murase, Haruhiko, Noriko Takahashi, and Katsusuke Murakami. "Local temperature control within a confined space." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 34, no. 11 (August 2001): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)34105-8.

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38

Donaldson, Tracey. "Confined space incidents - a review 1980-1999." Loss Prevention Bulletin 154, no. 1 (August 1, 2000): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/026095700522723.

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39

Bond, John. "Confined space entry - beware of hidden dangers." Loss Prevention Bulletin 158, no. 1 (April 1, 2001): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/026095701750164403.

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40

Maier, Joachim. "Space charge effects in confined ceramic systems." International Journal of Materials Research 99, no. 1 (January 2008): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.101596.

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41

Glaser, Kennan C. "OSHA Releases New Confined-Space Safety Regs." Opflow 19, no. 6 (June 1993): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1993.tb01244.x.

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42

Weston, Eric B., Jonathan S. Dufour, Ming-Lun Lu, and William S. Marras. "A Comparision Of Spinal Loads While Lifting In Confined Vertical Space." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 1130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631014.

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Background: Lifting in confined vertical space is observed across several industries, including airline baggage handling, mining, construction, maintenance, and shipbuilding. However, only a few studies have investigated confined space lifting scenarios with biomechanical methods (Gallagher et al., 1988; Stalhammar et al., 1986), and fewer have quantified biomechanical loads on the intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine while lifting in confined vertical spaces using a biomechanical model (Gallagher et al., 1994; Middelton et al., 2016; Splittstoesser et al., 2007). The objective of this study was to quantify spinal loads for kneeling and sitting lifting styles in confined vertical space. This was accomplished via the replication of the baggage compartment of a narrow-bodied aircraft in a laboratory. Methods: Ten males performed airline baggage handling tasks for this study. A fully balanced design was implemented, and independent variables included lifting style (3), exertion type (4), bag weight (2), and their interactions. Lifting styles investigated included stooping, kneeling, and cross-legged sitting. In kneeling and sitting exertions, subjects were confined within 1.22 m of vertical space (i.e., the vertical constraint within a narrow-bodied airplane). However, stooping conditions were performed as a control condition in unconfined vertical space. Exertion type included loading bags from the floor to a low and high vertical heights or unloading bags from low and high vertical heights to the floor. Subjects lifted bags weighing either 14.5 kg (industry average) or 22.7 kg (95th percentile in U.S.) (Lu et al., 2018). Dependent measures included the peak torso flexion for each lift and peak spinal loads in compression, anterior/posterior (A/P) shear, and lateral shear derived from an electromyography (EMG)-driven spine model (Dufour et al., 2013; Hwang et al., 2016a, b). These spinal loads were compared to documented tolerance limits for spinal loading (Gallagher and Marras, 2012; Waters et al., 1993). Results and Discussion: Stooping, kneeling, and sitting all posed significant risk of injury to the lumbar spine via excessive compressive and A/P shear loading. Statistically significant differences attributable to lift style (stooping, kneeling, sitting) were not observed for peak compressive or lateral shear, but kneeling decreased anterior/posterior (A/P) shear spinal loads relative to stooping (p=0.02). Collectively, kneeling presented the least risk for injury to the low back when lifting in confined spaces because the torso remained more upright, subsequently reducing shear forces on the lumbar spine. However, future studies should also aim to assess the biomechanical risks associated with confined lifting scenarios to other regions of the body in which musculoskeletal disorders might be of concern (i.e., shoulders, knees). Though experimental conditions specific to baggage handling were examined, it is expected that the results of this investigation are applicable across all industries in which lifting in confined vertical spaces is observed. Conclusion: Baggage handling tasks performed in confined vertical space pose significant biomechanical risk to the lumbar spine in compression and A/P shear. From a low back loading perspective, kneeling lifting styles should be preferred to sitting when lifting in a confined vertical because of the ability to keep a more upright torso.

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Daher, Elie, and Darrel Wade Dowd. "Revolutionising confined space safety management: a case study." APPEA Journal 60, no. 1 (2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19152.

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Maintaining safety during confined space work is one of the most challenging aspects of a turnaround, shutdown or outage. To handle the safety risks associated with confined space entry, a safety attendant is normally assigned to the entry point of a confined space to maintain communication with workers inside. However, the duties of the attendant are restricted to the outside of the vessel. So how do we ensure that the workers continue to be safe when they are inside the confined space? Harnessing technological advancements, a solution was designed that combines gas detection, video surveillance, two-way communication, access control and a command centre to enhance safety while improving productivity and reducing costs. The solution combines real-time gas detection, cameras with day–night vision installed outside and inside vessels, video recording and two-way communication. It delivers and stores data useful in alerting workers of hazardous environments, providing video evidence of safe behaviour, enables operators to see work inside the vessels in real time, and stores video and overlaid gas data logs to protect against future liabilities. The innovation revolutionises the role of the safety watch by replacing multiple safety attendants with two highly qualified personnel who monitor all confined spaces from the command centre. The paper discusses examples and provides data on the potential savings resulting from the implementation of the technology. The present paper also discusses further enhancements, including body cameras, monitoring of employee wellbeing and facility access control. This is the path to the digital turnaround of the future.

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Alhaidari, A. D., and T. J. Taiwo. "Confined systems with a linear energy spectrum." Modern Physics Letters A 36, no. 10 (March 11, 2021): 2150064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732321500644.

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Using a formulation of quantum mechanics based on orthogonal polynomials in the energy and physical parameters, we study quantum systems totally confined in space and with a linearly spaced energy spectrum. We present several examples of such systems, derive their corresponding potential functions, and plot some of their bound states.

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Givens, Gregory C., Stephen L. Shelton, and Eric A. Brown. "Emergency Cricothyrotomy in Confined Space Airway Emergencies: A Comparison." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, no. 4 (August 2011): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11006352.

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AbstractIntroduction: In confined-space airway emergencies, prehospital personnel may need to perform cricothyrotomy when conventional airway techniques cannot be utilized or have failed. This study is a prospective, cross-over, randomized controlled trial that compares two widely-known techniques using two commercially available kits.Methods: Twenty residents at Palmetto Health Richland Department of Emergency Medicine participated in the study. Their performance was assessed using the time required to placement and correctness of placement for each device. The residents performed the procedures on an Air-Man™ manikin that had been situated in a confined space. The residents also indicated which kit they would prefer in a confined-space, emergency airway situation.Results: All of the devices were placed in the airway. The mean time to placement for the Melker™ and Quicktrach™ kits was 108.5 seconds and 23.9 seconds, respectively. This yielded a mean difference of 84.5 seconds, which provided a t-statistic of 8.88 (p < 0.0001). There was no evidence of a carry-over effect (p = 0.292) or a period effect (p = 0.973). All residents preferred using the Quicktrach™ kit.Conclusions: Use of the Quicktrach™ kit resulted in the fastest time to placement, was placed correctly in the airway, and was preferred by each of the residents. Its small, simple, and sturdy design, with few parts and easy manipulation, allow the Quicktrach™ to be a valuable option in prehospital situations involving confined spaces. The Melker™ kit, with its many parts, and need for greater manipulation, is not as easily utilized or preferred in a confined space scenario.

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Ramadhani, Ratih Putri. "HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN, SARANA PRASARANA, DAN PENGAWASAN DENGAN PERILAKU PENERAPAN SOP PEKERJA CONFINED SPACE." Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 7, no. 1 (October 31, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v7i1.2018.91-101.

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Working in confined space has very high risks, therefore, one of the hierarchy control to manage identified risk is administrative by implementing Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). The implementation of SOP correlates with the worker behaviors. The purpose of this research is to find out correlation between knowledge, facilities, and supervision to implementation behaviors of sop in confined space. This study is an observational descriptive research using cross sectional approach. The subject is a total population of 19 cleaning workers in Ducting Dust Collector PT. X . The data provided in distribution of frequency tables and was analyzed using crosstabulation followed with Phi and Cramers V Coefficient to see the relation strength. The result of the study shows that most of the workers has a good behavior in implementing the working SOP in confined space. According to Phi and CramersV Coefficient, Knowledge (0,57) and Facilities (0,57) has a strong relation with the implementation behavior of SOP in confined space. Supervision has no relationship at all with the implementation behavior of working SOP within the confined space. Keywords: confined space, behavior, SOP

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Ji, Huaijun, Yunzhuo Li, Hetao Su, Wuyi Cheng, and Xiang Wu. "Experimental Investigation on the Cooling and Inerting Effects of Liquid Nitrogen Injected into a Confined Space." Symmetry 11, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11040579.

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As a highly effective and environmentally benign suppression agent, liquid nitrogen (LN2) has been widely used for fire extinguishing in plants, dwellings, enclosed underground tunnels, and other confined spaces through cooling and inerting. It is of great significance to understand the cooling and inerting effects of LN2 injected into a confined space. A confined-space experimental platform was developed to study the injecting LN2 into the platform with different injection parameters, such as mass flux, pipe diameter, and inclination angle. In addition, a mathematical model of quantitatively assessing cooling and inerting effects was proposed by using heat transfer capacity, inerting coefficient, and cooling rate. Results showed that the inerting effect was gradually enhanced with a mass flux increasing from 0.014 to 0.026 kg/s and then tended to level off; an appropriate pipe diameter of 12 mm was optimal for the cooling and inerting effects in this experiment. In addition, a positively increasing inclination angle could contribute to the cooling and inerting effects. However, there was little effect on the cooling and inerting with an inclination angle less than 0°. This study can provide technical guidances for environmentally friendly fire extinguishing with LN2 in a confined space.

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Baskar, M., N. Sathyan, and T. R. Gopalakrishnan Nair. "Water Molecules in the Carbon C60 Confined Space." Journal of Biophysical Chemistry 09, no. 02 (2018): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbpc.2018.92002.

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Kai, LI, YE Tianyu, and WANG Jizeng. "Stretching a Polymer Chain in a Confined Space." 应用数学和力学 42, no. 10 (2021): 1008–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21656/1000-0887.420279.

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Du, Zhehua, and Xin Lin. "Research on Pollutant Diffusion Law in Confined Space." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 295 (July 25, 2019): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/295/2/012037.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Confined space'

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