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Journal articles on the topic 'Confined plunging liquid jet'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Atkinson, B?W, G?J Jameson, A?V Nguyen, and G?M Evans. "Increasing gas-liquid contacting using a confined plunging liquid jet." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 78, no. 2-3 (2003): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.768.

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2

Jakubowski, Craig A., Bruce W. Atkinson, Peter Dennis, and Geoffrey M. Evans. "Ozone Mass Transfer in a Confined Plunging Liquid Jet Contactor." Ozone: Science & Engineering 25, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713610646.

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3

Evans, G. M., and P. M. Machniewski. "Mass transfer in a confined plunging liquid jet bubble column." Chemical Engineering Science 54, no. 21 (November 1999): 4981–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(99)00221-3.

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4

S. Al-Anzi, Bader. "Effect of Primary Variables on A Confined Plunging Liquid Jet Reactor." Water 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030764.

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The effects of operating conditions including a novel downcomer geometry on the gas/air entrainment rate, Qa, were investigated for a local vertical confined plunging liquid jet reactor (CPLJR) as an alternative aeration process that is of interest to Kuwait and can be used in various applications, such as in wastewater treatment as an aerobic activated sludge process, fermentation, brine dispenser, and gas–liquid reactions. Operating conditions, such as various downcomer diameters (Dc = 45−145 mm), jet lengths (Lj = 200–500 mm), nozzle diameters (dn = 3.5–15 mm), and contraction angles (Ɵ =20–80°), were investigated. A newly designed downcomer with various mesh openings/pores (Dm = 0.25ʺ (6.35 mm)–1ʺ (25.4 mm)) was also investigated in the current study. The air entrainment results showed that these were the primary parameters for the measured air entrainment rate in confined systems. The highest gas entrainment rates were achieved when the ratio of the downcomer diameter (Dc) to the nozzle diameter (dn) was greater than approximately 5, as long as the liquid superficial velocity was sufficient to carry bubbles downward. Furthermore, a downcomer with mesh openings (Dm) less or equal to 0.5ʺ (12.7 mm) provided a higher entrainment rate than that of conventional downcomer (without a mesh).

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5

Evans, G. M., A. K. Biń, and P. M. Machniewski. "Performance of confined plunging liquid jet bubble column as a gas–liquid reactor." Chemical Engineering Science 56, no. 3 (February 2001): 1151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(00)00334-1.

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6

Al-Anzi, Bader S., and Jenifer Fernandes. "Sensitivity Test of Jet Velocity and Void Fraction on the Prediction of Rise Height and Performance of a Confined Plunging Liquid Jet Reactor." Processes 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010160.

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Jet velocity is an important parameter affecting the air entrainment rate of plunging liquid jet processes. While the vast majority of researchers have investigated the effect of jet velocity, only a few of them considered the effect of jet length in calculating the jet velocity at impingement point. This study investigates the difference (ΔV) between the jet velocity at the inception of the nozzle (Vj) and the impingement point (VL) for a range of operating conditions. Furthermore, bubble voidage inside the downcomer, another critical parameter in plunging jets, is estimated using three different voidage equations incorporated inside a momentum balance model to predict the two-phase elevation level (HR) inside the downcomer. Results showed that ΔV is significant (VL > Vj), especially at low jet flow rates and high jet lengths. Generally, the momentum balance model predicted the HR well, and its prediction improves with downcomer diameter. Given that, the model still needs to be refined for more accuracy for a wide range of operating conditions.

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7

Jakubowski, Craig A., Bruce W. Atkinson, Peter Dennis, and Geoffrey M. Evans. "Ozone Mass Transfer in the Mixing Zone of a Confined Plunging Liquid Jet Contactor." Ozone: Science & Engineering 28, no. 3 (July 2006): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919510600609354.

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8

Okhotskii, V. B. "Plunging of a liquid jet into a motionless liquid." Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 34, no. 5 (September 2000): 496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02827395.

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9

CLANET, C. "Plunging cavities." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 680 (July 18, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.168.

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When a wave breaks, the tip forms a liquid sheet which impinges the base and creates an air cavity which breaks into bubbles. Gomez-Ledesma, Kiger & Duncan (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol. 680, 2011, pp. 5–30) have conducted a nice experiment on this problem, enabling them to discuss both the inclination of the jet and the effect of its translation. This work has interesting links with other transient cavities.

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10

Zidouni Kendil, Faiza, Dana V. Danciu, Martin Schmidtke, Anis Bousbia Salah, Dirk Lucas, Eckhard Krepper, and Amina Mataoui. "Flow field assessment under a plunging liquid jet." Progress in Nuclear Energy 56 (April 2012): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2011.12.009.

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11

Evans, G. "Hydrodynamics of a plunging liquid jet bubble column." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 22 (December 1996): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9322(97)88196-7.

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12

Galimov, Azat Yu, Onkar Sahni, Richard T. Lahey, Mark S. Shephard, Donald A. Drew, and Kenneth E. Jansen. "Parallel adaptive simulation of a plunging liquid jet." Acta Mathematica Scientia 30, no. 2 (March 2010): 522–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0252-9602(10)60060-4.

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13

Cummings, P. D., and H. Chanson. "Air Entrainment in the Developing Flow Region of Plunging Jets—Part 1: Theoretical Development." Journal of Fluids Engineering 119, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2819286.

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Air-water bubbly flows are encountered in many engineering applications. One type of air-water shear flows is the developing flow region of a plunging jet. The mechanisms of air entrainment by plunging liquid jets are discussed in the light of new experimental evidence. Then the air bubble diffusion is analyzed analytically in the near-flow field of both circular and two-dimensional plunging jets. The theoretical developments are compared with existing circular plunging jet data and new experiments performed with a two-dimensional vertical supported jet. The study highlights two mechanisms of air entrainment at the plunge point depending upon the jet impact velocity and results suggest that the dispersion of air bubbles within the shear layer is primarily an advective diffusion process.

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14

Evans, G. M., G. J. Jameson, and C. D. Rielly. "Free jet expansion and gas entrainment characteristics of a plunging liquid jet." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 12, no. 2 (February 1996): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0894-1777(95)00095-x.

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15

Chang, Sheng, Zheng Liu, Zongshu Zou, Lei Shao, and Baokuan Li. "Bubble Formation by Short Plunging Jet in a Continuous Casting Tundish." Metals 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121590.

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A short plunging jet technique was developed to produce small bubbles in continuous casting tundish, with argon sealing, in order to promote the removal of inclusions smaller than 50 μm. The liquid steel coming out of the ladle shroud is accelerated and vibrated by gravity, leading to gas entrainment. This novel approach is free from bubbles growing along the nozzle surface due to the poor wetting condition, which is applicable to producing small bubbles in liquid steel. Water modeling was carried out to investigate the impact of the free-fall length on gas entrainment by a short plunging jet. The results show that gas can be entrained into the liquid bath with a free fall longer than 15 mm. Part of the entrained gas is separated from the gas sheath by the rough surface of the inflow stream, forming initial bubbles. These initial bubbles are further refined into small ones of 0.4~2.5 mm due to the turbulent flow in the pouring region. The cylindrical shield can effectively isolate the surface fluctuation caused by the short plunging jet; thereby, a stable slag layer in the tundish can be maintained during gas entrainment.

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16

BONETTO, F., D. DREW, and R. T. LAHEY. "THE ANALYSIS OF.A PLUNGING LIQUID JET—THE AIR ENTRAINMENT PROCESS." Chemical Engineering Communications 130, no. 1 (January 1994): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986449408936265.

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17

Uchiyama, Hiroki, Toshifumi Ishikura, and Mitsuharu Ide. "Performance of Gas^|^#8211;Liquid Two-Phase Plunging Jet Absorber." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 45, no. 11 (2012): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.12we135.

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18

Miwa, Shuichiro, Takahiro Moribe, Kohei Tsutstumi, and Takashi Hibiki. "Experimental investigation of air entrainment by vertical plunging liquid jet." Chemical Engineering Science 181 (May 2018): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2018.01.037.

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19

Waniewski, T. A., C. E. Brennen, and F. Raichlen. "Measurements of Air Entrainment by Bow Waves." Journal of Fluids Engineering 123, no. 1 (October 17, 2000): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1340622.

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This paper describes measurements of the air entrained in experiments simulating the breaking bow wave of a ship for Froude numbers between two and three. The experiments and the characteristics of the wave itself are detailed in T. Waniewski, 1999, “Air Entrainment by Bow Waves; Ph.D. theses, Calif. Inst. of Tech.” The primary mechanism for air entrainment is the impact of the plunging wave jet, and it was observed that the air bubbles were entrained in spatially periodic bubble clouds. The void fraction and bubble size distributions were measured in the entrainment zone. There were indications that the surface disturbances described in Waniewski divide the plunging liquid jet sheet into a series of plunging jets, each of which produces a bubble cloud.

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20

Bodana, D., N. K. Tiwari, S. Ranjan, and U. Ghanekar. "Estimation of the depth of penetration in a plunging hollow jet using artificial intelligence techniques." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 2, no. 103 (June 1, 2020): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3354.

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Purpose: Experimental investigations assessment and comparison of different classical models and machine learning models employed with Gaussian process regression (GPR) and artificial neural network (ANN) in the estimation of the depth of penetration (Hp) of plunging hollow jets. Design/methodology/approach: In this analysis, a set of data of 72 observations is derived from laboratory tests of plunging hollow jets which impinges into the water pool of tank. The jets parameters like jet length, discharge per unit water depth and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (Kla20) are varied corresponding to the depth of penetration (Hp) are estimated. The digital image processing techniques is used to estimate the depth of penetration. The Multiple nonlinear regression is used to establish an empirical relation representing the depth of penetration in terms of jet parameters of the plunging hollow jets which is further compared with the classical equations used in the previous research. The efficiency of MNLR and classical models is compared with the machine learning models (ANN and GPR). Models generated from the training data set (48 observations) are validated on the testing data set (24 observations) for the efficiency comparison. Sensitivity assessment is carried out to evaluate the impact of jet variables on the depth of penetration of the plunging hollow jet. Findings: The experimental performance of machine learning models is far better than classical models however, MNLR for predicting the depth of penetration of the hollow jets. Jet length is the most influential jet variable which affects the Hp. Research limitations/implications: The outcomes of the models efficiency are based on actual laboratory conditions and the evaluation capability of the regression models may vary beyond the availability of the existing data range. Practical implications: The depth of penetration of plunging hollow jets can be used in the industries as well as in environmental situations like pouring and filling containers with liquids (e.g. molten glass, molten plastics, molten metals, paints etc.), chemical and floatation process, wastewater treatment processes and gas absorption in gas liquid reactors. Originality/value: The comprehensive analyses of the depth of penetration through the plunging hollow jet using machine learning and classical models is carried out in this study. In past research, researchers were used the predictive modelling techniques to simulate the depth of penetration for the plunging solid jets only whereas this research simulate the depth of penetration for the plunging hollow jets with different jet variables.

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21

GÓMEZ-LEDESMA, R., K. T. KIGER, and J. H. DUNCAN. "The impact of a translating plunging jet on a pool of the same liquid." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 680 (April 26, 2011): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.70.

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An experimental study on the impact of a translating two-dimensional transient jet on an initially quiescent liquid pool is studied experimentally using high-speed cinematic visualization and particle image velocimetry methods. Six jet conditions (covering a range of jet thicknesses, velocities and inclination angles relative to vertical) are considered, with measurements performed over a range of horizontal translation speeds for each jet condition. For all conditions studied herein, the jet penetrates into the pool and forms two craters – one upstream and one downstream of the jet. Gravity acts to close these craters, which after a short time pinch off at intermediate depths, thereby entrapping cavities of air. The translation speed of the jet is found to have a dramatic effect on the cavity shapes, pinch-off depths and pinch-off times. A simple theory based on a potential flow and a hydrostatically driven collapse is used to model this flow, and the resulting jet tip trajectories and cavity shapes compare favourably with the experimental data.

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22

Khezzar, Lyes, Nabil Kharoua, and Kenneth T. Kiger. "Large eddy simulation of rough and smooth liquid plunging jet processes." Progress in Nuclear Energy 85 (November 2015): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2015.06.011.

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23

Roy, Apurba Kumar, and Kaushik Kumar. "Experimental studies on hydrodynamic characteristics using an oblique plunging liquid jet." Physics of Fluids 30, no. 12 (December 2018): 122107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5058123.

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24

Atkinson, Bruce W., Graeme J. Jameson, Anh V. Nguyen, Geoffrey M. Evans, and Piotr M. Machniewski. "Bubble Breakup and Coalescence in a Plunging Liquid Jet Bubble Column." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 81, no. 3-4 (May 19, 2008): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450810325.

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25

Brouilliot, Denis, and Pierre Lubin. "Numerical simulations of air entrainment in a plunging jet of liquid." Journal of Fluids and Structures 43 (November 2013): 428–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2013.09.003.

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26

Roy, A., B. Maiti, and P. Das. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A VERTICAL PLUNGING LIQUID JET SYSTEM." International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 16 (May 1, 2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/amme.2014.35604.

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27

Bonetto, F., and R. T. Lahey. "An experimental study on air carryunder due to a plunging liquid jet." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 19, no. 2 (April 1993): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9322(93)90003-d.

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28

Chanson, H., and P. D. Cummings. "An experimental study on air carryunder due to a plunging liquid jet." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 20, no. 3 (June 1994): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9322(94)90037-x.

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29

Garimella, S. V., and R. A. Rice. "Confined and Submerged Liquid Jet Impingement Heat Transfer." Journal of Heat Transfer 117, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2836304.

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The local heat transfer from a small heat source to a normally impinging, axisymmetric, and submerged liquid jet, in confined and unconfined configurations, was experimentally investigated. A single jet of FC-77 issuing from a round nozzle impinged onto a square foil heater, which dissipated a constant heat flux. The nozzle and the heat source were both mounted in large round plates to ensure axisymmetric radial outflow of the spent fluid. The local surface temperature of the heat source was measured at different radial locations (r/d) from the center of the jet in fine increments. Results for the local heat transfer coefficient distribution at the heat source are presented as functions of nozzle diameter (0.79 ≤ d ≤ 6.35 mm), Reynolds number (4000 to 23,000), and nozzle-to-heat source spacing (1 ≤ Z/d ≤ 14). Secondary peaks in the local heat transfer observed at r/d ≈ 2 were more pronounced at the smaller (confined) spacings and larger nozzle diameters for a given Reynolds number, and shifted radially outward from the stagnation point as the spacing increased. The secondary-peak magnitude increased with Reynolds number, and was higher than the stagnation value in some instances. Correlations are proposed for the stagnation and average Nusselt numbers as functions of these parameters.

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30

Gebert, Brett M., Malcolm R. Davidson, and Murray J. Rudman. "Computed oscillations of a confined submerged liquid jet." Applied Mathematical Modelling 22, no. 11 (November 1998): 843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0307-904x(98)10026-4.

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31

Yin, Zegao, Qianqian Jia, Yuan Li, Yanxu Wang, and Dejun Yang. "Computational Study of a Vertical Plunging Jet into Still Water." Water 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10080989.

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The behavior of a vertical plunging jet was numerically investigated using the coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid method. The computational results were in good agreement with the experimental results reported in the related literature. Vertical plunging jet characteristics, including the liquid velocity field, air void fraction, and turbulence kinetic energy, were explored by varying the distance between the nozzle exit and the still water level. It was found that the velocity at the nozzle exit plays an unimportant role in the shape and size of ascending bubbles. A modified prediction equation between the centerline velocity ratio and the axial distance ratio was developed using the data of the coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid method, and it showed a better predicting ability than the Level Set and Mixture methods. The characteristics of turbulence kinetic energy, including its maximum value location and its radial and vertical distribution, were also compared with that of submerged jets.

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32

Duarte, Rafael, Anton J. Schleiss, and António Pinheiro. "Effect of pool confinement on pressures around a block impacted by plunging aerated jets." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 3 (March 2016): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0246.

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The erosion caused by jets issued from hydraulic structures progressively develops a confined scour-hole on the riverbed. A realistic scour assessment must consider both the influence of the air entrained when the jet plunges into the pool and the flow patterns induced by bottom geometry. This experimental study systematically analyzes the combined influence of jet aeration and pool confinement on the dynamic pressures affecting the water–rock interface and inside 3D fissures around a block. The results show that confinement reduces mean pressures and pressure fluctuations when the pool is relatively deep, but almost no influence is found when the pool is shallow, while air entrainment has an opposite effect. Three mechanisms are identified, two of them depend on the pool depth. Furthermore, when a block is mobile, pressures are attenuated inside the surrounding joints. The consequent block vibrations and the presence of air reduce pressure waves celerity inside the fissures.

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33

Ide, Mitsuharu, Hiroki Uchiyama, and Toshifumi Ishikura. "Performance of Multi-Plunging Jet Absorber Using Liquid Jets Containing Small Solute Bubbles." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 81, no. 3-4 (May 19, 2008): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450810337.

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34

Evans, G. M., G. J. Jameson, and B. W. Atkinson. "Prediction of the bubble size generated by a plunging liquid jet bubble column." Chemical Engineering Science 47, no. 13-14 (September 1992): 3265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(92)85034-9.

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35

HISHIDA, Koichi, Hiroshi NAKANO, Takeshi FUJISHlRO, and Masanobu MAEDA. "Turbulence characteristics of liquid-solids two-phase circular confined jet." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 55, no. 511 (1989): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.55.648.

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36

Bodoc, Virginel, Anthony Desclaux, Pierre Gajan, Frank Simon, and Geoffroy Illac. "Characterization of Confined Liquid Jet Injected into Oscillating Air Crossflow." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 104, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-019-00037-9.

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37

Uchiyama, Hiroki, Toshifumi Ishikura, and Mitsuharu Ide. "Mass Transfer Characteristics of a Plunging Jet Absorber Using Bubble Dispersion Generated by a Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Jet." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 44, no. 4 (2011): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.10we247.

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38

Yamagiwa, Kazuaki, Takeshi Mashima, Satoshi Kadota, and Akira Ohkawa. "Effect of liquid property on gas entrainment behavior in a plunging liquid jet aeration system using inclined nozzles." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 26, no. 3 (1993): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.26.333.

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39

Yamagiwa, Kazuaki, Akira Ito, Kei Tajima, Masanori Yoshida, and Akira Ohkawa. "Effect of Nozzle Contraction Angle on Air Entrainment Rate of a Vertical Plunging Liquid Jet." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 33, no. 5 (2000): 805–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.33.805.

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40

OGUZ, HASAN N. "The role of surface disturbances in the entrainment of bubbles by a liquid jet." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 372 (October 10, 1998): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098002274.

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In this paper, air entrainment by a liquid jet is studied. The size of bubbles entrained by jets plunging into a liquid can be consistently decreased to the 50–100 μm range, and their number increased in a highly controllable fashion, by surrounding a mm-size jet by a hollow cap with a slightly larger inner diameter. When the right amount of air is supplied to the cap, small air bubbles detach from a steady annular cavity that forms around the jet and are entrained into the liquid. The fluid mechanical principles underlying this interesting and useful effect are investigated experimentally and theoretically in this paper. It is shown that a key aspect of the process is the jet surface roughness, which is studied quantitatively and explained in terms of the boundary layer instability inside the nozzle. The maximum bubble size is found to be nearly equal to one quarter of the wavelength of the jet surface disturbances, consistent with a breakup process of relatively large air pockets around the jet, as suggested by close-up pictures. The average bubble size downstream of the cap increases proportionally to the air to water flow ratio. Boundary integral simulations of the air pocket formation are carried out. The results are found to be useful in explaining important characteristics of the experiment such as the threshold for entrainment and cavity size.

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41

Zidouni, Kendil, Salah Bousbia, and Amina Mataoui. "Assessment of three turbulence model performances in predicting water jet flow plunging into a liquid pool." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 25, no. 1 (2010): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1001013z.

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The main purpose of the current study is to numerically investigate, through computational fluid dynamics modeling, a water jet injected vertically downward through a straight circular pipe into a water bath. The study also aims to obtain a better understanding of jet behavior, air entrainment and the dispersion of bubbles in the developing flow region. For these purposes, three dimensional air and water flows were modeled using the volume of fluid technique. The equations in question were formulated using the density and viscosity of a 'gas-liquid mixture', described in terms of the phase volume fraction. Three turbulence models with a high Reynolds number have been considered i. e. the standard k-e model, realizable k-e model, and Reynolds stress model. The predicted flow patterns for the realizable k-e model match well with experimental measurements found in available literature. Nevertheless, some discrepancies regarding velocity relaxation and turbulent momentum distribution in the pool are still observed for both the standard k-e and the Reynolds stress model.

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42

Rahman, Muhammad M., and Jorge C. Lallave. "Thermal Transport During Liquid Jet Impingement from a Confined Spinning Nozzle." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 22, no. 2 (April 2008): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.30538.

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43

Zhang, P., G. H. Xu, X. Fu, and C. R. Li. "Confined jet impingement of liquid nitrogen onto different heat transfer surfaces." Cryogenics 51, no. 6 (June 2011): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2010.06.018.

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44

Lippert, Martin C., and Andrew W. Woods. "Particle fountains in a confined environment." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 855 (September 14, 2018): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.645.

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We present new experiments and theoretical models of the motion of relatively dense particles carried upwards by a liquid jet into a laterally confined space filled with the same liquid. The incoming jet is negatively buoyant and rises to a finite height, at which the dense mixture of liquid and particles, diluted by the entrainment of ambient liquid, falls back to the floor. The mixture further dilutes during the collapse and then spreads out across the floor and supplies an up-flow outside the fountain equal to the source volume flux plus the total entrained volume flux. The fate of the particles depends on the particle fall speed, $u_{fall}$ , compared to (i) the characteristic fountain velocity in the fountain core, $u_{F}$ , (ii) the maximum upward velocity in the ambient fluid outside the fountain, $u_{u}(0)$ , which occurs at the base of the fountain, and (iii) the upward velocity in the ambient fluid above the top of the fountain associated with the original volume flux in the liquid jet, $u_{BG}$ . From this comparison we identify four regimes. (I) If $u_{fall}>u_{F}$ , then the particles separate from the fountain and settle on the floor. (II) If $u_{F}>u_{fall}>u_{u}(0)$ , the particles are carried to the top of the fountain but then settle as the collapsing flow around the fountain spreads out across the floor; we do not observe particle suspension in the background flow. (III) For $u_{u}(0)>u_{fall}>u_{BG}$ we observe a particle-laden layer outside the fountain which extends from the floor of the tank to a point below the top of the fountain. The density of this lower particle-laden layer equals the density of the collapsing fountain fluid as it passes downwards through this interface. The collapsing fluid then spreads out horizontally through the depth of this particle-laden layer, instead of continuing downwards around the rising fountain. In the lower layer, the negatively buoyant source fluid in fact rises as a negatively buoyant jet, but this transitions into a fountain above the upper interface of the particle-laden layer. The presence of the particles in the lower layer reduces the density difference between fountain and environment, leading to an increase in the fountain height. (IV) If $u_{fall}<u_{BG}$ then an ascending front of particles rises above the fountain and eventually fills the entire tank up to the level where fluid is removed from the tank. We compare the results of a series of new laboratory experiments with simple theoretical investigations for each case, and discuss the relevance of our results.

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45

Shonibare, Olabanji Y., and Kent E. Wardle. "Numerical Investigation of Vertical Plunging Jet Using a Hybrid Multifluid–VOF Multiphase CFD Solver." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/925639.

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A novel hybrid multiphase flow solver has been used to conduct simulations of a vertical plunging liquid jet. This solver combines a multifluid methodology with selective interface sharpening to enable simulation of both the initial jet impingement and the long-time entrained bubble plume phenomena. Models are implemented for variable bubble size capturing and dynamic switching of interface sharpened regions to capture transitions between the initially fully segregated flow types into the dispersed bubbly flow regime. It was found that the solver was able to capture the salient features of the flow phenomena under study and areas for quantitative improvement have been explored and identified. In particular, a population balance approach is employed and detailed calibration of the underlying models with experimental data is required to enable quantitative prediction of bubble size and distribution to capture the transition between segregated and dispersed flow types with greater fidelity.

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46

Kusabiraki, Daisuke, Masamichi Murota, Shuzo Ohno, Kazuaki Yamagiwa, Morihiro Yasuda, and Akira Ohkawa. "Gas entrainment rate and flow pattern in a plunging liquid jet aeration system using inclined nozzles." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 23, no. 6 (1990): 704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.23.704.

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47

YAMAGIWA, KAZUAKI, AKIRA ITO, YUSUKE KATO, MASANORI YOSHIDA, and AKIRA OHKAWA. "Effects of Liquid Property on Air Entrainment and Oxygen Transfer Rates of a Plunging Jet Reactor." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 34, no. 4 (2001): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.34.506.

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48

Deshpande, Suraj S., Mario F. Trujillo, Xiongjun Wu, and Georges Chahine. "Computational and experimental characterization of a liquid jet plunging into a quiescent pool at shallow inclination." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 34 (April 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2012.01.011.

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49

Ide, Mitsuharu, Hiroki Uchiyama, and Toshifumi Ishikura. "Flow characteristics of gas–liquid two phase plunging jet absorber–gas holdup and bubble penetration depth." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 16, no. 5 (September 1999): 698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02708155.

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50

Kusabiraki, Daisuke, Kazuaki Yamagiwa, Morihiro Yasuda, and Akira Ohkawa. "Gas entrainment behavior of vertical plunging liquid jets in terms of changes in jet surface length." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 70, no. 1 (February 1992): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450700126.

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