Journal articles: 'CONFINED MASONRY STRUCTURE'

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Hameed, Salman. "Retrofitting of Confined Brick Masonry with FRP." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39307.

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Abstract: Brick masonry structures are commonly used in world because of its simplicity and economy. However, it is susceptible to failure in earthquakes because of the bricks weak interlocking bonds and brick masonry structures designed mainly against gravity load demand. Therefore, in recent years research work has been conducted to confine the unreinforced brick masonry with reinforced concrete tie beams and column, to improve its seismic performance. This enhances both the lateral resistance and stability of the entire structure, to perform as one mass unit against the lateral forces. However, the effect of confining brick masonry through reinforced concrete member has been evaluated in the past only on testing single cantilever walls or single room. Therefore, this research work aims to evaluate its influence on large structures i.e., highlight its limitation and afterward mitigate the damages by introducing external FRP strengthening techniques. The structures configuration is based on the observation made in Pakistan’s rural areas where mostly brick masonry structure. Confined brick masonry walls are subjected to quasi static lateral loading, afterwards retrofitted with FRP and tested again. The test result discussion includes load response behavior, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation and damage indices. Keywords: Confined brick masonry, RC tie beam column, FRP, Retrofitting, Seismic analysis, Quasi Static

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Putra, Alfien Hernanda, and Ade Okvianti Irlan. "Structure Behavior and Performance from Unconfined Masonry and Confined Masonry Building Design." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 27, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v27i2.33561.

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Many buildings in Indonesia were damaged during the earthquake, especially non-engineered brick walls building. One example of non-engineered brick walls building is Bendung Village Head Office in Serang, Banten, which was damaged by the 2019 Pandeglang earthquake. This building was built without reinforced concrete beams and columns known as unconfined masonry buildings. In this study, the building will be redesigned with ETABS software to determine the similarities between the structural weaknesses from ETABS and the actual damage. The results of the structural analysis give a time period of 0.814 seconds, a base shear force of 195.5 kN, and a stress on the wall that is 50% similar to the real damage. Then, the same building was designed following the rules and regulations for earthquake resistant buildings in Indonesia so that it became a confined masonry building. The result is a time period of 1.586 seconds, a base shear force of 114.2 kN, and a brick wall that is not damaged when exposed to earthquake loads. However, the dimensions and reinforcement of beams and columns that comply with the minimum requirements for earthquake resistant buildings in Indonesia need to be enlarged because their strength capacity is exceeded by the working load.

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An, Dong, Tie Jun Qu, and Jian Wen Liang. "Full-Scale Test on Seismic Performance of Masonry Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2610–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2610.

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For further study on effective seismic design requirements of masonry structure, two masonry buildings were designed and constructed according to common structure style in towns and villages. Two full-scale buidings were subjected to earthquake using pseudo-dynamic test and quasi-static test. This paper presents crack propagation of masonry structure, hysteretic behavior, deformation and stiffness degradation under horizontal seismic action. In this experiment, deformability and ultimate bearing capacity of confined masonry (CM) with tie-column and ring-beam is higher than common brick structure (BM). Confined masonry (CM) wall maintain integrity due to constraint of tie-column and ring-beam. These tests verify that tie-column and ring-beam system is an effective seismic requirement to enhance seismic performance of masonry structure.

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Qu, Tie Jun, Yan Ping Wang, and Xian Yun Wang. "Experimental Study for Seismic Performance of Confined Masonry Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 1826–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.1826.

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A two-story masonry housing model was made in this paper. According to Intensity 7, adjusted Northridge record was selected to be the ground motion input in the pseudo-dynamic test. Pseudo-dynamic test and pseudo-static test were carried out to investigate the seismic behavior of the model structure. The time-history curves of the acceleration, velocity, displacement and restoring force of the structural response were obtained besides the time-history curves of the measuring points of the structure. Also the steel strain of the tie-columns and the hysteresis loops of the structure were obtained. The result shows multi-story confined masonry structures possess superior seismic performance if coordinated with the provision specified in the current compulsory design code and it can continue to use after appropriate dressing under the rarely earthquake.

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An, Dong, Tie Jun Qu, and Jian Wen Liang. "Seismic Behavior of Two-Story Brick Masonry Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 1456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1456.

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In order to investigate the seismic behavior include hysteretic curve, skeleton curve and stiffness degradation, four masonry structures with different details are tested under pseudo-dynamic test and low cycle lateral load test. One kind of full-scale building is confined masonry with tie-column and ring-beam. Other is common brick masonry. Test results indicate that the tie-column and ring-beam play an important role for developing higher resistance and better deformability. And tie-column and ring-beam can effectively confined brick wall to improve the seismic performance of masonry structure. The stiffness degradation curves are similar. The stiffness degradation is modeled as a function of the effective stiffness and lateral displacement.

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Diaz, Miguel, Carlos Zavala, Luis Lopez, and Michel Amancio. "Analysis of Adaptive Pushover in Confined Masonry Dwellings with Height Irregularity in the Lima Metropolitan Area." Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 4 (June 1, 2023): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0350.

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Non-engineered confined masonry dwellings are characterized by having different masonry units. One of the most common cases in the Lima Metropolitan Area is that this type of dwelling has its first floors with handmade solid units and upper floors are composed of industrial horizontal hollowed (tubular) bricks. Nonlinear static analysis by the incrementally increasing loading pattern is inadequate to estimating earthquake response of structures with height irregularity, such as non-engineered confined masonry dwellings, because the loading pattern changes during the history of reversal loads due to damaging earthquakes. This paper presents the effect of nonlinear static analysis using adaptive loading patterns in confined masonry dwellings when the type of masonry units changes drastically. Nonlinear static analyses are applied using non-adaptive and adaptive displacement-based pushover procedures. A series of nonlinear time history analyses are also conducted to measure the error in the estimation of the seismic response. The adaptive loading pattern is based on displacement approximation by the modal analysis at each step of incremental-increasing loads. The load pattern is updated considering the modal analysis of an equivalent linear model using the equivalent stiffness of the structure at the secant of the maximum previous response. The application of the adaptive loading pattern in nonlinear static analysis significantly approximates the earthquake response of confined masonry dwellings with height irregularity provided by the change of masonry bricks.

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An, Dong, Tie Jun Qu, and Jian Wen Liang. "Pseudo-Dynamic Test of Brick Masonry under Different Earthquake Motion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2111.

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For further study on the influence of ground motion on the seismic performance of brick masonry structure, two masonry buildings were designed and constructed according to common structure style in towns and villages. Two full-scale buildings were subjected to different earthquake motion using pseudo-dynamic test. The earthquake motions are artificial earthquake motion and strong motion recording. This paper presents hysteretic behavior and deformation under horizontal seismic action. Crack propagation of masonry structure is analyzed. These tests verify that displacement response of masonry structures under different ground motion is pretty much the same. Tie-column and ring-beam can effectively confined brick wall. The cracks are mostly diagonal cracks caused by shear failure.

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Zuo, Shu Hong, Hong Lu Bai, Li Hong Xiong, Ben Yi Liu, and Zhi Min Tian. "Study on the Seismic Performance of Cavity Walls Constraint Masonry Construction." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 1702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1702.

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Cavity walls structure is unsuitable in cold area for its faultiness of poor heat-insulating property. But the cavity walls constraint masonry construction is suitable in cold area for its high heat-insulating property. Studies are carried as setting up the restoring force model of the cavity walls confined masonry structure and analyzing the dynamic time-history of cavity walls constraint masonry structure under 7 degrees small earthquake, middle earthquake or large earthquake through EL centro wave, TALF wave, Ninghe wave and Qian'an wave, which indicates that cavity walls constraint masonry construction can satisfy seismic demand of 7 degree quake. Finally, the formula for calculating the interlayer displacement of cavity walls confined masonry structure near collapse is put forward and the counting result is compared with that of dynamic time-history analyzing, which shows that the accuracy of this formula is high enough to be used for analyzing the seismic performance of cavity walls constraint masonry structure. Foundation projects: Special Basic Scientific Research for Central Public Institute (2008B002, 2010A04), Open Fund of Key Laboratory of State Education Ministroy on Urben and Engineering Safe and Disaster Diminish & Key Laboratory of Beijing on Engineering Seismic and Treatment (EESR2010-07), and High Level Talent Support Project of Heilongjiang University (HDTD2010-13).

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Li, Jing, Dong Wang, Yi Ouyang, and Zhao Rong Hou. "Anti-Seismic Behavior of Hybrid Masonry – RC Structure." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.537.

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According to current engineering practice, Confined Masonry (CM) buildings are weak in earthquake resistance and difficult in post-quake restoration. A new form of structure, i.e. Hybrid Masonry – Reinforced Concrete Structure (HMRCS), is investigated. By slightly increasing the sizes and reinforcement ratios of the RC members, i.e. beams and columns, which normally only act as confinement in a CM structure, now play an essential role in resisting the gravity load in HMRCS, while the masonry wall mainly resists the lateral earthquake load. To investigate the seismic-resistant behavior, pseudo-static tests on two full-scale HMRCS specimens were conducted, and the measured hysteretic curves were analyzed. Finite Element (FE) simulation was performed to verify the working mechanism and seismic response of the HMRCS specimens. The lateral displacement ductility factor obtained from the experimental results can fully satisfy the seismic requirement of structures. Therefore, HMRCS is reliable if its RC frame members and masonry walls are designed properly. Furthermore, the feasibility of using FE software to study the proposed HMRCS has been validated by comparing the experimental and simulation results.

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Qazi, Asad Ullah, Ali Murtaza Rasool, Yasser E. Ibrahim, Asif Hameed, and Muhammad Faizan Ali. "Behavior of Scaled Infilled Masonry, Confined Masonry & Reinforced Concrete Structures under Dynamic Excitations." Buildings 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2022): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060774.

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This research investigates the nonlinear behavior of scaled infilled masonry (IFM), confined masonry (CM), and reinforced concrete (RC) structures by utilizing and validating two tests from the literature as benchmarks. The validation was based on a comparison with the pushover results of small-scaled physical tests and their numerical modeling. Numerical modeling of small-scale (1:4 and 1:3) IFM, CM, and RC models has been carried out with Finite Element Modelling (FEM) and Applied Element Modelling (AEM) techniques using SAP2000 and the Extreme Loading for Structures (ELS) software, respectively. The behavior of the structure under lateral loads and excitations was investigated using nonlinear static (pushover) and nonlinear time history (dynamic) analysis. The evaluation of the pushover analysis results revealed that for IFM, the %age difference of tangent stiffness was 4.2% and 13.5% for FEMA Strut and AEM, respectively, and the %age difference for strength was 31.2% and 2.8% for FEMA Strut and AEM, respectively. Similarly, it was also calculated for other wall types. Dynamic analysis results from FEM and AEM techniques were found in the fairly acceptable range before yield; however, beyond yield, AEM proved more stable. Finally, the results also showed that the numerical study can be utilized for the evaluation of small-scale models before performing the physical test.

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IMAI, Hiroshi, Tatsuo NARAFU, Toshikazu HANAZATO, Chikahiro MINOWA, and Yuji ISHIYAMA. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONFINED MASONRY STRUCTURE FOR EARTHQUAKE SAFETY DESIGN." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 16, no. 32 (2010): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.16.151.

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Budiwati, I. A. M., M. Sukrawa, and N. K. T. Dewi. "Numerical study of confined masonry structure considering wall density index." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 419 (February 8, 2020): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/419/1/012057.

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Sukrawa, Made, Gede Pringgana, and Putu Ayu Ratih Yustinaputri. "Modelling of confined masonry structure and its application for the design of multi-story building." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927601034.

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The confined masonry (CM) structure has been commonly used in the construction of one-story buildings in Indonesia. Its application for multi-story buildings however, is not yet as popular as the alternative options. This research numerically investigated the behavior of confined masonry and its application for use as the main structure of multi-story buildings subjected to seismic loading. From the validation models it was revealed that, using shell element for masonry walls, reinforced concrete beams and tie-columns, the CM model mimic the load deformation curve of tested specimen better than that using frame and shell elements. The application of the modeling technique for the design of 3-story residential building using wall density index less than that suggested in the literature resulted in a safe and stiff structure. The wall stresses under design seismic load were still less than the wall strength and the drift ratio of the model was 0.06% much smaller than the limit of 0.2%. The maximum stress observed at the corners of wall opening justify the need for confinement along the opening.

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Aulady, Mohamad F. N., Adi A. Pratama, Herdis Herdiansyah, and Nur Laila Hamidah. "Cost-benefit Analysis of Seismic Retrofitting Strategies for Residential Buildings in Surabaya, Indonesia." Disaster Advances 15, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1509da016023.

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Surabaya has potential vulnerability to a seismic activity as it has residential buildings with unreinforced confined masonry structures. This building structure is vulnerable to the massive destruction during the earthquake. Retrofitting existing unreinforced masonry structures is necessary as a mitigation strategy. However, the lack of funding and the high cost of retrofitting adaptation have become major obstacles. This study discussed a cost-benefit analysis of the seismic retrofitting strategies in confined masonry buildings in Surabaya. We added practical column, structural beams and a combination of practical column and structural beams as the retrofitting model. The model was then compared to normal buildings for a cost-benefit analysis. The results demonstrated that adding practical columns could significantly reduce the building damage by 4.75 %. The additional combination of a practical column and structural beams shows zero damage to the building after the earthquake. The reinforcement of structural beams represents the highest cost-benefit ratio (44.44) due to the lowest retrofitting cost with 30.73% of damage. The costbenefit calculation is expected to give the community remarkable information regarding the critical value of seismic retrofitting to achieve the sustainable development.

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Cardenas, Lourdes, Roy Reyna, Lucio Estacio, and Carlos Zavala. "Implementation of Database of Masonry Walls Test – Review of Existing Test Data in Peru." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0993.

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Confined masonry walls represent one of the most widely used construction systems for dwellings in Peru and other Latin countries. This study describes the procedure for implementing a database with a web interface of results collected from the experiments conducted over the years by the Japan Center for Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation. This paper attempts to contribute to the seismic design procedure of this type of structure, and parameters such as stiffness ratios and the deformation (drift) for the characteristic stages of confined masonry walls under different limit states or performance levels are proposed. Also, a semi-empirical equation for estimating the shear capacity using the database is proposed.

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Khatri, Govinda, and Govind Prasad Lamichhane. "Seismic response of stone masonry building with wooden band." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 16, no. 6 (December 15, 2020): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2020-16-6-513-522.

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Most stone-masonry structures were built at a time when seismic risk was not considered in their design. Recent moderate to strong earthquakes have confirmed the vulnerability of heritage buildings, especially those constructed with unreinforced-masonry materials in various developing countries, worldwide. Proper assessment of the seismic performance and of the potential deficiency of existing heritage structures forms the basis for determining the degree of intervention needed to preserve their heritage values. Analysis of masonry wall confined by wooden band has been carried out using various structural analysis programs. In analysis appropriately considered and introduced link element such as hook, gap and spring at connecting nodes of vertical and horizontal timber elements. The result shows that the traditional floors and spandrels of the existing structure are the vulnerable parts which need strengthening of them to assure the structural members are able to resist seismic vulnerability. The required improvement and strengthening technique in existing building are proposed and better results are marked. The analysis of the modified structure shows considerably improvement in the dynamic characteristics of the buildings and overall structural response of those.

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Lovon, Holger, Nicola Tarque, Vitor Silva, and Catalina Yepes-Estrada. "Development of Fragility Curves for Confined Masonry Buildings in Lima, Peru." Earthquake Spectra 34, no. 3 (August 2018): 1339–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/090517eqs174m.

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This paper aims at investigating the seismic fragility of confined masonry (CM) structures in Lima, Peru, which can be used to perform earthquake scenarios at urban scale. A database describing the geometric properties (walls density, building area, height) of this type of structure was developed using data from field surveys. This information was complemented with results from experimental tests to compute a large set of capacity curves using a mechanical procedure. These models were tested against a set of ground motion records using the displacement-based earthquake loss assessment (DBELA) procedure, and the structural responses were used to derive fragility functions for four building classes. The resulting fragility curves were convoluted with seismic hazard curves to evaluate the annualized expected loss ratio and annual collapse probability.

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Budiwati, I. A. M., M. Sukrawa, and I. G. A. D. Wirasukma. "Analysis of confined masonry with strengthening around the opening." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1117, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012031.

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Abstract Analysing confined masonry (CM) with strengthening around the opening (analytical model) was conducted numerically. The opening variations were centric and eccentric opening doors with an opening ratio of 16.93% and 31.75%; centric and eccentric opening windows with opening ratios of 10.16% and 19.05%. This analysis aims to apply the procedure for analysing the CM models by using layered shell elements and also comparing the behaviour and performance of each model. The masonry and frames were modelled using layered shell elements in SAP2000 software and analysis were done by using nonlinear static pushover analysis. This analysis starts by making a validation model based on other experimental work and comparing the behaviour of the structure modelled in the form of CM without openings and CM with openings. The results show that both models have load-displacement diagrams similar to the experimental results. By using the same modelling method applied to the analytical model, it was found that CM with large opening ratios have less strength than small opening ratios, and CM with centric openings was more robust than the eccentric openings.

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Erberik, Murat Altug, Cihan Citiloglu, and Gulden Erkoseoglu. "Seismic performance assessment of confined masonry construction at component and structure levels." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 17, no. 2 (September 8, 2018): 867–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0468-8.

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Lei, Zhen, Yong Wang, and Jun Tong Qu. "Nonlinear Dynamic Finite Analysis of BFRP-Strengthened Masonry Structure Based on ABAQUS." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1331.

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The externally bonded FRP is an effective strengthening technique, which is mainly verified through laboratory tests. In this paper, numerical analysis models were established in ABAQUS respectively based on an experimental scaled three-story confined masonry structures before and after strengthened with BFRP. Then dynamical analysis considering material nonlinearity, geometric nonlinearity and contact nonlinearity was carried out on these two models. Here, representative volume element method was used to simplify the simulation of masonry. Besides, concrete damage plasticity model was adopted to simulate the structural damage and failure process. The reliability and accuracy of nonlinear dynamic finite analysis were validated by comparing the numerical simulation results and experimental results in terms of dynamic property, displacement and acceleration response and the maximum base shear.

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Tan, Xiao Jing, and Bin Wu. "Substructure Pseudo-Dynamic Testing of a Full-Scale Confined Masonry Building." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2566.

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The seismic behavior of a single-story ten-bay confined masonry structure was investigated using substructure pseudo-dynamic tests. Only one bay of the prototype was regarded as the test model and the remainder was regarded as numerical model. The test results show that the test model withstood, with slight damage, strong earthquakes with peak ground acceleration of 1600 gal. It is found that prototypes of the tested type exhibited satisfactory seismic performance. Hence, the confinement can be reduced if the budget of the building is limited.

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Susila, Gede Adi, Parthasarati Mandal, and Thomas Swailes. "Strengthening and Retrofitting Strategy for Masonry (New Build Construction in Indonesia)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 845 (July 2016): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.845.181.

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In Indonesia, number of non-engineered structures have significantly been found which the houses were built by unskilled workers using masonry either unconfined or confined. The non-engineered housing units developed in urban region are also vulnerable to seismic hazard due to the use of low quality of material and constructions method. Those structures are not resistant to extreme lateral loads and their failure during an earthquake can lead to significant loss of life. This paper is concerned with the structural performance of Indonesian low-rise buildings made of masonry under lateral seismic load. Experimental testing of masonry has been carried out in Indonesia to establish the quality of materials and to provide material properties for numerical simulations. The results found that the strength of Indonesia-Bali clay brick masonry are below the minimum standard required for masonry structures built in seismic regions, being at least 50% lower than the requirement specified in British Standard and Eurocode-6 (BS EN 1996-1-1:2005). In general, structural tests under monotonic and cyclic loading have been conducted to determine the load-displacement capacity of local hand-made masonry wall panels in order to: (1) evaluate the performance of masonry structure, (2) investigate the dynamic behaviour of the structure, and (3) observe the effect of in-plane stiffness and ductility level. Detailed numerical models of the experimental specimens were simulated in Abaqus using three-dimensional solid elements. Cohesive elements were used to simulate the mortar behaviour, exhibiting cracking and the associated physical separation of the elements. A range of available material plasticity models were reviewed: Drucker-Prager, Crystalline Plasticity, and Cohesive Damage model. It was found that the combination of Crystalline Plasticity model for the brick unit and the Cohesive Damage model for the mortar is capable of simulating the experimental load-displacement behavour fairly accurately. The validated numerical models have been used to (1) predict the lateral load capacity, (2) determine the cracking load and patterns, (3) carry out a detailed parametric study by changing the geometric and material properties different to the experimental specimens. The numerical models were used to assess different strengthening measures such as using bamboo as reinforcement in the masonry walls which the performance of wall found to be better

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Falcão Moreira, Rodrigo, Humberto Varum, and José Miguel Castro. "Influence of Masonry Infill Walls on the Seismic Assessment of Non-Seismically Designed RC Framed Structures." Buildings 13, no. 5 (April 26, 2023): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051148.

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This paper examines how the decision to include (or exclude) masonry infill walls in the modelling of non-seismically designed RC framed structures can affect the results of the EC8-3 seismic assessment process. A frequently used macro-modelling technique for the simulation of infill panels within bounding RC members is first reviewed. A case-study application follows in which the seismic assessment of a sample structure is carried out, with and without considering the effect of its infill walls, using nonlinear static and dynamic analysis models. The obtained results are then discussed according to the applicable limit states’ performance requirements, and conclusions are drawn regarding the overall outcome. The study indicates that, when low and medium seismic input motions constitute the base demand for the assessment of older-type RC framed buildings, the protection provided to the RC members by the confined masonry infill panels should not be neglected. Moreover, it shows that the identification of the most likely collapse mechanism might also be significantly influenced by the modelling decision in question. As such, the default recommendation is to include masonry infill walls in the modelling of such structures.

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Rangwani, Kiran, and Svetlana Brzev. "Seismic Analysis of Confined Masonry Shear Walls Using the Wide Column Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 857 (November 2016): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.857.212.

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Confined Masonry (CM) structural system consists of masonry walls enclosed by reinforced concrete (RC) confining elements (tie-columns and tie-beams) and is usually supported by reinforced concrete floors and roof. This technology has been widely used for construction of low-and medium-rise buildings in Latin America, Europe, South Asia, and Middle East, and it has a proven record of good performance in damaging earthquakes. CM construction is not currently practiced in India and is not addressed by Indian design codes. Seismic analysis of CM wall panels can be performed using Wide Column Model (WCM), also known as Equivalent Frame Model. WCM is a macro model where a wall structure and the supporting floors and roof are idealized as a bare frame. CM walls can be modelled as wide columns with transformed section properties accounting for composite action of masonry and RC tie-columns. Beams in these bare frames have rigid segments simulating the effect of wall stiffness, and flexible segments that simulate the effect of floor and roof slabs. WCM has been recognized as a viable model for seismic analysis of CM buildings in Latin American countries, however this model is not well known in India. The results presented in this paper are based on linear elastic analyses of typical multi-storey CM solid walls and walls with openings. The output parameters include shear forces, bending moments, stiffness, and lateral displacements. A comparison of the results obtained using the WCM and the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been presented. WCM can be useful for seismic analysis of CM buildings since it does not require significant computational effort and can be applied using a variety of software packages.

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Cancellara, Donato, Fabio de Angelis, and Vittorio Pasquino. "Characterization of an Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Building with Respect to a Similar Unreinforced Masonry Structure." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 847–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.847.

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In the present work some characteristical features of autoclaved aerated concrete structures are illustrated in the seismic and nonseismic design for residential and industrial buildings. Besides the properties of this material with regards to fire resistance and thermal and acoustical insulation, the use of autoclaved aerated concrete for engineering structures may have the advantage of a confined structure with reinforced concrete bond elements that are disposed horizontally and vertically. In the present work the dynamical behavior of a building prototype realized with autoclaved aerated concrete is analyzed, a finite element modelling of the structure has been calibrated according to an experimental modal analysis carried by loading the structure with a vibrodyne located on top of the building and by monitoring the building outputs due to horizontal harmonic forces. The finite element modelling of the dynamical behavior of the autoclaved aerated concrete structure has been compared with a similar tuff masonry building whose characteristical behavior has already been the object of experimental and numerical analysis in a previous work.

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Ahmed, Asfandyar, Abdul Sadiq, and Khan Shahzada. "Confined hollow concrete block masonry buildings: An experimental approach for vulnerability assessment." Composites and Advanced Materials 31 (January 2022): 263498332210912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26349833221091290.

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This paper presents experimental study on the response of a sustainable structure 3.65 x3.05x3.35 m, made with confined hollow concrete block masonry (CHCBM). The model was tested under quasi-static cyclic test to assess the response against seismic load and to determine the potential vulnerability. Based on test data, envelope curves and bilinear idealized curves were drawn according to both Magenes–Calvi and Elnashai methods. Different performance levels i.e. Immediate Occupancy (IO), Life Safety (LS) and Collapse Prevention (CP) were evaluated based on both methods. Damage pattern and force-deformation behavior of CHCBM building was compared with models of the similar configuration and loading conditions. Similarly values of Response modification factor (R), Displacement Ductility (µD) and Displacement amplification factor (Cd) were calculated and compared with the previously tested models and it confirmed that CHCBM building was ductile and structurally integrated under earthquake loading.

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Ulza, Adrian, and Yunita Idris. "Earthquake vulnerability assessment of the 6.5 Mw Pidie Jaya earthquake: Analytical-based fragility curves." E3S Web of Conferences 340 (2022): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234002008.

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Nearly all residential houses were damaged due to 6.5 Mw earthquake in Pidie Jaya, 2016. The state of damage can be slight, moderate, and even can be extensive which lead to the collapsing. The confined masonry structure, which commonly found in Aceh, especially for housing construction, were seemingly prone to the extensive earthquake excitation. In this paper, analytical-based fragility curves are employed to the typical house structure. To account various uncertainty, 32 ground motion records are considered in the analysis. Based on the results, the fragility curve could render different interpretation if different definition of damage intensities is used.

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Echavarría, L. G., J. A. Díaz, and P. A. Ospina Henao. "Study of the stiffness and lateral displacements of a confined masonry wall using linear static analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2515, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2515/1/012006.

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Abstract Through this investigative study, a computational model will be carried out based on the physical and mechanical properties of a confined masonry wall through specialized software in structures, the above will be done in conjunction with the theoretical study of the finite element method, analysis linear static and its implementation in the model, this will allow a detailed analysis of the stiffness and average lateral displacement of the structural element with areas without discretization, and different sizes of discretization when subjected to a lateral load distributed in the upper part of the structure a slab. This research project will allow the development of a broader perspective on this type of structures and their mechanical behavior when subjected to external disturbances; In addition to providing the possibility of managing critical thinking about decisions to consider in future research on the type of modeling that best behaves in this type of structural elements. The main focus of physics in the article focuses on the need to improve the safety of houses built with adobe against possible seismic phenomena that can cause failures and weaknesses in their structural part, that is, to lay the foundations for the study of the reinforcement of these structures with the contribution of mechanical properties, and it is expected that the mechanical behavior before gravitational loads and accelerations produced by seismic loads in the masonry wall will improve significantly. By means of mathematical models and explained by means of physics, it is expected to estimate the efforts that a wall without reinforcement would present before the loads and compare them with the results obtained in laboratory tests.

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Maidiawati, Jafril Tanjung, Yulia Hayati, Agus, and Satria Rangga. "Seismic performance of brick masonry infilled frame structures with bed joint reinforcements." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015603004.

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This paper presents the evaluation of the seismic performance of brick infilled RC frame structures with bed joint reinforcements based on reversed cyclic lateral load tests. Three specimens of the structural model of 1/4 scale-down single-story single-bay brick infilled RC frame was prepared, which were brick infilled RC frames with and without bed joint reinforcements. Two specimens of brick infills with bed joint reinforcements were different in the spacing of bed joint rebars. The specimens were tested by applying a reversed cyclic lateral loading in-plane direction. During the tests, the crack propagation was observed at the peak and residual drifts of each loading cycle to recognize the failure mechanisms of the specimens. As the results, although the use of the bed joint reinforcements ineffective to increase the lateral strength of the overall infilled frame structure. The rebars in mortar bed joints role to sustain the lateral strength in plastic deformation, and provide the whole structure with high ductility. It seemed that the rebars in mortar bed joints confined the brick infills. Therefore, the infilled RC frames can survive in large deformation without failure of the infills in out of the plane direction.

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Criales, Xiomara, Anilu Gianella Altamirano, and Guillermo Huaco Cardenas. "Comparative Seismic Behavior the Retrofit of 60year Old Hospital between CFRP Materials and Concrete Walls by Nonlinear Static Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 913 (March 18, 2022): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2svdb2.

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The Casimiro Ulloa Hospital is a confined masonry structure more than 60 years old that does not satisfy the requirements of the Peruvian seismic code E.030 and it is located at high seismic zone. Therefore, this hospital is susceptible to collapse and becomes an essential deficient structure. Therefore, the present study is based on a comparative analysis between reinforced concrete wall and CFRP sheets through the nonlinear Push Over method in order to obtain which is the best reinforcement in structural capacity. The reinforcement with eight L-shaped concrete walls of 15 cm thick located at the corners of the structure, increased the strength of the hospital by 115% in longitudinal direction (Axis X) and 108% in transversal direction (Axis Y), and also increased the ductility by 3% and 117% in the directions respectively. The other reinforcement was carried out with CFRP sheets and anchors. The sheets were designed with a width of 9 inches and were placed in an X-shape in the masonry load-bearing walls and the anchors were implemented in the corners of the laminate walls in order to ensure adequate load transfer between the sheets and the surface. This reinforcement increased the strength of the structure by 345% in axis X and 150% in axis Y and increased the ductility by 59% in longitudinal direction and 331% in transversal direction.

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Moroni, Maria Ofelia, Mauricio Sarrazin, and Pedro Soto. "Behavior of Instrumented Base-Isolated Structures during the 27 February 2010 Chile Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000041.

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Several buildings and bridges with base isolation were in the area struck by the 27 February 2010, Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake. A building and two bridges that were instrumented with networks of accelerometers registered the quake; these records are analyzed here. Results of this kind are very valuable because a strong motion earthquake of large magnitude occurs only from time to time, and these rather new types of structures had not been exposed to such severe action. The isolated building is a four-story reinforced concrete and confined masonry structure located in the city of Santiago. The bridges are: (a) a 368m long continuous bridge located in Viña del Mar and (b) one section of a Santiago metropolitan train viaduct. Results show important reductions in horizontal accelerations, especially at the roof level of the building (to nearly 20% of the twin fixed-base case), and in the longitudinal direction of the bridges.

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Moisan, Emmanuel, Pierre Charbonnier, Philippe Foucher, Pierre Grussenmeyer, and Samuel Guillemin. "Evaluating a Static Multibeam Sonar Scanner for 3D Surveys in Confined Underwater Environments." Remote Sensing 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091395.

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Mechanical Sonar Scanning (MSS) is a recent technology that allows sonar to be used for static measurements in the same way as Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS), which makes it an attractive tool for underwater infrastructure surveys. Nevertheless, the metrological capabilities of this type of device have been little explored in the literature, particularly in narrow and shallow environments. In this paper, we report on the experimental assessment of a recent MSS, the BlueView BV5000, in a lock. The 3D sonar scans performed with the system suspended from the surface are registered using an innovative algorithm that exploits external measurements from a total station and the symmetry of the structure. We review the different errors that impair sonar data, and compare the resulting point cloud to a TLS model that was acquired the day before, while the lock was completely emptied for maintenance. After correcting a tilt angle calibration error, the maximum difference is less than 10 cm, and the standard deviation is about 3 cm. Visual inspection shows that coarse defects of the masonry, such as stone lacks or cavities, can be detected in the MSS point cloud, while details smaller than 4 cm, e.g., damaged joints, are harder to notice.

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A A Gumilang, S., and M. Rusli. "Seismic performance of earthquake resistant simple residential confined masonry house structure based on permen PUPR No.5 of 2016 specification." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 708, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/708/1/012085.

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Lysandrou, Vasiliki, Athos Agapiou, Manolis Ioannides, Nikolaos Kantiranis, Eleftherios Charalambous, and Diofantos Hadjimitsis. "Integrated Investigation of Built Heritage Monuments: The Case Study of Paphos Harbour Castle, Cyprus." Heritage 1, no. 1 (March 14, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage1010001.

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The state of preservation of built heritage monuments is often evaluated by means of several destructive techniques, which are mainly focused on the analysis of small parts of the monuments’ construction materials. The necessary sampling for the accomplishment of these destructive analyses is usually restricted to confined parts of a monument, since monuments are usually under protective legislation, and therefore only indicative of larger areas. Current research attempts to enhance the results of provided by destructive methods, using non-destructive image processing techniques. Towards this end, the potential use of image processing based on rectified images is examined, along with material sampling and laboratory analyses as part of a multi-disciplinary methodology for the investigation of Paphos (Cyprus) Harbour Castle. This approach has been adopted in order to map the degradation patterns observed on the monument’s masonry walls, minimizing destructive methods and attempting to visualize the results of the monument as a whole. The combination of both analytical and non-destructive techniques resulted in the acquisition of large amounts of information, permitting the evaluation of applied non-destructive techniques for the study of the deterioration present on a monument’s external surfaces. This approach led to the assessment of the overall state of preservation of the masonry walls of the structure in an extended scale covering all external façades in a semi-automatic way.

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Crouse, C. B., and Behnam Hushmand. "Soil-structure interaction at CDMG and USGS accelerograph stations." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0790010001.

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Abstract Forced harmonic and impulse-response vibration tests were conducted at several California accelerograph stations operated by the California Division of Mines and Geology (CDMG) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to determine the extent to which soil-structure interaction may be affecting the recorded ground motions. The results of the tests on the foundations comprising USGS Station 6 in the Imperial Valley and CDMG Cholame 1E and Fault Zone 3 stations in the Cholame Valley indicated the presence of highly damped fundamental frequencies between 20 and 40 Hz. However, at the much larger Differential Array station, a masonry-block structure approximately 6 km southwest of Station 6, a moderately damped fundamental frequency of 12 Hz was observed. Approximate transfer functions between earthquake motions recorded at the stations and the free-field motions were computed from the response data obtained from the forced harmonic vibration tests. For the three smaller stations, these functions showed peak amplification factors ranging from 1.25 to 1.4 at frequencies between 20 and 40 Hz. The amplification at smaller frequencies was insignificant. For the Differential Array station, the amplification factor was 1.5 at 12 Hz and was roughly 0.6 for frequencies between 14 and 25 Hz. These results suggest that soil-structure interaction will have little effect on ground motions recorded at the smaller stations provided that most of the energy in these motions is confined to frequencies less than approximately 20 Hz. However, at the Differential Array station, soil-structure interaction probably has had, and will continue to have, a significant influence on the motions recorded at this station.

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Zulfiar, M. Heri, Tamin Tamin, Krishna S. Pribadi, and Iswandi Irwan. "Identifikasi Faktor Dominan Penyebab Kerentanan Bangunan Di Daerah Rawan Gempa, Provinsi Sumatera Barat." Semesta Teknika 17, no. 2 (November 26, 2015): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/st.v17i2.419.

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West Sumatra is one of the province in Indonesia owning high earthquake risk. Disaster data in last one decade show the existence of occurence of earthquake generating damage of building in gross. This matter indicate that building in West Sumatra susceptance of earthquake. One of the building susceptance is management of construction which disagree with needed conditions, law and regulation goodness which in rough, and also execution of imprecise development, imprecise build, either from planning facet and scheme, execution and observation, and also from exploiting facet and treatment. It can make infrastructure and building susceptance of disaster. When disaster happened, construction sector product becoming not function, it will generate disaster victim, or generate big loss, because destruction of other infrastructure or building. Research identify dominant factor is building susceptance represent the part of research of dissertation in the effort to less of building susceptance ( mitigation) to earthquake, by :1) sekunder data analysis of building effect of earthquake 2) perception of building characteristic and practices build 3) interview to some construction expert and earthquake. Research location in six sub-province / disaster gristle town that is; Padang city, Padang Panjang city, sub province of South Pesisir, sub province of Tanah Datar, sub province of Pariaman and west Pasaman. Research Object at building with floor lower and confined of un-confined masonry. To know potency cause of susceptance by triangulation and sintesis among the data, fact and opinion of expert. Result of research indicate that there are 23,6 % building residing in less condition or did not maintained. To be evaluated from building form, there are 11,1% less up to standard building hold up earthquake that is having regularity of vertical form and horizontal. Pursuant to characteristic usage of brick wall with building structure there are 40,8 % having structure system susceptance of earthquake that is using inappropriate practical log and column.

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Qazi, Ahmad, and Ashish Kumar. "Dynamic Analysis of Confined Masonry Structures for Residential Buildings under Seismic Conditions." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40967.

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Abstract: In India, unreinforced brick masonry and reinforced cement concrete are the go-to technologies when it comes to construction of modern residential buildings, with the design applications ranging from one-story nuclear family houses to multi-story apartment buildings housing several families. However, each major natural disaster in India has exposed several ‘chinks in the armour’ linked to both of these widely employed construction techniques. Enter confined masonry. Confined masonry offers a substitute to both, unreinforced brick masonry and reinforced concrete framed residential buildings for applications in disaster prone areas of the world while keeping the cost under check and optimizing the structural performance. Confined masonry has evolved over the last century through an informal process based on its satisfactory performance in past, mostly in countries with high seismic activity like Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey. It is used for both non-engineered and engineered construction as its field applications range from one-story single-family dwellings to six-story apartment buildings. Some countries have even adopted design provisions and construction guidelines for confined masonry in their building codes. The success and implementation of building technologies is totally dependent on the local conditions like the availability and cost of building materials, the skill level of construction labour and the availability of construction tools and equipment. The fact that confined masonry construction looks similar to reinforced frame construction with masonry infill walls and that it uses the same components, i.e., masonry infills, tie-beams and tie-columns, helps in an easy transition to adopt confined masonry. Although confined masonry construction practice doesn’t require any advanced construction equipment or an extra skillset, it is necessary to lay emphasis on the quality of the construction for its satisfactory performance. Hence, to optimize the quality of confined masonry structures, this thesis employs the use of a modern easy-to-learn-and-use structural software known as ETABS. Keywords: Confined Masonry, RCC Frame, Unreinforced Brick Masonry, ETABS, Seismic Performance.

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Drobiec, Łukasz, Wojciech Mazur, and Tomasz Rybarczyk. "Analysis of confined masonry with Strut and Tie models." MATEC Web of Conferences 323 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032302002.

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Strut & Tie (S-T) models are used quite commonly for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures and in the calculation of masonry structures. Creating the S-T model of the confined masonry is slightly different from models of reinforced concrete or models of classic masonry structures. These models should take into account different stiffness of concrete and masonry. This article proposes a Strut & Tie model for the analysis of confined masonry. The results of calculations were compared with the results of tests of full scale masonry walls with and without opening. Good compliance of the calculation results of S-T models with the test results was obtained.

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Chingakham, Angelica Chanu, Chitra Shijagurumayum, and Suresh Thokchom. "A Review On-Confined Masonry Construction." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 14, no. 01 SPL (June 30, 2022): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v14spli01.7.

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Masonry structures are popularly built in many parts of India so it is necessary to provide suitable guidelines and safety rules for proper construction of masonry buildings.Confined masonry (CM) structures is appearing as anaccepted building construction technique in many earthquake-prone countries including India. India falls under four earthquake zones namely, zone II, zone III, zone IV and zone V. CMconstruction type has been known to perform well in numerousmajorseismic events, even though it started as an informal construction. This paper is a review of various experimental studies done by various researchers in India and around the world who studied and analyzed on seismic performance of CM buildings. This paper also gives summarized construction guidelines of CM construction and also gives a comparison of CM and reinforced concrete (RC) frame construction. This study shows that CM building construction if standardized in India, under proper guidance of engineers and building codes can prove to be a better alternative to seismic resistant masonry construction.

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Wang, Tao, Xi Chen, Wen Feng Li, and Qi Song Miao. "Seismic Performance of Masonry Buildings Retrofitted by Pre-Cast RC Panels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1811.

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Proposed in this study is a retrofitting technology that can be applied on exiting masonry buildings. It employs pre-cast reinforced concrete panels to confine existing masonry structure. The pre-cast members constitute a frame which encomprises the existing building. The confinement effectively improves the ductility, strength, and stiffenss of masonry structures. Moreover, the reinforced concrete panels are fabricated in factory, significantly reduces the situ construction and construction period. To demonstrate the design theory, construction organization, and seismic performance of the retrofitted structure, a full-scale structure was tested physically. Pseudo-dynamic testing results indicate the feasibilty and effectiveness of the proposed retrofitting technology.

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Mughal, Ubaid Ahmad, Asad Ullah Qazi, Ali Ahmed, Wasim Abbass, Safeer Abbas, Abdelatif Salmi, and Mohamed Mahmoud Sayed. "Impact of Openings on the In-Plane Strength of Confined and Unconfined Masonry Walls: A Sustainable Numerical Study." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 18, 2022): 7467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127467.

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While openings are an essential requirement in buildings as a source of access, fresh air and sunlight, these openings cause a reduction in the lateral stiffness and torsional resistance of masonry wall units. A detailed numerical investigation was carried out to explore the impact of the opening percentage on the in-plane stiffness and lateral strength of unconfined and confined masonry wall panels prepared using calcium silicate bricks, for sustainable masonry structures. A commercially available FEM package (ANSYS) was used to carry out comparative analysis of ten wall panels, five of each type (confined and unconfined masonry walls) with concentrically located openings of varying sizes (0% to 16.5%). A simplified micro-modeling technique following the Newton Raphson Algorithm was adopted. Results revealed that the confined masonry approach unveiled a more reliable anti-seismic response along with improved in-plane strength in the case of confined masonry walls. The failure type shifted from pure flexural to more of a blend of shear and flexure after the opening percentage increased to 10.09% in unconfined masonry walls, which was not the case where confinement was provided. Based on the outcomes, it is strongly recommended to adopt confined masonry in highly seismic-prone areas to avoid catastrophic damage caused by earthquakes.

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Huang, Yan, Ming Hui Kan, and Zi Fa Wang. "Nonlinear Analysis for Masonry under Monotonic and Low Cyclic Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.406.

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Abstract: Confined masonry with tie columns and ring-beams was adopted during the reconstruction in the rural and suburban areas in Sichuan Province after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on the results of the sample tests of building material such as clay brick, cement mortar, steel and concrete in reconstruction and the analysis on the characteristics and features using Solid65 elements in ANSYS, the shear property of joints in masonry structures under different vertical load (σ∕fm) is numerically simulated. Comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones, the proposed values for the shear transfer coefficients for open and closed crack of Solid65 elements for simulating masonry structures are given. The seismic performance of confined masonry walls (strengthened by tie column and ring-beam, etc.) and unconfined masonry walls with different stress condition (σ∕fm) under low cyclic load are discussed. Results show that, under monotonic loading, confined masonry walls have better performance for displacement and load corresponding to the occurrence of the first crack as well as for the ultimate load and ductility, although the energy dissipating ability of unconfined walls under low cyclic loading increases with vertical load (σ∕fm) at low stress level. The results demonstrate that confined walls are greatly enhanced by strengthening measures such as tie column and ring-beams.

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Ajmal, Muhammad Mubashir, Asad Ullah Qazi, Ali Ahmed, Ubaid Ahmad Mughal, Safeer Abbas, Syed Minhaj Saleem Kazmi, and Muhammad Junaid Munir. "Structural Performance of Energy Efficient Geopolymer Concrete Confined Masonry: An Approach towards Decarbonization." Energies 16, no. 8 (April 20, 2023): 3579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083579.

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Geopolymer concrete is preferred over OPC due to its use of energy waste such as fly ash, making it more sustainable and energy-efficient. However, limited research has been done on its seismic characterization in confined masonry, highlighting a gap in sustainable earthquake-resistant structures. Our study compares the performance of alkali-activated fly-ash-based geopolymer concrete bare frame and confined masonry wall panels with conventional concrete. Experimental results showed that geopolymer concrete bare frame has 3.5% higher initial stiffness and 1.0% higher lateral load-bearing capacity compared to conventional concrete. Geopolymer concrete confined masonry exhibited 45.2% higher initial stiffness and 4.1% higher ultimate seismic capacity than traditional concrete. The experimental results were verified using a numerical simulation technique with ANSYS-APDL, showing good correlation. Comparison with previously tested masonry walls revealed that GPC confined masonry has similar structural behavior to cement concrete masonry. This study demonstrates that geopolymer concrete made from waste energy such as fly ash is a sustainable and low-energy substitute for OPC concrete, particularly in highly seismic-prone areas, for a cleaner environment.

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Xu, Hu, Hao Wu, Cristina Gentilini, Qi Wang Su, and Shi Chun Zhao. "Experimental Study on Seismic Failure Modes of Confined Masonry Structures with Different Enhancements." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.594.

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In this study, confined masonry specimens with regular arranged openings are tested in order to study the influence of different enhancements of the columns on seismic failure modes. In particular, five brick masonry walls and three half-scale two-storey masonry structures are tested under quasi-static loads. The experimental results show that increasing column ratio improves the seismic behavior of the wall specimens to some extent, but an excessive reinforcement ratio of the columns decreases the ductility. The global failure mode of the two-storey masonry structures is modified by inserting iron wires in the mortar bed joints, improving the structural collapse resistant capacity effectively.

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Wang, Xin, Shuming Li, Zhenli Wu, Fanyang Bu, and Fei Wang. "Experimental Study on Seismic Strengthening of Confined Masonry Walls Using RPC." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (September 23, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5095120.

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Masonry structures without effective reinforcement are vulnerable to seismic excitation. An innovative strengthening technique was proposed for damaged and undamaged masonry walls. Six confined masonry units with two aspect ratios were tested under in-plane lateral cyclic loading, which consisted of two control walls, two original walls strengthened with reactive powder concrete (RPC-1), and two damaged walls repaired with RPC (RPC-2). The results of the specimens retrofitted with RPC demonstrated that the proposed technique significantly enhanced the seismic performance of masonry walls in terms of lateral strength, ductility, and energy dissipation. Furthermore, the two repaired specimens had a better distributed cracking pattern than the two strengthened specimens. The analysis of the results leads to a better understanding of the effect and mechanism of RPC seismic retrofitting for confined masonry walls.

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Alotaibi, Khalid Saqer, and A. B. M. Saiful Islam. "Symbolic Regression Model for Predicting Compression Strength of Prismatic Masonry Columns Confined by FRP." Buildings 13, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020509.

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The use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials for the external confinement of existing concrete or masonry members is now an established technical solution. Several studies in the scientific literature show how FRP wrapping can improve the mechanical properties of members. Though there are numerous methods for determining the compressive strength of FRP confined concrete, no generalized formulae are available because of the greater complexity and heterogeneity of FRP-confined masonry. There are two main objectives in this analytical study: (a) proposing an entirely new mathematical expression to estimate the compressive strength of FRP confined masonry columns using symbolic regression model approach which can outperform traditional regression models, and (b) evaluating existing formulas. Over 198 tests of FRP wrapped masonry were compiled in a database and used to train the model. Several formulations from the published literature and international guidelines have been compared against experimental data. It is observed that the proposed symbolic regression model shows excellent performance compared to the existing models. The model is easier, has no restriction and thereby it can be feasibly employed to foresee the behavior of FRP confined masonry elements. The coefficient of determination for the proposed symbolic regression model is determined as 0.91.

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Amouzadeh Tabrizi, Masoud, and Masoud Soltani. "In-plane response of unreinforced masonry walls confined by reinforced concrete tie-columns and tie-beams." Advances in Structural Engineering 20, no. 11 (January 25, 2017): 1632–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216689569.

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This article focuses on the experimental and analytical investigations of masonry walls surrounded by tie-elements under in-plane loads. The experimental results of an unconfined and a confined masonry wall, tested under reversed cyclic lateral loads, are presented. For numerical study, a micro-modeling strategy, using smeared-crack-based approach, is adopted. In order to validate the numerical approach, experimental test results and data obtained from the literature are used, and through a systematic parametric study, the influence of adjoining walls and number of tie-columns on the seismic behavior of confined masonry panels is numerically assessed and a simple but rational method for predicting the nonlinear behavior of these structures is proposed.

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Khan, Mehran, and Majid Ali. "Optimization of concrete stiffeners for confined brick masonry structures." Journal of Building Engineering 32 (November 2020): 101689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101689.

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Tena-Colunga, Arturo, Artemio Juárez-Ángeles, and Víctor H. Salinas-Vallejo. "Cyclic behavior of combined and confined masonry walls." Engineering Structures 31, no. 1 (January 2009): 240–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.08.015.

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Pérez Gavilán Escalante, Juan, Svetlana Brzev, Eric Espinosa Cazarin, Sara Ganzerli, Daniel Quiun, and Matthew T. Reiter. "Experimental Research Studies on Seismic Behaviour of Confined Masonry Structures: Current Status and Future Needs." Buildings 13, no. 7 (July 12, 2023): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071776.

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Confined masonry (CM) is a construction system that consists of loadbearing masonry wall panels enclosed by vertical and horizontal reinforced concrete confining elements. The presence of these confining elements distinguishes CM from unreinforced masonry systems, and makes this technology suitable for building construction in regions subject to intense seismic or wind activity. CM construction has been used in many countries and regions, and has performed well in past earthquakes. The purpose of this paper is to review experimental research studies related to the seismic in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of CM structures. The authors identify the key design and construction parameters considered in previous research studies and perform statistical analyses to establish their influence on the seismic performance of CM walls. For the purposes of this study, the authors compiled databases of previous experimental studies on CM wall specimens, which were used for statistical analyses. Finally, the paper discusses research gaps and the need for future research studies that would contribute to the understanding of seismic behaviour and failure mechanisms of CM walls.

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Journal articles on the topic 'CONFINED MASONRY STRUCTURE'

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