Academic literature on the topic 'Confined extensions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Confined extensions"
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Loaiciga, Hugo A., and Miguel A. Mariño. "The inverse problem for confined aquifer flow: Identification and estimation with extensions." Water Resources Research 23, no. 1 (January 1987): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/wr023i001p00092.
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De Sarkar, Tanmay. "The prevalence of web browser extensions use in library services: an exploratory study." Electronic Library 33, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 334–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-04-2013-0063.
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Purpose – The paper aims to present an outline how libraries are harnessing browser extensions to provide an easy and convenient access to library resources and services. Investigating the features, purposes of use and types of browser extensions prevalent among libraries in different regions, the paper seeks to measure the degree of implementation of browser extensions. Design/methodology/approach – Stratified sampling method was followed to select academic libraries, and convenient sampling method was applied to select public libraries from four continents – Asia, Oceania, Europe and North America. Two-step web content analysis was applied to gather data along the select dimensions. Findings – The study contributes to the recent advances in application of browser extension with numerous examples focussing on the relevance of different approaches adopted by the libraries. Providing a framework of proportionate implementation along checkpoints, the study also highlights degree of acceptance of browser extension among libraries in different regions. Research limitations/implications – The investigation was restricted to libraries having English websites and confined to four continents only. This study aims at improving understanding among the librarians about the intended use and application of browser extension and helping them benchmark their effort in support of education, research and training. The current investigation expands the scope of future research on remaining regions and website whose contents are in non-English language to attain a broader perspective of its implementation. Originality/value – The article may guide library professionals to use, develop and promote the implementation of browser extension in libraries. The checkpoints used here may serve as bedrock for framing questionnaire and interview schedule for conducting future research examining users’ perception of browser extension in the context of library resources and usage pattern, to fully comprehend its practicability and usefulness.
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Otto, K. N., and E. K. Antonsson. "Extensions to the Taguchi Method of Product Design." Journal of Mechanical Design 115, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919325.
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The Taguchi method of product design is an experimental approximation to minimizing the expected value of target variance for certain classes of problems. Taguchi’s method is extended to designs which involve variables each of which has a range of values all of which must be satisfied (necessity), and designs which involve variables each of which has a range of values any of which might be used (possibility). Tuning parameters, as a part of the design process, are also demonstrated within Taguchi’s method. The method is also extended to solve design problems with constraints, invoking the methods of constrained optimization. Finally, the Taguchi method uses a factorial method to search the design space, with a confined definition of an optimal solution. This is compared with other methods of searching the design space and their definitions of an optimal solution.
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Morapedi, Setumile. "Passive constructions in Setswana." JULACE: Journal of the University of Namibia Language Centre 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32642/julace.v3i1.1374.
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The paper analyses passive constructions in Setswana from morpho-syntactic view point, showing that the suffixation of a passive morpheme to the verb reduces the argument structure of the verb. Previous studies carried out in Setswana verbal suffixes have confined their investigations to these morphemes as elements of morphology but have failed to observe that these affixes overlap into syntax. Chebanne (1996) observes that in Setswana, verbal extensions can combine with a single verbal base but fail to observe the overlap into syntax. Further, the studies do not give any insight in the features that Setswana shares with other Bantu languages. The passive construction in Setswana, like in other Bantu languages, is a bit complex in the sense that the verbal extension –iw brings into effect the dropping of the subject, and the object becomes the grammatical subject, thus rendering the transitive verb, such as, apaya ‘cook’ intransitive. Conversely, other derivational suffixes, such as applicative and causative, increase the verb’s arguments by two. For instance, the suffixation of the verbal suffix –el suggests an entity carrying out the action and somebody benefiting. The paper also compares passive with other verbal extensions such as neuter, applicative, causatives and reciprocals. It shows that while the passive occurs with most verbs and other verbal extensions, such as, applicative or causative suffixes, the neuter is rigid in occurring with other verbal extensions. The paper also appeals to Lexical Mapping Theory, whose role is to constrain mapping relations between thematic roles, such as an agent or patient and the corresponding grammatical functions, such as the subject, patient and oblique that have been subcategorized for by predicates
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Mazharimousavi, S. Habib, Z. Amirabi, and M. Halilsoy. "Thin-shell wormholes in (2 + 1)-dimensional Einstein-scalar theory." Modern Physics Letters A 32, no. 10 (March 27, 2017): 1750064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773231750064x.
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We present an infinite class of one-parameter scalar field extensions to the Bañados, Teitelboim and Zanelli (BTZ) black hole in 2 + 1 dimensions. By virtue of the scalar charge, the thin-shell wormhole supported by a linear fluid at the throat becomes stable against linear perturbations. More interestingly, we provide an example of thin-shell wormhole which is strictly stable in the sense that it is confined in between two classically intransmissible potential barriers.
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DU, ZHUO, XIN-LEI FAN, QIN YANG, and CHENG-MING TIAN. "Host and geographic range extensions of Melanconiella, with a new species M. cornuta in China." Phytotaxa 327, no. 3 (November 10, 2017): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.327.3.4.
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Members of Melanconiella are opportunistic pathogens and endophytic fungi, and have been found to confined so far, on the collection of host family Betulaceae. Moreover, two fresh specimens associated with canker and dieback of Cornus controversa and Juglans regia collected in Shaanxi, China were found as distinct and new species of Melanconiella, based on morphological and multi-gene, combined, phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1-α). Results also revealed the host and geographic range extensions of this genus. Melanconiella cornuta sp. nov. is introduced with an illustrated account and differs from similar species in its host association and multigene phylogeny.
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Cretu, Nicolae, Mihail-Ioan Pop, and Hank Steve Andia Prado. "Some Theoretical and Experimental Extensions Based on the Properties of the Intrinsic Transfer Matrix." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020519.
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The work approaches new theoretical and experimental studies in the elastic characterization of materials, based on the properties of the intrinsic transfer matrix. The term ‘intrinsic transfer matrix’ was firstly introduced by us in order to characterize the system in standing wave case, when the stationary wave is confined inside the sample. An important property of the intrinsic transfer matrix is that at resonance, and in absence of attenuation, the eigenvalues are real. This property underlies a numerical method which permits to find the phase velocity for the longitudinal wave in a sample. This modal approach is a numerical method which takes into account the eigenvalues, which are analytically estimated for simple elastic systems. Such elastic systems are characterized by a simple distribution of eigenmodes, which may be easily highlighted by experiment. The paper generalizes the intrinsic transfer matrix method by including the attenuation and a study of the influence of inhomogeneity. The condition for real eigenvalues in that case shows that the frequencies of eigenmodes are not affected by attenuation. For the influence of inhomogeneity, we consider a case when the sound speed is varying along the layer’s length in the medium of interest, with an accompanying dispersion. The paper also studies the accuracy of the method in estimating the wave velocity and determines an optimal experimental setup in order to reduce the influence of frequency errors.
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Streiffer, S. K., and D. D. Fong. "Phase Transitions in Nanoscale Ferroelectric Structures." MRS Bulletin 34, no. 11 (November 2009): 832–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2009.233.
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AbstractOver decades of effort, investigations of the intrinsic phase transition behavior of nanoscale ferroelectric structures have been greatly complicated by materials processing variations and by the common and uncontrolled occurrence of spacecharge, which interacts directly with the polarization and can obscure fundamental behavior. These challenges have largely been overcome, and great progress in understanding the details of this class of phase transitions has been made, largely based on advances in the growth of high-quality, epitaxial ferroelectric films and in the theory and simulation of ferroelectricity. Here we will discuss recent progress in understanding the ferroelectric phase transition in a particular class of model systems: nanoscale perovskite thin-film heterostructures. The outlook for ferroelectric technology based on these results is promising, and extensions to laterally confined nanostructures will be described.
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Schulte, Reinhard W., and Tianfang Li. "Innovative Strategies for Image-Guided Proton Treatment of Prostate Cancer." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 5, no. 2 (April 2006): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153303460600500203.
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Proton beam therapy has a proven track record of treating non-metastatic prostate cancer with excellent disease-free survival results when using homogeneous doses between 75 and 82 CGE (Cobalt Gray Equivalent) to the prostate target volume. In clinically organ-confined prostate cancer, it may be possible, in principle, to further improve outcomes by reducing the margins of the high-dose planning target volume to the gross tumor volume and by covering the clinical target volume with a dose sufficient to control microscopic extensions of the tumor. This would allow further dose escalation without increasing the risk of acute and late effects. In this paper, we undertake a careful review of existing histopathological data that support this view and discuss technical possibilities to this approach utilizing the highly conformal characteristics of proton beams and combining them with modern 4D imaging and treatment techniques.
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Donaire, Manuel, José María Muñoz-Castañeda, Luis Miguel Nieto, and Marcos Tello-Fraile. "Field Fluctuations and Casimir Energy of 1D-Fermions." Symmetry 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11050643.
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We investigate the self-adjoint extensions of the Dirac operator of a massive one-dimensional field of mass m confined in a finite filament of length L. We compute the spectrum of vacuum fluctuations of the Dirac field under the most general dispersionless boundary conditions. We identify its edge states in the mass gap within a set of values of the boundary parameters, and compute the Casimir energy of the discrete normal modes. Two limit cases are considered, namely, that of light fermions with m L ≪ 1 , and that of heavy fermions for which m L ≫ 1 . It is found that both positive and negative energies are obtained for different sets of values of the boundary parameters. As a consequence of our calculation we demonstrate that the sign of the quantum vacuum energy is not fixed for exchange-symmetric plates (parity-invariant configurations), unlike for electromagnetic and scalar fields.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Confined extensions"
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Benzoni, Séverin. "Classification des filtrations dynamiques et étude des systèmes d'entropie positive." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04835404.
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Dans cette thèse, nous explorons les structures possibles des systèmes dynamiques de la forme $\bfX :=(X, \A, \mu, T)$ et leurs tribus facteur $\B \subset \A$. Les deux premiers chapitres étudient les différentes façons dont une tribu facteur $\B$ peut s'inclure dans un système dynamique $\bfX :=(X, \A, \mu, T)$, c'est-à-dire que nous étudions certaines structures possibles de l'\emph{extension} $\A \arr \B$. Dans le premier chapitre, nous considérons les concepts de \emph{super-innovations} et de \emph{standardité} des extensions, inspirés de la théorie des filtrations. Un point important est l'introduction de la notion d'\emph{extensions confinées}, qui nous intéressent parce qu'elles n'ont pas de super-innovation. Nous donnons plusieurs exemples et étudions des propriétés supplémentaires de ces extensions, y compris des résultats de relèvement. Ensuite, nous montrons notre résultat principal : l'existence d'extensions non-standard. Enfin, ce résultat trouve une application dans l'étude des filtrations dynamiques, qui sont les filtrations de la forme $(\F_n)_{n \leq 0}$ telles que chaque $\F_n$ est une tribu facteur. Nous montrons qu'il existe des \emph{filtrations dynamiques I-confortables non standard}.Le deuxième chapitre approfondit l'étude des extensions confinées en trouvant un nouveau type de telles extensions, dans le cadre des suspensions de Poisson : nous prenons un système dynamique $(X, \mu, T)$ en mesure $\s$-finie infinie et une extension compacte $(X \times G, \mu \otimes m_G, T_\phi)$, puis nous considérons l'extension de Poisson correspondante $((X \times G)^*, (\mu \otimes m_G)^*, (T_\phi)_*) \to (X^*, \mu^*, T_*)$. Nous donnons des conditions sous lesquelles cette extension est confinée et construisons un exemple qui correspond à ces conditions.Enfin, le troisième chapitre se concentre sur une famille de filtrations dynamiques : les \emph{filtrations de Pinsker faible}. L'existence de ces filtrations sur tout système ergodique provient d'un résultat récent d'Austin \cite{austin}, et elles se présentent comme un outil potentiel pour décrire les systèmes à entropie positive. Nous explorons les liens entre la structure asymptotique des filtrations de Pinsker faible et les propriétés du système dynamique sous-jacent. Naturellement, nous demandons aussi si, sur un système donné, la structure des filtrations de Pinsker faible est unique à isomorphisme près. Nous donnons une réponse partielle, dans le cas où le système sous-jacent est un schéma de Bernoulli. Nous concluons notre travail en donnant deux exemples explicites de filtrations de Pinsker faibleIn this thesis, we explore the possible structures of measure preserving dynamical systems of the form $\bfX :=(X, \A, \mu, T)$ and their factor $\s$-algebras $\B \subset \A$. The first two chapters investigate various ways in which a factor $\s$-algebra $\B$ can sit in a dynamical system $\bfX :=(X, \A, \mu, T)$, i.e. we study some possible structures of the \emph{extension} $\A \arr \B$. In the first chapter, we consider the concepts of \emph{super-innovations} and \emph{standardness} of extensions, which are inspired from the theory of filtrations. An important focus of our work is the introduction of the notion of \emph{confined extensions}, which first interested us because they have no super-innovation. We give several examples and study additional properties of confined extensions, including several lifting results. Then, we show our main result: the existence of non-standard extensions. Finally, this result finds an application to the study of dynamical filtrations, i.e. filtrations of the form $(\F_n)_{n \leq 0}$ such that each $\F_n$ is a factor $\s$-algebra. We show that there exist \emph{non-standard I-cosy dynamical filtrations}.The second chapter furthers the study of confined extensions by finding a new kind of such extensions, in the setup of Poisson suspensions: we take an infinite $\s$-finite measure-preserving dynamical system $(X, \mu, T)$ and a compact extension $(X \times G, \mu \otimes m_G, T_\phi)$, then we consider the corresponding Poisson extension $((X \times G)^*, (\mu \otimes m_G)^*, (T_\phi)_*) \to (X^*, \mu^*, T_*)$. We give conditions under which that extension is confined and build an example which fits those conditions.Lastly, the third chapter focuses on a family of dynamical filtrations: \emph{weak Pinsker filtrations}. The existence of those filtrations on any ergodic system comes from a recent result by Austin \cite{austin}, and they present themselves as a potential tool to describe positive entropy systems. We explore the links between the asymptotic structure of weak Pinsker filtrations and the properties of the underlying dynamical system. Naturally, we also ask whether, on a given system, the structure of weak Pinsker filtrations is unique up to isomorphism. We give a partial answer, in the case where the underlying system is Bernoulli. We conclude our work by giving two explicit examples of weak Pinsker filtrations
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Wang, Aijuan. "Experimental and numerical investigation of the confinement effect on the impinging flame in a compartment." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourges, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ISAB0002.
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Le phénomène de flamme de diffusion impactant une paroi est fréquent dans les scénarios d’incendie en milieu clos. Celui-ci peut entraîner à avoir des conséquences désastreuses en termes de vie humaine et de biens matériels. En effet, lorsqu'une flamme incidente se produit dans un compartiment, elle peut augmenter le risque de propagation du feu de celui-ci vers une autre pièce à travers une explosion de fumée représentant une menace pour les personnes pié-gées. Afin d’apporter des éléments de compréhension sur le comportement de ce type de flamme, de nombreuses études ont réalisé. Celles-ci se sont intéressées sur des flammes impac-tant un plafond en milieu ouvert ou semi-confiné. Cependant il y a peu, voire aucuns travaux qui se sont penchés sur l’étude du comportement d’une flamme incidente dans un compartiment confiné sous ventilé. Dans l’objectif d’apporter des éléments de compréhension en lien avec l’effet du confinement sur la dynamique d’une flamme impactant un plafond, une étude expé-rimentale et numérique est réalisée dans le cadre de cette thèse.L’ensemble des données a été obtenu à l’aide d’un dispositif expérimental représentant un appartement d’étudiant à échelle réduite.Le banc d'essai est un compartiment représentant une maquette d’appartement à petite échelle (1 :10). La conception et dimensionnement a été réalisée sur la base des lois de simili-tudes. Les niveaux de confinement ont été définis en fonction des ouvertures de l’enceinte et du débit calorifique potentielle. A partir de ces deux paramètres, le niveau de confinement peut être associé à la richesse de l’enceinte. Pour cela, huit débits caloriques différents ainsi que cinq possibilités d’ouvertures ont été proposés. À partir des expériences réalisées avec les huit débits calorifiques et les cinq configurations d’ouvertures, l'effet de confinement sur la dynamique d’une flamme impactant un plafond a été effectué en se basant sur les paramètres physico-chimiques, tels que l'extension de la flamme, l'oscillation de la flamme, la distribution de la température et l'analyse des gaz.De plus, grâce à la modélisation numérique de la flamme impactant le plafond à l’aide du code CFD : Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), il a été possible d’apporter des éléments supplé-mentaires dans l’analyse des écoulements réactifs associée à l’interaction flamme paroi en fonc-tion du niveau de confinement. Le choix des modèles numériques a été effectué à partir d’une étude préliminaire visant à justifier la fiabilité et la précision du modèle numérique à reproduire les données expérimentales ainsi que des évolutions obtenues à partir de corrélations empiriques obtenues dans les littératures.A partir des analyses réalisées dans cette étude, il est possible de fournir des éléments de décisions lors de la conception et la mise en place de détecteurs d'incendie au plafond dans un compartiment et également d’aider à une meilleure estimation de la probabilité de propagation du feu lors d'un incendie de compartiment par le biais d’une explosion de fumée riche en gaz imbrûlésThe phenomenon of diffusion impinging flame is common in industrials, leading to disas-trous consequences in terms of life and property. When impinging flame occurs in a compart-ment, it may enhance the risk of fire propagation and pose a greater threat to trapped people. Lots of studies dealt with flame impinging an unconfined or confined ceiling while little work focused on the impinging flame in a confined compartment. With the objective of providing understanding related to the confinement effect on the impinging flame in a compartment, both experimental and numerical studies carried out to build up the framework of this thesis. A compartment model representing a reduced scale (1:10) student compartment was uti-lized based on the scaling law such that a test bench with suitable instrumentations for carrying out measurements was developed. Configurations of five confinement levels were constructed by the condition of windows and door in the compartment and heat release rate (HRR) was var-ied between 0.5 kW and 18.6 kW. Through series of experiments, the confinement effect on the dynamics of flame impinging a ceiling was addressed with physicochemical parameters, such as flame extension, flame oscillation, temperature distribution and gas analysis. In addition, on account of the numerical modeling of flame impinging a ceiling using the CFD code: Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), it was possible to provide additional elements in the analysis of reactive flows associated with the flame-wall interaction as a function of the confinement level. The choice of numerical models was made on the basis of a preliminary study aimed at justifying the reliability and precision of the numerical modelling in reproducing the experimental data as well as the empirical correlations obtained in the literatures. From the analyzes in this study, it is possible to provide guidance for fire safety engineering in the field of fire risk assessment and fire protection design of buildings
Books on the topic "Confined extensions"
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Victor, Elias, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, and Earth Engineering & Sciences, Inc., eds. Development of protocols for confined extension/creep testing of geosynthetics for highway applications. McLean, VA: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research and Development, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1998.
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Development of protocols for confined extension/creep testing of geosynthetics for highway applications: Publication no. FHWA-RD-97-143. McLean, VA (6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean 22101-2296): U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research and Development, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1998.
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Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Inflammatory bowel disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0203.
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Both conditions cause chronic relapsing inflammation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but have different characteristics. UC causes diffuse mucosal inflammation limited to the colon, extending proximally from the anal verge, with the rectum involved in 95% of patients. UC is described in terms of the disease extent: proctitis (confined to the rectum), proctosigmoiditis (disease confined to the recto-sigmoid colon), distal disease (distal to the splenic flexure), and pan-colitis (the entire large intestine). The extent of disease can change, with proximal extension seen in approximately a third of patients with proctitis, although there is great variation between studies. CD causes inflammation that can affect the entire thickness of the wall of the intestine, and is not confined to the mucosa. CD can affect any part of the GI tract. The terminal ileum is affected in approximately 80% of cases, the colon in approximately 60% of cases, and the rectum and perianal region in approximately 40% of cases. CD is classified by location (ileal, colonic, ileocolonic, upper GI tract), by the presence of stricturing or penetrating disease, and by the age of onset (before or after the age of 40). Penetrating disease refers to the development of fistulae, which can lead to complications such as abscesses or perforations. An earlier age at onset is associated with more complicated disease. The diagnosis of UC or CD is established through a combination of clinical, endoscopic, radiological, and histological criteria rather than by any single modality. Occasionally, it is not possible to establish an unequivocal diagnosis of CD or UC in IBD, and a third category, accounting for nearly 10% of cases, is used, termed IBD unclassified.
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Field, Clive D. Counting Religion in Britain, 1970-2020. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849328.001.0001.
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Counting Religion in Britain, 1970–2020, the fourth volume in the author’s chronological history of British secularization, sheds significant new light on the nature, scale, and timing of religious change in Britain during the past half-century, with particular reference to quantitative sources. Adopting a key performance indicators approach, twenty-one facets of personal religious belonging, behaving, and believing are examined, offering a much wider range of lenses through which the health of religion can be viewed and appraised than most contemporary scholarship (which is typically confined to one or two measures). Summative analysis of these indicators, by means of a secularization dashboard, leads to a reaffirmation of the validity of secularization (in its descriptive sense) as the dominant narrative and direction of travel since 1970, while acknowledging that it is an incomplete process and without endorsing all aspects of the paradigmatic expression of secularization as a by-product of modernization. The appendix of 173 tables, a discrete statistical reference work in its own right, besides supporting (and being cross-referenced in) the main text, is designed as an extension to 2020 of the appendix of tables to 1970 in the acclaimed 1977 Clarendon Press volume Churches and Churchgoers: Patterns of Church Growth in the British Isles since 1700, by Robert Currie, Alan Gilbert, and Lee Horsley. As well as covering statistics generated by faith communities and the state, as did the 1977 book, the appendix to Counting Religion in Britain, 1970–2020 includes a wide variety of time series from national sample surveys.
Book chapters on the topic "Confined extensions"
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Mónica, Julio C., Patricia Melin, and Daniela Sánchez. "Genetic Optimization of Ensemble Neural Network Architectures for Prediction of COVID-19 Confirmed and Death Cases." In Fuzzy Logic Hybrid Extensions of Neural and Optimization Algorithms: Theory and Applications, 85–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68776-2_5.
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Fontaine, G., S. Poncet, and E. Serre. "Multidomain Extension of a Pseudospectral Algorithm for the Direct Simulation of Wall-Confined Rotating Flows." In Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, 261–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01601-6_21.
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Marques, José Carlos, and Pedro Góis. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Portuguese Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 387–407. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_23.
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Abstract Portugal is a traditional country of emigration with a multigenerational diaspora spread across a large number of countries. In the last 50 years, especially after the 1974 revolution, it developed a welfare state that responds to the needs of residents (including immigrants). Traditionally, this welfare state has been described as fragile in comparison with other welfare regimes in Europe. Nevertheless, it was built as a universal welfare system based on jus solis and deterritorialized jus sanguinis regime. The study of the extension of social protection to Portuguese citizens living abroad had not yet received sufficient attention, albeit recurrent news on measures and strategies that the state put in practice to assist Portuguese emigrants in need. This chapter will survey some of the recent policies to reach citizens abroad by showing the limits of the Portuguese welfare state in action. Through these policies and actions, Portugal projects an image of an always-present state that extents its national powers beyond the limits of its territorially confined borders.
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Waga, Masaki. "Active Learning of Deterministic Timed Automata with Myhill-Nerode Style Characterization." In Computer Aided Verification, 3–26. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37706-8_1.
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AbstractWe present an algorithm to learn a deterministic timed automaton (DTA) via membership and equivalence queries. Our algorithm is an extension of the L* algorithm with a Myhill-Nerode style characterization of recognizable timed languages, which is the class of timed languages recognizable by DTAs. We first characterize the recognizable timed languages with a Nerode-style congruence. Using it, we give an algorithm with a smart teacher answering symbolic membership queries in addition to membership and equivalence queries. With a symbolic membership query, one can ask the membership of a certain set of timed words at one time. We prove that for any recognizable timed language, our learning algorithm returns a DTA recognizing it. We show how to answer a symbolic membership query with finitely many membership queries. We also show that our learning algorithm requires a polynomial number of queries with a smart teacher and an exponential number of queries with a normal teacher. We applied our algorithm to various benchmarks and confirmed its effectiveness with a normal teacher.
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Tang, Yunpeng, Muran Qi, Huiping Zhu, Zhenfeng Tong, and Chenglong Wang. "Mechanical and Numerical Simulation Analysis for the Insertion Section Sampling of Irradiation Charpy Specimen Reconstitution." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 243–56. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_23.
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AbstractThe reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is one of the most critical equipment in the pressurized water reactor, and its structural integrity is the key factor that determines the operational safety and service life of the reactor. In practical applications, the aging degree of RPV can be evaluated through the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) curve of the Charpy impact specimen pre-placed in RPV. However, due to the space limitation inside the reactor core, the available irradiation surveillance specimens are limited for mechanical testing. Especially, most reactors have faced the problem of life extension in recent years, and the impact data of the irradiation surveillance specimen is an important basis for the life extension of the reactor. One of the solutions is to reconstitute new Charpy specimens from the impacted ones to obtain more impact data. In this paper, the basic methods for the reconstitution of RPV material Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel are studied. By testing the hardness change of the Charpy impact broken specimen along the length direction, the maximum value of the plastic deformation zone of the impact fracture is obtained. Besides, based on the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model, the impact process of the material in the upper shelf temperature region is calculated by ABAQUS numerical simulation. Compared with the tested microhardness results of the material, the maximum length of the insert section of Charpy impact specimen reconstitution is confirmed. It shows that for Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel, the maximum length of the plastic deformation zone at the upper shelf temperature region is about 7 mm, and the insert length of the reconstituted specimens can be selected to 20 mm. The results can be used as an important reference for establishing the fabrication standard of the reconstituted Charpy specimen of the reactor pressure vessel.
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Płotka, Witold. "Toward a Phenomenology of Media." In Primary Sources in Phenomenology, 259–90. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63685-1_9.
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AbstractIn his aesthetics, as shown in Chap. 8, Blaustein formulated a sophisticated theory of the aesthetic experience and the aesthetic object. However, the value of his approach was evidenced not only by theoretical examinations but also by detailed and rich descriptions of different aesthetic phenomena. Whereas in the previous chapter I was interested in the basics of Blaustein’s aesthetic theory, the present chapter concerns its concrete applications; more precisely, I will outline his phenomenology of media as an example of the application of descriptive tools in the analysis of cinema and radio experiences. In doing so, I want to discuss Paul Majkut’s thesis that “[p]henomenological media studies begin with Roman Ingarden’s investigations into the ontology of a literary work, but extensions of ideas that were confirmed to print media are easily made to other media.” I attempt to show that Majkut did not take into account Blaustein’s contribution to the field, which was developed in the same period as Ingarden’s theory and which (contrary to Ingarden) directly addressed media (film and radio) experiences. Blaustein’s input was noticed by, for instance, Jan Czerkawski (together with Antoni B. Stępień and Stanisław Wielgus), Zofia Rosińska, Wioletta Miskiewicz, Jagna Brudzińska and, more recently, by Joanna Pluta. Czerkawski et al. called Blaustein “a pioneer in psychology pertaining to film and radio.” In this vein, Rosińska and Pluta also described him as a “pioneer” in studies on the reception of media and its influence on the human mind. Miskiewicz noted that Blaustein “[…] kept an active interest for research in […] media communication” and his research “[…] anticipated (with great subtlety) many theories, such as Wollheim’s ‘seeing-in’ in aesthetic theory and McLuhan’s ‘the medium is the message’ well known in media study.” In her text on aisthēsis and phantasma, Brudzińska identified Blaustein as the author of the “[…] first phenomenological theory of media,” in which he analyzed “[…] the mediating function of imaginative consciousness.” These views require a brief comment.
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Lutz, Alexander, and Axel Lachmeyer. "SciPPPer: Automatic Lock-Passage for Inland Vessels – Practical Results Focusing on Control Performance." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 959–68. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_85.
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AbstractNavigating through locks is one of the most challenging tasks that skippers have to perform in inland navigation. Typical dimensions of a ship (width = 11.45 m) and a lock (width = 12 m) result in an error margin of less than 30 cm to the left and to the right of the ship when navigating within a lock chamber. Typical inland vessels on European waters have a length of 82 to 186 m. The wheel house on cargo vessels is located close to the stern of the vessel. This leads to low visibility of the bow in the lock chamber. In order to cope with this issue, a deck hand monitors the bow and announces distances to the skipper via radio. The quality of this information depends on the deck hand’s ability to judge distances correctly and is prone to error. This highly demanding maneuver needs to be performed up to 15 times per day. Each lock passage can take up to 30 minutes. The research project SciPPPer aims at automating this complex navigational task.The German acronym SciPPPer stands for Schleusenassistenzsystem basierend auf PPP und VDES für die Binnenschifffahrt – lock assistant system based on PPP and VDES for inland navigation. The idea is to fully automate the navigation into and out of a lock using high-precision GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) with PPP (precise point positioning) correction data which is transmitted from shore to ship using VDES (VHF Data Exchange System), an extension to AIS (Automatic Identification System). This absolute measurement data is complemented by relative measurement data using LiDAR and automotive RADAR and fused with inertial measurement data delivered by a mechanical gyro system. Apart from the challenge of precisely measuring the position and orientation of the vessel within the lock chamber, the control task poses an interesting problem as well. This contribution introduces both, the measuring and the control problem. However, the focus lies on the results of the control performance that was achieved on a full-bridge simulator as well as during real-world trials. A full-bridge simulator was used in order to test the control strategy and its algorithms safely. A number of different actuator configurations were investigated. Typical inland cargo vessels use one or two propellers with Kort nozzle and a twin rudder behind each propeller and a 360° turnable bow thruster. Typical inland passenger vessels use several (2–4) 360° turnable rudder propellers as main propulsion as well as a 360° turnable bow thruster or a classical tunnel thruster which can only apply forces to starboard or portside. These typical configurations were examined by simulation. The real-world trials were performed on a passenger vessel with three rudder propellers as main propulsion as well as a classical tunnel bow thruster acting left and right.This contribution presents the results of the simulator study as well as the real-world trials in terms of control performance. It explains specific challenges due to the navigation within an extremely confined space. The contribution concludes with lessons learned as well as an outlook focusing on the potential of the introduction of such a system to the inland navigation market.
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Meyer, Susanne, and Robert Hawlik. "City Engagement in the Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe and the Role of Intermediary Organizations in R&I Policies for Urban Transition." In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions, 291–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57764-3_19.
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AbstractThis research investigates the case of the Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) Urban Europe and its role as an intermediary organization, developing research, and innovation programs for urban transition. In the literature, the role of an intermediary organization has recently been discussed as an effective promoter and developer of connecting visions, strategies, activities, and stakeholders. A conceptual approach to intermediary organizations for urban transition is operationalized, and its functions are discussed in this paper. As an example, the Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe reveals how a transnational R&I initiative, represented by 20 national R&I programs in Europe, can provide scientific evidence for sustainable urbanization with a cross-sectoral, integrated, inter- and transdisciplinary approach implemented through activities beyond joint calls. The findings show that JPI Urban Europe acts as broker and facilitator of joint visions and starts to build communities for innovation, which is one of the important functions of intermediaries. The development of its Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda clearly followed a co-creation process, putting the dilemmas of city practitioners in the center. JPI Urban Europe managed to attract high levels of commitment from a diversity of stakeholders to its strategic priorities and mobilized respective budgets for its implementation. The analysis of JPI Urban Europe participation in funded projects shows that challenge-driven calls (putting the problem owners in the center) seems to successfully develop a common language for all stakeholders and has a higher likelihood to generate more transformative outcomes. The number of funded urban living labs in projects shows that room for experimentation in niches and their extension is provided. The number of city representatives as funded project partners could be increased to further stimulate active involvement. The JPI Urban Europe also acts as a translator and enabler for learning in the urban—as well as in the policy sphere—the third function. This can be confirmed by the number and type of organizations reached with its specific formats. JPI Urban Europe coordinates joint activities of mainly national R&I programs but has only indirect influence on change in these organizations and limited influence on changes within research organizations, businesses, or cities that are even less connected. Overall, it can be concluded that the strategic ambition of JPI Urban Europe towards transformative change is obvious, but some instruments and formats to translate the ambition into action need further refinement, and it needs further in-depth research to better understand the outcomes and impacts of its diverse activities.
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Lobato, Lydia Maria, Rosaline Cristina Figueiredo e Silva, Thomas Angerer, Mônica de Cássia Oliveira Mendes, and Steffen G. Hagemann. "Iron Isotopes Applied to BIF-Hosted Iron Deposits." In Isotopes in Economic Geology, Metallogenesis and Exploration, 399–432. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27897-6_13.
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AbstractPublished and unpublished iron isotope data from banded iron formations (BIF) and their BIF-hosted hypogene (hydrothermal) iron ores from the Quadrilátero Ferrífero (itabirites), Corumbá, and Carajás iron districts in Brazil, as well as from the Hamersley province in Australia are presented and discussed. BIF constitutes a typically thinly bedded or laminated chemical sedimentary rock, with ≥ 15% Fe and layers of chert, chalcedony, jasper, or quartz, whereas itabirite is considered a laminated, metamorphosed iron formation rich in iron oxides, which may contain carbonate minerals, amphiboles, and abundant quartz. For the Paleoproterozoic Quadrilátero Ferrífero district, the range in δ56Fe values of hypogene iron ores is similar to that of the metamorphosed BIFs, and iron isotope variations are better distinguished in different regional deformational domains. Light isotopic compositions dominate in the low deformation domain (δ56Fe = −0.42 ± 0.12 to 0.29 ± 0.04‰), whereas the eastern, high-strain domain is characterized by heavy values (δ56Fe = −0.09 ± 0.08 to 0.37 ± 0.06‰; Mendes et al., Mineral Deposita 52:159–180, 2017). Iron isotope composition for the Neoproterozoic iron formations of the Corumbá region (hematitic, dolomite-rich: −1.83 and −0.83‰; cherty-hematite: δ56Fe −0.49‰) are controlled by: (1) primary seawater signature, (2) microbial activity, and (3) supergene goethite alteration. Hydrothermal alteration is reflected in the oxygen isotope data, but apparently not in the iron isotope fractionation. Iron and oxygen isotope pairing shows that δ56Fe values increase, while δ18O values decrease. In the Archean jaspilites of Carajás, hypogene ores tend to display lighter δ56Fe values than their host BIF counterparts. Also, there is a correlation between coupled iron and oxygen isotope values that is clearer towards lighter isotopic values, especially for δ18O. In the Paleoproterozoic Hamersley deposits, correlation between δ18O and δ56Fe values suggests a direct correlation of both isotope systems during low-grade, greenschist-facies metamorphism. On the other hand, despite the evident shift to negative δ18O values and apparent preservation of the metamorphic δ56Fe signature, iron ore and hydrothermally modified BIF show a correlation between δ18O and δ56Fe values. In contrast, in supergene-modified samples a negative correlation is apparent. The Carajás (+1.24 to + 0.44; one sample − 0.30‰) and Hamersley (+ 1.02 to − 0.29‰) hypogene ores display δ56Fe in a similar interval, reaching positive values, whereas ores from the Quadrilátero Ferrífero show a tendency towards lower values (to − 0.80‰). This review indicates that the application of iron isotopes in exploration is presently limited mainly due to the restricted dataset available for ore samples. Nevertheless, and despite all local differences, there is a general tendency for hypogene ores to display moderately lighter δ56Fe values for all deposits compared to precursor BIF. In contrast, a strong supergene imprint in ore leads to moderately heavier δ56Fe values. As more data become available, and if these trends are confirmed, the use of this tool may be valuable in the future, for instance to decipher the hypogene or supergene origin of specific ore zones, and as a consequence the probable depth extension or interpretation of concealed, deep orebodies.
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Schacher, Tom, and Tim Hart. "13. House extensions." In Constructing low-rise confined masonry buildings, 117–20. Practical Action Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780449906.013.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Confined extensions"
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Lhuillier, Emmanuel, Tung Hu Dang, Adrien Khalili, David Darson, Pierre Potet, and Angela Vasanelli. "Nanophotonics applied to the design of nanocrystal based infrared sensor." In CLEO: Applications and Technology, JM4D.3. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2024.jm4d.3.
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It's fascinating to witness the significant progress achieved in leveraging colloidal nanocrystals as a viable platform for infrared optoelectronics. Their adaptability as a spin-coatable resist with infrared photoactive properties has spurred developments that transcend mere material advancements and delve deeply into advanced device design. A standout accomplishment in the infrared domain is the development of infrared cameras utilizing nanocrystal thin films as their active layers. This marks a paradigm shift in infrared imaging, challenging the long-held focus on high-quality monocrystalline thin films. The emergence of nanocrystal films, despite being highly polycrystalline, enables the fabrication of cost-effective sensors that are beginning to rival established technologies like InGaAs, especially in the short-wave infrared.Among potential materials, HgTe1 stands out as the most versatile platform, capable of spanning the entire infrared spectrum from visible wavelengths for the most confined forms to THz2 frequencies for bulk-like particles. In this presentation, I will begin by reviewing recent advancements in transitioning HgTe nanocrystal films from single-pixel sensors to high-quality imagers34.However, achieving such imagers marks just the beginning of the journey. One key challenge revolves around the interaction between light and matter. The polycrystalline nature, while enabling cost-effective sensors, does come with a trade-off – reduced mobility compared to bulk films, limiting the efficiency of charge collection. Therefore, introducing processes to focus light on a film thickness within which transport remains efficient becomes critical. In the latter part of the presentation, I will demonstrate how the incorporation of nanophotonic structures can introduce new functionalities such as actively reconfigurable spectral responses5 and the extension of the device's spectral response into the mid-infrared range.The broad spectral tunability of HgTe nanocrystals also positions them favorably for thermal imaging. However, in this spectral range, the entire device architecture needs a reevaluation compared to visible wavelengths. Notably, the transparent conductive oxide layers typically used as electrodes exhibit weak transmission characteristics, necessitating alternative designs for transparent and conductive electrodes. Here, I will illustrate how the utilization of exalted transmission effects can enhance the design of high-performance mid-infrared sensors.6Schematic illustrating transformation of nanocrystal solution into an infrared focal plane array and finally exemple of image obtained with the imager
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Otto, Kevin N., and Erik K. Antonsson. "Extensions to the Taguchi Method of Product Design." In ASME 1991 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1991-0026.
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Abstract The Taguchi method of product design is an experimental approximation to minimizing the expected value of target variance for certain classes of problems. Taguchi’s method is extended to designs which involve variables each of which has a range of values all of which must be satisfied (necessity), and designs which involve variables each of which has a range of values any of which might be used (possibility). Tuning parameters, as a part of the design process, are also introduced into Taguchi’s method. The method is also extended to solve design problems with constraints, invoking the methods of constrained optimization. Finally, the Taguchi method uses a factorial method to search the design space, with a confined definition of an optimal solution. This is compared with other methods of searching the design space and their definition of an optimal solution.
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Jain, Abhinandan. "Recursive Algorithms Using Local Constraint Embedding for Multibody System Dynamics." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87663.
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This paper describes a constraint embedding approach for handling of local closure constraints in multibody system dynamics. The approach uses spatial operator techniques to eliminate local-loop constraints from a system to effectively convert it into a tree-topology system. This conversion to a tree-topology allows the direct application of the host of available techniques including mass matrix factorization and inversion to be applied to the system dynamics. One application is the extension of the well-known recursive O(N) forward dynamics for solving the system dynamics of these systems. The algorithms are especially applicable to systems where the constraints are confined to small-subgraphs within the system topology. The paper provides background on the spatial operator approach, the extensions for handling embedded constraints, and concludes with examples of such constraints.
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Jella, Sandeep E., Jeffrey M. Bergthorson, Pierre Q. Gauthier, and Gilles Bourque. "CFD Modeling of Equivalence Ratio Effects on a Pressurized Turbulent Premixed Flame." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-58074.
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At a given power level, lean premixed (DLE) gas turbines vary equivalence ratio (ϕ) for optimal performance. This range is usually determined by variations in ambient conditions, acoustic response of the system, and emissions trade-off (e.g. between NOx and CO). In this work, the effects of ϕ variation on premixed jet flame lengths are investigated, by modeling the pressurized jet experiments of Griebel et al. [1]. While previous modeling of these experiments focused on a priori tabulated chemistry based methods, in this work we investigate an approach that represents finite-rate effects explicitly using skeletal chemistry (16 species, 41 reactions) in RANS and LES. Two equivalence ratios (ϕ = 0.56 and ϕ = 0.43) corresponding to the two extremes of flame lengths are chosen from the experimental database for 673K mixture preheat, 5 bar and 40 m/s jet velocity. A better correspondence with the experimentally measured flame length was achieved for ϕ = 0.43 than for ϕ = 0.56 indicating that the model is suitable when finite-rate effects are dominant but requires extensions for flames closer to the flamelet regime. It was found, further, that the RANS-EDC models failed to predict the confined turbulent jet development, as well as the flame lengths accurately, and demonstrated that scale resolution is required even for a relatively simple configuration.
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Keller, James M., Mihail Popescu, and Dustin Gibeson. "An extension of a confined space evacuation model to human geography." In IGARSS 2012 - 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6350861.
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Brown, John Paul, and Rajarajan Narayanasamy Naidu. "Lateral Extension in Response to Late Stage Transpression, An Example from the Zhdanov Field, Caspian Sea - An Alternative to Flower Structures." In Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214213-ms.
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Abstract The Zhdanov Field is located on the eastern margin of the Caspian Sea and is geologically a part of the Apsheron-PreBalkan Fault Zone which crosses the Caspian Sea from Azerbaijan to Turkmenistan. Structurally, the field is part of an east-west orientated plunging anticline (hereafter referred to as the Cheleken Nose) that plunges westwards from the Cheleken Dome for over 25 km into the Caspian Sea. The structure of the Zhdanov Field formed in response to Pleistocene to Recent (post Apsheron) transpressive reactivation of a pre-existing fault at the Miocene and deeper levels (hereafter referred to as the Zhdanov Fault). Transpressive reactivation of the deep-seated fault created a southward verging reverse offset at the Miocene level with up to 600m of vertical displacement, with an unknown amount of lateral or strike slip offset. Data from the orientations of associated fault structures and borehole breakout data indicate that the stress field associated with the reactivation was a north-south compression with the maximum horizontal stress orientated 007 degrees N which is consistent with regional Caspian Sea tectonics. The overlying Pliocene to Recent, Red Series stratigraphy accommodated the reactivation and vertical displacement on the Zhdanov Fault on a series of extensional faults which strike NNE-SSW, orthogonal to the strike of the underlying fault. Because the extensional faults are dominantly post sedimentary, the faults have a planar geometry which form a set of domino style faults that show rigid rotation of the Red Series stratigraphy between faults. The extension direction of the planar faults is sub-parallel to the major east-west fold axis and orthogonal to the southward maximum dip direction of the fold structure which is to the south. The extension direction is therefore orthogonal to the extension direction that would be expected to occur due to gravity driven extension. Instead, the extensional faults represent lateral extension, or expulsion along the strike of the fold that was driven by the ongoing north-south compression which effectively prevented gravity driven extensional movement to the south. The extensional fault set all downthrow to the west aligning with the down plunge direction of the Cheleken Nose. The extensional fault set is likely to have been formed as a response to vertical offset in a structurally confined compressional / transpressional setting. The orientation and movement direction of the resulting extensional fault set is in direct contrast to that which would be expected in either gravity driven extension, or a positive Flower Structure that is commonly associated with transpressive strike slip faults. Lateral expulsion on extensional faults associated with transpression is valid from a kinematic and stress orientation stand point and is therefore a valid alternative to Flower Structures. At the Zhdanov Field, the series of tilted fault blocks created by the lateral extension may lead to new exploration opportunities with potential fault traps throughout the Red Series stratigraphy.
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Mayne, R. W. "Position and Motion Planning in a Confined Region via Nonlinear Programming." In ASME 1987 Design Technology Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1987-0015.
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Abstract This paper describes the formulation of a position and motion planning problem in an optimization setting. Emphasis is placed on planning movements in a confined workspace where contacts must be avoided. The formulation includes the possibility of extra degrees of freedom and is demonstrated in detail on a simple robot problem. Robot positioning and trajectory planning are considered within a two dimensional workspace and a recursive quadratic programming procedure is used for the optimization. The results presented herein show satisfactory performance and considerable promise for extension to more complex configurations and three dimensions.
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Matsumoto, Kazuya, Yusuke Morita, and Eiji Nakamachi. "Development of Hybrid Electromagnetic and Mechanical Stimulation System for Enhancement of Nerve Axonal Extension." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65593.
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Recently, the electromagnetic and mechanical stimulation have been recognized as the effective extracellular environmental factor to enhance the defected peripheral nerve tissue regeneration. We designed and fabricated a bioreactor device, which can load the uniform AC magnetic field (ACMF) and the uniform tensile strain to stimulate PC12 nerve cell. For ACMF stimulation system, we used the pole piece structure to enable the uniform ACMF and in-situ microscopic observation. We confirmed the uniformity of magnetic field in the experiments. Further, the uniform strain in the stretch stimulation device was confirmed, even a slightly deviation from the designed strain was observed. It was a negligible small error. Next, we validated the effectiveness of PC12 axonal extension enhancement by two stimulation methodologies, ACMF and the cyclic stretch, under individual and combined stimulation conditions. ACMF showed a best enhancement effect on axonal extension, such as 70 μm at 96 h culture period, which rate is larger than the case of control. On the other hand, the stretch stimulation caused the exfoliation of cells. Hybrid stimulation succeeded to inhibit the exfoliation. However, the extensional rate was less than the case of ACMF. These results can be used to fabricate a bioreactor of nerve cell regeneration.
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Matsuzawa, Hiroshi, and Toru Osaki. "Fracture Behavior of Thermally Aged Primary Coolant Piping Made of Cast Stainless Steel." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93033.
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The fracture toughness of primary coolant piping made of duplex cast stainless steel can be reduced by thermal aging, at the operating temperature of a light water reactor, to that of so-called low upper shelf reactor pressure vessel steel. Compared to reactor pressure vessels, the crack detection ability of ultrasonic testing of primary coolant piping is inferior. It is therefore important to establish a standard procedure to assess the structural integrity of thermally aged primary coolant piping. Crack extensions on the inner surface of scale model primary coolant piping were measured in four point bending tests. The piping had been aged to simulate 60 years of operation at 325°C. The crack extension forces at the fronts of cracks were evaluated based on the measured tensile properties of the pipe material. They coincided well with the material’s Jmat-Δ a measured using a ITCT specimen. The J controlled crack extension was verified. Because the primary coolant piping has small mean radius to thickness, it will not be flattened so much as usual thin piping. It means that the crack extension force is less than that of thin walled pipe if the hypothetical elastic stress at the crack is same. Another point in estimating crack extension force is the tensile properties of thermally aged cast stainless steel. Methods of predicting the tensile properties and fracture toughness of thermally aged cast stainless steel have not been proposed until recently. By applying the proposed properties, which were confirmed to be appropriate by the test results of this study, and a recent study on crack detection ability, a simple procedure for assessing the crack extension force of cracks in thermally aged primary coolant pipe was prepared. It will be applied to the evaluation of structural integrity analyses for aged Japanese nuclear power plants.
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Souza Mendes, P. R., R. L. Thompson, and A. O. Nieckele. "Analysis of the Convergent Channel as an Extensional Rheometer." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-1170.
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Abstract An important aspect while designing an “R2 z = constant” convergent channel as an extensional rheometer is the appropriate choice of the geometrical parameters and of the Reynolds number range of operation. The higher is the Reynolds number value, the thinner will be the boundary layer where the undesirable no-slip effect is confined, as discussed in the literature. However, if the Reynolds number, Re, is too large, then shear-related pressure losses become important, which is also undesirable in rheometry. Therefore, one design task is to find a range of Re within which the boundary layer is thin enough, and the velocity field in most of the domain is reasonably close to the desired kinematics. In this work we obtained numerical solutions for the flow of Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids through a convergent channel, for representative ranges of Re, dimensionless channel length, L, and dimensionless axial coordinate of inlet section, z0. For all cases, we determined fields of flow type, where regions of shear and of extension can be visualized. Among other findings, it is shown that, depending on the geometrical and flow characteristics, most of the mechanical energy dissipated can be due to shear effects, so that the extensional viscosity cannot be determined via pressure drop measurements.
Reports on the topic "Confined extensions"
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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.
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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.