Academic literature on the topic 'Confidence intervals; Cancer; Radiation exposure'
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Journal articles on the topic "Confidence intervals; Cancer; Radiation exposure"
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Yarmoshenko, Ilia V., and Georgy P. Malinovsky. "Lung cancer mortality and radon exposure in Russia." Nukleonika 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2016-0044.
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Abstract The association between the lung cancer and indoor radon exposure in Russian population was investigated. The average indoor radon concentration for each region was estimated using the annual reports issued by the Saint-Petersburg Ramzaev Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene for the period 2008–2013. The average standardized lung cancer mortalities among males and females were estimated using the reports of the Moscow Hertzen Cancer Research Institute for the period 2008–2012. The relative risk (RR) was estimated as a ratio between the average mortality within seven exposure intervals and background mortality. The slope factors of linear dependence between the indoor radon exposure and lung cancer RR are 0.026 (−0.11÷0.17) and 0.83 (0.52–1.12) per radon concentration 100 Bq/m3 for males and females, respectively (with 90% confidence interval). The obtained results can be explained by the confounding effect of tobacco smoking. Significant excess risk of lung cancer in female population can be associated with radon exposure and low prevalence of smoking.
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Hauptmann, Michael, Robert D. Daniels, Elisabeth Cardis, Harry M. Cullings, Gerald Kendall, Dominique Laurier, Martha S. Linet, et al. "Epidemiological Studies of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation and Cancer: Summary Bias Assessment and Meta-Analysis." JNCI Monographs 2020, no. 56 (July 1, 2020): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jncimonographs/lgaa010.
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Abstract Background Ionizing radiation is an established carcinogen, but risks from low-dose exposures are controversial. Since the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII review of the epidemiological data in 2006, many subsequent publications have reported excess cancer risks from low-dose exposures. Our aim was to systematically review these studies to assess the magnitude of the risk and whether the positive findings could be explained by biases. Methods Eligible studies had mean cumulative doses of less than 100 mGy, individualized dose estimates, risk estimates, and confidence intervals (CI) for the dose-response and were published in 2006–2017. We summarized the evidence for bias (dose error, confounding, outcome ascertainment) and its likely direction for each study. We tested whether the median excess relative risk (ERR) per unit dose equals zero and assessed the impact of excluding positive studies with potential bias away from the null. We performed a meta-analysis to quantify the ERR and assess consistency across studies for all solid cancers and leukemia. Results Of the 26 eligible studies, 8 concerned environmental, 4 medical, and 14 occupational exposure. For solid cancers, 16 of 22 studies reported positive ERRs per unit dose, and we rejected the hypothesis that the median ERR equals zero (P = .03). After exclusion of 4 positive studies with potential positive bias, 12 of 18 studies reported positive ERRs per unit dose (P = .12). For leukemia, 17 of 20 studies were positive, and we rejected the hypothesis that the median ERR per unit dose equals zero (P = .001), also after exclusion of 5 positive studies with potential positive bias (P = .02). For adulthood exposure, the meta-ERR at 100 mGy was 0.029 (95% CI = 0.011 to 0.047) for solid cancers and 0.16 (95% CI = 0.07 to 0.25) for leukemia. For childhood exposure, the meta-ERR at 100 mGy for leukemia was 2.84 (95% CI = 0.37 to 5.32); there were only two eligible studies of all solid cancers. Conclusions Our systematic assessments in this monograph showed that these new epidemiological studies are characterized by several limitations, but only a few positive studies were potentially biased away from the null. After exclusion of these studies, the majority of studies still reported positive risk estimates. We therefore conclude that these new epidemiological studies directly support excess cancer risks from low-dose ionizing radiation. Furthermore, the magnitude of the cancer risks from these low-dose radiation exposures was statistically compatible with the radiation dose-related cancer risks of the atomic bomb survivors.
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Dietz, Andrew Charles, Kristy Seidel, Wendy M. Leisenring, Daniel A. Mulrooney, Jean M. Tersak, Richard D. Glick, Cathy A. Burnweit, et al. "Solid organ transplant after treatment for childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 10559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.10559.
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10559 Background: Childhood cancer therapy is associated with late onset, organ-specific impairment. However, the prevalence of and outcomes after solid organ transplant (SOT) in childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are unknown. Methods: Data on U.S-based participants in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study were linked with the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Cumulative incidence of transplant (CIT) 35 years after cancer diagnosis, multivariable Cox regression models for hazard ratios (HR), Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Results: Among 13,318 survivors, median follow-up age 39 years (interquartile range, IQR 33-46), and median time since cancer diagnosis 31 years (IQR 28-36 years), 100 CCS had SOT after study entry with characteristics and outcomes provided (table). Conclusions: Organ-specific radiation and chemotherapy exposure increase the risk for SOT after childhood cancer. Five-year survival rates after renal and cardiac SOT are favorable. [Table: see text]
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Krestinina, L. Yu, S. A. Shalaginov, S. S. Silkin, S. B. Epifanova, and A. V. Akleyev. "Radiogenic risk of solid cancer incidence in persons exposed to radiation in childhood in the Southern Urals." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 14, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2021-14-1-49-59.
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The aim of this work is to assess the radiogenic risk of solid cancers incidence in the members of the Urals Childhood Exposure Cohort. The cohort includes people exposed under 20 years of age as a result of two radiation accidents at the Mayak Production Association in the Southern Urals (discharges of radioactive waste into the Techa River and the formation of the East Ural radioactive trace). The number of the cohort for solid cancer incidence analysis is 31,578 individuals. All the members were postnatally exposed and some of them – in-utero. Some of their parents were exposed before conception. 2,018 solid cancers were registered on the incidence catchment area during the period 1956-2018, the total amount of person years was 818,083. The analysis was carried out by the Poisson regression method with a simple parametric excess relative risk model. 95% confidence intervals were estimated with maximum likelihood approach. Only a postnatal dose was used in the first solid cancer incidence analysis of this cohort members with due account for preconception exposure of parents. TRDS-2016 mean postnatal dose accumulated over the entire follow-up period in the stomach of cohort members was 0.047 Gy. The analysis showed linear dependence of solid cancer incidence excess relative risk on postnatal dose. Excess relative risk was 0.66/Gy, р=0.006 with a five-year latency period. While estimating excess relative risk in different age groups at the beginning of exposure, a significant risk was present only in the age group under 1 year and amounted to 2.16/Gy; р<0.02 at the onset of exposure. The present results are in agreement with the results of the solid cancer incidence risk analysis both in the Techa River Cohort of exposed In-Utero where a statistically significant excess relative risk from a postnatal dose was revealed, and with the results of risk analysis in the Japanese cohort of people exposed in-utero and in early childhood.
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Yokota, Kenichi, Mariko Mine, Hisayoshi Kondo, Naoki Matsuda, Yoshisada Shibata, and Noboru Takamura. "Cancer mortality in residents of the terrain-shielded area exposed to fallout from the Nagasaki atomic bombing." Journal of Radiation Research 59, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrx047.
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Abstract The health effects of radiation exposure from the atomic bomb fallout remain unclear. The objective of the present study is to elucidate the association between low-dose radiation exposure from the atomic bomb fallout and cancer mortality among Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors. Of 77 884 members in the Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Survivors Cohort, 610 residents in the terrain-shielded area with fallout were selected for this analysis; 1443 residents in the terrain-shielded area without fallout were selected as a control group; and 3194 residents in the direct exposure area were also selected for study. Fifty-two deaths due to cancer in the terrain-shielded fallout area were observed during the follow-up period from 1 January 1970 to 31 December 2012. The hazard ratio for cancer mortality in the terrain-shielded fallout area was 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.65–1.24). No increase in the risk of cancer mortality was observed, probably because the dose of the radiation exposure was low for residents in the terrain-shielded fallout areas of the Nagasaki atomic bomb, and also because the number of study subjects was small.
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Weil, Brent, Arin L. Madenci, Qi Liu, Todd M. Gibson, Yutaka Yasui, Joseph Philip Neglia, Wendy M. Leisenring, et al. "Infection related late mortality in survivors of childhood cancer with asplenia or radiation-induced hyposplenism: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 10563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.10563.
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10563 Background: Asplenia or hyposplenism can develop in survivors of childhood cancer following splenectomy or radiotherapy exposure to the left upper quadrant of the abdomen (LUQ). Knowledge regarding long-term infection related outcomes for these survivors is limited. Methods: Infection related late mortality (sepsis, meningitis or pneumonia) was evaluated in 20,805 5-year survivors (diagnosed <21 years of age from 1970-1999, median follow-up 26 years, range 5-44) using cumulative incidence and Poisson regression models to calculate adjusted relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Average LUQ radiation was calculated as a surrogate for splenic radiation. Results: Treatment included splenectomy for 1328 survivors (6%). An additional 10,295 (49%) were exposed to LUQ radiotherapy without splenectomy. The cumulative incidence of infection related late mortality was 1.4% (95%CI: 0.7%-2.2%) at 35 years after splenectomy and 0.6% (95%CI: 0.4%-0.8%) after LUQ radiotherapy, with a total of 78 deaths attributable to infectious causes (25 sepsis, 1 meningitis, 52 pneumonia). Splenectomy (RR=8.4, p<0.001) and increasing LUQ radiotherapy dose (p<0.001) were independently associated with infection related late mortality (Table). Conclusions: Splenectomy and LUQ radiotherapy increased risk for infection related late mortality. While infectious mortality increased with increasing LUQ radiation dose, even lower dose exposure (<10Gy) increased risk substantially. Accordingly, cancer survivors exposed to LUQ radiotherapy should be considered at risk for functional asplenia and managed similarly to asplenic individuals with respect to vaccinations and febrile illnesses. [Table: see text]
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Sugiyama, Hiromi, Munechika Misumi, Ritsu Sakata, Alina V. Brenner, Mai Utada, and Kotaro Ozasa. "Mortality among individuals exposed to atomic bomb radiation in utero: 1950–2012." European Journal of Epidemiology 36, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00713-5.
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AbstractWe examined the mortality risks among 2463 individuals who were exposed in utero to atomic bomb radiation in Hiroshima or Nagasaki in August 1945 and were followed from October 1950 through 2012. Individual estimates of mother’s weighted absorbed uterine dose (DS02R1) were used. Poisson regression method was used to estimate the radiation-associated excess relative risk per Gy (ERR/Gy) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cause-specific mortality. Head size, birth weight, and parents’ survival status were evaluated as potential mediators of radiation effect. There were 339 deaths (216 males and 123 females) including deaths from solid cancer (n = 137), lymphohematopoietic cancer (n = 8), noncancer disease (n = 134), external cause (n = 56), and unknown cause (n = 4). Among males, the unadjusted ERR/Gy (95% CI) was increased for noncancer disease mortality (1.22, 0.10–3.14), but not for solid cancer mortality (− 0.18, < − 0.77–0.95); the unadjusted ERR/Gy for external cause mortality was not statistically significant (0.28, < − 0.60–2.36). Among females, the unadjusted ERRs/Gy were increased for solid cancer (2.24, 0.44–5.58), noncancer (2.86, 0.56–7.64), and external cause mortality (2.57, 0.20–9.19). The ERRs/Gy adjusted for potential mediators did not change appreciably for solid cancer mortality, but decreased notably for noncancer mortality (0.39, < − 0.43–1.91 for males; 1.48, − 0.046–4.55 for females) and external cause mortality (0.10, < − 0.57–1.96 for males; 1.38, < − 0.46–5.95 for females). In conclusion, antenatal radiation exposure is a consistent risk factor for increased solid cancer mortality among females, but not among males. The effect of exposure to atomic bomb radiation on noncancer disease and external cause mortality among individuals exposed in utero was mediated through small head size, low birth weight, and parental loss.
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Ohira, Tetsuya, Hiroki Shimura, Fumikazu Hayashi, Masanori Nagao, Seiji Yasumura, Hideto Takahashi, Satoru Suzuki, et al. "Absorbed radiation doses in the thyroid as estimated by UNSCEAR and subsequent risk of childhood thyroid cancer following the Great East Japan Earthquake." Journal of Radiation Research 61, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrz104.
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Abstract The identification of thyroid cancers among children after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident propelled concerns regarding long-term radiation effects on thyroid cancer in children affected by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima, Japan. Herein we consider the potential association between absorbed dose in the thyroid and the risk of developing thyroid cancer as detected by ultrasonography on 300 473 children and adolescents aged 0–18 years in Fukushima. The absorbed dose mentioned in the present study indicates the sum of that from external exposure and that from internally deposited radionuclides. We grouped participants according to estimated absorbed doses in each of 59 municipalities in Fukushima Prefecture, based on The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2013 report. The 59 municipalities were assigned to quartiles by dose. We limited our analyses to participants aged ≥6 years because only one case of thyroid cancer was observed in participants aged ≤5 years; 164 299 participants were included in the final analysis. Compared with the lowest dose quartile, the age- and sex-adjusted rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the low-middle, high-middle and highest quartiles were 2.00 (0.84–4.80), 1.34 (0.50–3.59) and 1.42 (0.55–3.67) for the 6–14-year-old groups and 1.99 (0.70–5.70), 0.54 (0.13–2.31) and 0.51 (0.12–2.15) for the >15-year-old group, respectively. No dose-dependent pattern emerged from the geographical distribution of absorbed doses by municipality, as estimated by UNSCEAR, and the detection of thyroid cancer among participants within 4–6 years after the accident. Ongoing surveillance might further clarify the effects of low-dose radiation exposure on thyroid cancer in Fukushima.
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Meulepas, Johanna M., Cécile M. Ronckers, Anne M. J. B. Smets, Rutger A. J. Nievelstein, Patrycja Gradowska, Choonsik Lee, Andreas Jahnen, et al. "Radiation Exposure From Pediatric CT Scans and Subsequent Cancer Risk in the Netherlands." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 111, no. 3 (July 18, 2018): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy104.
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Abstract Background Computed tomography (CT), a strong diagnostic tool, delivers higher radiation doses than most imaging modalities. As CT use has increased rapidly, radiation protection is important, particularly among children. We evaluate leukemia and brain tumor risk following exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation from CT scans in childhood. Methods For a nationwide retrospective cohort of 168 394 children who received one or more CT scans in a Dutch hospital between 1979 and 2012 who were younger than age 18 years, we obtained cancer incidence, vital status, and confounder information by record linkage with external registries. Standardized incidence ratios were calculated using cancer incidence rates from the general Dutch population. Excess relative risks (ERRs) per 100 mGy organ dose were calculated with Poisson regression. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Standardized incidence ratios were elevated for all cancer sites. Mean cumulative bone marrow doses were 9.5 mGy at the end of follow-up, and leukemia risk (excluding myelodysplastic syndrome) was not associated with cumulative bone marrow dose (44 cases). Cumulative brain dose was on average 38.5 mGy and was statistically significantly associated with risk for malignant and nonmalignant brain tumors combined (ERR/100 mGy: 0.86, 95% confidence interval = 0.20 to 2.22, P = .002, 84 cases). Excluding tuberous sclerosis complex patients did not substantially change the risk. Conclusions We found evidence that CT-related radiation exposure increases brain tumor risk. No association was observed for leukemia. Compared with the general population, incidence of brain tumors was higher in the cohort of children with CT scans, requiring cautious interpretation of the findings.
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Rivkind, Nikolai, Valeriy Stepanenko, Irina Belukha, Jamie Guenthoer, Kenneth J. Kopecky, Sergei Kulikov, Irina Kurnosova, et al. "Female breast cancer risk in Bryansk Oblast, Russia, following prolonged low dose rate exposure to radiation from the Chernobyl power station accident." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 2 (October 19, 2019): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz214.
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Abstract Background Ionizing radiation is a known cause of female breast cancer, but there have been few studies of the risk after prolonged radiation exposure at low dose rates. Methods This population-based case-control study estimated breast cancer risk after ∼25 years’ exposure to radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Cases (n = 468) were women ≤55 years old when first diagnosed with invasive breast cancer during October 2008 through February 2013, who lived in Bryansk Oblast, Russia at the time of the accident and their diagnoses. Controls, individually matched to cases on birth year, administrative district of residence and urban vs non-urban settlement during the accident, were women without breast cancer who lived in Bryansk Oblast at the time of the accident and on their cases’ diagnosis dates (n = 468). Subjects were interviewed regarding residence, dietary and food source histories to support individualized estimation of their radiation doses to the breast, which ranged from 0.04 − 41 centigray (cGy) (mean 1.3 cGy). Results In multivariable analyses, the odds ratio for breast cancer risk was 3.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 7.0] and 2.7 (95% CI: 1.0, 7.3) in the seventh and eighth dose octiles, respectively, relative to the lowest octile. Analyses of dose effect modification suggested that radiation-related risk may have been higher in women who were younger at the time of the accident and/or at the time of diagnosis. Conclusions This study suggests that prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation at low dose rates can increase risk of breast cancer.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Confidence intervals; Cancer; Radiation exposure"
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Carpenter, James R. "Simulated confidence regions for parameters in epidemiological models." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320182.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Confidence intervals; Cancer; Radiation exposure"
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Hoppe, Fred M., and Lin Fang. "Bayesian Prediction for the Gumbel Distribution Applied to Feeder Pipe Thicknesses." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48871.
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This paper develops Bayesian prediction intervals for the minimum of any specified number of future measurements from a Gumbel distribution based on previous observations. The need for such intervals arises in the analysis of data from outlet side feeder pipes at Ontario nuclear power plants. The issue is how to best use these measurements in order to arrive at a statistically sound conclusion concerning the minimum thickness of all remaining uninspected pipes, in particular with what confidence can it be asserted that the remaining wall thicknesses are above an acceptable minimum to ensure a sufficiently high thickness up to the end of the next operating interval. The result gives a probability measure of the potential benefit of performing additional inspections when considered against the additional radiation exposure and the cost of performing additional inspections. Previously, this problem was approached by adapting a classical prediction interval that was originally derived for normal data. Here we examine both a hybrid Bayesian method that combines Bayesian ideas with maximum likelihood and also a full Bayesian approach using Markov Chain Monte Carlo. We show that the latter gives larger lower prediction limits and therefore more margin to fitness for service.