Journal articles: 'Conductive Elements'

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Pawlak, Ryszard, Marcin Lebioda, Mariusz Tomczyk, Jacek Rymaszewski, Ewa Korzeniewska, and Maria Walczak. "Modelling and applications of conductive elements on textile materials." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 1645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-01-2018-0023.

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Purpose Passive conducting elements are the important parts of textronic systems. This paper aims to study a possibility of creating well-conducting and durable elements in textile materials by combining two technologies – physical vapour deposition (PVD) and laser patterning. Design/methodology/approach Thin conducting metallic layers on common fabrics do not provide satisfactory resistance to bending and stretching; therefore, selected textile composite materials have been proposed as a substrate. The conducting elements were produced in two stage process – deposition of thin metallic layer on textile composite and creating conducting elements by laser patterning. Laser ablation process was optimized using modelling in Comsol Multiphysics package. Properties of conducting structures were investigated experimentally and by modelling. Findings This paper confirms the correctness of the choice of the textile composite as a substrate for conducting elements. The results have shown that combining PVD deposition of thin metallic layer and controlled laser ablation allow creating passive elements such as resistors, inductive coils and heaters. Computer simulations conducted in the Comsol Multihysics environment enabled to determine the temperature distribution around the heaters and to describe the dynamics of its changes. The obtained results allow to shorten time of the optimization process of structures with different geometry and assumed temperature distribution. Originality/value The novelty of this research can be summarized as following: choosing of textile composites as substrates for conductive elements instead of textiles used so far in textronics; creating conductive structures on textile composites using combined technologies, PVD and laser patterning, for the first time; modelling of laser ablation process of thin metallic layer; and optimization of properties of conducting elements by computer modelling.

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Koncar, V., C. Cochrane, M. Lewandowski, F. Boussu, and C. Dufour. "Electro‐conductive sensors and heating elements based on conductive polymer composites." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 21, no. 2/3 (February 27, 2009): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556220910933808.

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PurposeThe need for sensors and actuators is an important issue in the field of smart textiles and garments. Important developments in sensing and heating textile elements consist in using non‐metallic yarns, for instance carbon containing fibres, directly in the textile fabric. Another solution is to use electro‐conductive materials based on conductive polymer composites (CPCs) containing carbon or metallic particles. The purpose of this paper is to describe research based on the use of a carbon black polymer composite to design two electro‐conductive elements: a strain sensor and a textile heating element.Design/methodology/approachThe composite is applied as a coating consisting of a solvent, a thermoplastic elastomer, and conductive carbon black nanoparticles. In both applications, the integration of the electrical wires for the voltage supply or signal recording is as discreet as possible.FindingsThe CPC materials constitute a well‐adapted solution for textile structures: they are very flexible, and thus do not modify the mechanical characteristics and general properties of the textile structure.Research limitations/implicationsIn the case of the heating element, the use of metallic yarns as electrodes makes the final structure a more rigid. This can be improved by choosing other conducting yarns that are more flexible, or by developing knitted structures instead of woven fabrics.Practical implicationsThe CPC provide a low cost solution, and the elements are usually designed so as to work with a low voltage supply.Originality/valueThe CPC has been prepared with a solvent process which is especially adapted to flexible materials like textiles. This is original in comparison to the conventional melt‐mixing process usually found in literature.

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Watanabe, Yuichi, Kouji Suemori, Kazunori Kuribara, Nobuko Fukuda, Ken-ichi Nomura, and Sei Uemura. "Development of a simple contact-type printable physically unclonable function device using percolation conduction of rod-like conductive fillers." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, SE (March 24, 2022): SE1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac506b.

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Abstract We suggested a printable physically unclonable function (PUF) with a simple circuit structure, to provide a low-cost PUF for improvement in the security level of electronic devices. An element of our contact-type printable PUF was constructed of a conductive filler layer and a pair of electrodes formed by printing. The contact-type printable PUF was based on an open- or short-circuit information of elements induced by a percolation conduction phenomenon of the conductive filler layer. An average conduction probability of the elements could be controlled by adjusting the manufacturing conditions, but an actual appearance pattern of the conduction elements became completely random by the influence of the uncontrollable printing variations. We fabricated a thousand elements for each printing condition to evaluate the PUF performance statistically and obtained a random conduction pattern with a conduction probability of 48.3%. Therefore, our contact-type printable PUF had enough potential to be used as a PUF security system.

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Hsu, D. S., and C. H. Tsai. "Crack detection using electric conductive finite elements." Computers & Structures 45, no. 3 (October 1992): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(92)90432-y.

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Goli, Elyas, Ian D. Robertson, Harshit Agarwal, Emmy L. Pruitt, Joshua M. Grolman, Philippe H. Geubelle, and Jeffrey S. Moore. "Frontal polymerization accelerated by continuous conductive elements." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 136, no. 17 (December 29, 2018): 47418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.47418.

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Chole, Richard A., Timothy E. Hullar, and Lisa G. Potts. "Conductive Component After Cochlear Implantation in Patients With Residual Hearing Conservation." American Journal of Audiology 23, no. 4 (December 2014): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_aja-14-0018.

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Purpose Changes in auditory thresholds following cochlear implantation are generally assumed to be due to damage to neural elements. Theoretical studies have suggested that placement of a cochlear implant can cause a conductive hearing loss. Identification of a conductive component following cochlear implantation could guide improvements in surgical techniques or device designs. The purpose of this study is to characterize new-onset conductive hearing losses after cochlear implantation. Method In a prospective study, air- and bone-conduction audiometric testing were completed on cochlear implant recipients. An air–bone gap equal to or greater than 15 dB HL at 2 frequencies determined the presence of a conductive component. Results Of the 32 patients with preoperative bone-conduction hearing, 4 patients had a new-onset conductive component resulting in a mixed hearing loss, with air-conduction thresholds ranging from moderate to profound and an average air–bone gap of 30 dB HL. One had been implanted through the round window, 2 had an extended round window, and 1 had a separate cochleostomy. Conclusions Loss of residual hearing following cochlear implantation may be due in part to a conductive component. Identifying the mechanism for this conductive component may help minimize hearing loss. Postoperative hearing evaluation should measure both air- and bone-conduction thresholds.

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Zhang, Wenfeng, Jingxue Yu, and Haixin Chang. "Two dimensional nanosheets as conductive, flexible elements in biomaterials." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 3, no. 25 (2015): 4959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tb00087d.

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Luchka, M. V., O. V. Derevyanko, M. S. Kovalchenko, and M. V. Kindrachuk. "Consolidation of Non-Conductive Cutting Elements of Abrasive Tool." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 53, no. 5-6 (September 2014): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-014-9615-1.

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Liu, Su, Yanping Liu, and Li Li. "The impact of different proportions of knitting elements on the resistive properties of conductive fabrics." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 5 (April 10, 2018): 881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518758003.

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Conductive yarn is the key factor in fabricating electronic textiles. Generally, three basic fabric production methods (knit, woven, and non-woven) combined with two finishing processes (embroidery and print) are adopted to embed conductive yarns into fabrics to achieve flexible electronic textiles. Conductive yarns with knit structure are the most flexible and effective form of electronic textiles. Electronic textiles present many advantages over conventional electronics. However, in the process of commercialization of conductive knitted fabrics, it is a great challenge to control the complicated resistive networks in conductive knitted fabrics for the purpose of cost saving and good esthetics. The resistive networks in conductive knitted fabrics contain length-related resistance and contact resistance. The physical forms of conductive yarns in different fabrication structures can be very different and, thus, the contact resistance varies greatly in different fabrics. So far, study of controlling the resistive property of conductive fabrics has not been conducted. Therefore, establishing a systematic method for the industry as a reference source to produce wearable electronics is in great demand. During the industrialization of conductive knitted fabrics, engineers can estimate the resistive property of the fabric in advance, which makes the production process more effective and cost efficient. What is more, the resistive distribution in the same area of knitted fabrics can be fully controlled.

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Buică, G., A. E. Antonov, C. Beiu, D. Pasculescu, and C. Sipos. "Study on behaviour of electrical insulating materials combined with conductive elements." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1251, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1251/1/012006.

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Abstract The study presents the research results on the identification of technical and safety requirements specific to work equipment made of electrical insulation materials combined with conductive elements, to guarantee safety in use. The identification of the technical and safety requirements specific to the work equipment that is provided with electrically insulating materials combined with conductive elements was carried out, taking into account the safety conditions that must be guaranteed from the design and manufacturing phase. The national technical norms for live work stipulate that the work equipment used for electrical installations must be certified from the point of view of safety and health at work. Research study shows the behavior of various electrical insulation materials combined with conductive elements under the influence of mechanical, electrical, thermal and environmental factors to verify and certify the safety function that must be guaranteed in use. The research results consist of the development of the experimentation and evaluation methodology concerning the legal regulations in force and the evaluation of compliance with the technical and safety requirements identified for work equipment that is provided with electrical insulation materials combined with conductive elements - occupational health of workers and a safe work environment.

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Kondratov, A. P., A. M. Zueva, and I. V. Nagornova. "PARAMETERS DYNAMICS ESTIMATION METHOD FOR PRINTED ELECTRONICS CONDUCTIVE ELEMENTS LAYERS." Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines 5, no. 2 (2017): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2310-9793-2017-5-2-134-139.

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MCKEON-FISCHER, K. D., and J. W. FREEMAN. "ADDITION OF CONDUCTIVE ELEMENTS TO POLYMERIC SCAFFOLDS FOR MUSCLE TISSUE ENGINEERING." Nano LIFE 02, no. 03 (September 2012): 1230011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984412300117.

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Cardiac and skeletal muscles are two tissues that would benefit from an electrically conductive scaffold to regenerate lost or lower functioning areas. By augmenting polymeric scaffolds with conductive elements, the contractile process for both muscles could increase. In this review, the components reviewed include polyaniline (PANi), gold (Au) nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes (CNT). PANi has been combined with several polymers and increased the conductivity of the scaffolds. It is biocompatible, but increases mechanical properties and decreases scaffold elongation. Tissue engineering using nanoparticles is an emerging area and considerable research focuses on determining possible toxicity due to nanoparticle concentration. Contradicting data exists for both Au nanoparticles and CNT. Smaller Au nanoparticles damage cardiac tissue in vivo while larger ones do not. By comparison, in vitro data shows no harmful results for skeletal muscle cells. Data for CNT is just as diverse as the amount, orientation and further purification or functionalization could all play a role in determining biocompatibility. Future research should focus on establishing the conductivity level needed for each muscle tissue to ascertain the amount of conductive element needed so the most suitable one can be utilized.

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Qin, Yue Ping, Hong Bo Liu, Chuan Qin, and Guo Hui Su. "Comparative Study of FVM and FEM Using Rectangular Element in Heat Conduction Problems for Conductive Materials." Advanced Materials Research 321 (August 2011): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.321.131.

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This paper established the mathematic model of plane transient temperature field using the Finite Volume Method according to the energy conservation rule, it clearly interprets the actual physical meaning of fundamental formula in the calculus of variations. The computational domains were subdivided by rectangular elements and the contributing formula was obtained from the elements to respective dots. Comparing the results with FEM results showed that they have same coefficient except the coefficient of time change. This paper analyzed the reason of the different results between FEM and FVM. In addition, the actual problem of two-dimensional temperature field of thermal calculations is resolved by the new arithmetic of FVM and the FEM. Comparing FVM results with the theoretical solution and FEM result shows that the FVM is more approximate to the theoretical solution than the FEM. The new arithmetic of FVM not only can simplify the process of establish equation and make the meaning of formula understandable but also can ensure the calculation accuracy. What’s more, it can extend widely the applied range of the FVM on the problem of temperature field, and has great application value on solving complicated technological problems.

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TAKENO, Takanori, Hayato SAITOH, Mironu GOTO, Julien Fontaine, Hiroyuki MIKI, Toshiyuki TAKAGI, and Michel BELIN. "S043033 Electrically Conductive Tribo-elements using silver-containing amorphous carbon coatings." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2011 (2011): _S043033–1—_S043033–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2011._s043033-1.

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Gorkunov, M., M. Lapine, E. Shamonina, and K. H. Ringhofer. "Effective magnetic properties of a composite material with circular conductive elements." European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter 28, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2002-00228-4.

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Koch, S., J. Trommler, H. De Gersem, and T. Weiland. "Modeling Thin Conductive Sheets Using Shell Elements in Magnetoquasistatic Field Simulations." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 45, no. 3 (March 2009): 1292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2009.2012601.

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Armstrong, Terry W., and Igor Sevostianov. "Electrical impedance changes due to cracks in planar conductive structural elements." Structural Health Monitoring: An International Journal 14, no. 5 (July 28, 2015): 489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921715596221.

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Issa, Mirna, Dalibor Petkovic, Nenad D. Pavlovic, and Lena Zentner. "Sensor elements made of conductive silicone rubber for passively compliant gripper." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 69, no. 5-8 (June 26, 2013): 1527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5085-8.

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Pola, Taina, and Jukka Vanhala. "Resistance Measurements in Conductive Fabrics." Advanced Materials Research 213 (February 2011): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.213.121.

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Conductive fabrics look and feel like traditional fabrics, but there are conductive elements in the structure. Conductive fabrics are used for example in heating and ESD protection applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate how much the resistance of a conductive fabric changes when different factors, for example stretching or pressure, affect them. Three conductive fabrics were tested in this study. From each fabric two samples were cut in different directions and five different measurements were made for each sample: without pressure (M1), with pressure (M2), stretching (M3), with pressure and stretching (M4) and temperature variation The stretching and pressure reduce the resistance of the fabric. The lowest resistance results were achieved with a fabric, which has been made of conductive yarns only. In addition resistance value varies in different temperatures.

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Karinskiy, A. D., and N. M. Kuznetsov. "Definition of the areas of space affecting results of the radio-wave method." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 3 (June 28, 2019): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2019-3-72-76.

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It is known that in the insulator the area that has the main influence on the propagation of electromagnetic waves,is determined by the radius of the first Fresnel zone. But rocks are conductive medium. Examples of the results of calculations have been given, illustrating which area of the conducting space can have a significant impact on the re sults of the radio-wave method. In the given approach, each element A Vi of a conducting space, differing in electrical parameters from all other elements, is a source of a secondary electromagnetic field, similar to the field of an alternating electric dipole. The results of mathematical modeling can help to determine which area of the conducting medium under certain conditions has the main influence on the results of radio wave method. Simulation results can determine which region of the conductive medium has a major influence on the results of radio-wave method.

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Elshin, Anatoly, Vyacheslav Kozhukhov, and Petr Elshin. "Calculation of substitution scheme parameters inductive-conductive heater." Proceedings of the Russian higher school Academy of sciences, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1727-2769-2020-4-7-16.

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To reduce production costs in the design and creation of an inductive-conductive heater (ICH), it is necessary to carry out a preliminary calculation as accurately as possible. This is possible when using the most approximate electrical circuit for replacing the ICH to a real object. It becomes possible to assess the work of the ICH in various operating conditions, including emergency conditions, using simpler modeling. An inductive-conductive heater transformertype is a three-rod W-shaped magnetic circuit with primary windings, which are covered by a heat exchanger (HE) of three concentric systems of electrically conductive cylinders with an internal slotted channel for the coolant. The energy from the mains supply is inductively transferred to the heat exchanger through the air gap by means of the primary winding. The secondary circuit of an electromagnetic device is a heat exchanger in which electrical energy is converted into heat. The heat flux from the heated cylindrical walls of the HE conductively heats the coolant circulating in the system to the required temperature. The large surface area of the HE allows you to avoid its overheating in relation to the coolant, which has a positive effect during the operation of the ICH in heating and hot water supply systems, significantly reducing the deposition of water impurities on the walls of the HE. The service life of the device is increased to 100 thousand hours or more. In the work, the synthesis of elements of the ICH equivalent circuit is carried out and the results of calculating the characteristics of the stationary mode of a number of products are presented. The equivalent circuit allows you to simulate electromagnetic processes in devices of different power, voltage and industrial frequencies in the range of 50…1000 Hz. If the configuration of the heating chamber (secondary circuit) is changed, the parameters of the elements of the equivalent circuit are adjusted without changing the general construction algorithm. For new products of inductive-conductive heating, there are no bibliographic data for calculating the elements of the equivalent circuit, especially regarding the formation of the replacement circuit of the secondary circuit, determined by the design of the heating chamber. To fill this gap, the authors have done this work.

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Lesiuk, Igor, and Andrzej Katunin. "Numerical analysis of electrically conductive fillers of composites for aircraft lightning strike protection." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 10 (July 23, 2020): 1441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-01-2020-0003.

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Purpose This paper aims to present a numerical analysis and comparison of two types of conductive fillers of polymeric composites subjected to lightning strikes. Design/methodology/approach Two types of conductive fillers were considered in the developed numerical models of electrically conductive composites: carbon nanotubes and polyaniline. For these fillers, the representative volume elements were developed to consider distribution of the particles that ensures percolation and homogenization of the materials within the Eshelby-based semi-analytical mean-field homogenization approach. The performed numerical analyses allowed determination of effective volume fractions of conducting particles, resistivity and conductivity tensors, and finally the current density for the simulated materials subjected to lightning strike. Findings The obtained results allowed for comparison of electrical conductivity of two simulated materials. It was observed that besides fair results obtained in the previous studies for intrinsically conducting polymers as fillers of composites dedicated for lightning strike protection, the composites filled with carbon nanotubes reveal much better conductivity. Practical implications The presented simulation results can be considered as initial information for further experimental tests on electrical conductivity of such materials. Originality/value The originality of the paper lies in the proposed design and simulation procedures of conductive composites as well as the comparison of selected composites dedicated for lightning strike protection as the most intensively developed materials for this purpose.

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Xu, Junpeng, Yu-Liang Tsai, and Shan-hui Hsu. "Design Strategies of Conductive Hydrogel for Biomedical Applications." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 5296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225296.

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Conductive hydrogel, with electroconductive properties and high water content in a three-dimensional structure is prepared by incorporating conductive polymers, conductive nanoparticles, or other conductive elements, into hydrogel systems through various strategies. Conductive hydrogel has recently attracted extensive attention in the biomedical field. Using different conductivity strategies, conductive hydrogel can have adjustable physical and biochemical properties that suit different biomedical needs. The conductive hydrogel can serve as a scaffold with high swelling and stimulus responsiveness to support cell growth in vitro and to facilitate wound healing, drug delivery and tissue regeneration in vivo. Conductive hydrogel can also be used to detect biomolecules in the form of biosensors. In this review, we summarize the current design strategies of conductive hydrogel developed for applications in the biomedical field as well as the perspective approach for integration with biofabrication technologies.

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Pavel, Ileana-Alexandra, Sophie Lakard, and Boris Lakard. "Flexible Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers." Chemosensors 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10030097.

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Conductive polymers have attracted wide attention since their discovery due to their unique properties such as good electrical conductivity, thermal and chemical stability, and low cost. With different possibilities of preparation and deposition on surfaces, they present unique and tunable structures. Because of the ease of incorporating different elements to form composite materials, conductive polymers have been widely used in a plethora of applications. Their inherent mechanical tolerance limit makes them ideal for flexible devices, such as electrodes for batteries, artificial muscles, organic electronics, and sensors. As the demand for the next generation of (wearable) personal and flexible sensing devices is increasing, this review aims to discuss and summarize the recent manufacturing advances made on flexible electrochemical sensors.

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Katunin, Andrzej. "Lightning Strike Protection of Aircraft Composite Structures: Analysis and Comparative Study." Fatigue of Aircraft Structures 2016, no. 8 (June 1, 2016): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fas-2016-0002.

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AbstractLightning strikes are a serious problem during operation of aircraft due to the increasing applicability of polymeric composites in aircraft structures and the weak electrical conducting properties of such structures. In composite structures, lightning strikes may cause extended damage sites which require to be appropriately maintained and repaired leading to increased operational costs. In order to overcome this problem various lightning strike protection solutions have been developed. Some of them are based on the immersion of metallic elements and particles while others use novel solutions such as intrinsically conductive polymers or other types of highly conductive particles including carbon nanotubes and graphene. The concept of fully organic electrically conductive composites based on intrinsically conductive polymers is currently being developed at the Silesian University of Technology. The results obtained in numerous tests, including concerning electrical conductivity and the capability to carry on high-magnitude electrical charges as well as certain operating properties need to be compared with existing solutions in lightning strike protection of aircraft. The following study presents the properties of the material developed for lightning strike protection and a comparative study with other solutions.

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Lurie, K. G., J. Dutton, and P. Wiegn. "Regional distribution of ECS in contractile and conductive elements of rat and rabbit heart." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 263, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): H168—H176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.1.h168.

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By adaptation of recently developed quantitative microanalytic techniques, the size of the extracellular space (ECS) was measured regionally in the rat and rabbit cardiac conductive and contractile tissues. When inulin and sucrose were measured as extracellular markers in rabbit heart, the ECS in the atrioventricular (AV) node was found to be, respectively, 2.4 and 2.2 times larger than that of adjacent ventricular muscle. By use of inulin, the ECS in the rabbit His bundle was found to be 1.8 times larger than the adjacent ventricular tissue. Similarly, when inulin was used in rat, the ECS of the AV node, His bundle, right bundle branch, and right atrium was found to be, respectively, 2.5, 1.9, 1.8, and 1.2 times larger than that of left and right ventricular muscle. Similarly, significant regional differences in ECS were also observed in rat heart with sucrose. By use of glucose as an ECS marker, these results also revealed a 2.5-2.9 times larger ECS in rat and rabbit AV node compared with contractile elements. In contrast, ATP content, measured as an intracellular marker, was the same in both AV nodal and ventricular muscle tissue from both rat and rabbit. These data demonstrate that there are significant regional variations in ECS within the cardiac conduction system. Collectively, the data obtained with all extracellular markers indicate that the size of the ECS of the conduction system is markedly larger than the adjacent contractile muscle.

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Sołoducho, Jadwiga, Dorota Zając, Kamila Spychalska, Sylwia Baluta, and Joanna Cabaj. "Conducting Silicone-Based Polymers and Their Application." Molecules 26, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072012.

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Over the past two decades, both fundamental and applied research in conducting polymers have grown rapidly. Conducting polymers (CPs) are unique due to their ease of synthesis, environmental stability, and simple doping/dedoping chemistry. Electrically conductive silicone polymers are the current state-of-the-art for, e.g., optoelectronic materials. The combination of inorganic elements and organic polymers leads to a highly electrically conductive composite with improved thermal stability. Silicone-based materials have a set of extremely interesting properties, i.e., very low surface energy, excellent gas and moisture permeability, good heat stability, low-temperature flexibility, and biocompatibility. The most effective parameters constructing the physical properties of CPs are conjugation length, degree of crystallinity, and intra- and inter-chain interactions. Conducting polymers, owing to their ease of synthesis, remarkable environmental stability, and high conductivity in the doped form, have remained thoroughly studied due to their varied applications in fields like biological activity, drug release systems, rechargeable batteries, and sensors. For this reason, this review provides an overview of organosilicon polymers that have been reported over the past two decades.

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Telnikov, Ye Ya, O. G. Chernyshyn, O. M. Nedbailo, and I. O. Khmara. "Structure and mechanism of electrical conductivity of resistive compositions for thick-film metal-ceramic heating elements." Кераміка: наука і життя, no. 2(43) (July 7, 2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26909/csl.2.2019.4.

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The work is devoted to the solution of scientific and technical problems of creating granular resistive thick films used in the manufacture of metal-ceramic heating elements. Using the method of mechanosynthesis, particles of transition metal borides and aluminoborosilicate glass of complex chemical composition were obtained. The electrical and thermal properties of thick-film metal-ceramic heating elements with a resistive layer based on modified particles of a conductive material are studied. The heating elements of the new generation are made by the method of thick-film technology, which is widely used in microelectronics in the manufacture of hybrid electronic circuits. Structurally, the thick-film heater is a base (metal with a dielectric coating, ceramics, glass, glass), which is consistently applied through a mesh stencil resistive paste and a dielectric protective coating. Direct heat transfer from the heating film to the substrate of the heat remover, due to the very low thermal inertia of the design, provides a quick exit of the heating element to the operating temperature. This feature of heaters opens new opportunities for their special use. The resistive layer is a complex heterogeneous disordered system containing regions with a metallic conductivity and dielectric portions. The electrical conductivity in such systems is a superposition of the metallic type — in the conducting phase and the activation phase — through the interlayer between the particles. The layer plays the role of a potential barrier for current carriers and largely determines the predominance of one of the electromigration mechanisms. Its composition and properties are formed during the interaction of molten glass with oxide films of particles of the conductive phase and doping of the compositions. Obtaining composite particles of the conductive phase in the process of preparation and heat treatment of materials allows you to purposefully change the properties of the nanoscale interlayer between these particles, which leads to the possibility of creating a group of materials and heating elements based on them with a complex of new properties.

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Droval, G., P. Glouannec, J. F. Feller, and P. Salagnac. "Simulation of Electrical and Thermal Behavior of Conductive Polymer Composites Heating Elements." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 19, no. 3 (July 2005): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.12718.

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Droval, G., P. Glouannec, P. Salagnac, and J. F. Feller. "Electrothermal Behavior of Conductive Polymer Composite Heating Elements Filled with Ceramic Particles." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 22, no. 4 (October 2008): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.36193.

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Franco, D., A. Chinchilla, H. Daimi, J. N. Dominguez, and A. Aranega. "Modulation of conductive elements by Pitx2 and their impact on atrial arrhythmogenesis." Cardiovascular Research 91, no. 2 (March 22, 2011): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvr078.

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Zhao, Lin, Guangjie Shao, Shitao Song, Xiujuan Qin, and Sihuizhi Han. "Development on transparent conductive ZnO thin films doped with various impurity elements." Rare Metals 30, no. 2 (March 26, 2011): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12598-011-0220-x.

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Unno, Masaki, and Hideki Asai. "HIE-FDTD Method for Hybrid System With Lumped Elements and Conductive Media." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 21, no. 9 (September 2011): 453–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2011.2162616.

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Skvortsov, B. V., A. S. Samsonov, S. A. Borminskiy, and D. M. Zhivonosnovskaya. "Device for Conductive Coatings Quality Control of Rocket and Space Technique Elements." Devices and Methods of Measurements 10, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2019-10-1-23-31.

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The widespread use of cryogenic fuels in the aerospace industry necessitates additional thermal insulation of aircraft fuel tanks. At the same time a static charge may occur on the heat insulating layer during operation which can lead to an explosion if fuel leaks. To avoid such situations an antistatic conductive coating is applied to the insulation. The aim of the study is to develop a device for remote control of conductive coatings of aircraft fuel tanks which allows to quick find and mark damaged areas.The developed method consists in changing the electrical capacitance between the conductive coating of the controlled object and the scanning electrode allowing to identify hazardous in terms of sparking closed shape defects. The basic technical requirements for the device were formed and the required minimum size of the monitored defect were indicated. The design features necessary for the implementation of the device were considered. A block diagram were developed on the basis of which an experimental bench for capacitive control were created which were is based on the bridge measurement method.The article presents the results of the finite-difference calculation of the electric field in the structure of a capacitive sensor in the presence of a defect, the dependence of the capacitance of the sensor on its displacement over the defective area was also obtained. As the result of experimental studies the experimental data obtained confirmed the theoretical calculations and the correctness of the mathematical model with an accuracy of no worse than 5 %, the absolute error of fixing the defect ± 2 mm at a scanning speed of 0,02 m/s. Was shown that the total error of fixing the coordinates of the defect at different positions of the air gap sensor, temperature and scanning speed lies in the range of 1,5–6,5 mm. The materials presented in the article make it possible to increase flight safety by reducing the likelihood of sparking.

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Mawardi, A., and R. Pitchumani. "Optimal Temperature and Current Cycles for Curing of Composites Using Embedded Resistive Heating Elements." Journal of Heat Transfer 125, no. 1 (January 29, 2003): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1527903.

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Curing is an important and time consuming step in the fabrication of thermosetting-matrix composite products. The use of embedded resistive heating elements providing supplemental heating from within the material being cured has been shown in previous studies (Ramakrishnan, Zhu, and Pitchumani, 2000, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 122, pp. 124–131; and Zhu and Pitchumani, 2000, Compos. Sci. Technol., 60, 2699–2712.) to offer significant improvements in cure cycle time and cure uniformity, due to the inside-out curing. This paper addresses the problem of determining the temperature and electrical current cycles, as well as the placement configuration of the conductive mats, for time-optimal curing of composites using embedded resistive heating elements. A continuous search simulated annealing optimization technique is utilized coupled with a numerical process simulation model to determine the optimal solutions for selected process constraints. Optimization results are presented over a range of material systems and different numbers of conductive mats to assess the effects of materials reactivity on the optimal number of conductive mats.

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Yang, Y. P., and D. W. Emerson. "Electromagnetic conductivities of rock cores: Theory and analog results." GEOPHYSICS 62, no. 6 (November 1997): 1779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444278.

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Measurement theory developed for a laboratory investigation of electromagnetic characteristics of conductive and magnetic rocks agreed with experiments performed on synthetic conductive samples using a multifrequency coil‐bridge system in the 10 kHz to 4 MHz range. The theoretical analysis also provides a basic and useful method for the study of inductive [electromagnetic (EM)] conductivity and magnetic susceptibility spectra from conductive and/or magnetic samples. The skin effect, an important consequence of eddy current behavior, affects EM measurements and can be recognized by varying the energizing frequency. Investigations of the EM respses of 104 synthetic cores, of five types, revealed that textural effects, i.e., the structure, arrangement, and particle size of the conducting elements exerted a large influence on results. These analog cores contained a range of conductors, including copper wires, graphite powder, aluminum particles, and magnetite‐ilmenite grains, set in a matrix of insulating plaster or wax, representing models of layered, stringer, disseminated, network, massive, and magnetite‐rich mineralizations. For a heterogeneous sample, the laboratory‐measured EM conductivity depends strongly on the structure and orientation of the conducting materials and usually differs from the galvanic conductivity. For a sample with insulated conducting particles, the measured EM conductivity decreases with the increasing square of the sample diameter. This indicates that EM field methods may not respond well to disseminated targets with dispersed conducting minerals even at high concentrations. A mechanism attributed to magnetic loss produced unrealistically high apparent conductivities for magnetite‐bearing samples, especially at low frequencies (f < 100 kHz). For a conductive magnetite sample (σ >1 S/m), the effect of magnetic loss can be eliminated at high frequencies (f > 400 kHz ), and the ohmic conductivity of the magnetite sample can then be estimated.

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Luca, Liliana, and Iulian Popescu. "Paths and Laws of Motion of a Mechanism with Two Successive Conductive Elements and a Triad." Applied Mechanics and Materials 772 (July 2015): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.772.344.

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It starts from a structural scheme of a mechanism with a triad and two successive conductive elements, and a kinematic scheme with ternary element and another element with void lengths is made. The relations to calculate the positions by contour method are written and the nonlinear algebraic system is solved by the method of successive elimination of the unknowns. There are determined the successive positions, the paths of some points and the variations of lifts, for different correlations between the laws of motion of the two conductive elements. It appears that there result paths and interesting laws.

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Vlasova, I. I., A. V. Kopanina, A. I. Talskikh, and E. O. Vatserionova. "FEATURES OF THE OF WOODY PLANTS BARK MACERATION." REGIONAL PROBLEM 25, no. 1 (2022): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31433/2618-9593-2022-25-1-31-43.

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The article describes problems in preparing the woody plants bark for maceration and the ways to solve them by modifying methodological approaches. During maceration of the bark and its constituent tissues of woody plants, certain difficulties arise, especially with phloem, since this tissue is less lignified and stable than xylem, which remains relatively unchanged in its structure during ontogenesis. This fact requires an individual approach not only to different types, but also to each specific case. We use separation, that is, the selection of necessary tissue sections and tissue types (soft and hard) at each stage of maceration: selection of definite fragments for analysis, varying the exposure time for a certain type, collection and tissue fragment site, centrifugation of both hard, soft and liquid fractions. We separate, if possible, the periderm and wood, macerating only the part necessary for microscopic analysis of the bark internal structure. They are conductive phloem to reveal the characteristics of conducting living elements, non-conductive phloem for the study of sclerified elements, and elements of the cortex for the study of parenchyma, primary mechanical elements, etc. The macerating liquid includes distilled water, concentrated acetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. We place the prepared samples, tightly closed with a ground lid, in a thermostat with a temperature of 50 °C. The exposure time in the thermostat can vary from several hours to several days. Then we thoroughly wash the macerated matter with distilled water before the odor of acetic acid disappears, with the following centrifuging and preparing the slides for analysis.

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Liu, Shilin, Tengfei Yu, Yuehan Wu, Wei Li, and Bin Li. "Evolution of cellulose into flexible conductive green electronics: a smart strategy to fabricate sustainable electrodes for supercapacitors." RSC Adv. 4, no. 64 (2014): 34134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07017h.

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Melchiorri, Lorenzo, Alessandro Tassone, and Gianfranco Caruso. "Three-dimensional MHD flow in moderate change ratio orifice." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2177, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2177/1/012003.

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Abstract In fusion reactor blanket design, liquid metals are attractive working fluids since it is possible to combine in a single fluid the functions of coolant, tritium carrier and breeder. These electrically conductive fluids flow in the presence of a strong magnetic field, inducing the appearance of Lorentz forces and magnetohydrodynamic MHD effects. Increased pressure loss, particularly in complex geometry elements, is a critical point for blanket design. The MHD flow through an orifice plate made by electroconductive walls (c = 0.01 ÷ 0.1) has been analysed in this paper using ANSYS CFX in the range Re = 108, and Ha = 0 ÷ 300. A wide recirculation region is detected after the flow exits the orifice, with potentially harmful consequences for efficient tritium removal. Large pressure loss occurs in the orifice due to conductive wall and non-negligible axial length. The 3D pressure drop term is characterized through a local resistance coefficient (k) that is found to be k ≈ 0.205 for well conducting walls (c = 0.1) and k ≈ 0.063 for poorly conducting ones (c = 0.01).

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Blachowicz, Tomasz, and Andrea Ehrmann. "Magnetic Elements for Neuromorphic Computing." Molecules 25, no. 11 (May 30, 2020): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112550.

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Neuromorphic computing is assumed to be significantly more energy efficient than, and at the same time expected to outperform, conventional computers in several applications, such as data classification, since it overcomes the so-called von Neumann bottleneck. Artificial synapses and neurons can be implemented into conventional hardware using new software, but also be created by diverse spintronic devices and other elements to completely avoid the disadvantages of recent hardware architecture. Here, we report on diverse approaches to implement neuromorphic functionalities in novel hardware using magnetic elements, published during the last years. Magnetic elements play an important role in neuromorphic computing. While other approaches, such as optical and conductive elements, are also under investigation in many groups, magnetic nanostructures and generally magnetic materials offer large advantages, especially in terms of data storage, but they can also unambiguously be used for data transport, e.g., by propagation of skyrmions or domain walls. This review underlines the possible applications of magnetic materials and nanostructures in neuromorphic systems.

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Parkova, Inese, Ivars Parkovs, and Ausma Vilumsone. "Light-emitting textile display with floats for electronics covering." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-05-2013-0056.

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Purpose – Flexible light-emitting textile display is designed with floats for electronic elements covering and electronic contacts insulation what at the same time provides an opportunity to develop aesthetic design of the display in the single piece construction of material. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Display consists of interwoven electrically conductive yarns, non-conductive yarns and SMD LEDs connected to conductive yarns. Industrial jacquard weaving machine have been used, weave patterns were designed in PC-Edit software. Findings – Weave can be used as a tool to build and evolve electrotextile. Exploring weaving techniques and perceiving electronic circuit as a weave pattern, new approaches can be developed in electrotextile design field. Research limitations/implications – Connections of electronic elements and conductive textile materials still is actual problem what should be explored in further research. Practical implications – Flexible light emitting textile display can be used as output interface integrated into communication clothing by representing different animated images directly on clothing. Display also can be used for accessories, room and auto interior etc. applications. Originality/value – Paper describes method of light source integration directly into textile structure, combining functional and visual design of textile display.

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Lambin, Philippe, Alexander Melnikov, and Mikhail Shuba. "Electrokinetic Properties of 3D-Printed Conductive Lattice Structures." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030541.

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Lattice structures with lattice parameters in the mm range are routinely fabricated by additive manufacturing. Combining light weight and mechanical strength, these structures have plenty of potential applications. When composed of conducting elements, a 3D lattice has interesting electrical and electromagnetic properties. In this work, the electrokinetic properties of a conducting lattice are described by mixing the theory of resistor networks and continuous-medium electrodynamics. Due to the length scale provided by the lattice parameter, the effective continuous medium that mimics the electrokinetic response of a resistor lattice is characterized by a non-local Ohm’s law.

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Balgale, Ilze, and Ilze Baltina. "Woven Textile Pressure Switch." Key Engineering Materials 850 (June 2020): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.850.297.

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In this paper has shown that the three-dimensional hollow weaving technique enables to produce a textile pressure sensor in one continuous process. Based on the multilayer fabric principle, the hollow woven fabrics can be created by connecting adjacent layers of the fabrics according to certain rules. The appropriate fabric structure has been selected and the three-layer weaving technique was used to make the textile pressure switch. The fabric structure is selected to ensure that the top and bottom layers are kept at a distance from each other. The electrically conductive tracks were embedded in the hollow structure of the fabric in bottom and middle layers. Three conditions must be fulfilled in order to create the textile switch: a) the fabric in normal condition keeps the shape required, i.e. the conductive elements are physically separated from each other; b) when the fabric is pressed, conductive elements are in contact, i.e. the switch is now in an electrically on state; c) after the pressure has been removed the fabric returns to its original position, i.e. switch is in an electrically off state. The behavior of the electrically conductive yarn and conductive tracks were tested in various ways. The stainless steel yarn woven in particular way can be used to create woven conductive tracks. Example of application: the pressure sensitive woven rug, the whole area or part of which acts as the pressure sensor or simple switch. The pressure switch in the floor coverings can turn on alarm systems or indicator lamps in the floor or wall coverings for guidance systems in public buildings.

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Podsiadły, Bartłomiej, Piotr Matuszewski, Andrzej Skalski, and Marcin Słoma. "Carbon Nanotube-Based Composite Filaments for 3D Printing of Structural and Conductive Elements." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031272.

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In this publication, we describe the process of fabrication and the analysis of the properties of nanocomposite filaments based on carbon nanotubes and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer for fused deposition modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing. Polymer granulate was mixed and extruded with a filling fraction of 0.99, 1.96, 4.76, 9.09 wt.% of CNTs (carbon nanotubes) to fabricate composite filaments with a diameter of 1.75 mm. Detailed mechanical and electrical investigations of printed test samples were performed. The results demonstrate that CNT content has a significant influence on mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of printed samples. Printed samples obtained from high CNT content composites exhibited an improvement in the tensile strength by 12.6%. Measurements of nanocomposites’ electrical properties exhibited non-linear relation between the supply voltage and measured sample resistivity. This effect can be attributed to the semiconductor nature of the CNT functional phase and the occurrence of a tunnelling effect in percolation network. Detailed I–V characteristics related to the amount of CNTs in the composite and the supply voltage influence are also presented. At a constant voltage value, the average resistivity of the printed elements is 2.5 Ωm for 4.76 wt.% CNT and 0.15 Ωm for 9.09 wt.% CNT, respectively. These results demonstrate that ABS/CNT composites are a promising functional material for FDM additive fabrication of structural elements, but also structural electronics and sensors.

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Petković, Dalibor, Mirna Issa, Nenad D. Pavlović, and Lena Zentner. "Design of compliant robotic joint with embedded‐sensing elements of conductive silicone rubber." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 40, no. 2 (March 2013): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01439911311297748.

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SUGAWARA, Toshifumi, Takanori TAKENO, Hiroyuki MIKI, Toshiyuki TAKAGI, and Takeshi SATO. "140 Inspection of Metal-containing amorphous carbon films as novel conductive slide elements." Proceedings of Conference of Tohoku Branch 2009.44 (2009): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeth.2009.44.78.

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Aikawa, Shunsuke, Yugang Zhao, and Jiwang Yan. "Development of High-Sensitivity Electrically Conductive Composite Elements by Press Molding of Polymer and Carbon Nanofibers." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (January 23, 2022): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020170.

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Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have various excellent properties, such as high tensile strength, electric conductivity and current density resistance, and thus have great application potential in electrical sensor development. In this research, electrically conductive composite elements using CNFs sandwiched by thermoplastic olefin (TPO) substrates were developed by press molding. The metal mold used for press molding was processed by a femtosecond laser to generate laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on the mold surface. The aggregate of CNFs was then flexibly fixed by the LIPSSs imprinted on the TPO substrate surface to produce a wavy conductive path of CNFs. The developed composite elements exhibited a sharp increase in electrical resistance as strain increased. A high gauge factor of over 47 was achieved, which demonstrates high sensitivity against strain when the composite element is used as a strain gauge. Scanning electron microscope observation revealed that the TPO filled the spaces in the aggregate of CNFs after press molding, and the conductive path was extended by the tensile strain. The strain-induced dynamic changes of contact states of CNFs and CNFs networks are discussed based on the electrical performance measurement and cross-sectional observation of the elements. This research provides a new approach to the production of flexible and high sensitivity strain sensors.

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SHARIFULLIN, I. A., A. L. NOSKO, E. V. SAFRONOV, and D. V. KIRILLOV. "RESEARCH OF THE OPERATION OF MAGNETIC BRAKE ROLLERS OF GRAVITY ROLLER CONVEYORS." Fundamental and Applied Problems of Engineering and Technology, no. 4 (2021): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7408-2021-348-4-134-143.

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One of the main elements of safe operation of gravity conveyors used in gravity racks for pallets is the brake roller. The most promising design is a brake roller of magnetic (eddy current) type. A mathematical model of the process of moving pallets on a magnetic brake roller is developed. The equation of the speed of movement of the pallets on the brake magnetic roller obtained. The main parameter that determines the braking functions of the brake magnetic roller, and therefore the speed of movement of the pallet on the gravity roller conveyor is the coefficient of magnetic viscosity. A comparative experimental evaluation of the magnetic viscosity coefficient of eddy-current brakes of two designs - disk and centrifugal - has been carried out. It has been established that the coefficient of magnetic viscosity for both designs of brakes decreases with an increase in the air gap between the conductive body and the magnets when the magnets are placed on one and on both sides of the conductive body, and this dependence is exponential; for a disc brake, when magnets are placed on both sides of a conductive body, 2.5-3 times more than with a magnet located on one side of the disc; for a centrifugal brake when magnets are placed on both sides of a conducting body, 4-4.5 times less compared to a conducting body in the form of a disc with magnets on both sides and 1.5-2 times less than a conducting body in the form of a disc with a magnet one side.

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Cherevko, A., and Y. Morgachev. "Analysis of the possibility of using graphene in the design of reflectarray unit cells." Herald of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, no. 3 (September 18, 2021): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.55648/1998-6920-2021-15-3-92-103.

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Flexible reflectarrays are widely used as deployable antennas in the design of small satellites (weight about 320 kg) to reduce the weight and size characteristics. Modern flexible reflectar-ray antenna use metals as the conductive material. Graphene has unique properties that are suitable for flexible antenna systems - mechanical stability, low specific gravity and cost. This paper is the first to consider the possibility of using graphene as a conductive material in the design of unit cell elements of a reflectarray antenna in the GHz range: a patch element, a patch element with a ring, and a patch element with a delay line. The minimum values of the incident wave amplitude and the phase variation range for each element were -4.08 dB and 327.6 degrees, -19.63 dB and 684.73 degrees, -6.24 dB and 526 degrees, respectively. The comparison of the obtained characteristics of unit cell elements with similar silver elements is carried out. Comparison of the characteristics with the literature analogs showed that the graphene unit cell elements of the reflectarray antenna have satisfactory characteristics.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Conductive Elements'

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