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Journal articles on the topic 'Conducting polymers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2025

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1

Ansari, Aysha Praveen, Anamika Saini, Ila Joshi, Ajay Kumar, Varun Verma, Vikas Gupta, and Rekha Rikhari. "Conducting Polymers: Types and Applications." International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods 13, no. 01 (2025): 01–19. https://doi.org/10.56025/ijaresm.2024.121224005.

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Conducting Polymers (CPs) represent a unique class of materials that combine the electrical conductivity of metals with the mechanical properties and processability of conventional polymers. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the various types of conducting polymers, including Polyaniline (PANI), Polypyrrole (PPy), Polythiophene (PT), and their derivatives. The synthesis techniques of these polymers, such as Chemical, Electrochemical, and Template-Based Methods, are discussed, highlighting their impact on the polymer's structure, conductivity, and functional properties. Each polymer type exhibits distinct characteristics, which can be tailored for specific applications through controlled synthesis. The diverse applications of CPs in fields such as organic electronics, sensors, energy storage devices, corrosion protection, and biomedical devices are also explored. Recent advancements in the development of nanostructured conducting polymers are emphasized for their potential to enhance performance in various devices. The review concludes by discussing the challenges in scalability, environmental impact, and the future prospects of conducting polymers in next-generation technologies.

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2

Epstein, Arthur J. "Electrically Conducting Polymers: Science and Technology." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 6 (June 1997): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033583.

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For the past 50 years, conventional insulating-polymer systems have increasingly been used as substitutes for structural materials such as wood, ceramics, and metals because of their high strength, light weight, ease of chemical modification/customization, and processability at low temperatures. In 1977 the first intrinsic electrically conducting organic polymer—doped polyacetylene—was reported, spurring interest in “conducting polymers.” Intrinsically conducting polymers are completely different from conducting polymers that are merely a physical mixture of a nonconductive polymer with a conducting material such as metal or carbon powder. Although initially these intrinsically conducting polymers were neither processable nor air-stable, new generations of these materials now are processable into powders, films, and fibers from a wide variety of solvents, and also are airstable. Some forms of these intrinsically conducting polymers can be blended into traditional polymers to form electrically conductive blends. The electrical conductivities of the intrinsically conductingpolymer systems now range from those typical of insulators (<10−10 S/cm (10−10 Ω−1 cm1)) to those typical of semiconductors such as silicon (~10 5 S/cm) to those greater than 10+4 S/cm (nearly that of a good metal such as copper, 5 × 105 S/cm). Applications of these polymers, especially polyanilines, have begun to emerge. These include coatings and blends for electrostatic dissipation and electromagnetic-interference (EMI) shielding, electromagnetic-radiation absorbers for welding (joining) of plastics, conductive layers for light-emitting polymer devices, and anticorrosion coatings for iron and steel.The common electronic feature of pris tine (undoped) conducting polymers is the π-conjugated system, which is formed by the overlap of carbon pz orbitals and alternating carbon-carbon bond lengths.

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3

Inoue, Akihisa, Hyunwoo Yuk, Baoyang Lu, and Xuanhe Zhao. "Strong adhesion of wet conducting polymers on diverse substrates." Science Advances 6, no. 12 (March 2020): eaay5394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay5394.

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Conducting polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polypyrrole (PPy), and polyaniline (PAni) have attracted great attention as promising electrodes that interface with biological organisms. However, weak and unstable adhesion of conducting polymers to substrates and devices in wet physiological environment has greatly limited their utility and reliability. Here, we report a general yet simple method to achieve strong adhesion of various conducting polymers on diverse insulating and conductive substrates in wet physiological environment. The method is based on introducing a hydrophilic polymer adhesive layer with a thickness of a few nanometers, which forms strong adhesion with the substrate and an interpenetrating polymer network with the conducting polymer. The method is compatible with various fabrication approaches for conducting polymers without compromising their electrical or mechanical properties. We further demonstrate adhesion of wet conducting polymers on representative bioelectronic devices with high adhesion strength, conductivity, and mechanical and electrochemical stability.

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4

Jovanovic, Slobodan, Gordana Nestorovic, and Katarina Jeremic. "Conducting polymer materials." Chemical Industry 57, no. 11 (2003): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0311511j.

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Conducting polymers represent a very interesting group of polymer materials Investigation of the synthesis, structure and properties of these materials has been the subject of considerable research efforts in the last twenty years. A short presentating of newer results obtained by investigating of the synthesis, structure and properties of two basic groups of conducting polymers: a) conducting polymers the conductivity of which is the result of their molecular structure, and b) conducting polymer composites (EPC), is given in this paper. The applications and future development of this group of polymer materials is also discussed.

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5

SHIRAKAWA, HIDEKI. "Conductive materials. Conducting polymers - Polyacetylene." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 61, no. 9 (1988): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.61.616.

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MATSUNAGA, TSUTOMU. "Conductive materials. Conducting polymers - polyaniline." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 61, no. 9 (1988): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.61.623.

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7

HOTTA, SHU. "Conductive materials. Conducting polymers - Polythiophene." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 61, no. 9 (1988): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.61.629.

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8

Watanabe, Masayoshi. "Ion Conducting Polymers Polymer Electrolytes." Kobunshi 42, no. 8 (1993): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.42.702.

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9

Khayal, Areeba. "A NOVEL ROUTE FOR THE FORMATION OF GAS SENSORS." International journal of multidisciplinary advanced scientific research and innovation 1, no. 6 (August 16, 2021): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.53633/ijmasri.2021.1.6.04.

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The rapid development of conductive polymers shows great potential in temperature chemical gas detection as their electrical conductivity is often changed upon spotlight to oxidative or reductive gas molecules at room temperature. However, the relatively low conductivity and high affinity toward volatile organic compounds and water molecules always exhibit low sensitivity, poor stability and gas selectivity, which hinder their practical gas sensor applications. In addition, inorganic sensitive materials show totally different advantages in gas sensors like high sensitivity, fast response to low concentration analytes, high area and versatile surface chemistry, which could harmonize the conducting polymers in terms of the sensing individuality. It seems to be a good option to combine inorganic sensitive materials with polymers for gas detection for the synergistic effects which has attracted extensive interests in gas sensing applications. In this appraisal the recapitulation of recent development in polymer inorganic nanocomposites-based gas sensors. The roles of inorganic nanomaterials in improving the gas sensing performances of conducting polymers are introduced and therefore the progress of conducting polymer inorganic nanocomposites including metal oxides, metal, carbon (carbon nanotube, graphene) and ternary composites are obtainable. Finally, conclusion and perspective within the field of gas sensors incorporating conducting polymer inorganic nanocomposites are summarized. Keywords: Gas sensor, conducting polymer, polymer-inorganic nanocomposites; conducting organic polymers nanostructure, synergistic effect, polypyrrole (PPY), polyaniline (PANI).

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10

Nellithala, Dheeraj, Parin Shah, and Paul Kohl. "(Invited) Durability and Accelerated Aging of Anion-Conducting Membranes and Ionomers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 43 (October 9, 2022): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02431606mtgabs.

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Low-temperature, polymer-based fuel cells and water electrolyzers using anion conductive polymers have several potential advantages over acid-based polymer electrolyzers. However, the long-term durability of the ion conducting polymer has not been investigated to the same extent as proton conducting polymers. Further, accelerated aging test conditions with known acceleration factors have not been developed. In this study, a family of poly(norbornene) polymers used in fuel cells and electrolyzers was aged under a variety of conditions to determine the aging rate and acceleration factors. In particular, the relationship between temperature, alkalinity, and time were investigated.

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11

Köse, Hidayet, and Suat Çetiner. "The Effect of Dopant Type on The Morphology and Electrical Properties of Hollow Polyester Fabric." Academic Perspective Procedia 2, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.02.03.55.

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Intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) have been intensively the subject of research since these polymers have superlative electrical and thermophysical properties. Due to the low hydrogen content and aromatic structure, they show perfect chemical, thermal, and oxidative stability and are practically insoluble in all common solvents. Also these polymers are latently electrical conducting materials, especially when doped. Polypyrole (PPy) is a very promising conducting polymer. It can be in easy way processes and has many interesting electrical properties. Also ıt is chemically and thermally stable. Like many other fully aromatic polymers, PPy is an electrical insulator, however, when oxidized it becomes an electrical conductor.The conductivity of PPy strongly consists in the preparation technique, and on the polymer additives and can be increased by about two orders of magnitude. In this study, electrically conductive hollow fabrics were prepared via ın situ chemical polymerization method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrical properties of conductive hollow fabrics were invesigated.

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12

Kryszewski, M., and J. K. Jeszka. "Nanostructured conducting polymer composites — superparamagnetic particles in conducting polymers." Synthetic Metals 94, no. 1 (April 1998): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(97)04152-0.

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13

Bandara, A. J., and J. Curley. "New Electrically Conducting Polymeric Fillers." Engineering Plastics 5, no. 8 (January 1997): 147823919700500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919700500803.

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Conducting polymers have been known since the early 1940s. They have been made by incorporating a randomly dispersed conducting filler into a polymer matrix to form conducting composites. The traditional fillers are carbon black, graphite, and metal powders etc. Over the past two decades, a multitude of intrinsically conducting polymers have been developed, such as poly(p-phenylene vinylene), poly(p-phenylene sulfide), polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyquinoline (ladder polymers). The structural features which endow conductivity also cause processing problems which make the direct use of these polymers difficult. It is essential to overcome these problems and one solution is to use the conducting polymers as particulate fillers for otherwise insulating plastics. A variety of novel intrinsically conducting polymers have been synthesised and this paper reports the electrical conductivity of the filled systems. Another method of producing conducting composites has been investigated, involving immersing polymer films containing monomers such as pyrrole or aniline into various aqueous oxidant solutions. One advantage of this method is that highly transparent conducting films can be prepared.

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14

Bandara, A. J., and J. Curley. "New Electrically Conducting Polymeric Fillers." Polymers and Polymer Composites 5, no. 8 (November 1997): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119700500803.

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Conducting polymers have been known since the early 1940s. They have been made by incorporating a randomly dispersed conducting filler into a polymer matrix to form conducting composites. The traditional fillers are carbon black, graphite, and metal powders etc. Over the past two decades, a multitude of intrinsically conducting polymers have been developed, such as poly(p-phenylene vinylene), poly(p-phenylene sulfide), polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyquinoline (ladder polymers). The structural features which endow conductivity also cause processing problems which make the direct use of these polymers difficult. It is essential to overcome these problems and one solution is to use the conducting polymers as particulate fillers for otherwise insulating plastics. A variety of novel intrinsically conducting polymers have been synthesised and this paper reports the electrical conductivity of the filled systems. Another method of producing conducting composites has been investigated, involving immersing polymer films containing monomers such as pyrrole or aniline into various aqueous oxidant solutions. One advantage of this method is that highly transparent conducting films can be prepared.

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15

Awuzie, C. I. "Conducting Polymers." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 4 (2017): 5721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.036.

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16

Ramakrishnan, S. "Conducting polymers." Resonance 2, no. 11 (November 1997): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02862641.

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17

Hayes, W. "Conducting polymers." Contemporary Physics 26, no. 5 (September 1985): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107518508210983.

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18

Reicha, F. M., M. A. Soliman, A. M. Shaban, A. Z. El-Sonbati, and M. A. Diab. "Conducting polymers." Journal of Materials Science 26, no. 4 (January 1, 1991): 1051–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00576785.

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19

Schoch, K. F., and H. E. Saunders. "Conducting polymers." IEEE Spectrum 29, no. 6 (June 1992): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6.254021.

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20

Hong, Xiaodong, Yue Liu, Yang Li, Xu Wang, Jiawei Fu, and Xuelei Wang. "Application Progress of Polyaniline, Polypyrrole and Polythiophene in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020331.

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With the urgent requirement for high-performance rechargeable Li-S batteries, besides various carbon materials and metal compounds, lots of conducting polymers have been developed and used as components in Li-S batteries. In this review, the synthesis of polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and polythiophene (PTh) is introduced briefly. Then, the application progress of the three conducting polymers is summarized according to the function in Li-S batteries, including coating layers, conductive hosts, sulfur-containing compounds, separator modifier/functional interlayer, binder and current collector. Finally, according to the current problems of conducting polymers, some practical strategies and potential research directions are put forward. We expect that this review will provide novel design ideas to develop conducting polymer-containing high-performance Li-S batteries.

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21

Altuğ, Fatma, and Burak Ülgüt. "Investigating Ion-Coupled Electron Transfer of Conducting Polymers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 31 (August 9, 2024): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01311554mtgabs.

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After years of basic and applied studies of electron transfer in redox active films, the fundamentals of ion transfer during the exchange remain to be understood. Empirically, the processes are ion-transport limited. Using a conducting polymer as a model system, we aim to study the relationship between electron and ion transfer during redox switching. We work on electrochromic conducting polymers because of their observable and detectable color changes in addition to the current during the redox switching. Tracing optical signals can enhance the understanding of electrical signals from redox reactions. When a potential is applied to the electroactive polymer, its color will change from lighter to darker or vice versa. Keeping in mind that absorbances are additive, the ratio of the contents that make up the overall color of the polymer changes. This ratio change is directly proportional to the amount of matter under inter-conversion during the redox reaction. This study aims to explore the ion-electron mechanism in conductive polymers using the simultaneous Spectro-CV method. To achieve this, we conducted cyclic voltammetry at exceptionally high scanning rates, leveraging the conductive polymer's color-changing property. At these high rates, ion movement was restricted due to limited time for forward and backward motion, potentially reaching a point of stagnation. The investigation focused on whether the polymer would continue changing color, providing insights into ion-electron transfer. In addition, we are conducting EIS measurements alongside simultaneous Spectro-CV measurements and attempting to fit the impedance response of the polymer with an appropriate model. We aim to track the time constants provided by the polymer at different voltage values and understand the corresponding physical processes associated with these time constants. Additionally, we aim to use our EIS model to validate the desired redox current information obtained from optical data. We mathematically reach the faradaic portion of the total current with EIS and compare the results obtained from optical data. References [1] Nicholson, R. S., Shain, I. (1964). Theory of stationary electrode polarography. single scan and cyclic methods applied to reversible, irreversible, and kinetic systems. Analytical Chemistry, 36(4), 706–723. 2 Laviron, E. (1979). General expression of the linear potential sweep voltammogram in the case of diffusionless Electrochemical Systems. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 101(1), 19–28. 3 Lyons, M. E. G. (1994). Electroactive Polymer Electrochemistry Figure 1

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22

Maity, Nabasmita, and Arnab Dawn. "Conducting Polymer Grafting: Recent and Key Developments." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030709.

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Since the discovery of conductive polyacetylene, conductive electroactive polymers are at the focal point of technology generation and biocommunication materials. The reasons why this research never stops growing, are twofold: first, the demands from the advanced technology towards more sophistication, precision, durability, processability and cost-effectiveness; and second, the shaping of conducting polymer research in accordance with the above demand. One of the major challenges in conducting polymer research is addressing the processability issue without sacrificing the electroactive properties. Therefore, new synthetic designs and use of post-modification techniques become crucial than ever. This quest is not only advancing the field but also giving birth of new hybrid materials integrating merits of multiple functional motifs. The present review article is an attempt to discuss the recent progress in conducting polymer grafting, which is not entirely new, but relatively lesser developed area for this class of polymers to fine-tune their physicochemical properties. Apart from conventional covalent grafting techniques, non-covalent approach, which is relatively new but has worth creation potential, will also be discussed. The aim is to bring together novel molecular designs and strategies to stimulate the existing conducting polymer synthesis methodologies in order to enrich its fascinating chemistry dedicated toward real-life applications.

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El-Said, Waleed A., Muhammad Abdelshakour, Jin-Ha Choi, and Jeong-Woo Choi. "Application of Conducting Polymer Nanostructures to Electrochemical Biosensors." Molecules 25, no. 2 (January 12, 2020): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020307.

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Over the past few decades, nanostructured conducting polymers have received great attention in several application fields, including biosensors, microelectronics, polymer batteries, actuators, energy conversion, and biological applications due to their excellent conductivity, stability, and ease of preparation. In the bioengineering application field, the conducting polymers were reported as excellent matrixes for the functionalization of various biological molecules and thus enhanced their performances as biosensors. In addition, combinations of metals or metal oxides nanostructures with conducting polymers result in enhancing the stability and sensitivity as the biosensing platform. Therefore, several methods have been reported for developing homogeneous metal/metal oxide nanostructures thin layer on the conducting polymer surfaces. This review will introduce the fabrications of different conducting polymers nanostructures and their composites with different shapes. We will exhibit the different techniques that can be used to develop conducting polymers nanostructures and to investigate their chemical, physical and topographical effects. Among the various biosensors, we will focus on conducting polymer-integrated electrochemical biosensors for monitoring important biological targets such as DNA, proteins, peptides, and other biological biomarkers, in addition to their applications as cell-based chips. Furthermore, the fabrication and applications of the molecularly imprinted polymer-based biosensors will be addressed in this review.

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Predeep, P., and Anisha Mary Mathew. "INTRINSICALLY CONDUCTING RUBBERS: TOWARD MICRO APPLICATIONS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 366–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3592283.

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Abstract More than three decades after the major breakthrough in the efforts to develop intrinsic electric conductivity in conjugated polymers, which culminated in the year 2000 Nobel Prize for Shirakawa et al., conducting plastics hold the promise of providing a cost effective and unique alternative material solution for applications ranging from consumer electronics to optoelectronics, solar cells, lighting, memory, and a host of new photonic applications. It would not be an exaggeration to mention conducting polymers as the materials for the next century. The notion of conjugation as a pre-condition for a polymer to be made intrinsically conducting was challenged when a conjugated polymer such as natural rubber was doped to increase its electrical conductivity by more than 10 orders in magnitude. This discovery by Thakur et al., triggered a spate of investigations on the phenomenon and mechanism of conduction in nonconjugated polymers such as Elastomers. The discovery that rubbers could be doped like conjugated polymers raised the hope of finding extremely different micro applications hitherto unknown for natural rubber as well as synthetic rubbers. Investigations point toward the possibility of conducting rubbers, unlike the conjugated polymers having easy processability and cost effectiveness, finding wide applications in organic electronics and photonic applications. A critique of the early and current efforts in developing intrinsic electric conductivity in natural rubber as well as synthetic elastomers in the context of the investigations made by the authors in this direction is reviewed and presented.

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Kim, Bohwon, Vladan Koncar, and Eric Devaux. "ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS: PET – NANOCOMPOSITES’ FIBRES." AUTEX Research Journal 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2004-040102.

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Abstract Researches in the field of conductive polymers have attracted considerable attention for more then 20 years. Among the conductive polymers, polyaniline and polypyrrole have drawn considerable interest because of their economical importance, good environmental stability and satisfactory electrical conductivity when doped. On the other hand, electrically conductive materials such as aluminium powder, graphite and carbon nanotubes have very interesting conductive properties and are promising in the synthesis of new composite conductive materials. In almost all studies, conducting polymer films are developed and then electrical and mechanical properties are tested. In our paper, the conducting polymer fibres have been obtained by melt mixing and chemical coating on the fibres. Different conductive materials have been used in order to obtain conductive polypropylene-based fibres with specific electrical and mechanical properties. The electric conductivity and morphological characteristics of these fibres have been investigated and the results are discussed. The originality of our approach lies in our having created conductive fibres based on conductive polymers. These fibres are intended for use in creating conductive yarns and realising connections in smart clothing, or producing conductive fabrics which can be used as electromagnetic shields. These developments have been carried out in order to create new multifunctional textile structures for different applications in the field of intelligent and communication apparel or other similar branches.

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Ramola, R. C., and Subhash Chandra. "Ion Beam Induced Modifications in Conducting Polymers." Defect and Diffusion Forum 341 (July 2013): 69–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.341.69.

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High energy ion beam induced modifications in polymeric materials is of great interest from the point of view of characterization and development of various structures and filters. Due to potential use of conducting polymers in light weight rechargeable batteries, magnetic storage media, optical computers, molecular electronics, biological and thermal sensors, the impact of swift heavy ions for the changes in electrical, structural and optical properties of polymers is desirable. The high energy ion beam irradiation of polymer is a sensitive technique to enhance its electrical conductivity, structural, mechanical and optical properties. Recent progress in the radiation effects of ion beams on conducting polymers are reviewed briefly. Our recent work on the radiation effects of ion beams on conductive polymers is described. The electrical, structural and optical properties of irradiated films were analyzed using V-I, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy methods.

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Przyluski, Jan. "Electronically Conducting Polymers: Heterocyclic Polymers." Solid State Phenomena 13-14 (January 1991): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.13-14.87.

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Fei Fang, Fei, Hyoung Jin Choi, and Jinsoo Joo. "Conducting Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites and Their Applications." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1559–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18224.

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This review aims at reporting on interesting and potential aspects of conducting polymer/clay nanocomposites with regard to their preparation, characteristics and engineering applications. Various conducting polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole and copolyaniline are introduced and three different preparation methods of synthesizing conducting polymer/clay nanocomposites are being emphasized. Morphological features, structure characteristics and thermal degradation behavior are explained based on SEM/TEM images, XRD pattern analyses and TGA/DSC graphs, respectively. Attentions are also being paid on conductive/magnetic performances as well as two potential applications in anti-corrosion coating and electrorheological (ER) fluids.

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Zamiri, Golnoush, and A. S. M. A. Haseeb. "Recent Trends and Developments in Graphene/Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites Chemiresistive Sensors." Materials 13, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 3311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153311.

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The use of graphene and its derivatives with excellent characteristics such as good electrical and mechanical properties and large specific surface area has gained the attention of researchers. Recently, novel nanocomposite materials based on graphene and conducting polymers including polyaniline (PANi), polypyrrole (PPy), poly (3,4 ethyldioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polythiophene (PTh), and their derivatives have been widely used as active materials in gas sensing due to their unique electrical conductivity, redox property, and good operation at room temperature. Mixing these two materials exhibited better sensing performance compared to pure graphene and conductive polymers. This may be attributed to the large specific surface area of the nanocomposites, and also the synergistic effect between graphene and conducting polymers. A variety of graphene and conducting polymer nanocomposite preparation methods such as in situ polymerization, electropolymerization, solution mixing, self-assembly approach, etc. have been reported and utilization of these nanocomposites as sensing materials has been proven effective in improving the performance of gas sensors. Review of the recent research efforts and developments in the fabrication and application of graphene and conducting polymer nanocomposites for gas sensing is the aim of this review paper.

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Bae, Chulsung. "Molecular Engineering of Ion-Conducting Polymer Membranes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 43 (November 22, 2024): 2927. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02432927mtgabs.

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Ion-conducting polymers (e.g., proton and hydroxide) are used as polymer electrolyte membranes, and they are a key component of electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, and flow batteries. For example, hydrogen fuel cell and water electrolyzer industry also heavily relies on Nafion for a proton-conducting membrane for decades, though it is not ideal proton-conducting membrane material for those applications. Perfluoroalkyl substrates (PFASs), which include Nafion, have recently received significant pressure from government and environmental activist groups due to their environmental and health hazard of PFAS. Thus, the development of alternative ion-conducting polymers based on hydrocarbon polymers (mostly made of C and H) has attracted new attention within polymer society. Compared to perfluorosulfonated Nafion, hydrocarbon ion-conducting polymers can offer advantages of flexible synthetic tunability, lower gas permeability, and importantly lower production cost. However, their systematic polymer chemistry–morphology structure–property relationships are poorly understood until now. In this presentation, we describe an overview of recent progress in the development of advanced ion-conducting (H+ and OH–) polymers, key membrane properties, and their state-of-the-art performance in in real world applications of hydrogen fuel cells and water electrolyzers.[1,2] References [1] S. Adhikari, M. K. Pagels, J. Y. Jeon, C. Bae* “Ionomers for Electrochemical Energy Conversion & Storage Technologies”, Polymer (Perspective Special Issue celebrating the 100 years "From ‘Makromolekel' to POLYMER”), Polymer, 2020, 211, 123080. [2] S. Noh, J. Y. Jeon, S. Adhikari, Y. S. Kim, C. Bae* “Molecular Engineering of Hydroxide Ion Conducting Anion Exchange Polymers for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Technology” Acc. Chem. Res. 2019, 52, 2745–2755.

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Przyluski, Jan. "Ionically Conducting Polymers." Solid State Phenomena 13-14 (January 1991): 208–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.13-14.208.

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ERA, Masanao, Hideyuki MURATA, Tetsuo TSUTSUI, and Shogo SAITO. "Processible conducting polymers." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 40, no. 448 (1991): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.40.1.

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Kane-Maguire, Leon A. P., and Gordon G. Wallace. "Chiral conducting polymers." Chemical Society Reviews 39, no. 7 (2010): 2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b908001p.

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34

Wolfenden, A., and G. Burnell. "Inherently Conducting Polymers." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 19, no. 6 (1991): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte12617j.

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Hirooka, Masaaki. "Processable conducting polymers." Kobunshi 37, no. 7 (1988): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.37.522.

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Weng, B., R. L. Shepherd, K. Crowley, A. J. Killard, and G. G. Wallace. "Printing conducting polymers." Analyst 135, no. 11 (2010): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0an00302f.

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Dunsch, L., P. Rapta, A. Neudeck, A. Bartl, R. M. Peters, D. Reinecke, and I. Apfelstedt. "Microstructured conducting polymers." Synthetic Metals 85, no. 1-3 (March 1997): 1401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(97)80292-5.

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Winther-Jensen, Bjørn, Jun Chen, Keld West, and Gordon Wallace. "‘Stuffed’ conducting polymers." Polymer 46, no. 13 (June 2005): 4664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.03.089.

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Stejskal, J., P. Bober, M. Trchová, D. Nuzhnyy, V. Bovtun, M. Savinov, J. Petzelt, and J. Prokeš. "Interfaced conducting polymers." Synthetic Metals 224 (February 2017): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.12.029.

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Miyata, Seizo, Takeaki Ojio, and Yun Eon Whang. "Transparent conducting polymers." Synthetic Metals 19, no. 1-3 (March 1987): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(87)90519-4.

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Walton, D. J. "Electrically conducting polymers." Materials & Design 11, no. 3 (June 1990): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-3069(90)90004-4.

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Salaneck, W. R. "Electrically Conducting Polymers." Europhysics News 20, no. 10 (1989): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/19892010139.

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Ogata, Naoya. "ION-CONDUCTING POLYMERS*." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews 42, no. 3 (August 19, 2002): 399–439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/mc-120006454.

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Bott, D. "Electrically conducting polymers." Physics in Technology 16, no. 3 (May 1985): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4624/16/3/i03.

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Carmona, F. "Conducting filled polymers." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 157, no. 1 (May 1989): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(89)90344-0.

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Cardin, D. J. "Encapsulated Conducting Polymers." Advanced Materials 14, no. 8 (April 18, 2002): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20020418)14:8<553::aid-adma553>3.0.co;2-f.

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Garbovskiy, Yuriy, and Anatoliy Glushchenko. "Frequency-dependent electro-optics of liquid crystal devices utilizing nematics and weakly conducting polymers." Advanced Optical Technologies 7, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2018-0026.

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Abstract Conducting polymer films acting as both electrodes and alignment layers are very promising for the development of flexible and wearable tunable liquid crystal devices. The majority of existing publications report on the electro-optical properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals and twisted nematic liquid crystals sandwiched between highly conducting polymers. In contrary, in this paper, electro-optics of nematic liquid crystals placed between rubbed weakly conducting polymers is studied. The combination of weakly conducting polymers and nematics enables a frequency-dependent tuning of the effective threshold voltage of the studied liquid crystal cells. This unusual electro-optics of liquid crystal cells utilizing nematics and weakly conducting polymers can be understood by considering equivalent electric circuits and material parameters of the cell. An elementary model of the observed electro-optical phenomenon is also presented.

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Sharma, Shubham, P. Sudhakara, Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran, Jujhar Singh, and R. A. Ilyas. "Recent Trends and Developments in Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Multifunctional Applications." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 2898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172898.

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Electrically-conducting polymers (CPs) were first developed as a revolutionary class of organic compounds that possess optical and electrical properties comparable to that of metals as well as inorganic semiconductors and display the commendable properties correlated with traditional polymers, like the ease of manufacture along with resilience in processing. Polymer nanocomposites are designed and manufactured to ensure excellent promising properties for anti-static (electrically conducting), anti-corrosion, actuators, sensors, shape memory alloys, biomedical, flexible electronics, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs, and adhesive applications with desired-appealing and cost-effective, functional surface coatings. The distinctive properties of nanocomposite materials involve significantly improved mechanical characteristics, barrier-properties, weight-reduction, and increased, long-lasting performance in terms of heat, wear, and scratch-resistant. Constraint in availability of power due to continuous depletion in the reservoirs of fossil fuels has affected the performance and functioning of electronic and energy storage appliances. For such reasons, efforts to modify the performance of such appliances are under way through blending design engineering with organic electronics. Unlike conventional inorganic semiconductors, organic electronic materials are developed from conducting polymers (CPs), dyes and charge transfer complexes. However, the conductive polymers are perhaps more bio-compatible rather than conventional metals or semi-conductive materials. Such characteristics make it more fascinating for bio-engineering investigators to conduct research on polymers possessing antistatic properties for various applications. An extensive overview of different techniques of synthesis and the applications of polymer bio-nanocomposites in various fields of sensors, actuators, shape memory polymers, flexible electronics, optical limiting, electrical properties (batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs), corrosion-protection and biomedical application are well-summarized from the findings all across the world in more than 150 references, exclusively from the past four years. This paper also presents recent advancements in composites of rare-earth oxides based on conducting polymer composites. Across a variety of biological and medical applications, the fact that numerous tissues were receptive to electric fields and stimuli made CPs more enticing.

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Acosta, Mariana, Marvin D. Santiago, and Jennifer A. Irvin. "Electrospun Conducting Polymers: Approaches and Applications." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 8820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248820.

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Inherently conductive polymers (CPs) can generally be switched between two or more stable oxidation states, giving rise to changes in properties including conductivity, color, and volume. The ability to prepare CP nanofibers could lead to applications including water purification, sensors, separations, nerve regeneration, wound healing, wearable electronic devices, and flexible energy storage. Electrospinning is a relatively inexpensive, simple process that is used to produce polymer nanofibers from solution. The nanofibers have many desirable qualities including high surface area per unit mass, high porosity, and low weight. Unfortunately, the low molecular weight and rigid rod nature of most CPs cannot yield enough chain entanglement for electrospinning, instead yielding polymer nanoparticles via an electrospraying process. Common workarounds include co-extruding with an insulating carrier polymer, coaxial electrospinning, and coating insulating electrospun polymer nanofibers with CPs. This review explores the benefits and drawbacks of these methods, as well as the use of these materials in sensing, biomedical, electronic, separation, purification, and energy conversion and storage applications.

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EBRASU, DANIELA, IOAN STAMATIN, and ASHOK VASEASHTA. "PROTON-CONDUCTING POLYMERS AS ELECTROLYTE FOR FUEL CELLS." Nano 03, no. 05 (October 2008): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292008001234.

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The objective of this investigation is to evaluate a series of polymer electrolyte membrane materials based on sulfonated ladder pyridine polymers and SiO 2 nanoparticles that enhance water retention and favor high temperature (> 120°C) applications. Nanoparticles are used to improve water uptake at levels of 20–38% to increase the level of sulfonation. A study of relevant characteristics of these polymers will provide an alternative to existing polymers, thus offering simple processing steps, as well as nonexotic polymers and higher performances.

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