Journal articles on the topic 'Conducting polymers – Industrial applications'
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Roth, S., W. Graupner, and P. Mcneillis. "Survey of Industrial Applications of Conducting Polymers." Acta Physica Polonica A 87, no. 4-5 (April 1995): 699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.87.699.
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Graupner, W., and S. Roth. "Industrial Applications of Conducting Polymera." Materials Science Forum 122 (January 1993): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.122.229.
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MacDiarmid, Alan G., and Weigong Zheng. "Electrochemistry of Conjugated Polymers and Electrochemical Applications." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 6 (June 1997): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033595.
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The discovery in 1977–78 that trans-polyacetylene — (CH)x, the prototype conducting polymer (Figure 1)—could be chemically p-doped (partly oxidized) or n-doped (partly reduced) with a concomitant increase of its conductivity through the semiconducting to the metallic regime introduced new concepts of considerable theoretical and possible technological importance to condensed matter science. In 1979 it was discovered that p- or n-doping of trans-(CH)x could be accomplished electrochemically and that these processes were electrochemically reversible. Polyacetylene is the simplest example of a conjugated polymer, a polymer in which the “backbone” atoms are joined alternately by single and double bonds. All conducting polymers, “synthetic metals,” are conjugated polymers, at least in their doped forms. Other conducting polymers, including for example, poly(paraphenylene), polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline, have since been examined as electrochemically active materials. These findings have stimulated much industrial and academic interest in the electro-chemistry of conducting polymers and their possible technological applications in for example, energy storage, electrochromic displays, electrochemical drug-delivery systems, electromechanical devices, and light-emitting devices.This article will show the relationship between the doping of a conjugated polymer, the reduction potential of the polymer, and the role of “dopant” ions. These interrelationships have frequently caused considerable confusion in understanding electrochemical doping. Electrochemical synthesis of conjugated polymers and the role of cyclic voltammetry in elucidating the mechanism of electrochemical redox processes involving conjugated organic polymers will also be discussed. This article will also summarize a few selected applications involving electro-chemical properties of conjugated polymers. The coverage is intended to beexemplary rather than exhaustive. Furthermore since the electrochemistry of (CH), the “prototype” conducting polymer, has been extensively studied and comprises a relatively simple, reversible electrochemical system, it will be used to exemplify the basic concepts involved. These basic concepts can then be applied with appropriate modification as necessary to the electrochemistry of other conjugated polymers. Polyaniline will then be used to illustrate a more complex conjugated polymer electrochemical system.
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Kausar, Ayesha. "Conjugated Polymer/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites—State-of-the-Art." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5110292.
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Graphene oxide is an imperative modified form of graphene. Similar to graphene, graphene oxide has gained vast interest for the myriad of industrial applications. Conjugated polymers or conducting polymers are well known organic materials having conducting backbone. These polymers have semiconducting nature due to π-conjugation along the main chain. Doping and modification have been used to enhance the electrical conductivity of the conjugated polymers. The nanocomposites of the conjugated polymers have been reported with the nanocarbon nanofillers including graphene oxide. This review essentially presents the structure, properties, and advancements in the field of conducting polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites. The facile synthesis, processability, and physical properties of the polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites have been discussed. The conjugated polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites have essential significance for the supercapacitors, solar cells, and anti-corrosion materials. Nevertheless, the further advanced properties and technical applications of the conjugated polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites need to be explored to overcome the challenges related to the high performance.
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Roth, S., and W. Graupner. "Conductive polymers: Evaluation of industrial applications." Synthetic Metals 57, no. 1 (April 1993): 3623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(93)90487-h.
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Benbalit, Chahrazad, Eleonora Frau, Olivera Scheuber, and Silvia Schintke. "Metal-Free and Carbon-Free Flexible Self-Supporting Thin Film Electrodes." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1264.
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Conductive polymers are promising for application in the medical and sport sectors, e.g. for thin wearable health monitoring systems. While many today’s electrodes contain either carbon or metals as electrically conductive filler materials, product design manufacturing has an increasing interest in the development of metal free and carbon free, purely polymer based electrode materials. While conducting polymers have generally rather low electrical conductivities compared to metals or carbon, they offer broad options for industrial processing, as well as for dedicated adjustments of final product properties and design aspect, such as colour, water repellence, or mechanical flexibility in addition to their electrical properties. The development of electrically conducting polymer blends, based on conductive polymers is thus timely and of high importance for the design of new attractive flexible electrodes. We have developed material formulation and processing techniques for the fabrication of self-supporting thin film electrodes based on polyaniline (PANI) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blends. Electrical four-point probing was used to evaluate the electrode conductivity for different processing and fabrication techniques. Optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements corroborate the observed electrical conductivity obtained even at low PANI concentrations revealing the nanoscale material distribution within the blends. Our self-supporting thin film electrodes are flexible, smooth, and water repellent and were furthermore successfully tested under bending and upon storage over a period of several months. This opens new perspectives for the design of metal free and carbon free flexible electrodes for medical, health, and sports applications.
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Liu, Yang, Pengfei Yin, Jiareng Chen, Bin Cui, Chao Zhang, and Feng Wu. "Conducting Polymer-Based Composite Materials for Therapeutic Implantations: From Advanced Drug Delivery System to Minimally Invasive Electronics." International Journal of Polymer Science 2020 (February 6, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5659682.
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Conducting polymer-based composites have recently becoming popular in both academic research and industrial practices due to their high conductivity, ease of process, and tunable electrical properties. The multifunctional conducting polymer-based composites demonstrated great application potential for in vivo therapeutics and implantable electronics, including drug delivery, neural interfacing, and minimally invasive electronics. In this review article, the state-of-the-art conducting polymer-based composites in the mentioned biological fields are discussed and summarized. The recent progress on the synthesis, structure, properties, and application of the conducting polymer-based composites is presented, aimed at revealing the structure-property relationship and the corresponding functional applications of the conducting polymer-based composites. Furthermore, key issues and challenges regarding the implantation performance of these composites are highlighted in this paper.
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Othman, Siti Amira, and Shahidan Radiman. "Role of Horseradish Peroxidase in Polypyrrole Conductivity." Solid State Phenomena 268 (October 2017): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.268.370.
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Immobilise enzymes can offer many advantages over their soluble forms making this is a topic of active research in enzyme technology for industrial applications. There are various methods for enzyme immobilization as well as support materials. The methods and supports used for immobilisation of certain enzyme are chosen to ensure the highest retention of activity and its stability. Enzyme Horseradish peroxidise (HRP) was used extensively in molecular biology applications primarily for its ability to amplify a weak signal and increase the detectability of a target molecules. Recently class of conducting polymers are used as a polymeric support. Among the family a conducting polymer, polypyrrole (PPY) has intensively been used for various reason because of its unique properties such as ease of synthesis by chemical or electrochemical oxidative polymerization of the monomers, role as a polymeric support and also have potential in various field . It has alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds along the polymeric chains. The highly conjugated polymer chain can be assigned reversible chemical, electrochemical and physical properties controlled by a doping/ de-doping process, which makes this polymers very attractive as transducer materials in various sensing devices. This paper reports the process of immobilised enzymes on polymeric substrate and the role of enzymes in PPY conductivity. The characterization was done using UV-Visible, FTIR and four point probe.
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Gumus, O. Yunus, Ozlem Erol, and H. Ibrahim Unal. "Polythiophene/borax conducting composite II: Electrorheology and industrial applications." Polymer Composites 32, no. 5 (April 11, 2011): 756–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.21095.
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Yonehara, Takuya, Kyoka Komaba, and Hiromasa Goto. "Synthesis of Polyaniline in Seawater." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020375.
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To date, polyaniline (PANI) has been synthesized in pure water. Aside from this, the application of PANI as a conducting polymer could be extended if it can be effectively synthesized in seawater, which constitutes 70% of the surface of the Earth. The production of functional plastics using natural resources without any additional purification would improve industrial production and enhance the comfort associated with our daily life. However, no examples of the effective application of seawater to PANI synthesis have been reported. Herein, PANI with an electrical conductivity of ~10−2 S/cm was synthesized in seawater as the reaction solvent. The electron spin resonance measurements confirmed the role of the polarons of PANI as charge carriers. In addition, a PANI/silk composite was prepared in seawater to produce a conducting cloth for further applications. The performance of the PANI prepared in seawater as the solvent was comparable to that of the PANI prepared in pure water. Thus, the proposed method allowed for the production of the conducting polymer via a convenient and low-cost method. This is the first study to report the usage of seawater as an abundant natural resource for synthesizing conducting polymers, promoting their wide application.
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Lu, Qi, Wen Han, and Hyoung Choi. "Smart and Functional Conducting Polymers: Application to Electrorheological Fluids." Molecules 23, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 2854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112854.
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Electro-responsive smart electrorheological (ER) fluids consist of electrically polarizing organic or inorganic particles and insulating oils in general. In this study, we focus on various conducting polymers of polyaniline and its derivatives and copolymers, along with polypyrrole and poly(ionic liquid), which are adopted as smart and functional materials in ER fluids. Their ER characteristics, including viscoelastic behaviors of shear stress, yield stress, and dynamic moduli, and dielectric properties are expounded and appraised using polarizability measurement, flow curve testing, inductance-capacitance-resistance meter testing, and several rheological equations of state. Furthermore, their potential industrial applications are also covered.
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Kirti, Rajeev Gupta, and Divesh N. Srivastava. "A Biodegradable Polymer-Based Plastic Chip Electrode as a Current Collector in Supercapacitor Application." Electrochem 3, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030026.
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Here, we report the performance of a biodegradable polymer-based Plastic chip Electrode (PCE) as a current collector in supercapacitor applications. Its production was evaluated using two redox materials (conducting polymers polyaniline and poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)) and a layered material, rGO. The conducting polymers were directly deposited over the Eco-friendly PCE (EPCE) using the galvanostatic method. The rGO was prepared in the conventional way and loaded over the EPCE using a binder. Both conducting polymers and rGO showed proper specific capacitance compared to previous studies with regular current collectors. Electrodes were found highly stable during experiments in high acidic medium. The supercapacitive performance was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge measurements, and impedance spectroscopy. The supercapacitive materials were also characterized for their electrical and microscopic properties. Polyaniline and PEDOT were deposited over EPCEs showing >150 Fg−1 and >120 Fg−1 specific capacitance, respectively, at 0.5 Ag−1. rGO continued to show higher particular capacitance of >250 Fg−1 with excellent charge–discharge cyclic stability. The study concludes that EPCs can be used as promising electrodes for electrical energy storage applications.
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Stejskal, Jaroslav, and Patrycja Bober. "Progress in research and applications of conducting polymers: topical issue." Chemical Papers 75, no. 10 (July 28, 2021): 4979–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01792-8.
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Huang, Yao, Semen Kormakov, Xiaoxiang He, Xiaolong Gao, Xiuting Zheng, Ying Liu, Jingyao Sun, and Daming Wu. "Conductive Polymer Composites from Renewable Resources: An Overview of Preparation, Properties, and Applications." Polymers 11, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020187.
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This article reviews recent advances in conductive polymer composites from renewable resources, and introduces a number of potential applications for this material class. In order to overcome disadvantages such as poor mechanical properties of polymers from renewable resources, and give renewable polymer composites better electrical and thermal conductive properties, various filling contents and matrix polymers have been developed over the last decade. These natural or reusable filling contents, polymers, and their composites are expected to greatly reduce the tremendous pressure of industrial development on the natural environment while offering acceptable conductive properties. The unique characteristics, such as electrical/thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, biodegradability and recyclability of renewable conductive polymer composites has enabled them to be implemented in many novel and exciting applications including chemical sensors, light-emitting diode, batteries, fuel cells, heat exchangers, biosensors etc. In this article, the progress of conductive composites from natural or reusable filling contents and polymer matrices, including (1) natural polymers, such as starch and cellulose, (2) conductive filler, and (3) preparation approaches, are described, with an emphasis on potential applications of these bio-based conductive polymer composites. Moreover, several commonly-used and innovative methods for the preparation of conductive polymer composites are also introduced and compared systematically.
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Salinas, Gerardo, and Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe. "Electrochemical Analysis of Heavy Metal Ions Using Conducting Polymer Interfaces." Electrochem 3, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 492–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030034.
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Conducting polymers (CPs) are highly conjugated organic macromolecules, where the electrical charge is transported in intra- and inter-chain pathways. Polyacetylene, polythiophene and its derivatives, polypyrrole and its derivatives, and polyaniline are among the best-known examples. These compounds have been used as electrode modifiers to gain sensitivity and selectivity in a large variety of analytical applications. This review, after a brief introduction to the electrochemistry of CPs, summarizes the application of CPs’ electrode interfaces towards heavy metals’ detection using potentiometry, pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, and alternative non-classical electrochemical methods.
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Khan, Mohammad Ilyas, Mohammed Khaloufa Almesfer, Abubakr Elkhaleefa, Ihab Shigidi, Mohammed Zubair Shamim, Ismat H. Ali, and Mohammad Rehan. "Conductive Polymers and Their Nanocomposites as Adsorbents in Environmental Applications." Polymers 13, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 3810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213810.
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Proper treatment and disposal of industrial pollutants of all kinds are a global issue that presents significant techno-economical challenges. The presence of pollutants such as heavy metal ions (HMIs) and organic dyes (ODs) in wastewater is considered a significant problem owing to their carcinogenic and toxic nature. Additionally, industrial gaseous pollutants (GPs) are considered to be harmful to human health and may cause various environmental issues such as global warming, acid rain, smog and air pollution, etc. Conductive polymer-based nanomaterials have gained significant interest in recent years, compared with ceramics and metal-based nanomaterials. The objective of this review is to provide detailed insights into different conductive polymers (CPs) and their nanocomposites that are used as adsorbents for environmental remediation applications. The dominant types of CPs that are being used as adsorbent materials include polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (Ppy), and polythiophene (PTh). The various adsorption mechanisms proposed for the removal of ODs, HMIs, and other GPs by the different CPs are presented, together with their maximum adsorption capacities, experimental conditions, adsorption, and kinetic models reported.
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Murase, Ryuichi, Bowen Ding, Qinyi Gu, and Deanna M. D'Alessandro. "Prospects for electroactive and conducting framework materials." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2149 (May 27, 2019): 20180226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0226.
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Electroactive and conducting framework materials, encompassing coordination polymers and metal–organic frameworks, have captured the imagination of the scientific community owing to their highly designable nanoporous structures and their potential applications in electrochromic devices, electrocatalysts, porous conductors, batteries and solar energy harvesting systems, among many others. While they are now considered integral members of the broader field of inorganic materials, it is timely to reflect upon their strengths and challenges compared with ‘traditional’ solid-state materials such as minerals, pigments and zeolites. Indeed, the latter have been known since ancient times and have been prized for centuries in fields as diverse as art, archaeology and industrial catalysis. This opinion piece considers a brief historical perspective of traditional electroactive and conducting inorganic materials, with a view towards very recent experimental progress and new directions for future progress in the burgeoning area of coordination polymers and metal–organic frameworks. Overall, this article bears testament to the rich history of electroactive solids and looks at the challenges inspiring a new generation of scientists. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mineralomimesis: natural and synthetic frameworks in science and technology’.
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Maity, Subhankar, and Arobindo Chatterjee. "Conductive polymer-based electro-conductive textile composites for electromagnetic interference shielding: A review." Journal of Industrial Textiles 47, no. 8 (September 19, 2016): 2228–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716670310.
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This article reviews the preparation, development and characteristics of conductive polymer-based electro-conductive textile composites for electromagnetic interference shielding. Modification of ordinary textile materials in the form of electro-conductive composites makes them suitable for this purpose. Various metallic and non-metallic electro-conductive textiles have been explored here as the material for electromagnetic shielding. Different approaches of preparing textile electromagnetic shield have been described here. Recent advancements of application of conductive polymers in the field of textile electromagnetic shielding are described. Conductive polymer-coated textile materials showed superior electrical property as electromagnetic shield. Different methods of applications of conductive polymers onto textile surface are described here with their relative merits and demerits. Different conductive polymer-coated woven and nonwoven fabrics prepared by various researchers for electromagnetic shielding are taken into account. The effects of different process parameters of polymer processing on electromagnetic shielding are described.
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Grancarić, Ana M., Ivona Jerković, Vladan Koncar, Cedric Cochrane, Fern M. Kelly, Damien Soulat, and Xavier Legrand. "Conductive polymers for smart textile applications." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 3 (March 16, 2017): 612–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717699368.
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Smart textiles are fabrics able to sense external conditions or stimuli, to respond and adapt behaviour to them in an intelligent way and present a challenge in several fields today such as health, sport, automotive and aerospace. Electrically conductive textiles include conductive fibres, yarns, fabrics, and final products made from them. Often they are prerequisite to functioning smart textiles, and their quality determines durability, launderability, reusability and fibrous performances of smart textiles. Important part in smart textiles development has conductive polymers which are defined as organic polymers able to conduct electricity. They combine some of the mechanical features of plastics with the electrical properties typical for metals. The most attractive in a group of these polymers are polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as one of the polythiophene (PTh) derivatives. Commercially available smart textile products where conductive polymers have crucial role for their development are medical textiles, protective clothing, touch screen displays, flexible fabric keyboards, and sensors for various areas. This paper is focused on conductive polymers description, mechanism of their conductivity, and various approaches to produce electrically conductive textiles for smart textiles needs. Commercial products of conductive polymers-based smart textiles are presented as well as the objective of a number of lab-scale items.
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Umoren, Saviour A., and Moses M. Solomon. "Protective polymeric films for industrial substrates: A critical review on past and recent applications with conducting polymers and polymer composites/nanocomposites." Progress in Materials Science 104 (July 2019): 380–450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.04.002.
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Kondratiev, Veniamin V., and Rudolf Holze. "Intrinsically conducting polymers and their combinations with redox-active molecules for rechargeable battery electrodes: an update." Chemical Papers 75, no. 10 (February 13, 2021): 4981–5007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01529-7.
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AbstractIntrinsically conducting polymers and their copolymers and composites with redox-active organic molecules prepared by chemical as well as electrochemical polymerization may yield active masses without additional binder and conducting agents for secondary battery electrodes possibly utilizing the advantageous properties of both constituents are discussed. Beyond these possibilities these polymers have found many applications and functions for various further purposes in secondary batteries, as binders, as protective coatings limiting active material corrosion, unwanted dissolution of active mass ingredients or migration of electrode reaction participants. Selected highlights from this rapidly developing and very diverse field are presented. Possible developments and future directions are outlined.
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Vezzu, Keti, Paolo Sgarbossa, Giovanni Crivellaro, Gioele Pagot, and Vito Di Noto. "(Invited) A New Frontier in Hybrid Inorganic-Organic Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries: The Polyketone-Based Membranes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 48 (July 7, 2022): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01482011mtgabs.
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Zinc iodide flow batteries (ZIFBs) are amongst the most promising chemistries to substitute the expensive and less energy intensive Vanadium Flow Batteries (VFBs). One of main problems related to this technology is the crossover of water due to the transport of Zn2+. One possible approach is the development of new ion-exchange membranes (IEMs). For practical applications they are required to possess high ionic conductivity, high thermal stability, long lifetime, and electrical insulation. The preparation of polymeric materials with such high-performance properties is still challenging and can lead to high prices, hindering their widespread use in energy conversion technologies. This is even more difficult when considering anion conducting membranes [1-3]. Polyketones (PK) are known to be high performance thermoplastic polymers with applications ranging from fire-retardants film coatings, packaging, and fibers, resulting from their high thermal and chemical stability. They can be obtained in high yields by copolymerization of inexpensive and readily available feedstocks such as ethylene and carbon monoxide. Our group proved that PK with alternating 1,4-dicarbonyl repeating units constitute an ideal starting point to access a wide class of modified polymers by simple Paal-Knorr cyclization, to gain pyrrole-N-bound functional groups stemming from the aliphatic backbone [4-5]. Different ion-conducting membranes have been developed and the effect of reaction conditions on their thermal properties, chemical stability, and their conductivity in a wide range of frequencies have been assessed by broadband electric spectroscopy to shed light on the conduction mechanisms [4, 6]. The more promising material developed has been tested in a single cell redox flow battery obtaining promising results. The proposed conducting polymers combine the thermal stability of the aliphatic PK structure with the chemical flexibility given by the groups derived from functionalized amines branching out, proving to be highly tailorable, with possible applications in current energy conversion technologies. Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank the Research Projects of Relevant National Interest (PRIN 2017) of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research “Novel Multilayered and Micro-Machined Electrode Nano-Architectures for Electrocatalytic Applications (Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)” (Prot. 2017YH9MRK) and SID2020 Project of Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova “A New frontier in Hybrid Inorganic-Organic Membranes for Energy Conversion and Storage Devices” (Prot. BIRD201244) for funding. References [1] L. An, T.S. Zhao Eds., Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, California, Principles, Materials and Systems, Springer Int. Publ. (2018); [2] G. Merle, M. Wessling, K. Nijmeijer, Journal of Membrane Science, 377 (2011) 1-35; J.R. Varcoe, P. Atanassov, D.R. Dekel, A.M. Herring, M.A. Hickner, P.A. Kohl, A.R. Kucernak, W.E. Mustain, K. Nijmeijer, K. Scott, T. Xu, L. Zhuang, Energy & Environmental Science, 7 (2014) 3135-3191; [3] N. Chen, Y.M. Lee, Progress in Polymer Science, 113 (2021) 101345. [4] G. Nawn, K. Vezzù, G. Cavinato, G. Pace, F. Bertasi, G. Pagot, E. Negro, V. Di Noto, Advanced Functional Materials, (2018) 1706522; [5] N. Ataollahi, K. Vezzù, G. Nawn, G. Pace, G. Cavinato, F. Girardi, P. Scardi, V. Di Noto, R. Di Maggio, Electrochimica Acta, 226 (2017) 148-157. [6] K. Vezzù, G. Nawn, G. Pagot, E. Negro, A. Nale, Y. Herve Bang, F. Conti, G. Cavinato, V. Di Noto, Electrochimica Acta, 319 (2019) 253-263.
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Kamarudin, Muhammad Akmal, Shahrir Razey Sahamir, Robi Shankar Datta, Bui Duc Long, Mohd Faizul Mohd Sabri, and Suhana Mohd Said. "A Review on the Fabrication of Polymer-Based Thermoelectric Materials and Fabrication Methods." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/713640.
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Thermoelectricity, by converting heat energy directly into useable electricity, offers a promising technology to convert heat from solar energy and to recover waste heat from industrial sectors and automobile exhausts. In recent years, most of the efforts have been done on improving the thermoelectric efficiency using different approaches, that is, nanostructuring, doping, molecular rattling, and nanocomposite formation. The applications of thermoelectric polymers at low temperatures, especially conducting polymers, have shown various advantages such as easy and low cost of fabrication, light weight, and flexibility. In this review, we will focus on exploring new types of polymers and the effects of different structures, concentrations, and molecular weight on thermoelectric properties. Various strategies to improve the performance of thermoelectric materials will be discussed. In addition, a discussion on the fabrication of thermoelectric devices, especially suited to polymers, will also be given. Finally, we provide the challenge and the future of thermoelectric polymers, especially thermoelectric hybrid model.
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He, Xu, Yuchen Lin, Yuchen Ding, Arif M. Abdullah, Zepeng Lei, Yubo Han, Xiaojuan Shi, Wei Zhang, and Kai Yu. "Reshapeable, rehealable and recyclable sensor fabricated by direct ink writing of conductive composites based on covalent adaptable network polymers." International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 015301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ac37f2.
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Abstract Covalent adaptable network (CAN) polymers doped with conductive nanoparticles are an ideal candidate to create reshapeable, rehealable, and fully recyclable electronics. On the other hand, 3D printing as a deterministic manufacturing method has a significant potential to fabricate electronics with low cost and high design freedom. In this paper, we incorporate a conductive composite consisting of polyimine CAN and multi-wall carbon nanotubes into direct-ink-writing 3D printing to create polymeric sensors with outstanding reshaping, repairing, and recycling capabilities. The developed printable ink exhibits good printability, conductivity, and recyclability. The conductivity of printed polyimine composites is investigated at different temperatures and deformation strain levels. Their shape-reforming and Joule heating-induced interfacial welding effects are demonstrated and characterized. Finally, a temperature sensor is 3D printed with defined patterns of conductive pathways, which can be easily mounted onto 3D surfaces, repaired after damage, and recycled using solvents. The sensing capability of printed sensors is maintained after the repairing and recycling. Overall, the 3D printed reshapeable, rehealable, and recyclable sensors possess complex geometry and extend service life, which assist in the development of polymer-based electronics toward broad and sustainable applications.
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SARI, AMIR H., F. OSMAN, K. R. DOOLAN, M. GHORANNEVISS, H. HORA, R. HÖPFL, G. BENSTETTER, and M. H. HANTEHZADEH. "Application of laser driven fast high density plasma blocks for ion implantation." Laser and Particle Beams 23, no. 4 (October 2005): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034605050652.
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The measurement of very narrow high density plasma blocks of high ion energy from targets irradiated with ps-TW laser pulses based on a new skin depth interaction process is an ideal tool for application of ion implantation in materials, especially of silicon, GaAs, or conducting polymers, for micro-electronics as well as for low cost solar cells. A further application is for ion sources in accelerators with most specifications of many orders of magnitudes advances against classical ion sources. We report on near band gap generation of defects by implantation of ions as measured by optical absorption spectra. A further connection is given for studying the particle beam transforming of n-type semiconductors into p-type and vice versa as known from sub-threshold particle beams. The advantage consists in the use of avoiding aggressive or rare chemical materials when using the beam techniques for industrial applications.
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Zhai and Li. "Polyoxometalate–Polymer Hybrid Materials as Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications." Molecules 24, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 3425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193425.
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As one of the most efficient pathways to provide clean energy, fuel cells have attracted great attention in both academic and industrial communities. Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) or proton-conducting electrolytes are the key components in fuel cell devices, which require the characteristics of high proton conductivity as well as high mechanical, chemical and thermal stabilities. Organic–inorganic hybrid PEMs can provide a fantastic platform to combine both advantages of two components to meet these demands. Due to their extremely high proton conductivity, good thermal stability and chemical adjustability, polyoxometalates (POMs) are regarded as promising building blocks for hybrid PEMs. In this review, we summarize a number of research works on the progress of POM–polymer hybrid materials and related applications in PEMs. Firstly, a brief background of POMs and their proton-conducting properties are introduced; then, the hybridization strategies of POMs with polymer moieties are discussed from the aspects of both noncovalent and covalent concepts; and finally, we focus on the performance of these hybrid materials in PEMs, especially the advances in the last five years. This review will provide a better understanding of the challenges and perspectives of POM–polymer hybrid PEMs for future fuel cell applications.
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Moreira, Inês Pimentel, Usha Kiran Sanivada, João Bessa, Fernando Cunha, and Raul Fangueiro. "A Review of Multiple Scale Fibrous and Composite Systems for Heating Applications." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123686.
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Different types of heating systems have been developed lately, representing a growing interest in both the academic and industrial sectors. Based on the Joule effect, fibrous structures can produce heat once an electrical current is passed, whereby different approaches have been followed. For that purpose, materials with electrical and thermal conductivity have been explored, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, metallic nanostructures, intrinsically conducting polymers, fibers or hybrids. We review the usage of these emerging nanomaterials at the nanoscale and processed up to the macroscale to create heaters. In addition to fibrous systems, the creation of composite systems for electrical and thermal conductivity enhancement has also been highly studied. Different techniques can be used to create thin film heaters or heating textiles, as opposed to the conventional textile technologies. The combination of nanoscale and microscale materials gives the best heating performances, and some applications have already been proven, even though some effort is still needed to reach the industry level.
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Marasso, Simone Luigi, Matteo Cocuzza, Valentina Bertana, Francesco Perrucci, Alessio Tommasi, Sergio Ferrero, Luciano Scaltrito, and Candido Fabrizio Pirri. "PLA conductive filament for 3D printed smart sensing applications." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 4 (May 14, 2018): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2016-0150.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a study on a commercial conductive polylactic acid (PLA) filament and its potential application in a three-dimensional (3D) printed smart cap embedding a resistive temperature sensor made of this material. The final aim of this study is to add a fundamental block to the electrical characterization of printed conductive polymers, which are promising to mimic the electrical performance of metals and semiconductors. The studied PLA filament demonstrates not only to be suitable for a simple 3D printed concept but also to show peculiar characteristics that can be exploited to fabricate freeform low-cost temperature sensors. Design/methodology/approach The first part is focused on the conductive properties of the PLA filament and its temperature dependency. After obtaining a resistance temperature characteristic of this material, the same was used to fabricate a part of a 3D printed smart cap. Findings An approach to the characterization of the 3D printed conductive polymer has been presented. The major results are related to the definition of resistance vs temperature characteristic of the material. This model was then exploited to design a temperature sensor embedded in a 3D printed smart cap. Practical implications This study demonstrates that commercial conductive PLA filaments can be suitable materials for 3D printed low-cost temperature sensors or constitutive parts of a 3D printed smart object. Originality/value The paper clearly demonstrates that a new generation of 3D printed smart objects can already be obtained using low-cost commercial materials.
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Boga, Karteek, Ramyakrishna Pothu, Ravi Arukula, Rajender Boddula, and Sashivinay Kumar Gaddam. "The role of anticorrosive polymer coatings for the protection of metallic surface." Corrosion Reviews 39, no. 6 (October 29, 2021): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2021-0027.
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Abstract Research on corrosion-resistant polymer coatings has attracted scientists in both academia and industry to prevent corrosion-related damage in modern industrial equipment and to extend the working life of industrial metallic surfaces. To achieve realistic applications, diverse methodologies have been designed to magnify the anticorrosion efficiency of these coatings. The current review describes the conventional and advanced methods utilized for the synthesis of corrosion-resistant polymer coatings. The main intent of this review article is to provide an overview of the design and preparation of anticorrosive polymer coatings with important examples. The promising anticorrosion applications of self-healing polymer coatings for metallic materials and alloys are highlighted. The advantage of a superhydrophobic surface to prevent the corrosion of the materials is discussed. A brief discussion over the anticorrosion mechanism of conducting polymer coatings is also provided. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives to prolong the anticorrosion performance of these coatings are also addressed.
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Rodríguez-Senín, E., Rubén de la Mano, and Lourdes Blanco. "Resistive Implant Welding of Advanced Polymers." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 3004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.3004.
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Resistive Implant Welding involves an electrically conductive implant (welding rod) placed between the parts to be joined. Heat generation by Joule effect raises the temperature of the implant above the melting temperature of the thermoplastic being joined and a weld is reached. In the present study, resistive implants have been used to weld two HDPE components that make up a tank. RIW represents a good welding technique for advanced thermoplastic polymers contributing to increase the use of those materials and their industrial applications.
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Misin, Vyacheslav M., Irina E. Maltseva, Alexander A. Maltsev, Alexander V. Naumkin, and Mark E. Kazakov. "Anionic Polymerization of Para-Diethynylbenzene: Synthesis of a Strictly Linear Polymer." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050900.
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Anionic homo- and copolymerization of p-diethynylbenzene in the presence of n-BuLi in polar solvents was carried out. The use of hexamethylphosphortriamide (HMPA) makes it possible to synthesize a completely linear soluble polymer that does not have branching and phenylene fragments. A copolymer of p-diethynylbenzene with diphenyldiacetylene was synthesized. Homo- and copolymers of p-diethynylbenzene have high thermo- and thermo-oxidative stability. By the interaction of side reactive ethynylphenylene groups with various reagents, it is proposed to synthesize clusters along the conducting chain of poly-p-diethynylbenzene. Due to presenting C≡CH side groups, boron, copper, and cobalt derivatives were synthesized. It is shown that not all theoretically possible stereoisomers can be formed as a result of the polymerization. The application of p-diethynylbenzene polymers for the modification of industrial samples of epoxy novolac resin, oligoester acrylates, and carbon fibers has been demonstrated.
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YILDIRIM, EROL, and MINE YURTSEVER. "MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PYRROLE AND PHENYLENE ROD–COIL DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS BY DISSIPATIVE PARTICLE DYNAMICS." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 12, no. 01 (February 2013): 1250100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633612501003.
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Poly (para-phenylene)s (PPP) and polypyrroles (PPy) are important members of the conducting polymers. Rod–coil type diblock copolymers formed by coupling of PPP and PPy rigid blocks with polycaprolactone (PCL), polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coil blocks were modeled and morphological properties have been studied by a coarse grained simulation method at the mesoscale. Geometry optimizations and the atomic charge calculations were done quantum mechanically to obtain the input parameters for the mesoscale dynamics simulations. The accurate mixing energies and the Flory–Huggins interaction parameters between the monomers of polymers were calculated and used to study the phase behaviors and the morphologies of the copolymers as a function of type and weight percentages of the blocks by Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) simulations. We showed that the methodology employed took into account not only the interaction parameter and chain length of the blocks but also the chemical structure of the polymers and it could be used to produce the phase diagram of the copolymers which has importance for the industrial applications of such materials. Among the studied copolymers, the most suitable one for thin layer applications was predicted to be PPP–b–PCL in which PPP forms lamellar and cylindrical phases in the PCL matrix if amount of PPP rod block is below 50 wt%.
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Liu, Chao, Yu Li, Jingshun Zhuang, Zhouyang Xiang, Weikun Jiang, Shuaiming He, and Huining Xiao. "Conductive Hydrogels Based on Industrial Lignin: Opportunities and Challenges." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 3739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183739.
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The development of green materials, especially the preparation of high-performance conductive hydrogels from biodegradable biomass materials, is of great importance and has received worldwide attention. As an aromatic polymer found in many natural biomass resources, lignin has the advantage of being renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, widely available, and inexpensive. The unique physicochemical properties of lignin, such as the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl, and sulfonate groups, make it promising for use in composite conductive hydrogels. In this review, the source, structure, and reaction characteristics of industrial lignin are provided. Description of the preparation method (physical and chemical strategies) of lignin-based conductive hydrogel is elaborated along with their several important properties, such as electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and porous structure. Furthermore, we provide insights into the latest research advances in industrial lignin conductive hydrogels, including biosensors, strain sensors, flexible energy storage devices, and other emerging applications. Finally, the prospects and challenges for the development of lignin-conductive hydrogels are presented.
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Asghar, A., MR Ahmad, MF Yahya, MT Ali, AA Ab Aziz, NH Abd Rahman, S. Zameer Ul Hassan, and M. Kashif. "An alternative approach to design conductive hybrid cover yarns for efficient electromagnetic shielding fabrics." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 1 (July 20, 2017): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717721922.
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E-Textiles have gained enormous attention due to their specific characteristics in various non-conventional applications such as electromagnetic shielding materials. With the advent of various high frequency-driven devices, the need to restrict the non-ionizing radiations from their undesired effects became imperative. Due to the ease of production, better electrical conductivity and durability, the conductive hybrid cover yarns with continuous metallic filaments have earned its place as the most convenient form of yarns to develop E-textiles. However, controlling the amount of conducting material in yarns poses a challenge as the increase in size of the metallic filaments are associated with reduced electromagnetic shielding effectiveness due to increased stiffness of yarns, which resists in proper interlacement and hence causes openness in fabrics. The proposed design of conductive hybrid cover yarns is proven to have better tensile properties and modulus, therefore this design is more suitable to produced fabrics with higher cover factors. The amount of conducting material in the proposed design increased significantly without changing the size of the continuous filaments. Moreover, 99.9% shielding effectiveness is achieved with this increased metal content in fabrics in S-band and partly C-band microwave frequencies.
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Tutek, Karol, Anna Masek, Anna Kosmalska, and Stefan Cichosz. "Application of Fluids in Supercritical Conditions in the Polymer Industry." Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050729.
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This article reviews the use of fluids under supercritical conditions in processes related to the modern and innovative polymer industry. The most important processes using supercritical fluids are: extraction, particle formation, micronization, encapsulation, impregnation, polymerization and foaming. This review article briefly describes and characterizes the individual processes, with a focus on extraction, micronization, particle formation and encapsulation. The methods mentioned focus on modifications in the scope of conducting processes in a more ecological manner and showing higher quality efficiency. Nowadays, due to the growing trend of ecological solutions in the chemical industry, we see more and more advanced technological solutions. Less toxic fluids under supercritical conditions can be used as an ecological alternative to organic solvents widely used in the polymer industry. The use of supercritical conditions to conduct these processes creates new opportunities for obtaining materials and products with specialized applications, in particular in the medical, pharmacological, cosmetic and food industries, based on substances of natural sources. The considerations contained in this article are intended to increase the awareness of the need to change the existing techniques. In particular, the importance of using supercritical fluids in more industrial methods and for the development of already known processes, as well as creating new solutions with their use, should be emphasized.
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Steiger, Rolf, Robert Beer, J. F. Fernandez-Sanchez, and U. E. Spichiger-Keller. "Large Area, Nanoparticulate Metal Oxide Coatings for Consumer Nanotechnologies." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 1193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.1193.
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Large area coatings containing nanoparticulate metal oxides dispersed in polymers are manufactured at high speed (up to 200 m2 /min.) by curtain- or cascade coating on flexible substrates near room temperature. Simultaneously coated multilayers, which may contain different metal oxides, show interesting new properties for industrial applications. Thick (40 $m) coatings with rare-earth doped aluminum oxide nanoparticles have been commercialized for waterfast ink-jet media which are dry to touch after printing, show photo-parity and are very stable towards water, light and environment if appropriate inks are used. Strong capillary forces due to nanoporosity allow instant ink-absorption. Experimental techniques used to develop these materials and results related to imaging parameters are discussed. Thin layers (1-10 $m) of nanoparticulate, nanoporous TiO2 and LiMn2O4, dispersed in non-electroactive polymers such as polyethylene glycols, can be used as electrodes for rechargeable Li-ion batteries with very fast charge-discharge cycles and high power performance. The excellent ion-conducting properties of unsintered, nanoparticulate coatings of these metal oxides were unexpected and allow applications of temperature sensitive substrates and organic addenda. By coating very thin, almost or totally polymer-free layers of highly-porous, monodisperse aluminum-oxides with minimum particle size, display devices with improved optical efficiency were prepared. These layers have a low refractive index thus allowing for higher intensities of light emitted by organic electro-luminescers in OLED’s and PLED’s. This property is useful for mobile devices as phones and PDA’s. A hitherto unknown, photo-catalytic chemical reaction of the classical green emitter tris-(8-hydroxychinolino)-aluminum (Alq3) has been discovered in coatings of such optically efficient devices after exposing them to daylight in air. An efficient blue-emitting species of Alq3 with another stereochemical structure was directly formed within these layers at room temperature by photolysis in ambient atmosphere. Interesting new applications of specially designed, large-area coated and transparent nanostructured matrices on flexible substrates for optical gas sensors are discussed in more detail in this paper.
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Burke, Andrew. "Prospects for the Development of High Energy Density Dielectric Capacitors." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 8063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178063.
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In this paper, the design of high energy density dielectric capacitors for energy storage in vehicle, industrial, and electric utility applications have been considered in detail. The performance of these devices depends primarily on the dielectric constant and breakdown strength characteristics of the dielectric material used. A review of the literature on composite polymer materials to assess their present dielectric constants and the various approaches being pursued to increase energy density found that there are many papers in which materials having dielectric constants of 20–50 were reported, but only a few showing materials with very high dielectric constants of 500 and greater. The very high dielectric constants were usually achieved with nanoscale metallic or carbon particles embedded in a host polymer and the maximum dielectric constant occurred near the percolation threshold particle loading. In this study, an analytical method to calculate the dielectric constant of composite dielectric polymers with various types of nanoparticles embedded is presented. The method was applied using an Excel spreadsheet to calculate the characteristics of spiral wound battery cells using various composite polymers with embedded particles. The calculated energy densities were strong functions of the size of the particles and thickness of the dielectric layer in the cell. For a 1000 V cell, an energy density of 100–200 Wh/kg was calculated for 3–5 nm particles and 3–5 µ thick dielectric layers. The results of this study indicate that dielectric materials with an effective dielectric constant of 500–1000 are needed to develop dielectric capacitor cells with battery-like energy density. The breakdown strength would be 300–400 V/µ in a reverse sandwich multilayer dielectric arrangement. The leakage current of the cell would be determined from appropriate DC testing. These high energy density dielectric capacitors are very different from electrochemical capacitors that utilize conducting polymers and liquid electrolytes and are constructed much like batteries. The dielectric capacitors have a very high cell voltage and are constructed like conventional ceramic capacitors.
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Farinholt, Kevin M., Nicholas A. Pedrazas, David M. Schluneker, David W. Burt, and Charles R. Farrar. "An Energy Harvesting Comparison of Piezoelectric and Ionically Conductive Polymers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 20, no. 5 (November 28, 2008): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x08099604.
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With advances in wireless communications and low power electronics there is an ever increasing need for efficient self-contained power systems. Traditional batteries are often selected for this purpose; however, there are limitations due to finite life-spans and the need to periodically recharge or replace the spent power source. One method to address this issue is the inclusion of an energy harvesting strategy that can scavenge energy from the surrounding environment and convert it into usable electrical energy. Since civil, industrial, and aerospace applications are often plagued with an overabundance of ambient vibrations, electromechanical transducers are often considered a viable choice for energy scavengers. In this study, two classes of transducer are considered: the piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride and the ionically conductive ionic polymer transducer. Analytical models are formed for each material assuming axial loading and simulation results are compared with experimental results for each test. Each material is then compared to examine the effectiveness of their mechanoelectric conversion properties.
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Zhang, Junhui, Maziar Ahmadi, Gemma Fargas, Nikola Perinka, Javier Reguera, Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez, Luis Llanes, and Emilio Jiménez-Piqué. "Silver Nanoparticles for Conductive Inks: From Synthesis and Ink Formulation to Their Use in Printing Technologies." Metals 12, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020234.
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Currently, silver nanoparticles have attracted large interest in the photonics, electrics, analytical, and antimicrobial/biocidal fields due to their excellent optical, electrical, biological, and antibacterial properties. The versatility in generating different sizes, shapes, and surface morphologies results in a wide range of applications of silver nanoparticles in various industrial and health-related areas. In industrial applications, silver nanoparticles are used to produce conductive inks, which allows the construction of electronic devices on low-cost and flexible substrates by using various printing techniques. In order to achieve successful printed patterns, the necessary formulation and synthesis need to be engineered to fulfil the printing technique requirements. Additional sintering processes are typically further required to remove the added polymers, which are used to produce the desired adherence, viscosity, and reliable performance. This contribution presents a review of the synthesis of silver nanoparticles via different methods (chemical, physical and biological methods) and the application of silver nanoparticles under the electrical field. Formulation of silver inks and formation of conductive patterns by using different printing techniques (inkjet printing, screen printing and aerosol jet printing) are presented. Post-printing treatments are also discussed. A summary concerning outlooks and perspectives is presented at the end of this review.
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Pramodini, S., Y. N. Sudhakar, M. SelvaKumar, and P. Poornesh. "Studies on third-order optical nonlinearity and power limiting of conducting polymers using the z-scan technique for nonlinear optical applications." Laser Physics 24, no. 4 (March 18, 2014): 045408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1054-660x/24/4/045408.
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Khan, Waseem S., Ramazan Asmatulu, and Mohamed M. Eltabey. "Electrical and Thermal Characterization of Electrospun PVP Nanocomposite Fibers." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/160931.
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Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions incorporated with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were electrospun at various weight percentages, and then the electrical resistance and some thermal properties of these nanocomposite fibers were determined using a high-accuracy electrical resistance measurement device. During the electrospinning process, system and process parameters, such as concentrations, applied voltage, tip-to-collector distance, and pump speeds, were optimized to receive the consistent nanocomposite fibers. When polymers are used in many industrial applications, they require high electrical and thermal conductivities. Most polymers exhibit low electrical conductivity values; however, in the presence of conductive inclusions, the electrical resistance of the MWCNT fibers was reduced from 50 MΩ to below 5 MΩ, which may be attributed to the higher electrical conductivities of these nanoscale inclusions and fewer voids under the applied loads. This study may open up new possibilities in the field for developing electrically conductive novel nanomaterials and devices for various scientific and technological applications.
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Sandu, Ionut-Laurentiu, Felicia Stan, and Catalin Fetecau. "Mechanical Recycling of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites: Processing, Thermal, Rheological, Mechanical and Electrical Behavior." Polymers 15, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030583.
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Recycling polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites is not well common, despite a growing interest in using polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites in industrial applications. In this study, the influence of mechanical recycling on the thermal, rheological, mechanical and electrical behavior of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)/CNT nanocomposites is investigated. EVA/CNT nanocomposite with different amounts of CNTs (1, 3 and 5 wt.%) was subjected to mechanical grinding and reprocessing by injection molding in a close-loop up to three cycles, and the changes induced by mechanical recycling were monitored by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), capillary rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrical resistance and tensile tests. It was found that the EVA/CNT nanocomposites did not exhibit significant changes in thermal and flow behavior due to mechanical recycling and reprocessing. The recycled EVA/CNT nanocomposites retain close to 75% of the original elastic modulus after three recycling cycles and about 80-90% in the tensile strength, depending on the CNT loading. The electrical conductivity of the recycled nanocomposites was about one order of magnitude lower as compared with the virgin nanocomposites, spanning the insulating to semi-conducting range (10−9 S/m–10−2 S/m) depending on the CNT loading. With proper control of the injection molding temperature and CNT loading, a balance between the mechanical and electrical properties of the recycled EVA nanocomposites can be reached, showing a potential to be used in practical applications.
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Fifinatasha, Noor, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, Kamarudin Hussin, Mohammed Binhussain, and Andrei Victor Sandu. "Comparison Characterization of Geopolymer Source Materials for Coating Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.664.
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Geopolymer is new binder manufactured from an aluminosilicate source materials synthesized of geopolymer by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicate. Material contains mostly Silicon (Si) and Aluminium (Al) in amorphous form is a possible to be geopolymer source material. Several minerals and industrial by-product materials have been investigated geopolymer materials essentially as a replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and for advanced high-tech composites, ceramic applications, and also as an inorganic polymer coating. This paper reports microstructure properties of various geopolymer properties which are kaolin, white clay and silica sand, from Saudi Arabia by conducting several tests. The characterization and particle morphology of the various geopolymer sources materials was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) is conducted according to perform elemental analysis and chemical analysis while X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) investigates crystalline material structure, including atomic arrangement, crystalline size, and imperfections.
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Tarmidzi, Fadhil Muhammad, and Setia Budi Sasongko. "Synthesis A Flexible Conductive Film of Poly 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Polystyrene Sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) Using Spray Pyrolysis Method." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.159-162.
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Popularity of conducting polymers are become widely known and researches for practical application also has been done. In order to developed a continuous process for industrial scale, we have proposed a spray pyrolysis method to synthesis a flexible conductive film of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and annealed at different temperatures and spray distances. The optimum condition that resulting a best morphology was anneal at 90oC and 20 cm distance with electrical conductivity 4.5 S/cm. It was found that annealing at temperature higher than 90oC will resulting a stress to a film and formed crack due to a different thermal expansion, while at the distance higher than 20 cm resulting a loss of PEDOT:PSS droplets. IR spectra shows that there is no any sign of PEDOT:PSS degradation even at 110oC. SEM analysis also show that the thickness is well distributed and there is no any sign of crack formedArticle History: Received February 24th 2017; Received in revised form May 16th 2018; Accepted May 20th 2018; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Tarmidzi, F.M. and Sasongko, S.B. (2018) Synthesis A Flexible Conductive Film of Poly 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Polystyrene Sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) Using Spray Pyrolysis Method. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 159-162.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.159-162
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Wen, Jihong, Dong Huang, Yan Li, Xichong Yu, Xinpeng Zhang, Xiaoyu Meng, Chuanbo Cong, and Qiong Zhou. "Investigations of Thermal, Mechanical, and Gas Barrier Properties of PA11-SiO2 Nanocomposites for Flexible Riser Application." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 4260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204260.
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Acidic gas penetration through the internal pressure sheath of a flexible riser tends to cause a corrosive environment in the annulus, reducing the service life of the flexible riser. Nanoparticles can act as gas barriers in the polymer matrix to slow down the gas permeation. Herein, we prepared PA11/SiO2 composites by the melt blending method. The effect of adding different amounts of SiO2 to PA11 on its gas barrier properties was investigated by conducting CO2 permeation tests between 20 °C and 90 °C. As the temperature increased, the lowest value of the permeability coefficient that could be achieved for the PA11 with different contents of SiO2 increased. The composites PA/0.5% SiO2 and PA/1.5% SiO2 had the lowest permeation coefficients in the glassy state (20 °C) and rubbery state (≥50 °C). We believe that this easy-to-produce industrial PA/SiO2 composite can be used to develop high-performance flexible riser barrier layers. It is crucial for understanding riser permeation behavior and enhancing barrier qualities.
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Shabani, Aulon, Majlinda Hylli, and Ilda Kazani. "Investigating Properties of Electrically Conductive Textiles: A Review." TEKSTILEC 65, no. 3 (October 19, 2022): 194–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.14502/tekstilec.65.2022045.
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Electro-conductive textiles are mostly fabrics that have conductive elements or electronics integrated into them to achieve electrical characteristics. They have acquired considerable attention in applications involving sensors, communications, heating textiles, entertainment, health care, safety etc. To produce electro-conductive textiles, several techniques, e.g. chemical treating with conductive polymers on various textile materials, or using different technologies, e.g. knitting, weaving, embroidery techniques to include conductive threads into fabric interconnections etc., are being used. Electro-conductive fabrics are flexible enough to be adapted to quick changes in any particular application, beginning with wearable purposes and sensing needs as specified by many different groups. The ability of electro-conductive textiles to conduct electricity is the most essential property they must possess. In addition, the applications that may be worn should have stable electrical, thermal and mechanical qualities. The most recent developments in the field of electro-conductive textiles represent the aim of this review, which analyses these properties, including the investigation of methods that are used to obtain conductive textiles, their electrical properties, thermal properties, and beyond that, the scientific methods that are used to measure and investigate electro-conductive textiles. We also focused on the textile materials used in studies, as well as the technologies used to make them conductive, which may be a guide for different interested groups for use in a variety of smart applications.
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Durairaj, Arulppan, Moorthy Maruthapandi, Arumugam Saravanan, John H. T. Luong, and Aharon Gedanken. "Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC)-Based Functional Materials for Supercapacitor Applications." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 1828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111828.
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The growth of industrialization and the population has increased the usage of fossil fuels, resulting in the emission of large amounts of CO2. This serious environmental issue can be abated by using sustainable and environmentally friendly materials with promising novel and superior performance as an alternative to petroleum-based plastics. Emerging nanomaterials derived from abundant natural resources have received considerable attention as candidates to replace petroleum-based synthetic polymers. As renewable materials from biomass, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) nanomaterials exhibit unique physicochemical properties, low cost, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Among a plethora of applications, CNCs have become proven nanomaterials for energy applications encompassing energy storage devices and supercapacitors. This review highlights the recent research contribution on novel CNC-conductive materials and CNCs-based nanocomposites, focusing on their synthesis, surface functionalization and potential applications as supercapacitors (SCs). The synthesis of CNCs encompasses various pretreatment steps including acid hydrolysis, mechanical exfoliation and enzymatic and combination processes from renewable carbon sources. For the widespread applications of CNCs, their derivatives such as carboxylated CNCs, aldehyde-CNCs, hydride-CNCs and sulfonated CNC-based materials are more pertinent. The potential applications of CNCs-conductive hybrid composites as SCs, critical technical issues and the future feasibility of this endeavor are highlighted. Discussion is also extended to the transformation of renewable and low-attractive CNCs to conductive nanocomposites using green approaches. This review also addresses the key scientific achievements and industrial uses of nanoscale materials and composites for energy conversion and storage applications.
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Chahma, M’hamed. "Doped Polythiophene Chiral Electrodes as Electrochemical Biosensors." Electrochem 2, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2040042.
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π-conducting materials such as chiral polythiophenes exhibit excellent electrochemical stability in doped and undoped states on electrode surfaces (chiral electrodes), which help tune their physical and electronic properties for a wide range of uses. To overcome the limitations of traditional surface immobilization methods, an alternative pathway for the detection of organic and bioorganic targets using chiral electrodes has been developed. Moreover, chiral electrodes have the ability to carry functionalities, which helps the immobilization and recognition of bioorganic molecules. In this review, we describe the use of polythiophenes for the design of chiral electrodes and their applications as electrochemical biosensors.
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Abdel-Rahim, Ruaa Haitham, Marwah Subhi Attallah, and Reem Alaa Mohammed. "Investigation the Effect of Nano Silica Dioxide Additives on the Properties of Epoxy Resin for Using in Industrial Applications." Materials Science Forum 1050 (January 18, 2022): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1050.103.
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The addition of ceramic nanoparticles to the polymer resin enhances the performance of the composite, enabling the use of such materials in industries such as automobiles and aircraft. This work aims to evaluate the characteristics of epoxy resins by introducing (1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% wt. nano dioxide silica). Using the "hand lay-up " process, about 125 samples were prepared for conducting tests (Hardness, Tensile strength, Impact, Water Absorption) and analyzing results by (SPSS-Scheff). The addition of 7% nano-silica dioxide particles to epoxy considerably raises the hardness values (85.350+.5150 shore D), according to the hardness results. The best average values of the tensile strength and impact (292± 2.828MPa, 54.00 ± 2.828 J/m2) were at the samples (Epoxy- 3% nano-silica dioxide) when compared with other samples. The values of elongation at break reduce through rising concentration, weight fractions of nano-silica dioxide in epoxy, and the best average values of the elongation at break (3.150± .2300 %) were at the samples (Epoxy- 1% nano-silica dioxide). The percentage of water absorption values improved by increasing the weight fraction concentrations of nano-silica dioxide in epoxy, and the best water absorption percentage was (.017 ±.003414%) in the samples (epoxy-1% nano-silica dioxide). Statistically, very large variations were observed of hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, impact strength, and water absorption (Sig 0.01, 0.04, 0.003, 0.02, and 0.002) respectively, and this indicates an improvement in the properties when addition nano-silica dioxide to the epoxy resin
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Hoang, Long, Minh Quy Nguyen, Truong Giang Pham, Vu Anh Phan, Thi Thu Huong Le, Thi Viet Nga Cu, Thanh Phuong Tran, Duc Huy Dinh, and The Hung Le. "Research on evaluating, selecting and manufacturing the VPI SP chemical product for conducting field test to enhance oil recovery coefficient of oil fields in Cuu Long basin, offshore Vietnam." Petrovietnam Journal 11 (November 9, 2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47800/pvj.2021.11-02.
Full textAbstract:
The Vietnam Petroleum Institute (VPI) is implementing a multi-task national level project entitled “Research, evaluate, select and develop a pilot programme for industrial application of solutions to improve oil recovery coefficient for clastic oil bearing reservoirs of oil fields in the Cuu Long basin, on the continental shelf of Vietnam”. Specifically, detailed evaluation studies have been carried out from geological characteristics, reservoir engineering, production to EOR mechanism to develop technical criteria for the process of manufacturing and evaluating the efficiency of the chemical system to optimise the laboratory scale, propose the production and injection scenarios to optimize the development plan as well as evaluate the efficiency of increasing oil recovery coefficient on the reservoir simulation model; conduct production at pilot scale and implement industrial application testing on the field scale for clastic oil bearing reservoir, Cuu Long basin.
The article presents the results of research, evaluation, selection and successful manufacture of a VPI SP chemical system based on the combined mechanism of anionic - non-ionic surfactants and polymers to ensure satisfying the harsh technical requirements of oil fields in Vietnam such as resistance to high temperature, high pressure, high mineralisation, very low surface tension, optimal micro-emulsion, low adsorption onto reservoir rocks, reducing residual oil saturation in the reservoir. Results of the evaluation of increased efficiency of oil recovery on actual samples of Miocene reservoir showed an increase of over 21%. The VPI SP chemical system has been included in the plan of industrial-scale testing by Vietsovpetro in Bach Ho and other producing fields in the clastic sections of the Cuu Long basin.