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1
Acosta, Mariana, Marvin D. Santiago, and Jennifer A. Irvin. "Electrospun Conducting Polymers: Approaches and Applications." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 8820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248820.
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Inherently conductive polymers (CPs) can generally be switched between two or more stable oxidation states, giving rise to changes in properties including conductivity, color, and volume. The ability to prepare CP nanofibers could lead to applications including water purification, sensors, separations, nerve regeneration, wound healing, wearable electronic devices, and flexible energy storage. Electrospinning is a relatively inexpensive, simple process that is used to produce polymer nanofibers from solution. The nanofibers have many desirable qualities including high surface area per unit mass, high porosity, and low weight. Unfortunately, the low molecular weight and rigid rod nature of most CPs cannot yield enough chain entanglement for electrospinning, instead yielding polymer nanoparticles via an electrospraying process. Common workarounds include co-extruding with an insulating carrier polymer, coaxial electrospinning, and coating insulating electrospun polymer nanofibers with CPs. This review explores the benefits and drawbacks of these methods, as well as the use of these materials in sensing, biomedical, electronic, separation, purification, and energy conversion and storage applications.
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Abel, Silvestre Bongiovanni, Evelina Frontera, Diego Acevedo, and Cesar A. Barbero. "Functionalization of Conductive Polymers through Covalent Postmodification." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010205.
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Organic chemical reactions have been used to functionalize preformed conducting polymers (CPs). The extensive work performed on polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and polythiophene (PT) is described together with the more limited work on other CPs. Two approaches have been taken for the functionalization: (i) direct reactions on the CP chains and (ii) reaction with substituted CPs bearing reactive groups (e.g., ester). Electrophilic aromatic substitution, SEAr, is directly made on the non-conductive (reduced form) of the CPs. In PANI and PPy, the N-H can be electrophilically substituted. The nitrogen nucleophile could produce nucleophilic substitutions (SN) on alkyl or acyl groups. Another direct reaction is the nucleophilic conjugate addition on the oxidized form of the polymer (PANI, PPy or PT). In the case of PT, the main functionalization method was indirect, and the linking of functional groups via attachment to reactive groups was already present in the monomer. The same is the case for most other conducting polymers, such as poly(fluorene). The target properties which are improved by the functionalization of the different polymers is also discussed.
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Sharma, Shubham, P. Sudhakara, Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran, Jujhar Singh, and R. A. Ilyas. "Recent Trends and Developments in Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Multifunctional Applications." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 2898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172898.
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Electrically-conducting polymers (CPs) were first developed as a revolutionary class of organic compounds that possess optical and electrical properties comparable to that of metals as well as inorganic semiconductors and display the commendable properties correlated with traditional polymers, like the ease of manufacture along with resilience in processing. Polymer nanocomposites are designed and manufactured to ensure excellent promising properties for anti-static (electrically conducting), anti-corrosion, actuators, sensors, shape memory alloys, biomedical, flexible electronics, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs, and adhesive applications with desired-appealing and cost-effective, functional surface coatings. The distinctive properties of nanocomposite materials involve significantly improved mechanical characteristics, barrier-properties, weight-reduction, and increased, long-lasting performance in terms of heat, wear, and scratch-resistant. Constraint in availability of power due to continuous depletion in the reservoirs of fossil fuels has affected the performance and functioning of electronic and energy storage appliances. For such reasons, efforts to modify the performance of such appliances are under way through blending design engineering with organic electronics. Unlike conventional inorganic semiconductors, organic electronic materials are developed from conducting polymers (CPs), dyes and charge transfer complexes. However, the conductive polymers are perhaps more bio-compatible rather than conventional metals or semi-conductive materials. Such characteristics make it more fascinating for bio-engineering investigators to conduct research on polymers possessing antistatic properties for various applications. An extensive overview of different techniques of synthesis and the applications of polymer bio-nanocomposites in various fields of sensors, actuators, shape memory polymers, flexible electronics, optical limiting, electrical properties (batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs), corrosion-protection and biomedical application are well-summarized from the findings all across the world in more than 150 references, exclusively from the past four years. This paper also presents recent advancements in composites of rare-earth oxides based on conducting polymer composites. Across a variety of biological and medical applications, the fact that numerous tissues were receptive to electric fields and stimuli made CPs more enticing.
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Sołoducho, Jadwiga, Dorota Zając, Kamila Spychalska, Sylwia Baluta, and Joanna Cabaj. "Conducting Silicone-Based Polymers and Their Application." Molecules 26, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072012.
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Over the past two decades, both fundamental and applied research in conducting polymers have grown rapidly. Conducting polymers (CPs) are unique due to their ease of synthesis, environmental stability, and simple doping/dedoping chemistry. Electrically conductive silicone polymers are the current state-of-the-art for, e.g., optoelectronic materials. The combination of inorganic elements and organic polymers leads to a highly electrically conductive composite with improved thermal stability. Silicone-based materials have a set of extremely interesting properties, i.e., very low surface energy, excellent gas and moisture permeability, good heat stability, low-temperature flexibility, and biocompatibility. The most effective parameters constructing the physical properties of CPs are conjugation length, degree of crystallinity, and intra- and inter-chain interactions. Conducting polymers, owing to their ease of synthesis, remarkable environmental stability, and high conductivity in the doped form, have remained thoroughly studied due to their varied applications in fields like biological activity, drug release systems, rechargeable batteries, and sensors. For this reason, this review provides an overview of organosilicon polymers that have been reported over the past two decades.
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Ramanavicius, Simonas, and Arunas Ramanavicius. "Conducting Polymers in the Design of Biosensors and Biofuel Cells." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010049.
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Fast and sensitive determination of biologically active compounds is very important in biomedical diagnostics, the food and beverage industry, and environmental analysis. In this review, the most promising directions in analytical application of conducting polymers (CPs) are outlined. Up to now polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) are the most frequently used CPs in the design of sensors and biosensors; therefore, in this review, main attention is paid to these conducting polymers. The most popular polymerization methods applied for the formation of conducting polymer layers are discussed. The applicability of polypyrrole-based functional layers in the design of electrochemical biosensors and biofuel cells is highlighted. Some signal transduction mechanisms in CP-based sensors and biosensors are discussed. Biocompatibility-related aspects of some conducting polymers are overviewed and some insights into the application of CP-based coatings for the design of implantable sensors and biofuel cells are addressed. New trends and perspectives in the development of sensors based on CPs and their composites with other materials are discussed.
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Anand Kumar. "Role of conducting polymers in corrosion protection." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 045–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.2.0238.
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Corrosion is an environmental evil related to metal and their alloys. Researchers trying their best to overcome it with traditional and new techniques. Recently Conducting polymers (CPs) such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) etc. are used for the corrosion protection of metals and metal alloys. Various mechanisms have been suggested to explain anticorrosion properties of CPs. These include anodic protection, controlled inhibitor release as well as barrier protection mechanisms. The presenting review is mainly focused on Different approaches that have been developed for the use of CPs in protective coatings.
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Luong, John H. T., Tarun Narayan, Shipra Solanki, and Bansi D. Malhotra. "Recent Advances of Conducting Polymers and Their Composites for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 11, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb11040071.
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Conducting polymers (CPs) have been at the center of research owing to their metal-like electrochemical properties and polymer-like dispersion nature. CPs and their composites serve as ideal functional materials for diversified biomedical applications like drug delivery, tissue engineering, and diagnostics. There have also been numerous biosensing platforms based on polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPY), polythiophene (PTP), and their composites. Based on their unique properties and extensive use in biosensing matrices, updated information on novel CPs and their role is appealing. This review focuses on the properties and performance of biosensing matrices based on CPs reported in the last three years. The salient features of CPs like PANI, PPY, PTP, and their composites with nanoparticles, carbon materials, etc. are outlined along with respective examples. A description of mediator conjugated biosensor designs and enzymeless CPs based glucose sensing has also been included. The future research trends with required improvements to improve the analytical performance of CP-biosensing devices have also been addressed.
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Bubniene, Urte Samukaite, Vilma Ratautaite, Arunas Ramanavicius, and Vytautas Bucinskas. "Conducting Polymers for the Design of Tactile Sensors." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2022): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14152984.
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This paper provides an overview of the application of conducting polymers (CPs) used in the design of tactile sensors. While conducting polymers can be used as a base in a variety of forms, such as films, particles, matrices, and fillers, the CPs generally remain the same. This paper, first, discusses the chemical and physical properties of conducting polymers. Next, it discusses how these polymers might be involved in the conversion of mechanical effects (such as pressure, force, tension, mass, displacement, deformation, torque, crack, creep, and others) into a change in electrical resistance through a charge transfer mechanism for tactile sensing. Polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polydimethylsiloxane, and polyacetylene, as well as application examples of conducting polymers in tactile sensors, are overviewed. Attention is paid to the additives used in tactile sensor development, together with conducting polymers. There is a long list of additives and composites, used for different purposes, namely: cotton, polyurethane, PDMS, fabric, Ecoflex, Velostat, MXenes, and different forms of carbon such as graphene, MWCNT, etc. Some design aspects of the tactile sensor are highlighted. The charge transfer and operation principles of tactile sensors are discussed. Finally, some methods which have been applied for the design of sensors based on conductive polymers, are reviewed and discussed.
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Armel, Vanessa, Orawan Winther-Jensen, Meng Zhang, and Bjorn Winther-Jensen. "Electrochemical Reactivity on Conducting Polymer Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.489.
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Embedding macromolecules and active centers such as inorganic nanoparticles into conducting polymers (CPs) has been an ongoing challenge due to the normally harsh conditions required during chemical or electrochemical polymerization that limits the selection of the functional molecules to be incorporated. By developing alternative approaches for incorporating various organic and inorganic materials into CPs it has been possible to obtain efficient charge transfer within the alloys. In this report, two facile techniques are discussed for obtaining such composites: 1) In-situ polymerisation of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in the presence of non-conducting polymers and 2) electrochemical deposition in-organic nanoparticles inside PEDOT.
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Park, Yohan, Jaehan Jung, and Mincheol Chang. "Research Progress on Conducting Polymer-Based Biomedical Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061070.
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Conducting polymers (CPs) have attracted significant attention in a variety of research fields, particularly in biomedical engineering, because of the ease in controlling their morphology, their high chemical and environmental stability, and their biocompatibility, as well as their unique optical and electrical properties. In particular, the electrical properties of CPs can be simply tuned over the full range from insulator to metal via a doping process, such as chemical, electrochemical, charge injection, and photo-doping. Over the past few decades, remarkable progress has been made in biomedical research including biosensors, tissue engineering, artificial muscles, and drug delivery, as CPs have been utilized as a key component in these fields. In this article, we review CPs from the perspective of biomedical engineering. Specifically, representative biomedical applications of CPs are briefly summarized: biosensors, tissue engineering, artificial muscles, and drug delivery. The motivation for use of and the main function of CPs in these fields above are discussed. Finally, we highlight the technical and scientific challenges regarding electrical conductivity, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and the loading capacity of biomolecules that are faced by CPs for future work. This is followed by several strategies to overcome these drawbacks.
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Sonika, Sushil Kumar Verma, Siddhartha Samanta, Ankit Kumar Srivastava, Sonali Biswas, Rim M. Alsharabi, and Shailendra Rajput. "Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite for Energy Storage and Energy Harvesting Systems." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 24, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2266899.
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Conducting polymers (CPs) have received a lot of attention because of their unique advantages over popular materials, such as universal and tunable electrical conductivity, simple invention approach, high mechanical strength, low weight, low price, and ease of processing. Polymer nanocomposites have been enthusiastically explored as superlative energy generators for low-power-consuming electronic strategies and confirmed progressive surface area, electronic conductivity, and amazing electrochemical behaviour through expanding the opportunity of utilization. The hybridization of conducting polymer with inorganic hybrid and organic nanomaterials also resulted in multifunctional hybrid nanocomposites with better capabilities in a variety of devices, including sensors, energy storage, energy harvesting, and defensive devices. The capability and assistance of modern advancements for the development of multifunctional nanomaterials/nanocomposites have been presented, as well as the approaches for producing nanostructured CPs. The mechanisms underlying their electrical conductivity, and ways for modifying their properties, are investigated. The ongoing research towards generating superior CP-based nanomaterials is also discussed. This assessment focuses on the important schemes involved in the scientific and industrial use of polymeric materials and nanocomposites intended for the scheme and manufacture of energy strategies such as solar cells, rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and energy cells, as well as the waiting problems and their prospects.
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KIM, CHEOL, and XINYUN LIU. "ELECTROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF CARBON NANOTUBES-CONDUCTING POLYMER FILMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 3727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206040271.
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A relationship between strain and applied potential is derived for composite films consisting of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and conductive polymers (CPs). When it is derived, an electrochemical ionic approach is utilized to formulate the electromechanical actuation of the film actuator. This relationship can give us a direct understanding of actuation of the nanoactuator. The results show that the well-aligned SWNTs composite actuator can give good actuation responses and high actuating forces available. The actuation is found to be affected by both SWNTs and CPs components and the actuation of SWNTs component has two kinds of influences on that of the CPs component: reinforcement at the positive voltage and abatement at the negative voltage. Optimizations of SWNTs-CPs composite actuator may be achieved by using well-aligned nanotubes as well as choosing suitable electrolyte and an input voltage range.
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Salinas, Gerardo, and Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe. "Electrochemical Analysis of Heavy Metal Ions Using Conducting Polymer Interfaces." Electrochem 3, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 492–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030034.
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Conducting polymers (CPs) are highly conjugated organic macromolecules, where the electrical charge is transported in intra- and inter-chain pathways. Polyacetylene, polythiophene and its derivatives, polypyrrole and its derivatives, and polyaniline are among the best-known examples. These compounds have been used as electrode modifiers to gain sensitivity and selectivity in a large variety of analytical applications. This review, after a brief introduction to the electrochemistry of CPs, summarizes the application of CPs’ electrode interfaces towards heavy metals’ detection using potentiometry, pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, and alternative non-classical electrochemical methods.
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Rawat, Neha Kanwar, Alok Kumar Sinha, and Sharif Ahmad. "Conducting poly(o-anisidine-co-o-phenyldiammine) nanorod dispersed epoxy composite coatings: synthesis, characterization and corrosion protective performance." RSC Advances 5, no. 115 (2015): 94933–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra14590b.
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Kappen, Jincymol, Małgorzata Skorupa, and Katarzyna Krukiewicz. "Conducting Polymers as Versatile Tools for the Electrochemical Detection of Cancer Biomarkers." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010031.
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The detection of cancer biomarkers has recently become an established method for the early diagnosis of cancer. The sensitive analysis of specific biomarkers can also be clinically applied for the determination of response to treatment and monitoring of disease progression. Because of the ultra-low concentration of cancer biomarkers in body fluids, diagnostic tools need to be highly sensitive and specific. Conducting polymers (CPs) are particularly known to exhibit numerous features that enable them to serve as excellent materials for the immobilization of biomolecules and the facilitation of electron transfer. Their large surface area, porosity, and the presence of functional groups provide CPs with binding sites suitable for capturing biomarkers, in addition to their sensitive and easy detection. The aim of this review is to present a comprehensive summary of the available electrochemical biosensors based on CPs and their composites for the ultrasensitive detection of selected cancer biomarkers. We have categorized the study based on different types of targeted biomarkers such as DNAs, miRNAs, proteins, enzymes, neurotransmitters and whole cancer cells. The sensitivity of their detection is enhanced by the presence of CPs, providing a limit of detection as low as 0.5 fM (for miRNA) and 10 cells (for the detection of cancer cells). The methods of multiplex biomarker detection and cell capture are indicated as the most promising category, since they furnish more accurate and reliable results. Ultimately, we discuss the available CP-based electrochemical sensors and promising approaches for facilitating cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Kižys, Kasparas, Antanas Zinovičius, Baltramiejus Jakštys, Ingrida Bružaitė, Evaldas Balčiūnas, Milda Petrulevičienė, Arūnas Ramanavičius, and Inga Morkvėnaitė-Vilkončienė. "Microbial Biofuel Cells: Fundamental Principles, Development and Recent Obstacles." Biosensors 13, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020221.
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This review focuses on the development of microbial biofuel cells to demonstrate how similar principles apply to the development of bioelectronic devices. The low specificity of microorganism-based amperometric biosensors can be exploited in designing microbial biofuel cells, enabling them to consume a broader range of chemical fuels. Charge transfer efficiency is among the most challenging and critical issues while developing biofuel cells. Nanomaterials and particular redox mediators are exploited to facilitate charge transfer between biomaterials and biofuel cell electrodes. The application of conductive polymers (CPs) can improve the efficiency of biofuel cells while CPs are well-suitable for the immobilization of enzymes, and in some specific circumstances, CPs can facilitate charge transfer. Moreover, biocompatibility is an important issue during the development of implantable biofuel cells. Therefore, biocompatibility-related aspects of conducting polymers with microorganisms are discussed in this review. Ways to modify cell-wall/membrane and to improve charge transfer efficiency and suitability for biofuel cell design are outlined.
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El-Bery, Haitham M., Mahmoud R. Salah, Seddique M. Ahmed, and Soliman A. Soliman. "Efficient non-metal based conducting polymers for photocatalytic hydrogen production: comparative study between polyaniline, polypyrrole and PEDOT." RSC Advances 11, no. 22 (2021): 13229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra01218e.
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Paramshetti, Sharanya, Mohit Angolkar, Adel Al Fatease, Sultan M. Alshahrani, Umme Hani, Ankitha Garg, Gundawar Ravi, and Riyaz Ali M. Osmani. "Revolutionizing Drug Delivery and Therapeutics: The Biomedical Applications of Conductive Polymers and Composites-Based Systems." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 4 (April 10, 2023): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041204.
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The first conductive polymers (CPs) were developed during the 1970s as a unique class of organic substances with properties that are electrically and optically comparable to those of inorganic semiconductors and metals while also exhibiting the desirable traits of conventional polymers. CPs have become a subject of intensive research due to their exceptional qualities, such as high mechanical and optical properties, tunable electrical characteristics, ease of synthesis and fabrication, and higher environmental stability than traditional inorganic materials. Although conducting polymers have several limitations in their pure state, coupling with other materials helps overcome these drawbacks. Owing to the fact that various types of tissues are responsive to stimuli and electrical fields has made these smart biomaterials attractive for a range of medical and biological applications. For various applications, including the delivery of drugs, biosensors, biomedical implants, and tissue engineering, electrical CPs and composites have attracted significant interest in both research and industry. These bimodalities can be programmed to respond to both internal and external stimuli. Additionally, these smart biomaterials have the ability to deliver drugs in various concentrations and at an extensive range. This review briefly discusses the commonly used CPs, composites, and their synthesis processes. Further highlights the importance of these materials in drug delivery along with their applicability in various delivery systems.
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Zhang, Weichi, Liwen You, Xiao Meng, Bozhi Wang, and Dabin Lin. "Recent Advances on Conducting Polymers Based Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting." Micromachines 12, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12111308.
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With the rapid growth of numerous portable electronics, it is critical to develop high-performance, lightweight, and environmentally sustainable energy generation and power supply systems. The flexible nanogenerators, including piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG), are currently viable candidates for combination with personal devices and wireless sensors to achieve sustained energy for long-term working circumstances due to their great mechanical qualities, superior environmental adaptability, and outstanding energy-harvesting performance. Conductive materials for electrode as the critical component in nanogenerators, have been intensively investigated to optimize their performance and avoid high-cost and time-consuming manufacture processing. Recently, because of their low cost, large-scale production, simple synthesis procedures, and controlled electrical conductivity, conducting polymers (CPs) have been utilized in a wide range of scientific domains. CPs have also become increasingly significant in nanogenerators. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on CP-based PENG and TENG for biomechanical energy harvesting. A thorough overview of recent advancements and development of CP-based nanogenerators with various configurations are presented and prospects of scientific and technological challenges from performance to potential applications are discussed.
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Sierra-Padilla, Alfonso, Juan José García-Guzmán, David López-Iglesias, José María Palacios-Santander, and Laura Cubillana-Aguilera. "E-Tongues/Noses Based on Conducting Polymers and Composite Materials: Expanding the Possibilities in Complex Analytical Sensing." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 4976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21154976.
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Conducting polymers (CPs) are extensively studied due to their high versatility and electrical properties, as well as their high environmental stability. Based on the above, their applications as electronic devices are promoted and constitute an interesting matter of research. This review summarizes their application in common electronic devices and their implementation in electronic tongues and noses systems (E-tongues and E-noses, respectively). The monitoring of diverse factors with these devices by multivariate calibration methods for different applications is also included. Lastly, a critical discussion about the enclosed analytical potential of several conducting polymer-based devices in electronic systems reported in literature will be offered.
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Poyraz, Selcuk, Marissa Flogel, Zhen Liu, and Xinyu Zhang. "Microwave energy assisted carbonization of nanostructured conducting polymers for their potential use in energy storage applications." Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1109.
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AbstractThree well-established one-step approaches, namely, conducting polymer (CP) nanofiber (NF) synthesis by NF seeding, CP nanoclip (NC) synthesis by oxidative template, and microwave (MW) energy-assisted carbonization were systematically combined to prepare carbonaceous nanostructures from CPs, with great potential as the active material for energy storage purposes. Polypyrrole (PPy), as one of the most well-known and commonly studied members of the CP family was prepared in both NF and NC forms, as the sacrificial carbonization precursor, for different property comparison purposes. Due to conducting polymers’ high electron mobility and easily exciting nature under MW irradiation, both PPy NF and NC samples had vigorously interacted with MWs. The as-obtained carbonaceous samples from such interactions exhibited high thermal stabilities, competitive specific capacitance values and long-term stable electrochemical cyclic performances, which are crucial for the active materials used in energy storage applications. Thus, it is believed that, this well-established and well-studied process combination will dominate the large-scale manufacturing of the carbon-based, active energy storage materials from CPs.
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Kulandaivalu, Shalini, and Yusran Sulaiman. "Recent Advances in Layer-by-Layer Assembled Conducting Polymer Based Composites for Supercapacitors." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 1, 2019): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112107.
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Development of well-designed electrodes is the key to achieve high performance supercapacitors. Therefore, as one of the effective methods, a layer-by-layer (LBL) approach is often fruitfully employed for the fabrication of electrode material. Benefiting from a tunable parameter of the LBL approach, this approach has paved a way to design a highly ordered nanostructured electrode material with excellent performance. Conducting polymers (CPs) are the frontrunners in supercapacitors and notably, the LBL assembly of CPs is attracting extensive attention. Therefore, this critical review covers a comprehensive discussion on the research progress of CP-based composites with special importance on the LBL approach predominately for supercapacitors. Following a brief discussion on supercapacitors and CPs, the most up-to-date techniques used in LBL are highlighted.
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Văduva, Mirela, Mihaela Baibarac, and Oana Cramariuc. "Functionalization of Graphene Derivatives with Conducting Polymers and Their Applications in Uric Acid Detection." Molecules 28, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010135.
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In this article, we review recent progress concerning the development of sensorial platforms based on graphene derivatives and conducting polymers (CPs), alternatively deposited or co-deposited on the working electrode (usually a glassy carbon electrode; GCE) using a simple potentiostatic method (often cyclic voltammetry; CV), possibly followed by the deposition of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) on the electrode surface (ES). These materials have been successfully used to detect an extended range of biomolecules of clinical interest, such as uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), adenine, guanine, and others. The most common method is electrochemical synthesis. In the composites, which are often combined with metallic NPs, the interaction between the graphene derivatives—including graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), or graphene quantum dots (GQDs)—and the CPs is usually governed by non-covalent functionalization through π–π interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals (VW) forces. The functionalization of GO, RGO, or GQDs with CPs has been shown to speed up electron transfer during the oxidation process, thus improving the electrochemical response of the resulting sensor. The oxidation mechanism behind the electrochemical response of the sensor seems to involve a partial charge transfer (CT) from the analytes to graphene derivatives, due to the overlapping of π orbitals.
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Shimoga, Ganesh, Ramasubba Reddy Palem, Dong-Soo Choi, Eun-Jae Shin, Pattan-Siddappa Ganesh, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Soo-Hong Lee, and Sang-Youn Kim. "Polypyrrole-Based Metal Nanocomposite Electrode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitors." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060905.
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Metallic nanostructures (MNs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) play a pivotal role by articulating their significance in high-performance supercapacitors along with conducting polymers (CPs). The interaction and synergistic pseudocapacitive effect of MNs with CPs have contributed to enhance the specific capacitance and cyclic stability. Among various conjugated heterocyclic CPs, polypyrrole (PPy) (prevalently knows as “synthetic metal”) is exclusively studied because of its excellent physicochemical properties, ease of preparation, flexibility in surface modifications, and unique molecular structure–property relationships. Numerous researchers attempted to improve the low electronic conductivity of MNs and MOFs, by incorporating conducting PPy and/or used decoration strategy. This was succeeded by fine-tuning this objective, which managed to get outstanding supercapacitive performances. This brief technical note epitomizes various PPy-based metallic hybrid materials with different nano-architectures, emphasizing its technical implications in fabricating high-performance electrode material for supercapacitor applications.
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Văduva, Mirela, Teodora Burlănescu, and Mihaela Baibarac. "Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Derivatives with Conducting Polymers and Their Applications in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Supercapacitors." Polymers 16, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16010053.
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Recent progress concerning the development of counter electrode material (CE) from the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and the electrode material (EM) within supercapacitors is reviewed. From composites based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and conducting polymers (CPs) to their biggest competitor, namely composites based on graphene or graphene derivate (GD) and CPs, there are many methods of synthesis that influence the morphology and the functionalization inside the composite, making them valuable candidates for EM both inside DSSCs and in supercapacitors devices. From the combination of CPs with carbon-based materials, such as CNT and graphene or GD, the perfect network is created, and so the charge transfer takes place faster and more easily. Inside composites, between the functional groups of the components, different functionalizations are formed, namely covalent or non-covalent, which further provide the so-called synergic effect. Inside CPs/CNTs, CNTs could play the role of template but could also be wrapped in a CP film due to π–π coupling enhancing the composite conductivity. Active in regenerating the redox couple I−/I3−, the weakly bound electrons play a key role inside CPs/GD composites.
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Bulgurcuoğlu, Ayşe Evrim, Yaşar Karabul, Mehmet Kiliç, Zeynep Güven Özdemir, Seda Erdönmez, Banu Süngü Misirlioğlu, Mustafa Okutan, and Orhan İçelli. "Structural analysis and dielectric relaxation mechanism of conducting polymer/volcanic basalt rock composites." Materials Science-Poland 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2019-0042.
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AbstractIn this work, polypyrrole and polythiophene conducting polymers (CPs) have been synthesized and doped with volcanic basalt rock (VBR) in order to improve their dielectric properties for technological applications. The structure and morphology of the composites with different VBR doping concentrations were characterized by FT-IR and SEM analyses. The best charge storage ability was achieved for maximum VBR doping concentration (50.0 wt.%) for both CPs. Dielectric relaxation types of the composites were determined as non-Debye type due to non-zero absorption coefficient and observation of semicircles whose centers were below Z′ axis at the Nyquist plots. It was also ascertained that VBR doping makes the molecular orientation easier than for non-doped samples and reduced energy requirement of molecular orientation. In addition, AC conductivity was totally masked by DC conductivity for all samples at low frequency.
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Ghosh, Srabanti, Suparna Das, and Marta E. G. Mosquera. "Conducting Polymer-Based Nanohybrids for Fuel Cell Application." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 2993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122993.
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Carbon materials such as carbon graphitic structures, carbon nanotubes, and graphene nanosheets are extensively used as supports for electrocatalysts in fuel cells. Alternatively, conducting polymers displayed ultrahigh electrical conductivity and high chemical stability havegenerated an intense research interest as catalysts support for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as well as microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Moreover, metal or metal oxides catalysts can be immobilized on the pure polymer or the functionalized polymer surface to generate conducting polymer-based nanohybrids (CPNHs) with improved catalytic performance and stability. Metal oxides generally have large surface area and/or porous structures and showed unique synergistic effects with CPs. Therefore, a stable, environmentally friendly bio/electro-catalyst can be obtained with CPNHs along with better catalytic activity and enhanced electron-transfer rate. The mass activity of Pd/polypyrrole (PPy) CPNHs as an anode material for ethanol oxidation is 7.5 and 78 times higher than that of commercial Pd/C and bulk Pd/PPy. The Pd rich multimetallic alloys incorporated on PPy nanofibers exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity which is approximately 5.5 times higher than monometallic counter parts. Similarly, binary and ternary Pt-rich electrocatalysts demonstrated superior catalytic activity for the methanol oxidation, and the catalytic activity of Pt24Pd26Au50/PPy significantly improved up to 12.5 A per mg Pt, which is approximately15 times higher than commercial Pt/C (0.85 A per mg Pt). The recent progress on CPNH materials as anode/cathode and membranes for fuel cell has been systematically reviewed, with detailed understandings into the characteristics, modifications, and performances of the electrode materials.
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Lupu, Stelian. "New Developments in Electrochemical Sensors Based on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Modified Electrodes." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/508126.
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There is a growing demand for continuous, fast, selective, and sensitive monitoring of key analytes and parameters in the control of diseases and health monitoring, foods quality and safety, and quality of the environment. Sensors based on electrochemical transducers represent very promising tools in this context. Conducting polymers (CPs) have drawn considerable interest in recent years because of their potential applications in different fields such as in sensors, electrochemical displays, and in catalysis. Among the organic conducting polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its derivatives have attracted particular interest due to their high stability and high conductivity. This paper summarizes mainly the recent developments in the use of PEDOT-based composite materials in electrochemical sensors.
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Ramanavicius, Simonas, and Arunas Ramanavicius. "Charge Transfer and Biocompatibility Aspects in Conducting Polymer-Based Enzymatic Biosensors and Biofuel Cells." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020371.
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Charge transfer (CT) is a very important issue in the design of biosensors and biofuel cells. Some nanomaterials can be applied to facilitate the CT in these bioelectronics-based devices. In this review, we overview some CT mechanisms and/or pathways that are the most frequently established between redox enzymes and electrodes. Facilitation of indirect CT by the application of some nanomaterials is frequently applied in electrochemical enzymatic biosensors and biofuel cells. More sophisticated and still rather rarely observed is direct charge transfer (DCT), which is often addressed as direct electron transfer (DET), therefore, DCT/DET is also targeted and discussed in this review. The application of conducting polymers (CPs) for the immobilization of enzymes and facilitation of charge transfer during the design of biosensors and biofuel cells are overviewed. Significant attention is paid to various ways of synthesis and application of conducting polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Some DCT/DET mechanisms in CP-based sensors and biosensors are discussed, taking into account that not only charge transfer via electrons, but also charge transfer via holes can play a crucial role in the design of bioelectronics-based devices. Biocompatibility aspects of CPs, which provides important advantages essential for implantable bioelectronics, are discussed.
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Patil, Pranoti H., Vidya V. Kulkarni, and Sushilkumar A. Jadhav. "An Overview of Recent Advancements in Conducting Polymer–Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Application." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6120363.
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Supercapacitors have gained significant attention as energy storage devices due to their high specific power, fast charge–discharge rate and extended cycling stability. Recent research focuses on the search for new electrode materials to enhance the specific capacitance of supercapacitors. Conducting polymers (CPs) and metal oxides (MOs) are being extensively tested as electrode materials in supercapacitors. CPs have poor cycling stability and low mechanical strength but are easy to process, while MOs exhibit easy availability, variable oxidation states and possess high specific capacitance, but they are somewhat difficult to process. Therefore, combining both (CP) and (MO) in a composite offers better results for the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. This review mainly focuses on the discussion of CP/MO based nanocomposites recently reported for supercapacitor applications. The collective information presented in this report will provide researchers a view into the latest developments in this field. The continued research on this topic will reveal further potential applications of CP/MO composites.
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Tsakova, Vessela, Svetlozar Ivanov, Ulrich Lange, Aneliya Stoyanova, Vladimir Lyutov, and Vladimir M. Mirsky. "Electroanalytical applications of nanocomposites from conducting polymers and metallic nanoparticles prepared by layer-by-layer deposition." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 2 (October 8, 2010): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-10-08-01.
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Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition is a convenient technique for the formation of ultra-thin nanocomposite layers containing metallic nanoparticles (NPs) and conducting polymers (CPs). The advantages of this approach for producing composite layers suitable for electroanalytical applications are discussed. Examples of electroanalytical applications of LbL-deposited composites are presented. Composite layers consisting of polyaniline (PANI) and Pd NPs are used for hydrazine oxidation. The PANI–Au NPs system is applied for dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) oxidation.
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Mawad, Damia, Catherine Mansfield, Antonio Lauto, Filippo Perbellini, Geoffrey W. Nelson, Joanne Tonkin, Sean O. Bello, et al. "A conducting polymer with enhanced electronic stability applied in cardiac models." Science Advances 2, no. 11 (November 2016): e1601007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601007.
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Electrically active constructs can have a beneficial effect on electroresponsive tissues, such as the brain, heart, and nervous system. Conducting polymers (CPs) are being considered as components of these constructs because of their intrinsic electroactive and flexible nature. However, their clinical application has been largely hampered by their short operational time due to a decrease in their electronic properties. We show that, by immobilizing the dopant in the conductive scaffold, we can prevent its electric deterioration. We grew polyaniline (PANI) doped with phytic acid on the surface of a chitosan film. The strong chelation between phytic acid and chitosan led to a conductive patch with retained electroactivity, low surface resistivity (35.85 ± 9.40 kilohms per square), and oxidized form after 2 weeks of incubation in physiological medium. Ex vivo experiments revealed that the conductive nature of the patch has an immediate effect on the electrophysiology of the heart. Preliminary in vivo experiments showed that the conductive patch does not induce proarrhythmogenic activities in the heart. Our findings set the foundation for the design of electronically stable CP-based scaffolds. This provides a robust conductive system that could be used at the interface with electroresponsive tissue to better understand the interaction and effect of these materials on the electrophysiology of these tissues.
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Andriukonis, Eivydas, Raimonda Celiesiute-Germaniene, Simonas Ramanavicius, Roman Viter, and Arunas Ramanavicius. "From Microorganism-Based Amperometric Biosensors towards Microbial Fuel Cells." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 2442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072442.
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This review focuses on the overview of microbial amperometric biosensors and microbial biofuel cells (MFC) and shows how very similar principles are applied for the design of both types of these bioelectronics-based devices. Most microorganism-based amperometric biosensors show poor specificity, but this drawback can be exploited in the design of microbial biofuel cells because this enables them to consume wider range of chemical fuels. The efficiency of the charge transfer is among the most challenging and critical issues during the development of any kind of biofuel cell. In most cases, particular redox mediators and nanomaterials are applied for the facilitation of charge transfer from applied biomaterials towards biofuel cell electrodes. Some improvements in charge transfer efficiency can be achieved by the application of conducting polymers (CPs), which can be used for the immobilization of enzymes and in some particular cases even for the facilitation of charge transfer. In this review, charge transfer pathways and mechanisms, which are suitable for the design of biosensors and in biofuel cells, are discussed. Modification methods of the cell-wall/membrane by conducting polymers in order to enhance charge transfer efficiency of microorganisms, which can be potentially applied in the design of microbial biofuel cells, are outlined. The biocompatibility-related aspects of conducting polymers with microorganisms are summarized.
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Konno, Yoshiki, Etsushi Tsuji, Yoshitaka Aoki, Toshiaki Ohtsuka, and Hiroki Habazaki. "Corrosion protection of iron using porous anodic oxide/conducting polymer composite coatings." Faraday Discussions 180 (2015): 479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00232f.
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Conducting polymers (CPs), including polypyrrole, have attracted attention for their potential in the protection of metals against corrosion; however, CP coatings have the limitation of poor adhesion to metal substrates. In this study, a composite coating, comprising a self-organized porous anodic oxide layer and a polypyrrole layer, has been developed on iron. Because of electropolymerization in the pores of the anodic oxide layer, the composite coating showed improved adhesion to the substrate along with prolonged corrosion protection in a NaCl aqueous corrosive environment. The anodic oxide layers are formed in a fluoride-containing organic electrolyte and contain a large amount of fluoride species. The removal of these fluoride species from the oxide layer and the metal/oxide interface region is crucial for improving the corrosion protection.
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Ali, Mariamu K., and Ahmed Abd Moneim. "Effect of Inorganic Doping on the Thermoelectric Behavior of Polyaniline Nanocomposites." Key Engineering Materials 835 (March 2020): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.835.200.
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Polyaniline (PANI) has been considered for thermoelectric (T.E) applications due to its facile preparation methods, easy doping-dedoping processes and its environmental stability. Like other conducting polymers (CPs), it has low thermal conductivity (usually below 1 Wm-1K-1) which is favorable for T.E applications, however studies have shown that it still suffers from low power factors as a result of low electrical conductivity. For this reason, PANI has been compounded with other materials such as polymers, inorganic nanoparticles and carbon nanoparticles to enhance its electrical conductivity, power factors (PF) and ultimately zT value.This work is focused on the synthesis and characterization of n-type polyaniline nanocomposites doped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The rGO was prepared through oxidation of graphite and subsequent reduction and incorporated into polyaniline through in situ polymerization and the resulting nanocomposites were characterized. Addition of rGO resulted in enhancement of the electrical conductivity of polyaniline from 10-3 S/cm to 10-1 S/cm which is two orders of magnitude higher. This contributed to the enhanced PF, an indication that thermoelectric behavior of conducting polymers can be boosted through compounding with inorganic materials.
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Laslau, Cosmin, David E. Williams, Bryon E. Wright, and Jadranka Travas Sejdic. "Pitfalls and Experimental Issues in Measuring Ion Flux from Actuating Conducting Polymers Using Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy." Materials Science Forum 700 (September 2011): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.700.129.
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We discuss experimental issues associated with a novel operating mode of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). This mode characterizes the ion fluxes that emanate from conducting polymers (CPs) as they actuate, important for understanding CP applications ranging from artificial muscles to micropumps. The CP studied is a thin film of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) actuated out of plane. We outline the design principles underpinning our CP ion flux measurements and discuss experimental complications that arose - most notably a baseline current that may be attributable to a spatially varying CP oxidation state. We discuss the dependence of this baseline ion flux current on the separation distance between SICM tip and CP film, substrate type and substrate area.
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Li, Qi, Michael Horn, Yinong Wang, Jennifer MacLeod, Nunzio Motta, and Jinzhang Liu. "A Review of Supercapacitors Based on Graphene and Redox-Active Organic Materials." Materials 12, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12050703.
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Supercapacitors are a highly promising class of energy storage devices due to their high power density and long life cycle. Conducting polymers (CPs) and organic molecules are potential candidates for improving supercapacitor electrodes due to their low cost, large specific pseudocapacitance and facile synthesis methods. Graphene, with its unique two-dimensional structure, shows high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area and outstanding mechanical properties, which makes it an excellent material for lithium ion batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors. The combination of CPs and graphene as electrode material is expected to boost the properties of supercapacitors. In this review, we summarize recent reports on three different CP/graphene composites as electrode materials for supercapacitors, discussing synthesis and electrochemical performance. Novel flexible and wearable devices based on CP/graphene composites are introduced and discussed, with an eye to recent developments and challenges for future research directions.
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Ali, Farhad, Shaista Noor, Fawad Ahmad, Shahbaz Nazir, and Gulfam Nasar. "Pani-Based Nanocomposites for Electrical Applications: A Review." Journal of Materials and Physical Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/jmps.2023.0401.0035.
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Including supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells, conducting polyaniline (PANI) has been widely used in electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies due to its high conductivity, ease of synthesis, high flexibility, low cost, and distinctive redox properties. Because of its poor stability as a super-capacitive electrode, pure PANI cannot keep up with the rising demands for more N-active sites, better power/energy densities, and more stable molecular structures. These drawbacks as a super-capacitive electrode can be overcome by combining PANI with other active materials such as carbon compounds, metal compounds, and other conducting polymers (CPs). Recent PANI research focuses mainly on PANI-modified composite electrodes and supported composite electrocatalysts for fuel cells and rechargeable batteries, respectively. Due to the synergistic effect, PANI-based composites with various unique structures have shown superior electrochemical performance in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. PANI typically functions as a conductive layer and network in different PANI-based composite structures. This review also discusses N-doped carbon materials produced from PANI because they are frequently employed as metal-free electrocatalysts for fuel cells. We conclude by providing a quick summary of upcoming developments and future research directions in PANI
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Raicopol, Matei, Alina Pruna, and Luisa Pilan. "Supercapacitance of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Polypyrrole Composites." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/367473.
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The composites based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and conducting polymers (CPs) are promising materials for supercapacitor devices due to their unique nanostructure that combines the large pseudocapacitance of the CPs with the fast charging/discharging double-layer capacitance and excellent mechanical properties of the CNTs. Here, we report a new electrochemical method to obtain polypyrrole (PPY)/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composites. In the first step, the SWCNTs are covalently functionalized with monomeric units of pyrrole by esterification of acyl chloride functionalized SWCNTs and N-(6-hydroxyhexyl)pyrrole. In the second step, the PPY/SWCNTs composites are obtained by copolymerizing the pyrrole monomer with the pyrrole units grafted on SWCNTs surface using controlled potential electrolysis. The composites were further characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed good electrochemical charge storage properties for the synthesized composites based on PPY and SWCNTs covalently functionalized with pyrrole units making them promising electrode materials for high power supercapacitors.
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Siwal, Samarjeet Singh, Qibo Zhang, Nishu Devi, and Vijay Kumar Thakur. "Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite for High-Performance Energy Storage Applications." Polymers 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030505.
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In recent years, numerous discoveries and investigations have been remarked for the development of carbon-based polymer nanocomposites. Carbon-based materials and their composites hold encouraging employment in a broad array of fields, for example, energy storage devices, fuel cells, membranes sensors, actuators, and electromagnetic shielding. Carbon and its derivatives exhibit some remarkable features such as high conductivity, high surface area, excellent chemical endurance, and good mechanical durability. On the other hand, characteristics such as docility, lower price, and high environmental resistance are some of the unique properties of conducting polymers (CPs). To enhance the properties and performance, polymeric electrode materials can be modified suitably by metal oxides and carbon materials resulting in a composite that helps in the collection and accumulation of charges due to large surface area. The carbon-polymer nanocomposites assist in overcoming the difficulties arising in achieving the high performance of polymeric compounds and deliver high-performance composites that can be used in electrochemical energy storage devices. Carbon-based polymer nanocomposites have both advantages and disadvantages, so in this review, attempts are made to understand their synergistic behavior and resulting performance. The three electrochemical energy storage systems and the type of electrode materials used for them have been studied here in this article and some aspects for example morphology, exterior area, temperature, and approaches have been observed to influence the activity of electrochemical methods. This review article evaluates and compiles reported data to present a significant and extensive summary of the state of the art.
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Li, Zhihua, and Liangjun Gong. "Research Progress on Applications of Polyaniline (PANI) for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030548.
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Conducting polyaniline (PANI) with high conductivity, ease of synthesis, high flexibility, low cost, environmental friendliness and unique redox properties has been extensively applied in electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies including supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries and fuel cells. Pure PANI exhibits inferior stability as supercapacitive electrode, and can not meet the ever-increasing demand for more stable molecular structure, higher power/energy density and more N-active sites. The combination of PANI and other active materials like carbon materials, metal compounds and other conducting polymers (CPs) can make up for these disadvantages as supercapacitive electrode. As for rechargeable batteries and fuel cells, recent research related to PANI mainly focus on PANI modified composite electrodes and supported composite electrocatalysts respectively. In various PANI based composite structures, PANI usually acts as a conductive layer and network, and the resultant PANI based composites with various unique structures have demonstrated superior electrochemical performance in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries and fuel cells due to the synergistic effect. Additionally, PANI derived N-doped carbon materials also have been widely used as metal-free electrocatalysts for fuel cells, which is also involved in this review. In the end, we give a brief outline of future advances and research directions on PANI.
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Sasitharan, Kezia, and Marina Freitag. "Nanostructured Coordination Polymers for Solid State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 14 (August 28, 2023): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01141351mtgabs.
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Dye-sensitized solar cells have the potential to provide a viable source of renewable energy to help decarbonize our economy and power wearable devices. With their exceptional performance in diffused light under indoor conditions, DSCs remain competitive for powering the next digital revolution forming the internet of things.[1] Conventional DSCs use a liquid electrolyte; however, a lot of research is going into replacing it with a solid hole transporter material to make the technology better suited for scale-up and commercialization. We work with an emerging class of materials called nanostructured coordination polymers (CP) and explore their application as a hole transport material aimed at creating high performing monolithic solid-state DSCs. Nanostructured CPs possess the highly ordered structure of inorganic materials combined with the chemically tailorable properties and low cost of organics.[2] Thanks to their high external surface area, aspect ratios, nanoscopic dimensions and novel electronic and optical properties, CPs have been found to outperform their precursors in a wide range of applications and are ideal for evaluation as solid-state hole transport materials in DSCs. CPs facilitate the formation of extended polymeric structure of metal ions and the coordinating atoms of the organic ligands. The systems are designed by taking the following conditions into consideration- the energy overlap of the orbitals of the metal ions and the coordinating atoms and their relative electronegativities. Incorporating redox-active metal centres into conducting polymer substrates thus creates highly efficient redox conductivity. Metal centres can provide efficient sites for redox conductivity but can also act as thermodynamic sinks that trap/localize charges due to their low-lying energetic states.[3] Based on these design criteriae, we explore Copper benzenetetrathiol (Cu-BTT) as an ideal candidate for hole transporting roles in solid state dye sensitized solar cells. We show that Cu-BTT is formed by alternating Cu2+ and C6H2S4 2- units with pairs of chelating S atoms from the ligand coordinating around the metal centre. Formation of 1D chain-type nanowires is a good strategy for through bond charge transport. The as-prepared pristine Cu-BTT coordination polymers were found to exhibit a conductivity of the order 10-6 S cm-1. Upon altering the technique used for thin film preparation, the conductivity was found to increase by up to an order of a magnitude. Layer by layer assembly of the coordination polymer was found to be the best performing, giving a fairly uniform epitaxial growth of Cu-BTT over large areas and showing conductivities of the order 10-3 S cm-1 without additives. Using AFM imaging studies, we show that this morphology creates the formation of highly interconnected networks of CuBTT nanowires which improves the conductivity. We also demonstrate that epitaxially grown Cu-BTT also shows better performance as a hole transport material in the DSSC devices as compared to Cu-BTT films prepared using drop casting or spin-coating technique. This is because during epitaxial growth the precursors get a better chance to infiltrate the pores in the mesoporous layer and the polymeric HTM forms direct contact with the dye molecules. This is corroborated by photoinduced absorption spectroscopy (PIA) measurements where we observe that the ground state bleach and absorption peaks of the dye (Y123) disappear upon introduction of the epitaxially grown CuBTT HTM. This demonstrates an efficient and complete reduction of the oxidized dye molecules therefore proving that CuBTT nanowire type 1D coordination polymers can be utilized successfully as hole transport layers in solid state dye sensitised solar cells. This work shows that 1D coordination polymers hold significant potential as solid-state hole transport materials to create monolithic solid state DSSCs with improved performance. REFERENCES [1] M. Freitag et al., “Dye-sensitized solar cells for efficient power generation under ambient lighting,” Nat. Photonics, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 372–378, 2017, doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2017.60. [2] K. Sasitharan et al., “Metal‐Organic Framework Nanosheets as Templates to Enhance Performance in Semi‐Crystalline Organic Photovoltaic Cells,” Adv. Sci., vol. 2200366, p. 2200366, 2022, doi: 10.1002/advs.202200366. [3] A. J. Clough et al., “Room Temperature Metallic Conductivity in a Metal − Organic Framework Induced by Oxidation,” 2019, doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b06898. Figure 1
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Li, Jiawei, Yuan He, Yanan Sun, Xiuming Zhang, Wei Shi, and Dongtao Ge. "Synthesis of Polypyrrole/V2O5 Composite Film on the Surface of Magnesium Using a Mild Vapor Phase Polymerization (VPP) Method for Corrosion Resistance." Coatings 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040402.
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The vapor phase polymerization (VPP) method is a conventional strategy for synthesizing conducting polymers (CPs) on the surfaces of various materials. However, the current VPP method performed on a metal surface usually requires harsh reaction conditions, such as high temperature and low vacuum. In this paper, a polypyrrole (PPy) and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) composite film was synthesized on the surface of Mg using a mild VPP method. Here, V2O5 was used as an oxidant, and it was found that the oxidation of pyrrole (Py) vapor on the surface of V2O5, which had been previously coated on the surface of Mg, could be performed at room temperature under normal atmospheric pressure. The formation of the PPy/V2O5 composite was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. A thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to study the thermal stability of the composite. Subsequent corrosion tests showed that the PPy/V2O5 composite film could slow down the corrosion of Mg in 3.5 wt% NaCl. It is expected that the mild VPP method may find great potential in the fields of synthesis of CPs and the corrosion protection of reactive metals.
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Cho, Sunghun, Jun Seop Lee, and Hyeonseo Joo. "Recent Developments of the Solution-Processable and Highly Conductive Polyaniline Composites for Optical and Electrochemical Applications." Polymers 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2019): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11121965.
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Solution-processable conducting polymers (CPs) are an effective means for producing thin-film electrodes with tunable thickness, and excellent electrical, electrochemical, and optical properties. Especially, solution-processable polyaniline (PANI) composites have drawn a great deal of interest due to of their ease of film-forming, high conductivity up to 103 S/cm, excellent redox behaviors, processability, and scalability. In this review, basic principles, fabrication methods, and applications of solution-processable PANI composites will be discussed. In addition, recent researches on the PANI-based electrodes for solar cells (SCs), electrochromic (EC) windows, thermoelectric (TE) materials, supercapacitors, sensors, antennas, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and anti-corrosion coatings will be discussed. The presented examples in this review will offer new insights in the design and fabrication of high-performance electrodes from the PANI composite solutions for the development of thin-film electrodes for state-of-art applications.
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Patil, Harshada K., Megha A. Deshmukh, Gajanan A. Bodkhe, and Mahendra D. Shirsat. "Sensitive detection of heavy metal ions: An electrochemical approach." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 19 (July 18, 2018): 1840042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218400428.
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Polyaniline (PANI) is one of conducting polymers (CPs) which has been used widely in various fields of applications. The low cost monomer, red/ox reversibility, existence of various oxidation states, electrical & optical activity, environmental stability, etc. are the characteristic reasons for it. Herein, we report the electrochemically synthesized PANI and its composite with single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNTs) — PANI/SWNTs. The effects of inculcation of SWNTs were studied using the electrochemical properties of PANI and PANI/SWNTs composites, using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) for the electro active natures of both. For the study of optical absorption UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy was used and for morphology the field effect scanning electron mictroscopy (FESEM) was used. The composite PANI/SWNTs exhibited a good electroactive nature and therefore was opted as a sensing platform for the detection of nickel ions. For the selectivity inculcation of the nickel ions, the chelating ligand viz. dimethylglyoxime (DMG) was used for the modification of the composite.
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Tomaskovic-Crook, Eva, Qi Gu, Siti N. Abdul Rahim, Gordon G. Wallace, and Jeremy M. Crook. "Conducting Polymer Mediated Electrical Stimulation Induces Multilineage Differentiation with Robust Neuronal Fate Determination of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells." Cells 9, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9030658.
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Electrical stimulation is increasingly being used to modulate human cell behaviour for biotechnological research and therapeutics. Electrically conductive polymers (CPs) such as polypyrrole (PPy) are amenable to in vitro and in vivo cell stimulation, being easy to synthesise with different counter ions (dopants) to augment biocompatibility and cell-effects. Extending our earlier work, which showed that CP-mediated electrical stimulation promotes human neural stem cell differentiation, here we report using electroactive PPy containing the anionic dopant dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) to modulate the fate determination of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Remarkably, the stimulation without conventional chemical inducers resulted in the iPSCs differentiating to cells of the three germ lineages—endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. The unstimulated iPSC controls remained undifferentiated. Phenotypic characterisation further showed a robust induction to neuronal fate with electrical stimulation, again without customary chemical inducers. Our findings add to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of electrical stimulation to augment stem cell differentiation, more specifically, pluripotent stem cell differentiation, and especially neuronal induction. Moreover, we have shown the versatility of electroactive PPy as a cell-compatible platform for advanced stem cell research and translation, including identifying novel mechanisms of fate regulation, tissue development, electroceuticals, and regenerative medicine.
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Escobar-Teran, Freddy, Hubert Perrot, and Ozlem Sel. "Carbon-Based Materials for Energy Storage Devices: Types and Characterization Techniques." Physchem 3, no. 3 (September 13, 2023): 355–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physchem3030025.
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The urgent need for efficient energy storage devices (supercapacitors and batteries) has attracted ample interest from scientists and researchers in developing materials with excellent electrochemical properties. Electrode material based on carbon, transition metal oxides, and conducting polymers (CPs) has been used. Among these materials, carbon has gained wide attention in Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLC) due to its variable morphology of pores and structural properties as well as its remarkable electrical and mechanical properties. In this context, the present review article summarizes the history of supercapacitors and the basic function of these devices, the type of carbon electrode materials, and the different strategies to improve the performance of these devices. In addition, we present different approaches to studying the charging mechanism of these devices through different electrochemical techniques existing in the literature, since a deeper understanding of the interfacial charge storage mechanisms is also crucial in the elaboration and performance of the electrode material. We make a comparison of the different techniques and present their advantages and challenges. Taking these advances into account, we consider that the coupling between two methods/techniques provides a better understanding of the charge storage mechanisms in energy storage devices.
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Ture, Satish Ashok, Shruthy D. Pattathil, Bertrand Zing Zing, and Venkataraman Abbaraju. "Fluorescence Sensing of Some Important Nitroaromatic Compounds by Using Polyaniline Ag Composite." Micro 3, no. 1 (February 9, 2023): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro3010016.
Full textAbstract:
Conducting polymers (CPs) have contributed significantly to the field of sensing. The sensing of nitroaromatic compounds by fluorescence has recently gained more attention due to its sensitivity and selectivity. In this study, polyaniline (PANI) was functionalized by forming a polyaniline-Ag (PANI-Ag) composite and used as a fluorophore for sensing. The nitro groups present in nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) such as 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid-TNP) and Dinitrobenzene (DNB) act as electron-accepting molecules and quench the fluorescence of polymer chains by showing an amplified quenching effect in which trace amounts of electron-accepting NACs quench emissions of several fluorophore units. The PANI-Ag composite synthesized by interfacial polymerization was analyzed using UV-vis spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for determination of molecular structure; X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDAX) for its morphology, which is cubic crystalline silver; and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for the thermal stability. The fluorescence quenching mechanism was deduced from the Stern–Volmer plot. The quenching constant value (Ksv) obtained from the Stern–Volmer (S–V) plot was found to be Ksv = 0.1037 × 106 M−1 (TNP) and Ksv = 0.161 × 104 M−1 (DNB). The plot shows a single mechanism with formation of an exciplex complex for TNP with a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. The limit of detection (LOD) is found to be TNP = 5.58 × 10−7 M, whereas DNB = 23.30 × 10−6 M shows that the PANI-Ag composite is a potential fluorophore for sensing of nitroaromatic compounds in trace levels.
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Zhang, Hai Rui, Han Lu Li, and Ji Xiao Wang. "Capacitance Fading Induced by Degradation of Polyaniline: Cyclic Voltammetry and SEM Study." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1205.
Full textAbstract:
Polyaniline (PANI), one of the most studied conducting polymers (CPs), shows great promising application in supercapacitor in advanced power system. In present work, the capacitance fading of PANI nanofibers modified stainless steel (PANI/SS) electrode was investigated by combination of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The kinetics of capacitance fading can be fitted to a second-order exponential decay. The fading rate constant of the capacitors increases by two orders magnitude when the upper-limit potential in CV increases from 0.55 to 0.80 V vs. SCE. We proposed that there are three factors leading to the capacitance fading, the first one is the hydrolysis of quinoid units in PANI produced during electrodeposition process or/and high potential applied, the second one is chemical degradation of PANI induced by the attack of solvated anions on nitrogen radical cation, and the third one is the electrochemical degradation of PANI which is due to the benzene radical cation. Additionally, the SEM images show that the morphology of newly formed PANI nanofibers are in gel structure, and become clear with the gel structure disappeared after 1000 cycles. Moreover, some regular particles appear at the electrode surface, which are supposed to be produced from the accumulation of the degradation product.
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Hakim S, Abd. "Manufacture and Characterization of PVA-Enzyme/GA/PANI-HCl or PANI-p-toluentsulfonate/PVC-KTpClPB-o-NPOE Indicator Electrode Membranes, Analysis, XRD, SEM-EDX and FTIR." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 11 (November 25, 2023): 10043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i11.5638.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims at the synthesis and characterization of indicator electrode membranes consisting of PVA-Enzyme/GA/PANI/PVC-KTpClPB-o-NPOE, urea analyte. PANI-HCl and PANI-p-toluensulfonate conducting polymers, 61% and 66% o-NPOE plasticizer variations in PVC-KTpClPB, as well as urease enzyme activity in one or three drops of 0.5 mL PVA (50% water: 50% ethanol). The biosensor potentiometric method was used with the technique of immobilizing the urea enzyme which is the urea analyte. The multi-membrane indicator electrode is PVA-Enzyme/GA/PANI/PVC-KTpClPB-o-NPOE, PANI dissolved in HCl and p-toluensulfonic acid respectively at a concentration of 6 M and 2 M. Each membrane on the indicator electrode is coated with one time. Results of XRD analysis of the spectrum pattern of the PANI-HCl indicator electrode with intensities of 4400 a.u, 1386 a.u, 1724 a.u with a 2theta angle of 28.6 degrees, PANI-p-toluensulfonate with intensities of 10940 a.u, 9194 a.u, 5312 a.u with a 2theta angle of 18.2 degrees. SEM-EDX analysis showed differences in the morphology of the o-NPOE plasticizer of 61% and 66% as well as an increase in cps/eV from the number of drops of the urease enzyme, one drop was lower than three drops. FTIR analysis shows an increase in transmittance by PANI towards PPy. Analysis of the properties of a multi-membrane indicator electrode with one layer of the best sample is PANI-p-toluensulfonate