Relevant bibliographies by topics / Conducting polymers

Academic literature on the topic 'Conducting polymers'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Conducting polymers"

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Epstein, Arthur J. "Electrically Conducting Polymers: Science and Technology." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 6 (June 1997): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033583.

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For the past 50 years, conventional insulating-polymer systems have increasingly been used as substitutes for structural materials such as wood, ceramics, and metals because of their high strength, light weight, ease of chemical modification/customization, and processability at low temperatures. In 1977 the first intrinsic electrically conducting organic polymer—doped polyacetylene—was reported, spurring interest in “conducting polymers.” Intrinsically conducting polymers are completely different from conducting polymers that are merely a physical mixture of a nonconductive polymer with a conducting material such as metal or carbon powder. Although initially these intrinsically conducting polymers were neither processable nor air-stable, new generations of these materials now are processable into powders, films, and fibers from a wide variety of solvents, and also are airstable. Some forms of these intrinsically conducting polymers can be blended into traditional polymers to form electrically conductive blends. The electrical conductivities of the intrinsically conductingpolymer systems now range from those typical of insulators (<10−10 S/cm (10−10 Ω−1 cm1)) to those typical of semiconductors such as silicon (~10 5 S/cm) to those greater than 10+4 S/cm (nearly that of a good metal such as copper, 5 × 105 S/cm). Applications of these polymers, especially polyanilines, have begun to emerge. These include coatings and blends for electrostatic dissipation and electromagnetic-interference (EMI) shielding, electromagnetic-radiation absorbers for welding (joining) of plastics, conductive layers for light-emitting polymer devices, and anticorrosion coatings for iron and steel.The common electronic feature of pris tine (undoped) conducting polymers is the π-conjugated system, which is formed by the overlap of carbon pz orbitals and alternating carbon-carbon bond lengths.
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Inoue, Akihisa, Hyunwoo Yuk, Baoyang Lu, and Xuanhe Zhao. "Strong adhesion of wet conducting polymers on diverse substrates." Science Advances 6, no. 12 (March 2020): eaay5394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay5394.

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Conducting polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polypyrrole (PPy), and polyaniline (PAni) have attracted great attention as promising electrodes that interface with biological organisms. However, weak and unstable adhesion of conducting polymers to substrates and devices in wet physiological environment has greatly limited their utility and reliability. Here, we report a general yet simple method to achieve strong adhesion of various conducting polymers on diverse insulating and conductive substrates in wet physiological environment. The method is based on introducing a hydrophilic polymer adhesive layer with a thickness of a few nanometers, which forms strong adhesion with the substrate and an interpenetrating polymer network with the conducting polymer. The method is compatible with various fabrication approaches for conducting polymers without compromising their electrical or mechanical properties. We further demonstrate adhesion of wet conducting polymers on representative bioelectronic devices with high adhesion strength, conductivity, and mechanical and electrochemical stability.
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Jovanovic, Slobodan, Gordana Nestorovic, and Katarina Jeremic. "Conducting polymer materials." Chemical Industry 57, no. 11 (2003): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0311511j.

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Conducting polymers represent a very interesting group of polymer materials Investigation of the synthesis, structure and properties of these materials has been the subject of considerable research efforts in the last twenty years. A short presentating of newer results obtained by investigating of the synthesis, structure and properties of two basic groups of conducting polymers: a) conducting polymers the conductivity of which is the result of their molecular structure, and b) conducting polymer composites (EPC), is given in this paper. The applications and future development of this group of polymer materials is also discussed.
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SHIRAKAWA, HIDEKI. "Conductive materials. Conducting polymers - Polyacetylene." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 61, no. 9 (1988): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.61.616.

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MATSUNAGA, TSUTOMU. "Conductive materials. Conducting polymers - polyaniline." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 61, no. 9 (1988): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.61.623.

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HOTTA, SHU. "Conductive materials. Conducting polymers - Polythiophene." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 61, no. 9 (1988): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.61.629.

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Watanabe, Masayoshi. "Ion Conducting Polymers Polymer Electrolytes." Kobunshi 42, no. 8 (1993): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.42.702.

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Khayal, Areeba. "A NOVEL ROUTE FOR THE FORMATION OF GAS SENSORS." International journal of multidisciplinary advanced scientific research and innovation 1, no. 6 (August 16, 2021): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.53633/ijmasri.2021.1.6.04.

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The rapid development of conductive polymers shows great potential in temperature chemical gas detection as their electrical conductivity is often changed upon spotlight to oxidative or reductive gas molecules at room temperature. However, the relatively low conductivity and high affinity toward volatile organic compounds and water molecules always exhibit low sensitivity, poor stability and gas selectivity, which hinder their practical gas sensor applications. In addition, inorganic sensitive materials show totally different advantages in gas sensors like high sensitivity, fast response to low concentration analytes, high area and versatile surface chemistry, which could harmonize the conducting polymers in terms of the sensing individuality. It seems to be a good option to combine inorganic sensitive materials with polymers for gas detection for the synergistic effects which has attracted extensive interests in gas sensing applications. In this appraisal the recapitulation of recent development in polymer inorganic nanocomposites-based gas sensors. The roles of inorganic nanomaterials in improving the gas sensing performances of conducting polymers are introduced and therefore the progress of conducting polymer inorganic nanocomposites including metal oxides, metal, carbon (carbon nanotube, graphene) and ternary composites are obtainable. Finally, conclusion and perspective within the field of gas sensors incorporating conducting polymer inorganic nanocomposites are summarized. Keywords: Gas sensor, conducting polymer, polymer-inorganic nanocomposites; conducting organic polymers nanostructure, synergistic effect, polypyrrole (PPY), polyaniline (PANI).
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Nellithala, Dheeraj, Parin Shah, and Paul Kohl. "(Invited) Durability and Accelerated Aging of Anion-Conducting Membranes and Ionomers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 43 (October 9, 2022): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02431606mtgabs.

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Low-temperature, polymer-based fuel cells and water electrolyzers using anion conductive polymers have several potential advantages over acid-based polymer electrolyzers. However, the long-term durability of the ion conducting polymer has not been investigated to the same extent as proton conducting polymers. Further, accelerated aging test conditions with known acceleration factors have not been developed. In this study, a family of poly(norbornene) polymers used in fuel cells and electrolyzers was aged under a variety of conditions to determine the aging rate and acceleration factors. In particular, the relationship between temperature, alkalinity, and time were investigated.
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Köse, Hidayet, and Suat Çetiner. "The Effect of Dopant Type on The Morphology and Electrical Properties of Hollow Polyester Fabric." Academic Perspective Procedia 2, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.02.03.55.

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Intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) have been intensively the subject of research since these polymers have superlative electrical and thermophysical properties. Due to the low hydrogen content and aromatic structure, they show perfect chemical, thermal, and oxidative stability and are practically insoluble in all common solvents. Also these polymers are latently electrical conducting materials, especially when doped. Polypyrole (PPy) is a very promising conducting polymer. It can be in easy way processes and has many interesting electrical properties. Also ıt is chemically and thermally stable. Like many other fully aromatic polymers, PPy is an electrical insulator, however, when oxidized it becomes an electrical conductor.The conductivity of PPy strongly consists in the preparation technique, and on the polymer additives and can be increased by about two orders of magnitude. In this study, electrically conductive hollow fabrics were prepared via ın situ chemical polymerization method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrical properties of conductive hollow fabrics were invesigated.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conducting polymers"

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Schlindwein, Walkiria Santos. "Conducting polymers and polymer electrolytes." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33889.

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Polymers are mostly used as insulator materials. Since the late sixties, two new classes of polymeric materials possessing either ionic or electronic conductivities have been extensively studied. The work carried out in this thesis concerns of the study of polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) complexed with divalent salts (ionic conductors) and polypyrroles (PPy) electrochemically and chemically prepared (electronic conductors). Different techniques were used to study their properties including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Variable Temperature Polarising Microscopy (VTPM), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), a.c. Impedance, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Water-cast films of PEOn:ZnX2 (X = C1, Br, I) were prepared at a range of stoichiometries. The effects of either residual presence of water or thermal treatment related to the formation of high melting crystalline materials were investigated. The morphology of the zinc halides films differs from similar films cast from acetonitrile/methanol mixtures. The presence of high melting crystalline material in the water cast samples is influenced mostly by the concentration, type of anion and drying procedure applied to the samples. The high melting crystalline materials in the zinc samples are more affected by the drying regime. In some cases, solvent effects can be removed by using a high temperature (e.g. 180°C) drying regime. The presence of water normally depresses the melting temperature of the crystalline structures. Films of PEOn.:CaBr2 and PEOn:NiBr2 cast from water were also examined. The high melting crystalline materials in the calcium samples are more affected by the presence of water. The nickel samples are highly crystalline and the presence of high melting material does not seem to be influenced by either the presence of solvent or the drying procedure. EXAFS was used as a suitable technique to probe the local structure surrounding the cation. The results of the zinc halide samples gave some indication of the interionic and polymer-cation interactions. It was demonstrated that the halogen provides the most substantial contribution for the total EXAFS spectrum and the oxygen contribution is much less significant, except in the case of PEOn:ZnC12 samples. This could be due to the size of the nearest neighbour atoms and/or to the interaction polymer-cation. The presence of neutral "ion pairing" is suggested for the PEOn:ZnBr2 samples. The EXAFS results for the samples containing NiBr2 indicated a strong interaction between polymer-salt and the local structure was dependent on concentration, unlike the zinc samples. The polymerisation of pyrrole was investigated by using chemical and electrochemical oxidation routes. The structural characterisation of the compounds obtained was limited by their insolubility. The electrochemically prepared samples presented higher conductivity than the ones which were chemically prepared. The EXAFS results at the Fe K-edge of the PPyFeCl4 sample, which was prepared by direct chemical oxidation, suggested that the iron is coordinated to oxygens at a distance 1.97 A, chlorines at 3.08 A and perhaps nitrogens at 3.72 A. The iron local structure of the composite PVA/PPy doped with FeCl3 was different from the PPyFeCl4 sample. The iron in the composite sample was coordinated to oxygens at 1.98 A and chlorines at 2.18 A. Alternatively, the presence of a distorted FeCl4- is considered.
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Kanhegaonkar, Shivkalyan A. "Studies on conducting polymers: synthesis and characterization of conducting polymer blends." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2004. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2873.

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Sabagh, Basseem. "Intrinsically conducting polymers." Thesis, Kingston University, 2007. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20425/.

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The synthesis, properties optimisation and blending of two intrinsically conducting polymer families have been investigated. Electron rich polymers, based on polythiophene derivatives, and electron deficient polymers, based on polypyridine derivatives, were successfully synthesised and characterised. Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) [PEDOT] was synthesised by controlled oxidative polymerisation. Hexyl-substituted EDOT, which is commercially unavailable, was successfully synthesised via an eight step reaction. Poly (3-nitropyridine) [PPy-3-NO[sub]2] was produced following a revised literature method. The synthesised polymers were then blended together in a 1: 1 monomer ratio. A search for evidence of charge transfer between the blended polymers was carried out using several techniques. UV-Visible spectroscopy showed signs of an increase in the extent of conjugation due to charge transfer. ESR measurements showed a large increase in the concentration of unpaired electrons in the blends. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to study the electrochemical behaviour, and revealed that the charge transfer caused the polymers in the blend to oxidise and reduce differently from the pure polymers. Finally, electrical conductivity measurements indicated an increase in the bulk conductivity when blending the polymers together reaching, in some cases, up to two orders of magnitude.
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Ladbury, John Edward Simon Durham. "Thermally conducting polymers." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236267.

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Huang, Fang. "Synthesis of conducting polymers /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,155148.

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Almasri, Moayad. "Liquid crystalline conducting polymers." Thesis, Kingston University, 2008. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20393/.

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Side chain liquid crystal polypyrroles have been synthesised and investigated in order to study their liquid crystallinity and its possible effect on their electronic conductivity. The synthesis ofN-substituted dithienylpyrrole was studied using a number of methods. Firstly, there was the synthesis of a side chain which consisted of a mesogenic group and nine units of methylene as a spacer. This synthesis was followed by the preparation of the N-substituted monomer, its polymerisation and the characterisation of both the low molecular weight compounds and the polymer. The next stage was the hydrolysis of the cyanobiphenyl (the mesogenic group) and esterification with a chiral alcohol. The purpose was to synthesise N-substituted polypyrrole with a chiral liquid crystalline moiety in order to produce new liquid crystalline conductive polymers which could exhibit a chiral smectic Cmesophase. A larger monomer (dithienylpyrrole) was synthesised. The substitution of the monomer was carried out using several methods, and the production of the N-substituted monomer was attempted using the Gabriel Synthesis and alternative Suzuki Coupling methods. The polymers were studied electrochemically, and the conductivity of the chemically polymerised compounds was measured (2.8 x 10-8 S cm-1 for the nitrile polymer). The effect of heat treatment on a film of the electrochemically polymerised product was studied, and the energy gap before and after the annealing was measured (2.7 to 2.6 eV for the nitrile polymer and the acid polyer). The liquid crystalline properties were studied 'using differential scanning calorimetry and polarised hot-stage optical microscopy. The acid intermediate (product 3) showed two liquid crystal mesophases. Nematic and smectic C mesophases were observed to be stable over a wide range of temperature (144.8 to 241.4 [degrees]C). The nitrile polymer showed a highly organised phase which was probably a smectic B or crystal. B phase. The nitrile polymer and the acid polymer were studied electrochemically showing that doping and dedoping potentials for the acid polymer were higher than those of the nitrile polymer, and the energy gap of the acid polymer was lower. The energy gap of the nitrile polymer was higher than that of polymer with shorter spacer (6 units of methylene), and that was consistent with the results obtained from the conductivity measurement, as the longer spacer polymer is less conductive (higher energy gap and lower conductivity). Annealing the polymers decreases the energy gap due to self-organisation of the liquid crystal phase .: Modelling the monomer using Quantum Cache indicated molecular dimensions (the length of the nitrile monomer with an LC group attached is 27.8 AO) consistent with the repeat distances indicated by X-ray diffractometry (27.6 AO for the nitrile polymer). The result was proposed that there was inter-layer of the smectic LC phase indicated by hot¬stage polarised optical microscopy.
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Mohammad, F. "Studies on conducting polymers." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382499.

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This thesis reports studies of several aspects of the behaviour of intrinsically conducting organic polymers with conjugated backbones. Polyparaphenylene has been synthesised by a range of chemical methods and the products studied by spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and electrical properties. It is shown that the properties of the polymer are sensitive to the method of synthesis. The intrinsic and oxidative degradation of compensated and p-type doped poly thiophene and polypyrrole have been studied by uv-vis, ftir, tga and by monitoring electrical conductivity. Dissimilar degradation behaviours of the two polymers have been rationalised in the light of the ionisation potentials of the polymers and the chemical nature of their repeat units while comparing with other polymers such as polyacetylene, polymethylacetylene and polypropylene. Studies on poly thiophene and polypyrrole show that these polymers are much more stable than polyacetylene but still undergo degradation reactions which involve two steps viz. loss of dopant and then degradation of polymer backbone. The general features of their degradation mechanisms are discussed. Thin films of p-type doped poly thiophene were found to react ~apidly but irreversibly with ammonia and water whereas the loss of conductivity was largely reversible by evacuation in polypyrrole. The interaction between compensating agents such as ammonia, water and butyl lithium with p-type doped poly thiophene and polypyrrole has been examined and chemical reaction schemes have been proposed with a possiblility of their use in sensing devices. The diffusion of dopants into and out of poly thiophene and polypyrrole along with its dependence on temperature and dopant concentration in the polymer, has been studied by a galvanostatic pulse method. The Arrhenius plots show two distinct but fairly linear regions of low and high activation energies with a transition at 273K. An increase in diffusion coefficients in the order of N(But)4+ BF4-
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Read, Daniel Charles. "Novel transparent conducting polymers." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357118.

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Eastwick-Field, Vanessa Mary. "Reduced state conducting polymers." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/108298/.

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The work presented in this thesis is concerned with reduced state conducting polymers, and in particular with poly(pyridine). The electroreductive polymerisation of 2,5-dibromopyridine based on either the Ni(0)(PPh3)4] or [Ni(0)(bpy)3ClO4)2] systems was investigated. The results obtained via both routes are discussed in terms of their respective mechanisms. The initial steps of the polymerisation based on the latter system are analysed using a specially developed kinetic theory. Although the theory was designed specifically to better understand the mechanism of electrosynthesis of poly(pyridine), it has a broader usage for the electrochemist because it describes the limiting current responses of second order ECE reactions at RDEs. The nature of poly(pyridine) prepared by both routes is investigated, and the results obtained are discussed in terms of their structural implications. Although the definitive nature of the polymers is still unclear, a particularly interesting possibility is that the polymers prepared from the [Ni(0)(bpy)3ClO4)2]/2,5-Br2Py/TEAP/AN system are “pyridylonickel strings”. The electrosynthesis of poly(azines) using the [Ni(0)(bpy)3ClO4)2]route is reported, and demonstrates that this strategy can be successfully exploited in the preparation of novel reduced state conducting polymers. Suggestions for further work forming an extension to this thesis are given in the final chapter.
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Deng, Fenghua. "Coating of electrically conducting polymeric films on the surface of non-conducting substrate." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30435.

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Books on the topic "Conducting polymers"

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Rubinson, Judith F., and Harry B. Mark, eds. Conducting Polymers and Polymer Electrolytes. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0832.

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Gupta, Ram K. Conducting Polymers. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003205418.

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Inzelt, György. Conducting Polymers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27621-7.

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Alcácer, Luis, ed. Conducting Polymers. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3907-3.

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P, Xavier Francis, and Pragasam John, eds. Conducting polymers. Madras: Loyola College Publications, 1996.

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Kiess, Helmut G., ed. Conjugated Conducting Polymers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46729-5.

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1931-, Kiess H. G., and Baeriswyl D. 1944-, eds. Conjugated conducting polymers. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992.

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Kiess, Helmut G. Conjugated Conducting Polymers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992.

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1949-, Skotheim Terje A., Elsenbaumer Ronald L. 1951-, and Reynolds John R. 1956-, eds. Handbook of conducting polymers. 2nd ed. New York: M. Dekker, 1998.

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1949-, Skotheim Terje A., ed. Handbook of conducting polymers. New York: M. Dekker, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Conducting polymers"

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Epstein, Arthur J., John M. Ginder, Alan F. Richter, and Alan G. MacDiarmid. "Are Semiconducting Polymers Polymeric Semiconductors?: Polyaniline as an Example of “Conducting Polymers”." In Conducting Polymers, 121–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3907-3_10.

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Madaswamy, Suba Lakshmi, N. Veni Keertheeswari, and Ragupathy Dhanusuraman. "Conducting Polymers." In Conducting Polymers, 29–48. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003205418-3.

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Naveen, N. Raghavendra, Girirajasekhar Dornadula, Pamayyagari Kalpana, and Lakshmi Narasimha Gunturu. "Conducting Polymers." In Conducting Polymers, 305–20. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003205418-21.

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Souza, Felipe de, Anuj Kumar, and Ram K. Gupta. "Conducting Polymers." In Conducting Polymers, 15–28. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003205418-2.

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Camacho-Cruz, Luis A., Marlene A. Velazco-Medel, José C. Lugo-González, and Emilio Bucio. "Conducting Polymers." In Conducting Polymers, 1–14. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003205418-1.

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Ismail, Eman Abdallah, Mbuso Faya, Edith Amuhaya, Calvin A. Omolo, and Thirumala Govender. "Biodegradable Polymers." In Conducting Polymers, 81–100. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003205418-6.

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Kaneto, Keiichi. "Conducting Polymers." In Soft Actuators, 171–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6850-9_8.

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Kaneto, Keiichi. "Conducting Polymers." In Soft Actuators, 95–109. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54767-9_7.

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Feast, W. J. "Conducting polymers." In Chemical Sensors, 117–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9154-1_4.

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Farrell, Thomas P., and Richard B. Kaner. "Conducting Polymers." In Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials, 1–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36199-9_2-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Conducting polymers"

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Bargon, Joachim, Theo Weidenbrueck, and Takumi Ueno. "Microlithography using conducting polymers." In Microlithography '90, 4-9 Mar, San Jose, edited by Michael P. C. Watts. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.20109.

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Conwell, E. M., and H. A. Mizes. "Polarons in conducting polymers." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.835211.

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Venugopal, Vinithra, Hao Zhang, and Vishnu-Baba Sundaresan. "A Chemo-Mechanical Constitutive Model for Conducting Polymers." In ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2013-3218.

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Conducting polymers undergo volumetric expansion through redox-mediated ion exchange with its electrolytic environment. The ion transport processes resulting from an applied electrical field controls the conformational relaxation in conducting polymer and regulates the generated stress and strain. In the last two decades, significant contributions from various groups have resulted in methods to fabricate, model and characterize the mechanical response of conducting polymer actuators in bending mode. An alternating electrical field applied to the polymer electrolyte interface produces the mechanical response in the polymer. The electrical energy applied to the polymer is used by the electrochemical reaction in the polymer backbone, for ion transport at the electrolyte-polymer interface and for conformational changes to the polymer. Due to the advances in polymer synthesis, there are multitudes of polymer-dopant combinations used to design an actuator. Over the last decade, polypyrrole (PPy) has evolved to be the most common conducting polymer actuator. Thin sheets of polymer are electrodeposited on to a substrate, doped with dodecylbezenesulfonate (DBS-) and microfabricated into a hermetic, air operated cantilever actuator. The electrical energy applied across the thickness of the polymer is expended by the electrochemical interactions at the polymer-electrolyte interface, ion transport and electrostatic interactions of the backbone. The widely adopted model for designing actuators is the electrochemically stimulated conformational relaxation (ESCR) model. Despite these advances, there have been very few investigations into the development of a constitutive model for conducting polymers that represent the input-output relation for chemoelectromechanical energy conversion. On one hand, dynamic models of conducting polymers use multiphysics-based non-linear models that are computationally intensive and not scalable for complicated geometries. On the other, empirical models that represent the chemomechanical coupling in conducting polymers present an over-simplified approach and lack the scientific rigor in predicting the mechanical response. In order to address these limitations and to develop a constitutive model for conducting polymers, its coupled chemomechanical response and material degradation with time, we have developed a constitutive model for polypyrrole-based conducting polymer actuator. The constitutive model is applied to a micron-scale conducting polymer actuator and coupling coefficients are expressed using a mechanistic representation of coupling in polypyrrole (dodecylbenzenesulfonate) [PPy(DBS)].
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Ogata, N., K. Sanui, M. Rikukawa, S. Yamada, and M. Watanabe. "Super ion conducting polymers for solid polymer electrolytes." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.835672.

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Akhilesan, S., Susy Varughese, and C. Lakshmana Rao. "Electromechanical Behavior of Conductive Polyaniline/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Blend Films Under Uniaxial Loading." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-7937.

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Abstract:
Polyaniline (PANI) an electronically conducting polymer, and its charge transfer complexes are interesting engineering materials due to their unique electronic conductivity, electrochemical behavior, low raw material cost, ease of synthesis and environmental stability in comparison with other conjugated polymers. The main disadvantage of PANI is its limited processability. Blending of conducting polymers with insulating polymers is a good choice to overcome the processability problem. In this study a solution-blend method is adopted to prepare conductive polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol (PANI/PVA) blend films at various blend ratios. Interest in applications for polyaniline (PANI) has motivated investigators to study its electro mechanical properties, and its use in polymer composites or blends with common polymers. The work described here looks at the uniaxial deformation behavior of the conducting polymer films and the anisotropic dependency of electrical conductivity of the blend films exposed to static and dynamic loading conditions. The relation between mechanical strain, electrical conductivity and film microstructure is investigated on PANI/PVA blend films.
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Conwell, Esther M. "Photoconductive processes in conducting polymers." In Recent Advances in the Uses of Light in Physics, Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2322309.

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Frolov, Sergey V., Maxim N. Shkunov, Z. Valy Vardeny, Masanori Ozaki, and Katsumi Yoshino. "Laser action in conducting polymers." In Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation '97, edited by Z. Valy Vardeny and Lewis J. Rothberg. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.295528.

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Friend, R. H. "Conducting polymers in microelectronic devices." In IEE Colloquium on Conducting Polymers and Their Applications in Transducers and Instrumentation. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19961288.

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Conwell, Esther M. "Photoconductive processes in conducting polymers." In New York - DL tentative, edited by Daniel L. Akins and Robert R. Alfano. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.56704.

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Prokes, Jan, Radomir Kuzel, Ivo Krivka, Jaroslav Stejskal, and Pavel Kratochvil. "Composites based on conducting polymers." In Metal/Nonmetal Microsystems: Physics, Technology, and Applications, edited by Benedykt W. Licznerski and Andrzej Dziedzic. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.238178.

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Reports on the topic "Conducting polymers"

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Gordon, III, Runt Bernard, Painter James P., and Paul C. New Conducting Polymers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada197009.

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Dougherty, Dennis A., and Robert H. Grubbs. Conducting and Magnetic Polymers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada298502.

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Kimblin, Clare, Kirk Miller, Bob Vogel, Bill Quam, Harry McHugh, Glen Anthony, and Grover Mike. Conducting Polymers for Neutron Detection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/934438.

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Gottesfeld, S. Conducting polymers: Synthesis and industrial applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/494121.

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Tolbert, Laren Malcolm. The Organic Chemistry of Conducting Polymers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1165261.

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Epstein, A. J. Electrically Conducting Polymers: Science and Technology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330165.

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Gottesfeld, S. Conducting polymers: Synthesis and industrial applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/105129.

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Heeger, Alan J., Fred Wudl, and Paul Smith. Program for Research in Conducting Polymers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada236203.

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Heeger, Alan J., Paul Smith, and Fred Wudl. Program for Research on Conducting Polymers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada238909.

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MacDiarmid, Alan G. Conducting Electronic Polymers by Non-Redox Processes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada204408.

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